Mount Bromo

The Bromo (Javanese: ꦧꦿꦩ), or Mount Bromo

Mount Bromo
(Javanese: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ ​ꦧꦿꦩ Pegon: ‫برومو‬ ‫ڮنڠ‬‎,
romanized: Gunung Bromo) is an active somma volcano and
part of the Tengger mountains, in East Java, Indonesia. At
2,329 meters (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the
massif, but is the most active and famous. The area is one
of the most visited tourist destinations in East Java, and the
volcano is included in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National
Park. The name Bromo comes from the Javanese
View of Mts. Bromo (left and smoking),
pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. At the
Batok (foreground), Semeru (center
mouth of the crater, there is an idol of Ganesha, the Hindu
background), Jambangan (right
god of wisdom which is being worshipped by the Javanese
background), and Widodaren (right
Hindus.[2] Mount Bromo is located in the middle of a plain
foreground), in the Tengger Caldera
called "Sea of Sand" (Javanese: Segara Wedi or
Indonesian: Lautan Pasir), a nature reserve that has been Highest point
protected since 1919. Elevation 2,329 m (7,641 ft)[1]
Listing Spesial Ribu
A typical way to visit Mount Bromo is from the nearby
mountain village of Cemoro Lawang. From there it is Coordinates 7°56′30″S 112°57′00″E[1]
possible to walk to the volcano in about 45 minutes, but it Geography
is also possible to take an organized jeep tour, including
stops at the viewpoint of Mount Penanjakan (2,770 m
(9,090 ft)) (Indonesian: Gunung Penanjakan). The sights
on Mount Penanjakan can also be reached on foot in about
two hours. Depending on the level of volcanic activity, the Mount
Bromo
Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation
sometimes issues a warning not to visit Mount Bromo. Java, Indonesia

The neighboring Mount Batok is often mistaken as Mount

Bromo due to its prominence in the caldera, and its position
in front of the more flat Bromo crater as viewed from their
most popular viewpoints along the northern rim.[3][4] Mount
Bromo
Mount Bromo (Indonesia)
History of volcanic activity
Geology
Mountain type Somma volcano
2004 eruptions
Last eruption December 13, 2023
Mount Bromo erupted in 2004. That eruptive episode led to the
death of two people who had been hit by rocks from the
explosion.[5]

2010 eruptions
On Tuesday, 23 November 2010, 16.30 WIB (Western Indonesian
Mount Bromo HD Timelapse
Time), the Indonesian Centre of Vulcanology and Geology Hazard
Mitigation (CVGHM) confirmed the activity status of Mount
Bromo at "alert" due to increasing tremor activity and shallow volcanic earthquakes at the mountain.[6]
Concerns were raised that a volcanic eruption might be likely to occur. As a precaution, local residents and
tourists were instructed to remain clear of an area within a radius of three kilometers from the caldera and
refugee encampments were erected. The area surrounding the Teggera caldera of Bromo remained off-limits
for visitors throughout the remainder of 2010.

Bromo started to violently erupt ash on Friday 26 November 2010.[7]

On 29 November 2010, Transport Ministry spokesman Bambang Ervan announced that Malang's domestic
airport would be closed until 4 December 2010. Malang is a city of about 800,000 people is about 25
kilometers (16 miles) west of Mount Bromo. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport normally handles 10 daily
domestic flights from the capital Jakarta. Government volcanologist Surono reported that the volcano was
spitting columns of ash some 700 meters (2,300 feet) into the sky.[8]

2011 eruptions
The Tengger Caldera was still active in late January 2011, the
activity being characterised by fluctuating ongoing eruptions. On 23
January 2011, the Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM; Pusat Vulkanologi dan
Mitigasi Bencana Geologi) reported that since 19 December 2010
volcanic ash and incandescent material had been thrown up by
eruptive activity resulting in a heavy rain of material that fell around
the crater. Continuous eruptions on 21 January caused a thin ash fall
mainly in the village areas of Ngadirejo and Sukapura Wonokerto
in Probolinggo Regency.

The impact of a heavy rain of volcanic ash from eruptions since 19

December 2010 resulted in disruption of normal activities. By early
2011, concerns were being raised about the effect upon the local
economy and the potential for long-term environmental and health
problems amongst the residents in the locality surrounding Mount
Bromo. Due to high seasonal rainfall in January 2011 the potential Bromo eruption January 22, 2011 at
for lahar and lava flow was raised due to the deposits of volcanic 5:30 am (Bromo volcano crater itself
ash, sand and other ejected material that had built up. Seismic is not visible)
activity was dominated by tremor vibration and reports of visual
intensity and sounds of eruption continued to be reported from the
mountain monitoring facility, Bromo Observation Post. People living on the banks of the Perahu Ravine,
Nganten Ravine and Sukapura River were alerted to the possibility of lahars, especially when it was raining
heavily in the area around Cemorolawang, Ngadisari and Ngadirejo. Eruptions and volcanic tremors were
reported during the period 21 January – 22 January with activity subsiding on 23 January 2011. On 23
January 2011 at 6:00 am, the alert status at Mount Bromo remained at Level III.[9]

