TRẺ TRÂU ENGLISH CLASS

TEST 1A

LISTENING
SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
Questions 1-6
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Hotel information

Name of hotel Where Good features Comments

The Ambassador Next to the sea Good reputation Costs more at the weekend

Excellent 1 ________

Oaklands Guest In the city centre Very big 2 ________ Some rooms are 3 ________
House
Reasonable price Large number of 4 ________

The Blue House Opposite the 5 ________ Interesting décor Pay extra for 6 ________

Good value

Questions 7-10

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE word for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

Suggestions for presents

For Daniel anything related to 7 ________

avoid bringing 8 ________

For Alice a guidebook on 9 ________

For Bill a 10 ________ (traditional design)

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SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
The new gym
Questions 11-14. Label the plan below.
Where in the new gym will the following equipment be placed?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11 Stationary bikes ________
12 Strength trainers ________
13 Running machines ________
14 Cross trainers ________

Questions 15-20. What does the speaker say about the following activities?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet.

Comments
A sessions are felt to be too long
B you can run a session without a teacher a
C the online induction is helpful
D it doesn't appeal to younger members
E it's open to too many levels of ability
F you pay for the session each week
G it's the most popular at the gym
H it's cancelled on a regular basis

Activities
15 Yoga ________
16 Basketball ________
17 Climbing ________
18 Dance ________
19 Indoor cycling ________
20 Badminton ________

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SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Questions 21-22
What TWO reasons did Beth give for choosing sign language as the topic for her project?
Choose TWO answers and write the correct letters A-E in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.
A she feels embarrassed that she knows so little about it
B it will help her see how well she can learn a new language
C it will help her understand broader linguistic concepts
D it will improve her employment prospects
E she has personal experience of using the language

Questions 23-24
What TWO things from her reading surprise Beth about sign language?
Choose TWO answers and write the correct letters A-E in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
A that there are numerous different kinds
B that the international version is seldom used
C that some versions don't have legal status
D that it has all the features of spoken language
E that the earliest version was developed centuries ago

Questions 25-30
Complete the flow chart below, which shows Beth's plans for her
research sequence.
Choose SIX answers and write the correct letter A-I in boxes 25-30 on
your answer sheet.
A ways to learn
B own performance
C a video record
D an ethics form
E research reports
F fellow students
G a diary
H people with hearing problems
I a questionnaire

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SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.

CHEETAHS

Background information

• hunts in open grassland – prey mainly antelope

• numbers in decline

- previously mainly hunted for its 31 ________

- now affected by environment change

• currently found in Africa and Iran

Adaptations

• black tear-marks help keep 32 ________ out of its eyes

• slender, long-legged body

• large nostrils, 33 ________ and lungs aid oxygen absorption

Recent research

• undertaken by veterinary scientists

• recognised previous research was limited to the 34 ________ line chases

• attached collars to wild cheetahs

- used 35 ________ energy and batteries - can be controlled from a nearby 36 ________

