DR. B.

C ROY ENGINEERING
COLLEGE ,DURGAPUR WEST
BENGAL

C. A - 2
Report writing
. Name : Kaushal Kumar

University roll : 12000721034

Subject : Applied thermodynamics

Year : 2nd (4th semester)

 CONTENT

1 . DESCRIBE RANKINE CYCLE ....................1-4

2. DESCRIBE P-V ,T-S, H-S DIGRAM ...................5-7

3. PREPARE A COMPARATIVE TABLE AMONG SOLID , .....................8-9

LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL :

4. SHOW THAT EQUIVALANCE OF KELVIN -PLANCK

STATEMENT AND CLAUSIUS STATEMENT WITH .............9-10
NEAT SKETCH :

5 . DIFFERENT PHASE OF SUBSTANCE ........10-12

DESCRIBE RANKINE CYCLE WITH A NEAT SKETCH :

Rankine cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle for thermal

power plants. In this cycle all processes are reversible and it
produces useflul work by expansion of steam. Rankine cycle is
a modified Carnot cycle, in which most of the limitations of
carnot cycle are eliminated. A schematic diagram of ideal
Rankine cycle is shown in figure (1)
A Rankine cycle consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser
and a pump.

Boiler
In boiler, heat is transferred to the feed water from an
external source to generate the steam. Heat may be
produced by burning of coal or other fossil fuels. This
high pressure and high temperature steam is supplied to
the turbine for expansion process.

Turbine
In turbine, high pressure and high temperature steam
expands to pro-duce mechanical work (shaft work). Then
this expanded steam is passed to the condenser.

Condenser
It is an heat exchanger, in which the steam condenses
into water by re-jecting heat to cooling water which is
continuously circulated. The water is pumped to the
boiler with the help of feed pump. It also maintains a low
pressure at the turbine exit.

Feed Pump
It is used to recirculate the water from condenser to the
boiler. Work re-quired to run the feed pinup is relatively
small in comparison with work produced by the turbine,
even it is negligible for low boiler pressures.

This cycle is completed in following four processes.

They are,

1. Reversible adiabatic expansion (Process 1-2)

2. Constant pressure heat rejection (Process 2-3)
3. Reversible adiabatic compression (Process 3-4)
4. Constant pressure heat addition (Process 4-1)
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion :

This process is represented on thermodynamic cycle as process

1-2. During this process, the steam expands isentropically (i.e.,
entropy re-mains constant) in turbine from pressure pi to p2.
This process is also called "Isentropic expansion process".

Constant Pressure Heat Rejection :

The process 2-3 on thermodynamic cycle represents the heat

rejection at constant pressure. During this process, the steam is
isothermally con-densed to saturated water in condenser by
rejecting heat to the sur-roundings (generally, cooling water is
continuously circulated for heat rejection). This process is also
known as "Isobaric process".

Reversible Adiabatic Compression :

This process is represented by process 3-4 on thermodynamic

cycle. During this process, the water at condenser pressure (p3)
is pumped to the boiler by feed pump, and the pressure of
water increased to boiler pressure (p4). This process is
reversible and adiabatic.
Constant Pressure Heat Addition :

the process 4-1 represent the constant pressur heat addition

during this process, the water is heated in a boiler at constant
pressure from state 4 to state 1 to produce steam .

DESCRIBE P-V , T-S AND H-S DIAGRAM OF RANKINE

CYCLE :
P-V diagram: The P-V diagram of the Rankine cycle shows the
pressure and volume changes of the working fluid throughout
the cycle. The cycle begins at point 1, where the working fluid
is in a liquid state and is compressed by the pump to point 2,
where the pressure and temperature increase. The working
fluid is then heated in the boiler from point 2 to point 3, where
it becomes a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor. The
vapor then expands through the turbine to point 4, where it
has low pressure and temperature. Finally, the working fluid
is condensed in the condenser from point 4 to point 1, where it
returns to its original liquid state.
T-S diagram: The T-S diagram of the Rankine cycle shows the
temperature and entropy changes of the working fluid
throughout the cycle. The cycle begins at point 1, where the
working fluid is in a low-temperature, low-entropy liquid
state. The working fluid is then compressed by the pump to
point 2, where its entropy remains constant, but its
temperature increases. The working fluid is then heated in
the boiler from point 2 to point 3, where its entropy and
temperature increase. The working fluid then expands
through the turbine to point 4, where its entropy remains
constant, but its temperature decreases. Finally, the working
fluid is condensed in the condenser from point 4 to point 1,
where its entropy and temperature decrease.
H-S diagram: The H-S diagram of the Rankine cycle shows the
enthalpy and entropy changes of the working fluid throughout
the cycle. The cycle begins at point 1, where the working fluid
is in a low-enthalpy, low-entropy liquid state. The working
fluid is then compressed by the pump to point 2, where its
entropy remains constant, but its enthalpy increases. The
working fluid is then heated in the boiler from point 2 to point
3, where its entropy and enthalpy increase. The working fluid
then expands through the turbine to point 4, where its
entropy remains constant, but its enthalpy decreases. Finally,
the working fluid is condensed in the condenser from point 4
 to point 1, where its entropy and enthalpy decrease.

