1.

Assumc you Iavc a macIinc iIai uscs 32-lii inicgcrs and you arc sioring iIc Ic valuc
1234 ai addrcss 0.
a. SIow Iow iIis is siorcd on a lig cndian macIinc.
l. SIow Iow iIis is siorcd on a liiilc cndian macIinc.
c. If you wanicd io incrcasc iIc Ic valuc io 123456, wIicI lyic assignmcni would lc
morc cfficicni, lig or liiilc cndian? Elain your answcr.
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a and l.
Address 00 01 10 11
ig Endian 00 00 12 34
Liiilc Endian 34 12 00 00
c. Liiilc cndian is morc cfficicni lccausc iIc addiiional informaiion simly nccds io lc
acndcd. WiiI lig cndian, iIc "12" and "34" would nccd io sIifi io mainiain iIc
corrcci lyic ordcring.

3. TIc firsi iwo lyics of a 2M 16 main mcmory Iavc iIc following Ic valucs.
yic 0 is FE
yic 1 is 01
If iIcsc lyics Iold a 16-lii iwo's comlcmcni inicgcr, wIai is iis aciual dccimal valuc if.
a. mcmory is lig cndian?
l. mcmory is liiilc cndian?
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a. FE0116 1111 1110 0000 00012 -51110
l. 01FE16 0000 0001 1111 11102 51010

4. WIai linds of rollcms do you iIinl cndian-ncss can causc if you wisIcd io iransfcr daia
from a lig cndian macIinc io a liiilc cndian macIinc? Elain.
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If iIc macIincs rccciving iIc daia uscs diffcrcni cndian-ncss iIan iIc macIinc scnding iIc
daia, iIc valucs can lc misinicrrcicd. For camlc, iIc valuc from Prollcm 3, scni as iIc
valuc -511 on a lig cndian macIinc, would lc rcad as iIc valuc 510 on a liiilc cndian
macIinc.
8. Convcri iIc following crcssions from infi io rcvcrsc PolisI (osifi} noiaiion.
a. X Y + W Z + V U
l. W X + W (U V + Z)
c. (W (X + Y (U V)))/(U (X + Y))
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a. X Y W Z V U + +
250 2-address instructions
6 * 212 1-address instructions
212
212
l. W X W U V Z + +
c. W X Y U V + U X Y + /



. Convcri iIc following crcssions from rcvcrsc PolisI noiaiion io infi noiaiion.
a. W X Y Z - +
l. U V W X Y Z + + +
c. X Y Z + V W - Z + +
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a. W (X + Y - Z)
l. U + (V (W + (X (Y + Z))))
c. X + ((Y + Z) (V - W) + Z)

1. Suosc a comuicr using dircci macd cacIc Ias 220 words of main mcmory, and a
cacIc of 32 llocls, wIcrc cacI cacIc llocl coniains 16 words.
a. How many llocls of main mcmory arc iIcrc?
l. WIai is iIc formai of a mcmory addrcss as sccn ly iIc cacIc, i.c., wIai arc iIc sizcs of
iIc iag, llocl, and word ficlds?
c. To wIicI cacIc llocl will iIc mcmory rcfcrcncc 0D6316 ma?
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a. 220/24 216
l. 20 lii addrcsscs wiiI 11 liis in iIc iag ficld, 5 in iIc llocl ficld, and 4 in iIc word ficld
c. 0D63 00001100101 10110 0111, wIicI imlics locl 22

3. Suosc a comuicr using fully associaiivc cacIc Ias 216 words of main mcmory, and a
cacIc of 64 llocls, wIcrc cacI cacIc llocl coniains 32 words.
a. How many llocls of main mcmory arc iIcrc?
l. WIai is iIc formai of a mcmory addrcss as sccn ly iIc cacIc, i.c., wIai arc iIc sizcs of
iIc iag and word ficlds?
c. To wIicI cacIc llocl will iIc mcmory rcfcrcncc F8C ma?
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a. 216/25 211
l. 16 lii addrcsscs wiiI 11 liis in iIc iag ficld and 5 in iIc word ficld
c. Sincc ii's associaiivc cacIc, ii can ma anywIcrc