Findings

• semi-retractable claws mean it can 37 ________ rapidly

• uses its 38 ________ to steer its body during a chase

• muscles are four times more powerful than the fastest 39 ________

• female cheetahs are less 40 ________ than males

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READING
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Tristan da Cunha
Tristan Da Cunha is a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean, and the name of the
main island in that group. It is located about 1,750 miles away from South Africa, and 1,500 miles away
from the nearest land mass (Saint Helena). This means it is the remotest group of islands in the world. It is a
British overseas territory and governed primarily by Saint Helena.
There are four main islands: Tristan Da Cunha (the main island where Tristan’s citizens live), Inaccessible
Island, Nightingale Island and Gough Island. The overall area of the territory is about 80 square miles. The
plants on Tristan Da Cunha are mainly species found on South American and African terrain, although
certain species are shared with New Zealand.
A Portuguese explorer and naval officer, Tristão da Cunha, was the first person to spot the islands (hence
their name) in 1506, and the first official survey/mapping was made in 1767 by the crew of the French
warship L’Heure du Berger. However, the French warship didn’t attempt to land. The first permanent settler
was an American by the name of Jonathan Lambert, who arrived at the end of 1810. He appointed himself
as ruler of the islands and re-named them Islands of Refreshment. However he died in a boating accident
just two years later, and the islands became known as Tristan Da Cunha again.
Due to their strategic position, these remote islands have been important in various wars and were
annexed by the United Kingdom in 1816. During World War II, the British navy based a top secret weather
and radio station on Tristan. Since currency wasn’t yet established on the islands (a system of exchange, or
barter, was used instead) naval supplies were given to Tristan’s citizens in payment. Since then the British
pound has become the currency. After the war, the island’s newspaper The Tristan Times was born and the
first administrator was appointed by the British government.
The island’s population is just 275, and no new residents are allowed to settle on the island, so numbers
fluctuate only slightly. There are 80 families, with just 7 surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, Repetto,
Rogers and Swain. Due to the small population, marriages between distant relatives (e.g. second cousins)
has inevitably occurred, resulting in some minor health issues such as asthma and glaucoma. Health care
on the island is free. However, Tristan Da Cunha has only one resident doctor and five nurses, meaning that
any serious injuries are treated in Cape Town (South Africa).
Many of Tristan Da Cunha’s citizens are farmers by trade, and money is also earned from fishing and
processing. All land on Tristan is owned communally, and livestock is controlled to ensure that better-off
families do not build up excessive wealth. Official statistics for the islands’ economy are unavailable,
because GDP1 figures are not published. Tristan’s main currency is pound sterling (£), but the Saint
Helenian pound is also used by residents. Although the island is a British dependency, it is not allowed
direct trade access to the European Union. Tristan Da Cunha’s main source of income is the island’s lobster
factory, which sells its product to the United States and Japan via representatives of the South African
company ‘Ovenstone’. Tristan sells coins and postage stamps abroad – the public interest in Tristan Da
Cunha means this is a profitable venture.
A few misfortunes have harmed the island’s economy. In 1961 a volcanic eruption from Tristan destroyed
the island’s crayfish factory. In modern times, demand for Tristan crayfish in the USA has been declining,
setting the country’s economy back greatly. This has meant that the islanders have had to borrow from
their reserves. In turn this has harmed Tristan’s ability to update its communication equipment and
education methods without delays. Even worse than this, a fire on the 13th of February 2008 destroyed the
fish factory and two power generators. This has caused further problems for Tristan’s economy because of
fishing’s prominent role. In addition the harbour, through which everything enters and exits Tristan Da
Cunha, including medical supplies, was damaged by fire. Since then, engineers from the British army have
been fixing and helping to maintain the harbour. Despite these numerous problems, Tristan Da Cunha’s
residents remain optimistic about the long term future of their islands.
1
Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services produced

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Questions 1-5
Look at the following people (Questions 1-5) and the list of actions below.
Match each person with the correct action.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 Tristão da Cunha
2 French sailors
3 Jonathan Lambert
4 British sailors
5 Ovenstone

List of actions
A changed the name of the islands
B saw the islands before anyone else
C made an unsuccessful attempt to land on the islands
D became sales agents for one of the islands' exports
E made the first formal map of the islands
F agreed to a request to take control of the islands
G established a communications base on the islands

Questions 6-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 Some ________ on the islands are also found in New Zealand.
7 The islands have been involved in several wars on account of their ________.
8 ________ is the joint property of all the islanders.
9 There is a limit to the amount of ________ that island families can own.

Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 The main market for Tristan's postage stamps is the US.
11 Sales of crayfish are less profitable than they used to be.
12 The factory destroyed by fire in 2008 has since been rebuilt.
13 Commercial airlines regularly land on Tristan.

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Investigating the role of vitamin D in health

