ae — Networ ke Unit-1 4¢ Data Communtcation :- Be oun erred Its the exthabee ee tdorto. between too devices va. 'Gome fawn dearer ion medium. | OTe efectivenens of data communieation depends en — | adelivewy— The eyetem muat delivesr dato. cto caurect olestination. | OAcunacy—> The aoe muadt deliver the dato. accu OTamelincos— The 5 must dekivex ethe data in a au ™Mannen.- Data delivened late axe s0elers- @ Tate — Jitter wefexs to the vastation uin the packet asival time. True the uneven ol dn the deliv audio ax video Jedka peels “y ie Come onent> Dato. Communteatton : = OMessage ’ ORecetven:' © Ructocale @Sendlext Q® Teranamiasien Medium Doo. Reprenentation ~ | OText ONumbex oarnages © Videos © Audio - + Dato loc :- (an Teianainieaion Modes) ' OSimplex * Communication ax Data Elec Occund onhy cin one Atvectior Mainframe dlistection is cote. @O Half Duplex :- Communteation ax Date, Flow can eceux tin bath direction (Semi Duplex) ut nat wimultan The cormmunteation de @ne direction at a ena Aixection of data at time Ty distection of dota fon of data at timely BFullt Duplex = Communication ax Data Flow can oceust tin both direction wimattanceue) ial LS aes dinection of dota ot all me a : Ye M$, —— iy Mi ANetwork + A) netcoank ula dhe cintencormection 4 oe act of devices capable af cm unic A network must be able cto meet & testa ne: of citeula.- The, eat Umpautant 4 dene axe: @ Risfo Mel ts heel “a a ® Relate) fests) ° Bt enowues thot a @ Seeunte) es network qpexates Time taken between .- "mE. Crneaoage qvell cofthout any Aue ae 7 cto travel : requert k Tm Seuste Unteuuption- Setwice and oe to deslerbnon Yeoponeling do this enenurenty 4 Lonnection escent oS a @ rena Paint do Paint Paint do M or One vender communicated seit only ene esteceivet One senden communicates with rnultiple ee 4e Neteoork Groala 3 Cre Yeneusiced - Oot vteduction by shasting hardwwaxe and. ey by ae multiple deustee supply © Gureatey pexibili ear pecan Ley to connected olevifcen « @ Tnuieaned. cee “4 making db ook do access dato by the oeveral udeno- @Tnmesne the ieee pegferance © Psavide a powerful communication medium. : Z Network Application = ee \ @Maketin: G Sales! , IL 2° © Tafermation Sewiicey © Tele- © Financkat Serviced’ 9 Cellulay Seefeer! — nfexencingy Gi @ Monufackurizy cap,camyete. © Cable Television $eCategorier Netwowk:-| DE ae Nay (LAN (a)MAN (WAN ‘tion = ye Type | Come . Link neaiy | ) aaa @ Paint to Paint — a re Faint te Multipoint Network Tor @ Mech To is Tyree computtest network din ewhich each node Chevie) us commected eto every athex rode un the network: Adu: e Dicado. @Direct Tecanomiasion GHégh Tri fe Coot © Scatability © Hegh plexite © Fault Taleuwance © ee ae oatpe © oe cd Che pga ® tat Pesformance Tn'thios @ Stax doar a hub is “Adwantage. ©Leve Tikal Cost, © Controlling Poot © Scalabilify : O Centralized Managemert + In this, all called a “bus” © Tus cable weaver co a. chaxed commun: devices en the networ Topato: O Bu» e k do wteceive dhe same ee oiro = 4a nodes (devices) axe hive: connected 46 a) commen central computer chat io Heferned C Disaduart! 292. @ Dependency @ central Hub: © ead PETERS cit fnexeaai deviced- © No chirect es devices ave connected do a. iyo cable Seation mectium , allow ls Disady. A - © Lene Complexi @Dependency aate wis © See siay a “3 oi cable. Stout Eee © Coat-effective igh Space Requirement 2 an © Pex ce decrearen © Scalability . eee isase ire numbex 9f deuicen.