In summary, the P-V, T-S, and H-S diagrams of the Rankine cycle
provide a visual representation of the thermodynamic processes
that occur in the cycle. These diagrams are useful tools for
engineers and scientists to analyze and optimize the performance
of power plants that utilize the Rankine cycle .

SHOW THAT EQUIVALANCE OF KELVIN -PLANCK

STATEMENT AND CLAUSIUS STATEMENT WITH NEAT
SKETCH :

Violation of one statement signifies the violation of other

statement means if a thermodynamic system is not following
the Kelvin plank statement of second law of thermodynamics
then it will also not follow the Clausius statement too.
Let us see the following figure, where a heat pump is
transferring heat energy Q1 from a lower temperature body to a
higher temperature body without any other effect i.e. heat
pump is receiving heat energy Q1 from a lower temperature
body and delivering this heat energy Q1 to a higher temperature
body without securing any work energy from surrounding.

Hence we can say that clausius statement of second law of

thermodynamic is not followed here by the system and clausius
statement is violated here.
Now let us see here that whether Kelvin plank statement is also
violated or not for this system
Let us consider one heat engine which is also operating
between the same thermal energy reservoirs as shown in
figure. Hot thermal energy reservoir has temperature T1 and
Cold thermal energy reservoir has temperature T2. Heat engine
is receiving heat energy Q1 from hot thermal energy reservoir
and producing net work W by rejecting heat energy Q2 to low
temperature thermal energy reservoir.

We have considered here that heat engine is receiving same

quantity of heat energy which is discharged by heat pump to
hot thermal energy reservoir.

Therefore, hot thermal energy reservoir could be eliminated

here as discharged quantity of heat energy by the heat pump
could be taken as input heat energy by the heat engine.

Now we can see here that heat engine and heat pump
consisting one heat engine which is producing work W during
working together in a cycle by exchanging heat energy from a
single thermal energy reservoir and it shows that this system
has not followed the Kelvin plank statement of second law of
thermodynamics.
PREPARE A COMPARATIVE TABLE AMONG SOLID , LIQUID
AND GASEOUS FUEL :

DESCRIBE DIFFERENT PHASES OF A SUBSTANCE :

A substance can exist in different phases or states depending on the

temperature and pressure conditions it is subjected to. The most common
phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas, but there are also other phases
such as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates.
Solid Phase: In this phase, the substance has a definite shape and volume and
its particles are closely packed together in a fixed arrangement. The particles
in a solid phase have low kinetic energy, which means they vibrate in place
but do not move around freely.

Liquid Phase: In this phase, the substance has a definite volume but no
fixed shape. The particles in a liquid phase are still closely packed
together, but they have more kinetic energy than those in a solid phase,
which allows them to move around and slide past each other.

Gas Phase: In this phase, the substance has no fixed shape or volume. The
particles in a gas phase have very high kinetic energy, which allows them
to move around freely and independently of each other. They are spaced far
apart from each other.

Plasma Phase: In this phase, the substance is ionized, meaning that some
or all of its atoms have lost or gained electrons, resulting in a mixture of
free electrons and ions. Plasmas are common in stars and lightning.

Bose-Einstein Condensate Phase: In this phase, a substance is cooled to

extremely low temperatures, where the particles are in their lowest energy
state, which results in a new phase of matter where the particles behave
like waves, rather than particles. Bose-Einstein condensates were first
predicted by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose in 1924.

In summary, the different phases of a substance depend on its temperature

and pressure conditions. These phases include solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and
Bose-Einstein condensate, each with their unique characteristics and
properties
ce can exist in different phases or states depending on the temperature and
pressure conditions it is subjected to. The most common phases of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas, but there are also other phases such as plasma and
Bose-Einstein condensates.