A About every ten years in the USA, a group called the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of
Medicine calls together a group of experts to set dietary requirements for vitamin D. This organization
has some of the best scientists in the country. The experts are asked to review all of the research available
on vitamin D and health, and then to write a report with recommendations based on the evidence. Thus
the American public has access to the latest guidelines on how much vitamin D is good for them.
B A vitamin is defined as an essential nutrient that a person must acquire in tiny amounts from the diet. It is
a chemical which is essential for the body, but which the body cannot produce by itself: it must be eaten.
By this definition, despite its misleading name vitamin D is not a vitamin at all, because although it is
contained in certain foods, especially oily fish, the skin can also make vitamin D when it is exposed to
sunlight. Once the body has processed vitamin D, it becomes a hormone (a chemical which regulates
bodily functions).
C Scientists are in agreement about the importance of vitamin D, though not all of its effects in human
health are yet fully understood, and they are discovering new possible roles for it all the time.
Furthermore, it is not known exactly how much vitamin D is required for each of these separate roles. For
example, the levels needed to protect the bones may differ from those needed to protect the heart. In
order to understand the ways in which vitamin D is important for health, and how much of it is needed,
scientists have to look at the questions from different angles, but each different type of research has its
own strengths and weaknesses.
D First of all, there are population-based studies which are carried out using statistical data. Often the first
time that scientists learn that a nutrient like vitamin D is important for health is from a study that looks at
statistics concerning health for a large number of people, and highlights relationships between levels of
the vitamin and certain diseases. However, these associations do not prove that the nutrient (or lack of it)
is the cause the disease; they just show that there's an interesting connection. For example, in the early
days of television, researchers showed that the number of TV sets in a household was related to the
likelihood that someone would have heart disease. This didn't mean that TVs directly caused heart
disease, but it did lead researchers to ask what might be the basis for the relationship. Later research
showed that lack of activity was the likely reason for the link.
E Another type of research involves controlled clinical intervention. When scientists suspect that there is a
direct link between a nutrient like vitamin D and a health outcome, they set up a study where people are
given different levels of the nutrient to see if it can affect health. The best of these studies control
everything about the people being studied; they only compare people who are the same age, gender
and race, and have similar lifestyle habits, all so they can make sure the outcome of the study is affected
by one thing only: the nutrient. The good thing about this type of study is that the results are reliable. The
negative thing is that the results may not apply to another group of people. For example, early on many
research studies included only men, and the results were thought to apply to women. It has since been
learned that this is not always the case. As a result, studies like these often have to be repeated in infants,
children, teens and pre-teens, and adults of different ages, as well as in both men and women.
F Sometimes animals are used for controlled studies, in place of people. This is because it is often neither
feasible nor cost effective to conduct research into people. For example, it might take 50 years or more to
conduct a study that starts with children and lasts for their lifetime, so animals with a lifespan which is not
as long may be used instead. However, some aspects of animal biology differ from human biology, so
attempts to apply research findings like this to humans may not be valid.
G Finally, some studies are carried out in a laboratory on particular cells, the smallest independent units of
the human body. One way to show that a nutrient like vitamin D directly influences health is to show that
it has an effect on those cells in the body which are prone to a particular disease. The advantage of these
laboratory studies is that they allow scientists to prove a direct link between the vitamin and the specific
cells under investigation. On the other hand, this same mechanism may not work in the context of a more
complex unit like the human body.

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Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs labelled A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a description of things that scientists' still need to find out about vitamin D
15 the reason why some studies have to be done several times over, despite results being dependable
16 a description of the kind of substance that vitamin D is
17 a list of the criteria scientists might use when they select people to take part in experiments
18 the reason why people are sometimes unsuitable subjects for scientific studies
19 reference to the fact that people in one country are able to get up-to-date advice about vitamin D

Questions 20-22
Complete the sentences below.
Use ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
20 True vitamins can only be obtained from a person's ________.
21 Foods such as one kind of ________ are a good source of vitamin D.
22 Under certain conditions, vitamin D can be produced by the ________.

Questions 23-26
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

TYPES OF HEALTH RESEARCH

Advantages Disadvantages

Population-based Highlight interesting connections Cannot determine the 24 ________

studies (e.g. between heart disease and 23 of a disease.
________).
Clinical intervention Usually reliable, as a single study only Studies have to be repeated on
studies tests people with similar several different groups.
characteristics (e.g. unlike in the past,
when studies only investigated
groups of 25 ________).

Laboratory Links between medication and body Results may differ if the same
experiments 26 ________ can be proved. procedure involves people.

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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The development of the brain in early humans