® Ring Topaloay + Jn ahi A ee ; eH Th thid y each deuice/node uf6 cltrectly connéctedl ty! two athe nodes, forming a closed etueulay data path called “ ap : Sok 1 [Aduantage a Dis U 1. Be ffsied clata-transfor»« O Dependenty on apple 6 Eoay Thotallotion : cabled @ falonced load Distribution. _O Multiple fasta aill @ Fault Taolation - Tfone side rea an ax divechan of dota tranefee © tinted Scalobilily: rile; dhe data can 6tt travel through. opposite cltvection- O fx Peuformance t ith increabe in 16- devices — un. an The Jette dis coritien puck envelope & dropped un a Mailbox Ae The tettex de picked wip ; removed from envelope F vead- Te Hed cevwired Frorp : The dette oo costteck fcr the] Middle dhe postoffite to the mailbox rmailbex te a post Hee Lowes 7 The dette is olelivexed to a 4 k yack) | THEMLARD ab elivexcecd Faro camuien by the poat-offlce- Te tonex: dhe cauniex to che pos He pasicel to casutiedt from dhe source cts the destination. xAt Sendesx Side = ~ : 7 ee } oO it Highert Layee The scndlew corites a leben; neers cleter ui on (Enuélopey caiten ethic wenden Ff wietcivews adleuersen J dropout lettex Un & mailbox: ® Q : # O Middle layet= The letter tis Plokec op by a. dette cosucien g delivered lo the post office» ae he aPes Layo = ctuianspaute cthe etter: The dettey cis sastecl at the poateppice y a casufex 7~ peer : The casuitex efoconspasels the leHex cto the pastattce oe @ miadle nigh tegen ee - The detten io sautedt g delivexe mailbox - The weceiver picke Lp che envelope fread ut- ~——_+———* ee 4fuctocale ond Sanders sfueocals Agree ds a eke ue oA protecal d and oshen 4 cane OSyntox = The ea sat expect cthe fist 6-bite e oecond d-bits toy be the meneage, Dato... Example >A imple profocal mi dhe addsuens of the cendery he wecetver ancl teat of the otoing oe a Recalvertd adduer>- 4 © Semantion:- Ttrefous to the meanin of each wectton Hoco ule a. pasubdeulax to be inttipreted 4 and ws that + teprtnin oe us do be daken od on 6 oer Tuefew co dwo a cbeTbHl i— @OGdhen olata ie de vend ee Q Gb How foat at can be wend P lL tothe wecepients etter, -epent opens the dhat govexn eae amma * uefers do the stuurctine an, fornat of the data. to be to be the CASS bite: action |QYeb 9094 : oe tt Standasidl — Glondatds provide yyidelnm 0, meausfackisdn stl { ’ OYA, pea encies lather weswice Ree Srenie ae Peinok f) test- connectivity mneced ea today LB ype | | | | place ancl ut Dato_ communication etanctastole ieee nto 2 cote aioe G) De facto (ty fot w au He convention) + proved by an onizecl books Bact Stondaucls that have nat been ap, fave been adopted o* standards snsirar swidlesdfeacl Oe fh drrtet- national 7m pgtees (De Dune | ye fou a & De Thoge Re that Fave ben Oe é an ef recpgrized body. 4# OSL Model : fay Syotems Sees i aes Eacnsi se ae ___Appiicestion I feels = [Appiication t ! v Netcoork dlayext haste route protocol Dato. Link ae host- rode protocal. Physical (ayer host router protocols ost Model tls cempesed of 7 ordevre ae . e travels dee ee ae ena: a + rw mee ae ’ i of edict mode B os agen Ttexfoce 5 oT A Tso Trternahionol Organization ee pe eal Loupe Stondawdization)s hyped Chavdeteniation 4 Trtexfocen and Melon = pee A Bits @ Fronomiasion mode | bs oe norton Bits a sie © ote oat y. 6 (6 Phu Topology F @ Pod Link Layer \ : of 99 age dddversing © Flow Cortral © Error Cntral @Accens Gnhal |@Network Network, Lauert Oloyeol Added oj og ena a Traropoct Layer: \ @Seuice Point padrenigg 0 spectator ¢ Reoneernbling : OCormection Contral Flow ot Ofror Grtrall. 