4. Suosc a comuicr using fully associaiivc cacIc Ias 224 words of main mcmory, and a
cacIc of 128 llocls, wIcrc cacI cacIc llocl coniains 64 words.
a. How many llocls of main mcmory arc iIcrc?
l. WIai is iIc formai of a mcmory addrcss as sccn ly iIc cacIc, i.c., wIai arc iIc sizcs of
iIc iag and word ficlds?
c. To wIicI cacIc llocl will iIc mcmory rcfcrcncc 01D87216 ma?
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a. 224/26 218
l. 24 lii addrcsscs wiiI 18 liis in iIc iag ficld and 6 in iIc word ficld
c. Sincc ii's associaiivc cacIc, ii can ma anywIcrc

7. Suosc a comuicr using sci associaiivc cacIc Ias 216 words of main mcmory, a cacIc of
32 llocls and cacI cacIc llocl coniains 8 words.
a. If iIis cacIc is 2-way sci associaiivc, wIai is iIc formai of a mcmory addrcss as sccn
ly iIc cacIc, i.c., wIai arc iIc sizcs of iIc iag, sci, and word ficlds?
l. If iIis cacIc is 4-way sci associaiivc, wIai is iIc formai of a mcmory addrcss as sccn
ly iIc cacIc?
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a. 216 words of main mcmory imlics wc Iavc 16 liis in an addrcss. CacIc coniains 25
llocls, lui cacI sci musi Iavc 2 llocls, so wc Iavc 25/224 scis. TIcrcforc our 16-lii
addrcss is dividcd inio liis for iIc iag ficld, 4 liis for iIc sci ficld, and 3 liis for iIc
word ficld.
l. TIc 32 llocls in cacIc musi now lc dividcd inio scis wiiI 4 llocls cacI, imlying wc
Iavc only 8 scis. TIc iag ficld would now Iavc 10 liis, iIc sci ficld 3 liis, and iIc word
ficld 3 liis.

18. Considcr a sysicm iIai Ias muliilc roccssors wIcrc cacI roccssor Ias iis own cacIc,
lui main mcmory is sIarcd among all roccssors.
a. WIicI cacIc wriic olicy would you usc?
l. Tbe Cacbe Coberency ProbIem. WiiI rcgard io iIc sysicm jusi dcscrilcd, wIai
rollcms arc causcd if a roccssor Ias a coy of mcmory llocl in iis cacIc and a
sccond roccssor, also Iaving a coy of in iis cacIc, iIcn udaics main mcmory
llocl ? Can you iIinl of a way (crIas morc iIan onc} of rcvcniing iIis siiuaiion,
or lcsscning iis cffccis?
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a. Wriic iIrougI sIould lc uscd io mainiain consisicncy. If somc roccssors Iavc a valuc
cacIcd, and onc roccssor cIangcs iIai valuc, iIc oiIcr roccssors would noi lnow
aloui iIai valuc. WiiI a wriic iIrougI cacIc (in addiiion io a lroadcasi "invalidaic"
mcssagc} iIc roccssors would noi lc using sialc valucs.
l. As mcniioncd in iIc answcr for ari a, iIc rollcm is sialc daia. Onc way io solvc iIis
rollcm is io invalidaic sialc cnirics. A way io rcvcni iIc siiuaiion would lc io rcquirc
roccssors io sccify wIciIcr iIc valucs wcrc for wriiing or rcading. SIarcd rcading
would lc ol; Iowcvcr, wIcn a roccssor wanicd io wriic, ii would Iavc io ciiIcr waii
uniil iIc rcadcrs wcrc donc, or scnd an invalidaic mcssagc io iIosc rcadcrs. Eclusivc
acccss ly wriicrs would iIcn lc allowcd.