Although our ancestors, Homo sapiens, had already populated East Africa 150,000 years ago, they began to
spread across the rest of the earth and drive out other species only about 70,000 years ago. Until then, even
though these ancestors looked just like us, and their brains were as big as ours are, they did not enjoy any
marked advantage over the other human species that existed at that time. In addition, they did not
produce particularly sophisticated tools, and did not accomplish any other special feats. This lack of
achievement has led scientists to speculate that the internal structure of the brain of Homo sapiens was
probably different from ours. They looked like us, but their cognitive abilities – learning, remembering,
communicating – were far more limited.
But then, beginning about 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started doing very special things. Around that
date, bands of Homo sapiens left Africa for a second time. This time they drove all other human species
from the face of the earth. Within a remarkably short period, our ancestors reached Europe and East Asia.
About 45,000 years ago, they somehow crossed the open sea and landed in Australia – a continent
untouched by humans until then. The period from about 70,000 years ago to about 30,000 years ago
witnessed the invention of boats, oil lamps, bows and arrows and needles (essential for sewing warm
clothing). The first objects that can reliably be called art also date from this era, as does the first clear
evidence for religion, commerce and social organisation.
Most researchers believe that these unprecedented accomplishments were the product of a revolution in
Homo sapiens’ cognitive abilities. They maintain that the people who drove the Neanderthals to extinction,
settled Australia, and carved the ivory figure of a lion- man found in a cave in Germany, were as intelligent,
creative and sensitive as we are.
The appearance of new ways of thinking, and communicating, between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago
constitutes the Cognitive Revolution. We are not sure what caused it. The most commonly believed theory
argues that accidental genetic changes altered the inner wiring of the brains of Homo sapiens, enabling
them to think in new ways, and to communicate using an altogether new type of language. Why did it
occur in Homo sapiens rather than in other species, like Neanderthals? It was just a matter of pure chance,
as far as we can tell. But it's more important to understand the consequences of this change than its causes.
What was so special about Homo sapiens’ new language that it enabled us to conquer the world?
It was not the first language; every animal has some kind of language. Even insects, such as bees and ants,
know how to communicate in sophisticated ways, informing one another of the whereabouts of food.
Neither was it the first language involving the use of a voice. Many animals, including all ape and monkey
species, have vocal languages. For example, green monkeys use calls of various kinds to communicate.
Scientists have identified one call that means ‘Careful! An eagle!’ A slightly different call warns, ‘Careful! A
lion!’ Homo sapiens can produce many more distinct sounds than green monkeys, but whales and
elephants have equally impressive abilities. A parrot can say anything a person could say, as well as
mimicking the sounds of phones ringing, doors slamming, and police cars with their sirens switched on.
What, then, is so special about our language?
The most common answer is that our language is amazingly flexible. We can connect a limited number of
sounds and signs to produce an infinite number of sentences, each with a distinct meaning. Therefore we
can take in, store and communicate an enormous amount of information about the surrounding world. A
green monkey can yell to its comrades, ‘Careful! A lion!’ But a modern human can tell her friends that this
morning, near the bend in a river, she saw a lion tracking a herd of bison. She can then describe the exact
location, including the different paths leading to the area. With this information, the members of her group
can discuss whether they should approach the river, chase away the lion, and hunt the bison themselves.
A second theory agrees that our unique language evolved as a means of sharing information about the
world. But according to this theory, the most important information that needed to be conveyed was
about humans, not about lions and bison: our language evolved as a way of gossiping. Homo sapiens is

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chiefly a social animal, and social cooperation is our key for survival. It is not enough for men and women
to know the whereabouts of lions and bison. It is much more important for them to know who in their
group hates whom, who is sleeping with whom, who is honest, and who is a cheat.
The amount of information that one must obtain and remember, in order to track the ever-changing
relationships of even a small number of individuals, is huge. All apes show a keen interest in such social
information, but they have trouble gossiping effectively. The new linguistic skills that Homo sapiens
acquired about seventy millennia ago enabled them to gossip for hours on end. Reliable information about
who could be trusted meant that small groups could expand into larger groups, and Homo sapiens could
develop tighter and more sophisticated types of cooperation. The gossip theory might sound like a joke,
but numerous studies confirm it.

Questions 27-28
Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27 and 28 on your answer sheet.
27 Between 150,000 and 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens
A were the dominant species of East Africa.
B demonstrated considerable manual skill.
C developed faster than other human species.
D equalled modern humans in terms of their brain size.
28 How do most scientists account for Homo sapiens' achievements after leaving Africa for the second time?
A They experienced a biological change.
B They made use of new raw materials.
C They encountered fewer predators.
D They learned from other human species.

Questions 29-35
Do the following statements agree with the claims made by the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
29 There is evidence that Homo sapiens was very creative between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago.
30 The great improvements in Homo sapiens' thinking ability between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago were due to luck.
31 The reasons for the Cognitive Revolution are more worthy of investigation than the results.
32 Compared to other species of monkey, the green monkey expresses a wider range of meanings in its calls.
33 The vocal features of human language are generally superior to the vocal features of other animals' languages.
34 Humans can express a greater range of meanings than any other animal.
35 Warnings are the most common function of non-human language.

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Questions 36-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

The primary function of human language

Scientists generally agree that human language developed out of the need to share information.
However, they disagree concerning which type of information was the most important.
Some think that humans first used language to discuss 36 ________ or how to avoid danger. Others,
however, think that sharing information about 37 ________ was more important. 38 ________ seems to
have been the main function of early language. Although this idea may appear unlikely, there is plenty
of evidence to support it.
Even for small groups, the 39 ________ of such information was considerable. Acquiring it enabled
human societies to increase in size and 40 ________.

A planning B quantity C power

D gossiping E hunting F complexity
G territory H people I tools

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WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the value of some of Australia's trading links in 2012, 2013 and 2014.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and making comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic.

In many countries, wages for some types of job are much higher than wages for other types of job. Some
people think that this is unfair.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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