6 Seasion Layer : 2 h ‘ Oil gue Qnial © Syn chrontzation , ? : ) 6 Prerentot on | a as. Pt © Cornpresion © Teratation feation eae “ar usiep 6 file Taxanafon gecens ancl Mangano OMoit Seswiceo © Dinsctert Sewreed. | | 7 gescel a 41 x * #10 ; ' ¥TCP/IP Model (Toxancmntasion Condval Racrtocat [Titexnet Retocat) nee 004 oleveloped un 1960 pricr cto Der Madeley 313A cb Aiexaschial model pretecal ‘made wp pee ntevacttve moduler : Sach of cheve provides pede functionality“Teransport| i eee eee oe [ Data Link LeyeH We Keteoor' | Physical Layex || i (Network @ Network Accessibility (Network Accend Lope i Accor Laxyex) Physical layer ancl Data Link layer | @Lteis the combination : OTtdefenes hero che whould be send phyate ing the TP. O The functions courted outby thio doe axe enckps' eh dataguam einto frames ansmitted by, cthe network nd mapping a TP adduensen into phyoteat adduenderd- : : | @ The protocale sect pee tyes axe— Etheunet, Token ving » FDDI, ferame oxelay- : ; { @ Netewark Lewy (Trtexnet ex) = | | ©The main a A layex uo de oenk the packets from any netwouk, andl ora] fue atvcthe clestination eiesorespective of the wtoute they cake: ' spe he | i t Ofaltowing ane the puatecals ised thn thin laigen — OES Reopennibilities—> © Heat cto Host communication - © TRaddxeosi i © Fart uand Reansembhy. i ! | ' © Ronttin - : © Dato capaulation and poi PRP + CAddsvesa Resaliction Paatocal) *elabe mart | ., @Fhcis used co find cthe physical audelriend “fof othe IP en | ©The mat deus ansocketed with che ARP protocal aver"P a) ARP 14 ead > Chen x. senclest warts to know cthe. 4 he device » it broadcasts He ARP wequest cto hee pasate of pyarraeply— Ev device attached cto fhe nekwark twill accept the RP ccequert > and process cthe cHequeat , but execeptert dhe TP adduerd and vende back its phy i ecognize un # fu of ARP xeply- gi TEMP (Tntowet Contest Meowage Puatocat) + Treo a rnechanioro cuped by the haatd ax wroutend fo vend notificatin ue axcling dodagram prool back to the sence pes fo FeuTd = a) ICMP “Teat —> Tt ci used to tent cohether dhe destination us weachable au nat en the clestinedtion 4) TEMP Reply —* This used to check caheth dleuice ia al ax nat- An ICMP protocal mat @ Txonspast Loayest fa ods teoponoible fax ube veliabilidy flew contoial anc. correction Riga hich uo being pent overt thé nefooasik: 6 Tao protecale ote ued ein chiro () UDP (User Datagram RotecoL)- : OH provideo coWhectionless seuice and. end-to-end delivery oF foanemitasien- : Theis an unneliable pratscal o% EE clincovdns the erviarve but not- copeci: dhe extax- : \ + UDP conaiats [loosing relold? : : gee +0) Seusce Paxt addnend— adders application Bree dhat had Ceated fe medogge: 4) Dentination Past adder addxers of opplccction pero cthect- ’ received the menaage* ‘ €1 Taal denath—* defines total number of ge af dhe L3H 6 gto | d) Checkouum — [6bit fuel ined dn extant detection. ‘ Lowy ex — ic Headest Faxmot- oe babe Dexsiraction adders mn@ Application Lee =, (TopMost Layer of Tep/IP Model) ' Gy TCP (Toranominsion Gntual Rustecal mf TRA O@Ltcueaten a vinlual chert between cthe sendet ancl weceiver and cif cid active far the Diumation of the Taansmiacion. OTP do avieliable pxatacal a4 Ut detects the euan and utetuanamits the clarnaged Joramen: © B dio vecoponaible fou handling high -Jevel protocals ) rose apna ¢ ureprenentasion + OTHie dower allows dhe user te untexoct avith the application. + Fallowing ave dhe main pratecals wunect in the application aye ( CG) HTTP (Hypex Text Toanafex Puatecal) This protocal allooss wis to accens the cl tii) SNMP— (Simple Network Management Re Tue a-furamewartk used fox managing the Ay soy cthe TCP/IP protocal tunel ata over He would wide web. oto cal) deuicesven the unter ¢ ( (iti) SMTP - (Simple Mail Taxansfex Protocal) ¢ Thiz pxatecal ouppasito e-mail ive; it cio fe anathex e-mail addbens- (i DNS— (Domain Name sytem) The ayotem uthat maps cthe domain name do dhe IP adduens oo called DNS: bed UB wenck°uthe lect | ¢ (WYTELNET— (Teuminal Netooaxtk) 4 "Feeatoblishen connection between docal compecter and remote! com tin ouch a cwoay that the Uecal teuminal appears tobe adewninal at the (endate Wiss Hh bie . | | (vi) FIP — (File Tovanefext Protocal) sty | Tits a vlandand Untounet protocat ulsed fou chenoraiting che | files foom éne. cémptiten ote anathex compuitex. | ae Te ie = x * x x———_* i ae Aioen Between TCP/IP anct Systemd Intexconnectian) OST Moclel: ‘ : st fe TCP/TP (Toxanamiacion Crtral Pretecal/ os giitee Toye Piss ies ee gostetene echt: @ TePp/Tp ete mane weliable gost feo vteiiet boundavtien Jo TeP/TP cloco nat Rave veny ehich™ Aounctasien. ost model follow. vextical |@7cp/IP medet fallews a haxizental opp v0” approach. sr uioes diffort Semaion |@ Tee/P uae» hath Seoaien and Puesentotee aa Mes ee Peteverrtation aye un the Application gost developed Modlely then profecal- Leupen me © TcP/ TP developet pa protecals then Model - eu doen nat provide ref 0st pucuideo aspUKaunce © Terano nae | , P' | pee d cole d Smee of ivory Seas |0 Garnection- lens ancl connection- © wep Tn “ae Network quinted Lath sewusices axe layer Leni provideo connectien leas provided By) Netwaxk ater buvtees$ ORuatocals sei bette: covenect © Ruatecals cannat be replaced and os Pils to replace with eanlly. | dhe eal ‘dn dechnole oa OSI Model TcP/IP ModelFeNetwask Deviees and Components: A O Network Devices vloe known 0.6 wean Hoxdvare axe ctf Prycical devices dhat allow harduwave an & Computex: Neto dy communicate and dinfexock wsith one anather- 2 or ORepeaten = SA Olt ds used to wegenenate a wi nal evex dhe same netwaxk — tefaue che oe becemes deo weak ax. casuupted- © They ate ued te amplify ae and, ee che mesa cthe netwasiks:- Q Hub -@ Hub ie erat aa armulté-pasct utepenten. ' © Hubs can nat filtex fata y 06. Hite ee axe cehtts all connected devices: z *Typer pf Hub ' eo . O Active Hub = There ane uhe Hubs that Fae cthetse sun poco Supply © EF medgenexates a armpli fies ig ignale ie ding cthem do athe eta deviced- © Tet axe wuifable cin UReNeToH Dg lata. for long clistance connections. -~ | Se aPF onppdve tts @Paoaive Hub = There tubo does nat equine 0 po: pu OUNCE } because sit claeonte umplifay aH ongenouate a Alt date weceived on ene part dis fousanded te all athen pants without oy processi . suitable fo bmallen nettotxk: (io) Tatelgent Hub/Seoitehig Hub on dinfelligert hub rs eavertiolly an active bub with iandcHonal en FH netwauk management and eee oBroften Undudes cic noattc copabilitien wuch of ability to cletect nekoak foute anal monitau auaffee- @ They aloo provide flex ‘hile data inated include Renate Management Capabilitien O Budge A Buldge cio a. vepeatert usith add en functionality fering cendent y Hage dhe AC Mac cxclledded er dhe oe ‘and destination: . ‘ Blips Bridges i OTaanopaxert Buidge ie @ Tt» an invisible computer netwastk AaB the name umplien- © This Bridlgeds prim fonction de ote Aleck a foxeoancl darko. Aosed tn the MA cddseod- ©The atfex devices dn uthe netewoasik QHe eatinety unawaxe thet| nage: exiat- (i) Souxce - Route gute i OTL decides the toute between two Foats: @ The entire forame yroute is containedt uolthin wo'dh cane a dn dio ye o ’ s im hi oes wtesulls the badge ualll make puedise decisions about- ou) the odoutane doill be fosuancled even cfhe network. OL fo, Nettoork devices anclWi avs aan ans ay learn aa | (it) Toanaledional