Index :-
S.NO CONTENT PG NO.
1. Aim/Objective 1
2. Project Report on Drug 2
Dependance
3. Introduction 3-4
4. Overview 5-6
5. Classification of drugs 7-9
6. Combination of drugs 10
and Alcohol
7. How does drug addiction 11-12
Begin?
8. Social disease: smoking,
drinking and uses of 13
drugs
9. Tobacco 14-16
10. Alcohol 17-19
11. Effects 20-21
12. Conclusion 22
13. Bibliography 23
Objective :-
To study drugs, their
prevention, their addictive
nature and prevention
from addiction.
01
Project report on drug dependace :-
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the
prevention or treatment of diseases, or for
increasing the physical and mental
performance and are withdrawn as soon as
the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of
certain drugs on a continuous basis makes
the body dependent to it. Such drugs are
called psychotropic drugs. They act on the
brain and alter the behavior, consciousness
and capacity of perception of the consumer.
Hence they are also termed as mood-altering
drugs. Some people start taking drugs without
medical advice due to one reason or the other
and become drug dependent.
02
INtroduction :-
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical
abuse, is a disorder that is characterized by a
destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to
significant problems or distress. Teens are
increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse,
particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to
relieve severe pain), and stimulant medications,
which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder
and narcolepsy.
MEANING OF DRUG ADDICTION
Drug- Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a
disease is called a drug. Drug is also known as a
medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any
stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive. A drug, broadly speaking,
can be categorized in many ways; hard or soft,
uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most
harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.
03
Addiction- Addiction is the habitual, psychological
and physiological dependance on a substance or
practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A
person who is habituated to a substance or a
practice, especially a harmful one, is called an
addict.
04
OVerview :-
Drug addiction, also called substance use
disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain
and behavior and leads to an inability to control
the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine.
Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and
nicotine also are considered drugs. When you're
addicted, you may continue using the drug despite
the harm it causes. Drug addiction can start with
experimental use of a recreational drug in social
situations, and, for some people, the drug use
becomes more frequent. For others, particularly
with opioids, drug addiction begins when they take
prescribed medicines or receive them from others
who have prescriptions. The risk of addiction and
how fast you become addicted varies by drug.
Some drugs, such as opioid painkillers, have a
higher risk and cause addiction more quickly than
others.
05
As time passes, you may need larger doses of the
drug to get high. Soon you may need the drug just
to feel good. As your drug use increases, you may
find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the
drug. Attempts to stop drug use may cause intense
cravings and make you feel physically ill. These
are called withdrawal symptoms. Help from your
health care provider, family, friends, support
groups or an organized treatment program can
help you overcome your drug addiction and stay
drug-free.
06
classification of drugs :-
There are a large number of drugs on which
people become dependent. These are classifies into
four major groups: sedatives and tranquillizers,
opiate narcotics, stimulations and hallucinogens.
Types of Examples EFFECT
Drug
Depress CNS
activity give a
Sedatives and Barbiturates,
feeling of calmness,
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines relaxation and
drowsiness.
Suppress brain
Opiate Opium,
activity and
Narcotics Morphine,
relaxes the body
Codeine, Heroin pain
Make a person
Amphetamines,
more wakeful,
Stimulants Caffeine,
alert and active,
Cocaine cause excitement
07
Types of Examples EFFECT
Drug
LSQ, mescalin,
Alter thoughts,
psilocybin,
Hallucinogens feelings and
ganja, charas,
perceptions.
hashish
Some Harmful Drugs
1. Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless,
bitter crystalline compound. This is obtained by
acetylation of morphine which is extracted from
latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum.
Generally taken by snorting and injection,
heroin is a depressant and slows down body
function.
2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the
inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The
flower tops, leaves and the resin of the plant are
used in various combinations to produce
marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja.
08
Generally taken by inhalation and oral
ingestion, these are known for their effects on
cardiovascular system of the
body.
3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum
coca, native to South America. It interferes with
the transport of the neuro-transmitter
dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or
crack is usually snorted. It has the potent
stimulating action on central nervous system,
producing sense of euphoria and increased
energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes
hallucinations.
09
combination of drugs and alcohol :-
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have
immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’. Simultaneous use of
drugs and alcohol may produce dangerous
effects, including death. When barbiturates and
alcohol are taken together, each doubles the effect
of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called
speedball gives a spontaneous kick of cocaine and
prolonged pleasure of heroin.
COMBINATION EFFECT
Markedly increased the
Alcohol + Barbiturates
depressant effect.
Alcohol +
Marked drowsiness
Antihistamines
Decreased coordination,
Alcohol + Marijuana
increased reaction time
or Hashih
and impaired judgement.
Alcohol + Marijuana
Increased changes of
or Hashih
damage to gastric mucosa.