On 23 January 2011, an exclusion zone was recommended for communities living around Mount Bromo.
Tourists and hikers were advised to not come within a radius of 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) from the active
crater. CVGHM stated that they expected warning signs to be installed stating the limit radius of 2
kilometers (1.2 miles) from the crater. Operational caution was recommended for flights into and leaving
Juanda International Airport IATA:SUB in Surabaya. CVGHM recommended the establishment of public
areas for the provision of face masks and eye protection. CVGHM also issued a warning to residents to be
cautious of ash buildup on roofs and other places that may give cause for collapse under the burden of
ash.[9]

Further eruptions and the issuing of aviation ash advisories during the period 27–28 January 2011 led to
concerns being raised regarding a volcanic ash plume, reported to be drifting eastward toward the air
corridors used to access the Ngurah Rai International Airport IATA:DPS in Bali. Airport official Sherly
Yunita was reported at the time as stating that concerns about visibility had prompted Singapore Airlines,
Jetstar-ValueAir, Air France-KLM, Virgin Blue and Cathay Pacific to cancel several flights to Bali, 340 km
(211 mi) to the east.[10][11] SilkAir also cancelled flights on the 27 January between Singapore and
Lombok, an island to the east of Bali.[12] The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre in Darwin, Australia released
several Code Red Aviation Ash Advisories pertaining to Mount Bromo (Tengger Caldera), on 27 January.
They indicated that ash was observed at altitudes up to 18,000 feet (5,486 m) (FL180) extending 200
nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to the south east of the caldera. In other ash advisories of that day the cloud
was reported as at times having a 10 km/h (6.2 mph) drift, both to the east and to the south east.[13]

Deformation-late November 2010-late January 2011

The Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported on 13
January 2011, that deformation using tiltmeter measurements indicated an inflation at rate of 5 micro radians
between 25 November 2010 – 14 December 2010 and a relatively stable since 15 December 2010 both on
Radial Components and Tangential Components.

Deformation measurement using electronic distance measurement equipment compared observations at

designated measuring points; POS-BRO, POS-KUR and POS-BAT during the period 25 November 2010
– 20 December 2010 with observations from the period 21 December 2010 – 30 December 2010 indicated
the shortening of the distance from the POS-BAT, or inflation. Observations between 30 December 2010 –
23 January 2011 were reported as relatively stable.[9]

2015 eruption
Mount Bromo showed signs of increasing activity beginning in 4th Dec 2015, when the amount of smoke
coming out of the crater intensified.[14] By late November Mount Bromo began to eject ashes into the
air.[15] Indonesian Volcano Monitoring Bureau (PVBMG) issued a warning that forbade people from
climbing Mount Bromo. Later, the warning was extended into a 1 km (0.62 mi) exclusion zone, before
eventually extended into wider range which virtually barred visitors from coming down into the caldera
floor, which is popularly known as Sandsea.[16]

Culture
On the fourteenth day of the Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada, the
Tenggerese people of Probolinggo Regency, East Java, travel up
the mountain in order to make offerings of fruit, rice, vegetables,
flowers and sacrifices of livestock to the mountain gods by
throwing them into the caldera of the volcano. The origin of the
ritual lies in the 15th century legend. On the sand plain, locally
called Segara Wedi (lit. sand ocean), sits a Hindu temple called Pura
Luhur Poten. The temple holds a significant importance to the
Tenggerese scattered across the mountain villages, such as Pura Luhur Poten.
Ngadisari, Wonokitri, Ngadas, Argosari, Ranu Prani, Ledok Ombo
and Wonokerso. The temple organises the annual Yadnya Kasada
ceremony which lasts for about one month. The major difference between this temple and Balinese ones are
the type of stones and building materials. Pura Luhur Poten uses natural black stones from volcanoes
nearby, while Balinese temples are mostly made from red bricks. Inside this pura, there are several buildings
and enclosures aligned in a mandala zone composition.[17]

Gallery

Panoramic view of Mount Bromo crater, Mount Batok, and Semeru from the edge of Segara Wedi ("Sea of
Sands").
View into the Mount Pathway leading to Mount Bromo eruption Ash plume from
Bromo crater Mount Bromo caldera 22 January 2011 Bromo over Bali, 27
January 2011

Mount Bromo crater Mt. Bromo (large Unique phenomenon 5,000 rupiah banknote
filled with water crater, foreground) at on Mount Bromo, ice featuring Mount
sunrise dew (embun upas) Bromo
that looks like snow

See also
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
List of volcanoes in Indonesia
Multi-component gas analyzer system
Volcanism of Java