Buide © OThene ane aie i netwoauk bridge that can dutanslote between Vases netoask prose ‘alo- 3 © This enables devices ©? oliffexent netoouks to communicate aiith ene anatheny evenclf they O° using diffexert protocals. O Tecan connect diffexert ape of netwarkd and helps cn ini netwaxk echt anol (papel i @Switch + eA awiteh io a multipart baie e with a buffer anda | destan chat can bosat dike effecteney Ca a ape implien lens goin and «till o Unmanaged sah Boric TE pg oro saith uoithout emote management Capabilitier ; | eultable fox omall neteoanke. iy Managed. Sevitch + Offers cemate Cen) ation ancl meniterin ee Ae ad ve Wsies d til) Smast Soaiteh — (ax Postiolly Managed Sevitch)- Trtuumediade between unm me ancl Gane ed switches | Pre dimitedt mR enpabiiven ay) Layered Scaiteh += Opexaten atctfe Dato Link es phe ctutaffic baveck en MAC adclxerd within LANS- g ) Layer 3 Switch = Combines suttch and eee raction® a , He poved on IP adcluerded » offen ed cfaugee networks; (vi) PoE Scotteh i (Pewen oven Etheunet) ~ ME Scattehes wean deliver povoex te connected devices Or Oo TP phones; wivielend access paints and wwwelllance camenad overt the Ethexnet cable- ti) Gypabit Saiths- gatas _eugpasch Gipat Fthewnet | | I{10/to0f 1006 Mbps) cennectiona- Guitable fox high handiwidth applications and envivenments Crile Ca Bock mounted Sesiteh) x Lo be maunted un Atandewed equipment raeke Pack mount wi) They awe devine They commenti sised ok fency ganization ave YU CG and ato Sitch t= Designed Un ait an a Aenk tin eoteupriag ervvvenmerds cihewe space y ane impautart au tabletop (id Deoktop See They ane ulypioally ceny act and ui} teoright wh modulau alate thet “ Modula Switch = They ane deniqned & ( rau flexibility and wsealt bilte alleco fax Commonly Led dh? Lasge geale netmorts U Oo a ceiteh that orsutes data Qfoutew =A vieutew do a device like ned en ethelse TP adduenst » | packets an @ heute Nasumally cennectd LANe and WANS and have a a dable ; bared en whith hey can make dlecisie ao upetadir woudl g da en Dato. packets: en Be OGradeusoy Th de o. posoage fe connect two netewanks Mat may wank 4pen different Netwasking Medels- OT do alee called & Rswtocal Convertex: ANIC = (Network Intewface Gud) @Bda a network adapter hat uo wisecl eo cennect the cor do he network: OT has a unique 1D that io enritien on cthe chips cennectax. £0 connect the. coble do uf- @©Bwoutest :- (Bridge Router) ax (Bridging Reuter) TE combinen featuses f batt, Bridge and Routex: GF dt fas a bce e x ——1 —— > hs Ae Se ama a# ivasemizeten Media — Avtoanerrfaclon, medium oan we, OR sev Ma (ee. aren « ea ; : fh Sool 2 eu Zz (0 Guided Media. (CUived) — Guifeledt Media which axe Ahose that gratide wa. wenduit fem ene device ots anathex, cinclude twieted pa cable, ce-oriatl cable fib ope onde ‘oa eee alory any there mecha. & clistectect and con ec: athe fee ad 7 he meckim . (0) Taiahed Palin Cable A tocisled! pein conaiak af oe condeetors (nevm Capes) each uinith cto even pleatic dnaulotion, doctated tpgether. bne of the ere Go used fo cam othe uyhral do the wecelven F she athex fs ak cg aca wuefouen ce : “Dreondaiclas by Coofall Lotile THeucawfeo eee eg than those in pose cable. OTrotead of having 2 wired; kt fos a central Core conoluctay of valid we SANGO fre (aoually Coppex) enclosed dn an, dnautatin Whield which lo dn duu “encaredt din cn sutex ord gue: ©The oudey metall® wrapping sven bath av ee nadie Gf an ithe wecomel errs which, cempleten he, cb if. OTe cuter conductasr cio abo enclosed ein an tnoulating whield, f che avhale cable is protected a a plostte