Part 3: Conversion
Corversion is sometimes referred to as an adffixless
way of word-building or even affixless derivation.
Saying that, however, is saying very little because there
are other types of word-building in which new Words
are also formed without affixes.
Conversion consists in making a new word from some
existng word. The new word has a meaning which
differs from that of the original one though It can more
or less be easily associated with it. it has also a new
paradigm peculiar to its new category as a part Of
speech.
There are 2 types of Paradigm: Subsfantive paradigm
and Verbal paradigm
Subsfantive paradigm can be seen when we use plural
nouns or possessive case.Usually the ‘’s’’ ending sound
will be added after
For Verbal paradigm, it can be used for 3rd person
singular. In English, verbs in the third person
singular form usually end in "-s" or "-es," such as
"She sings beautifully."At the same time, it can also
be used in the past tense as well as present
participle and gerund.Beside the ‘’s’’ suffix,the ’’ed’’
and ‘’ing’’ suffixes are also used.
There are certain repularities 1n these associations
which can be roughly classified. For Instance, in the
group of verbs made from nouns some of the regular
semantic associations are as Indicated in the following
list:
I. The noun ¡s the name of a tool or implement, the
verb denotes an action performed by the tool:
To hammer, to nail, to pin,
2. The noun is the name of an animal, the verb denotes
an action or aspect Of behaviour considered typical of
this animai:
to dog, to wolƒ, to monkey.
4. The name of a part of the human body - an action
performed by it:
to hand, to leg , to eye,.
4. The name of a profession or occupation - an activity
typical of it: to nurse, to cook, to maid
5. The name of a place - the process of occupying the
place or of putting sth/sb In it:
to room, to house, to place,
Next up, (name) will explain to you how composition
work
Part4 :Composition
What’s composition ? composition is a type of word-
building, in which new words are produced by
combining two or more sterms. There are at least three
aspects of composition that present special interest.
The first one is Neutral compounds
in neutral compounds the process of compounding is
realized without any Iinking elements, by a mere
juxtaposition of two stems. Neutral compounds can be
divided into 3 different types: Simple neutral
compounds like the word bedroom, tallboy,..Basically
this is just normal compound words.We also have
derivational compounds , unlike Simple neutral
compounds, this is the type of Compounds which have
affixes in their structure.For example: open minded,
blue- eyed,…And the third neutral type is contracted
compound,this type consists of a shortened stem in
their structure like Tv-set,t-shirt, V-neck,…
Now we will move on to non productive compound or
morphological compound. This type of compound
doesn’t have further meaning other than its original
definition
The second type of composition is called syntactic
compounds.This is used in normal segment of speech
e.g. _ merry-go-round, mother-In-law,
Another focus of Interest is the semantic aspect of
compound words, which is the shift of meaning in
words.Let’s take a look at 3 groups of words here
(1) Classroom, bedroom, working-man, sleepping-
car
(2) (2) Blackboard, blackbird, ƒootball. Pickpocket,
chatterbox
(3) ladybird, tallboy, bluestocking, bufter-finger
As u can see, the words in the first group only
has one meaning.However, the second one has
multiple and the third has its meaning
completely changed
So how do we distinguish compounds from word
combinations?Based on these 4 criterions below
(đọc theo slide)
And finally, we are gonna look at semi-
affixes( đọc slide tiếp kkk)
Next up is the shortening section
Part 5: Shortening
So, what exactly is shortening? Shortening is a
way to make pronouncing words easier and
produced In 3 main ways.
The first - clipping - is to make a new word
from a syllable (rarer, two) of the original
word. The latter may lose
It is beginning as in phone made from
telephone, car (Initial clippng)
It is ending as Iab from laboratory (Final
clipping)
both the beginning and ending as In flu from
inƒluenza (final-initial -clipping)
the medial part as in maths from
mathematics (Medial clipping)
The second way of shortening - abbreviation
- is to make a new word from the Initial
letters of a group,for example:
WHO from the World Health Organisation
The UK is the United Kingdom
The third - blending - is a speclal type of shortening
in which partS of words merge Into one to form a
new word.
binary + digit = Bit
channel + tunnel = Chunnel
camera + recorder = camcorder
Part 6: MINOR TYPES OF MODERN WORD-
BUILDING
Moving on to MINOR TYPES OF MODERN WORD-
BUILDING.First we gonna looking at ONOMATOPOEIA
or echoeism. This type of word build imitate the
sounds made by animals, human or a random object
For example: For dogs we use the word ‘’bark’’ or
‘’ howl’’
Some names of animals and especially of birds and
¡nsects are also produced by sound-imitation:
for example, crow, cuckoo, cricket, humming-bird.
Moving on to the reduplication method. In
reduplication new words are made by doubling a stem,
either without any phonetic changes as in bye-bye or
with a vartiation of the root-vowel or consonant as in
ping-pong, Chit-Chat.
Tobe more specific, most words made by reduplication
are used in everyday language and are used as a slang
e.g.. walkie-talkie, riff-raff, chi-chi
And finally,we have back-formation or reversion.Back-
formation words can be understood a noun turned into
a verb like the verb ‘’ beg’’ came from a French noun
‘’ beggar’’. In all these cases the verb was made Írom
the noun by subtracting what Was mistakenly
associated with the English suffix -er.
So,why is this type of word-building called back-
formation? Well, usually most nouns are formed from
verbs. However, the process to this method is
backward and that’s why we have reversion
To end our presentation, we have a mini game for you
guys to test your knowledge about today’s topic.