References
1. "Tengger Caldera" (https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263310). Global Volcanism
Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
2. "700 Years Old Lord Ganesha Statue On The Edge Of A Volcano In Indonesia?" (https://time
sofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/day-light/700-years-old-lord-ganesha-statue-on-the-edg
e-of-a-volcano-in-indonesia-25200/). The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/issn/0971-8257). Retrieved 11 February 2023.
3. "Riding Mt. Bromo" (http://adventurenomad.blogspot.com/2013/06/riding-mt-bromo.html). 10
June 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
4. "The folded mountains of East Java" (https://bdbackpacker.wordpress.com/2016/12/09/the-fo
lded-mountains-of-east-java/). 9 December 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
5. "Javan volcano eruption kills two" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3785793.stm). BBC
News. 8 June 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
 6. "Status Gunung Bromo menjadi Awas" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2
010/11/101123_bromoalert.shtml) (in Javanese). BBC Indonesia. 10 November 2010.
Retrieved 5 May 2014.
7. AFP (27 November 2010). "Indonesia's Mount Bromo shoots ash in low-level eruption" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20101130210020/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101127/wl_asia_a
fp/indonesiavolcano_20101127073140). Yahoo News. Archived from the original (https://ne
ws.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101127/wl_asia_afp/indonesiavolcano_20101127073140) on 30
November 2010.
8. "Volcano closes Indonesia airport" (http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/208717/indo
nesia-closes-airport-as-volcano-rumbles). Bangkok Post. 29 November 2010. Retrieved
27 January 2011.
9. "Evaluation of the status and alert level of Mount Bromo on 23 January 2011 at 0600 hrs –
(Hasil evaluasi kegiatan G. Bromo dalam status SIAGA, sampai dengan 23 Januari 2011
Pkl. 06.00 WIB)". 24 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
10. "Volcano in central Indonesia disrupts flights" (https://www.foxnews.com/world/volcano-in-ce
ntral-indonesia-disrupts-flights). The Associated Press. 27 January 2011. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20190513062458/https://www.foxnews.com/world/volcano-in-central-ind
onesia-disrupts-flights) from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
11. "Airlines cancel flights to Bali as Indonesia volcano erupts" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/ind
onesia-volcano/airlines-cancel-flights-to-bali-as-indonesia-volcano-erupts-idUKL3E7CR0W
J20110127). Reuters. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
12. Leong Wee Keat (28 January 2011). "Mount Bromo eruption disrupts flights to Bali, Lombok"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20110130022508/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC1
10128-0000230/Mount-Bromo-eruption-disrupts-flights-to-Bali%2C-Lombok). Today On-line,
Singapore. Archived from the original (http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC110128-0
000230/Mount-Bromo-eruption-disrupts-flights-to-Bali,-Lombok) on 30 January 2011.
Retrieved 28 January 2011.
13. "Volcanic Ash Advisories Received in Last 7 Days" (http://www.bom.gov.au/products/Volc_as
h_recent.shtml). Australian government Bureau of Meteorology (VAAC)-
ADVISORY#FVAU0190. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
14. "Alert Raised as East Java's Mount Bromo Smolders" (https://web.archive.org/web/2015122
2104047/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/alert-raised-east-javas-mount-bromo-smold
ers/). Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original (http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/alert-
raised-east-javas-mount-bromo-smolders/) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December
2015.
15. "Global Volcanism Program | Tengger Caldera" (http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=26331
0).
16. "Mount Bromo Closed to Visitors as Eruption Looms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151212
031327/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/mount-bromo-closed-visitors-eruption-loom
s/). Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original (http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/mount-
bromo-closed-visitors-eruption-looms/) on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December
2015.
17. "Pura Luhur Poten" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140729143350/http://java.uluwatu.org/ht
ml/national-park/pura-luhur-poten.shtml). uluwatu.org. Archived from the original (http://java.u
luwatu.org/html/national-park/pura-luhur-poten.shtml) on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 6 May
2014.

External links
Photos of the 2010/11 eruption of Bromo (https://web.archive.org/web/20121020000221/htt
 p://oysteinlundandersen.com/Volcanoes/Bromo/bromo_volcano_photography.html)
Villagers use sarongs to catch offerings thrown by Hindu worshipers into the crater of Mount
Bromo (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7965963/Villagers-use
-sarongs-to-catch-offerings-thrown-by-Hindu-worshipers-into-the-crater-of-Mount-Bromo.htm
l) from The Daily Telegraph
Aiuppa, A; Bani, P; Moussallam, Y; Di Napoli, R; Allard, P; Gunawan, H; Hendrasto, M;
Tamburello, G (2015), "First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo
volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)" (https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/172898/1/Aiuppa%20
et%20al.%2c%202015_Bromo.pdf) (PDF), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 304: 206–213, Bibcode:2015JVGR..304..206A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/
2015JVGR..304..206A), doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.008 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.j
volgeores.2015.09.008), hdl:10447/172898 (https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F172898)
Picture Gallery from 2019 with Mount Bromo (https://luftspiel.de/sq/?l=5296&m=1562968800
&w=Gunung+Bromo+%28Bromo%29)

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