coven! d i Se\ ductor (shield, Ploodic Cover Se 4 ©) Fibre optic so ere ot plastte and Aranom i tn ae digs a TN Cladding Mersi Media (Wirelens)— Tt ctuanepasts clectremagreht cove unithout usin, G2 ree real conductor. OSignalo nor ais Arrough, fete epace G chus axe availble ts ushe has a device capable o Ulecetving then | | Ody iclect Wik can travel from xouxce ce destination vin oevenal | (ae OGuweund aiken o ny Papppaton 6 ting at | eres Co o) I found Lave = ie los Propepation 1 (Below « HH) (a- 3oMHHz) Cabove co Miz). p ion lang elit fi 4 Toanornicaion Irnpatument + : i Oss rales Aomavel through choneriosion rmediy Unhich ase nap Othe cmpenfection Cruces eignal cirnporrment. |id ptt _ came vas te Bi rid ce nd ie meone that dhe 6 ae ot che eileen meclia. a nat dhe ___Banomission (Sigal enplifed) Point 1 medi ——e Point 3 AMeruatiom: means Joss of &” uvhen 2. Signal Ceimple or compasit) i toravels dhrougy meolium ; looses came 9 ibe geet) dn ever se? the uresistance a cthe medium . Z| Vibleruation on AB ~ 10L09,, & ’ f cwhene Y ff ate the eee ies at pei point qpHeggestuet n wo egnal chravels Hroug. wo transmission medium Numenicol: Suppoce eH Ue veduced oo any half. Cabeutate ut Fike poco 7 attenuation dn AB: Seid. fie P fe Aiterubttion sin lB = . (0-409,, (2%) ‘ : P = (0L09%4 (zx) = 6x (-0.30)) = -3-01 d0Q@Distwwtin® Meano'aignal ed cits form ox iohape- vs @ Distortion can geeux cin a composite pignidl made of cifferert Frequencies gi Ca ig © ach wjaral component fas do oom prop ston, Bpeecl trou x othe medium. ano a ore cits Own dn euele at the ie (final destination ) y | Diff festences un din 7 cweate a. difference din phaoe uf cthe iby fesstio) Ine Oe | pe aa — \ . is fi @ @) componente of! pees ol SPE omar, Kate. | (im phase) 1 WO3 nF ‘ ; @ ° , | Rint Turanomiccion Medium. + « Poin | O@Neire ds another. cause of mpairmet Octo dpe of Nees) a Titucat iene, Ck anol Tmpulee Nojoe ra conmupt dhe gi ‘ + Theumal Noise us the viandem rmoton J electrons una cotre woh z oreccten extra signet:: CrTrotuced Noise comeo - Bs ractons en udhich Pexformonce > Nehwork depends | fort Bit bo vent om Sources atich ads moto ax appliances: 7 Consotalk, us the re feas one wire on the ather.’ it #Signol te Nojee Katte (SNR) : é SNR= Average Signal Focoen faveigie Noioe Fowext SNR ag = (0 bog, SNR. 6B ‘PPosiumance = (Nelusork Poeformance Factors)” O Bancwidlth - Tecan be used ut in wo diffenert PER teeE colth, cleoo oli ffestent meanuning values (Bandwidth vin Hedz + Theis the eee Freqecntien contained tina composite ie ax cthe vege el freqeenaess a geennet can pase i Bandastdth vin Bite pe Secordl.: TF vison do athe no.of bite per eecond hod a channel 5 a Link au seven a metwork wan Vdtranornit - @ Throughput = Dur dhe meanure of hero grat we can cae vend dota aryl a. networlt. i Mb, ‘Wameuicol: A network of Bandusiclth Jo adspe can Pans only an avexage of 12000 frarnes per rest minute uvith each frame carn e an ayexage of 10000 bite: Chat vio Ahrougl. Beka thie? 2 Salubions — jg 10002 bpp 4a =} 2000000 Wak: Upto 01 Maxch 2024 7 = Ox 108 : (Friday) > aMbps e Ae @ Latency Delay) Hitefinen aus sopg it takes: fort an entire mMensage coropl auive at cthe destindtien fom the time; the|i = Propagation + Toanamiasi oo + Queuing + Processing D Time Time Delay. at Propagation Delay = _Diatance. “Teanonitogtan Tite = Mensnge jy, pO CRF Fepagaren Sued ee | ® Banctutoltf Delay Rocuck - ‘Tit define che na ofbits thatea, fllapa netcoork uink: @ © Beaive the maximum amourt of data chat can he eee ©. 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