10
HOW DOES DRUG ADDICTION BEGIN :-
There are many factors that lead people to drug
addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by
public media create curiosity for having a
personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of
drug experience by friends allures others to start
the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start
taking drugs to get relief from frustration and
depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take
drugs to keep awake the whole night to prepare
for examination. It is not desirable as it may cause
mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion
that the drugs open up a new world tempts some
young pupils to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-
relieving drugs with physician’s advice at times
leads to addiction.
11
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by
seeing their elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to
drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement and
adventure.
12
social disease- smoking, drinking and
use of drugs :-
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently
or regularly are social diseases. Young people
take to these habits for fun, show off or curiosity,
as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a
gesture of defiance against the elders who
themselves indulge in these activities but check the
youngsters. Temporary escape from the life
problems and mental relaxation felt on taking the
drugs in the beginning increase people’s interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find in
difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the desired
effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug
addiction is spreading in India also. A large
number of our young men and women have taken
to intoxicants. About 87.6 percent drug addicts are
between the ages of 14 and 25 years.
13
TOBACCO :-
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red
Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco
plant has spread the world over. It has large,
quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of
tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and
snuffing. Its main stimulating component is
poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which causes
addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of
the plant but it is stored in the leaves.
The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling
tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies,
pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar
is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco
wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a
piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly
from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble.
14
Smoking may give some temporary relief to the
strained nerves but in the long run it proves a
dangerous health hazard. The quantity of nicotine
contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person.
When smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled.
Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers
may develop a physiological craving for nicotine
and then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat
rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking
chances the risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration
of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
15
Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke
contains carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and tar.
Other Effects:
(i) Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs
risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality:
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul. A person
with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others:
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers.
It may prove even more harmful to them. A smoker
should avoid smoking. When in the company of
non smokers. A smoker makes the nearby people
passive smokers through inhaling smoke released
by him/her.
16
alcohol :-
Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid
having a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is
one of the products of the distillation of fermented
grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of
yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the
in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer,
toddy and wine and in relatively high concentration
as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.
Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics
are found in all section of society. Alcohol causes
intoxication and thus, acts as poison. The drinkers
begin with small doses but many of them soon start
consuming large doses and become addicts. By the
time they realize that drinking adversely affects
them, it is too late to give up.
17
Reasons for Drinking:
• Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control,
low self – esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol,
to get rid of problems, to overcome loneliness, relief
from tension and to gain courage.
• Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy
availability of alcohol in the market, party culture,
family environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol),
lack of family support, to keep up social norms and
to show their masculinity.
• Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like
family history of alcoholism in parents or near
relatives and to get sleep.
What happens when alcohol is consumed?
Alcohol is quicky absorbed in stomach and upper
part of small intestine and reaches all tissues in
minutes. Its oxidation starts at once and a large
amount of heat is produced. Since heat is nit needed
in the body, it is taken up by the blood and carried to
the skin for dissipation. Since the receptors of heat
are located in the skin, the rush
18
of blood to the skin gives false impression of
warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal
organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of
temperature in them. The energy released by
alcohol is not used in any life processes. Rather
the energy derived from food is used up in riding
the body of excess heat.
Is alcohol a stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation. Actually
alcohol is depressant substance which dulls the
senses of the organs, mainly brain. It reduces the
efficiency of every tissue in the body. Any feeling
of lift a person may claim to feel is mistaken
impression or an attempt to justify the act in his
own mind.
19
EFFECTS :-
Short-Term Effects
• Loss of appetite
•Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
• Contracted blood vessels
• Increased rate of breathing
• Dilated pupils
• Disturbed sleep patterns
• Nausea
• Hyperstimulation
• Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
• Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability
• Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs
burrowing under the skin
• Intense euphoria
• Anxiety and paranoia
• Depression
• Intense drug craving
• Panic and psychosis
• Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses
(even one time)
20
Long-Term Effects
• Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and
brain, high blood pressure, leading to heart
attacks, strokes and death.
• Liver, kidney and lung damage
• Respiratory failure
• Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
• Malnutrition, weight loss
• Auditory and tactile hallucinations
• Sexual problems, reproductive damage and
infertility (for both men and women)
• Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
• Irritability and mood disturbances
• Increased frequency of risky behavior
• Delirium or psychosis
• Severe depression
• Tolerance and addiction (even after just one use)
21
CONCLUSIONS :-
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and
disability in the world. Recent advances in
neuroscience may help improve politics to reduce
the harm that the use of tobacco, alcohol and other
psychoactive drugs impose on society.
22
bibliography :-
NCERT class 12 lab manual
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.google.co.in
https://mayoclinic.org
Class 12 NCERT textbook
Reference articles from various blogs
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