Prof.

VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Model Q&A | 3rd Semester | Cyber Space | MBA | Bangalore North University
| Note: It is advised to treat this Model Q&A for reference purpose only. The Q& A given shall
not be treated as final and complete answers further students are expected to refer standard text
/ reference books for exam preparation |

MODULE ONE
PART –A

1. Define WWW
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
that are accessed over the internet. The World Wide Web enables users to view and
navigate through web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia
content. The web pages are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and are
interconnected through hyperlinks, allowing users to easily move from one page to
another by clicking on these links. The WWW was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in
1989 and has since become the primary means of accessing and sharing information on
the internet.

2. Define internet
The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that enables the
exchange of information and communication between individuals, organizations, and
devices around the world. It is a vast network infrastructure that consists of millions of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks, all linked together using
various technologies.
The internet operates on a set of protocols known as the Internet Protocol Suite
(commonly referred to as TCP/IP), which defines how data is transmitted and received
over the network. It uses a decentralized architecture, meaning that there is no central
authority or governing body controlling the entire network. Instead, it relies on a
distributed network of routers and servers to route and deliver data packets to their
intended destinations.

3. What are the disadvantages of using you tube

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
While YouTube offers a wealth of benefits and opportunities, there are also some
disadvantages associated with its use. Here are a few common drawbacks.
1. Inappropriate or objectionable content.
2. Misinformation and unreliable content.
3. Copyright infringement.
4. Advertisements and monetization.
5. Addiction and time consumption.
6. Limited control over content recommendations.
7. Privacy concerns.

4. Name three web browser

Three popular web browsers are:

1. Google Chrome - Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely used web
browsers. It offers a user-friendly interface, fast browsing speeds, and a vast library of
extensions and apps.

2. Mozilla Firefox - Firefox is an open-source web browser known for its focus on
privacy and security. It offers a customizable interface, strong privacy features, and
support for numerous add-ons.

3. Microsoft Edge - Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft. It is the default

browser for Windows 10 and offers a clean and modern interface, fast performance,
and integration with other Microsoft services.

5. What are the reason for developing Facebook

Facebook was developed with several key reasons in mind:
1. Social Connection
2. Sharing and Expression
3. Community Building
4. Business and Networking
5. Information and News.

6. Define the following terms:

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
a. Web server
b. Web browser
1. Web server: A web server is a computer program or software that resides on a
physical server or a virtual machine and is responsible for delivering web content
to clients upon request. It receives requests from web browsers or other client
applications, processes those requests, and sends back the requested web pages or
resources over the internet. Web servers use protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to communicate with clients and deliver the requested content.
Examples of popular web server software include Apache HTTP Server, Nginx, and
Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services).
2. Web browser: A web browser is an application or software that allows users to
access, view, and interact with websites and web content on the internet. It serves
as a user interface for navigating the World Wide Web. Web browsers interpret and
display HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) documents, execute scripts, render
images, and handle other web technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
and JavaScript. Commonly used web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, and Opera. Users can type in website addresses
(URLs) or search queries in the browser's address bar to access specific websites or
perform web searches. Browsers also provide features like bookmarks, history, and
extensions to enhance the browsing experience.

7. Write the advantage of Linked In.

Linked In offer several advantage for professional.
 Professional networking.
 Career Opportunity.
 Personal Branding.
 Knowledge Sharing.
 Business Development.
 Recommendation and endorsement.
 Industry Insight and Research.

8. List any two features of Linked In.

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Profile Building and Networking: Linked In allows users to create professional profile that
showcase their skills, experience, education, and accomplishments. Users can connection
request and building a network of connection. This feature enables users to expand their
profile network, discover job opportunities, and establish valuable connection for career
advancement.
Job Search and Recruitment: Linked In service as a popular platform for job seekers and
recruiters alike. Users can search for job opening based on various criteria such as location,
industry, and job function. They can also upload their resume, apply for job
recommendations based on their profile information. Recruiters and hiring managers can
post job listings, search for candidates, and view their profiles to identify potential hires.

9. Define http and html

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application protocol that enable
the transfer of hypertext, which includes hyperlink, between clients and service on the
World Wide Web. It is the foundation of communication for the web.

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is the standard markup language used
to create and structure web page. It defines the structure and layout of a web document
by using a set of tax and attributes.HTML tax a used to markup elements such as
headings, paragraph, links, images, and other content on a web page. Browsers interpret
HTML code and display the content of users.

10. What is hyperlink? How to use it in HTML? what is the use of hyperlink in HTML
A hyperlink in HTML, or Hyper Text Markup language, is a clickable text or image
that, when selected, redirects the users to another location on the same page, a different
page or even an external website.

To use a hyperlink in HTML

 Open HTML file using a text editor or an integrated development environment
(IDE)
 Identify the text or image that want to turn into a hyperlink.
 Use the ‘<a>’ (anchor) element to create the hyperlink. Includes the ‘href’
attribute to specify the destination and save the HTML file.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

The use of hyperlink in HTML

Hyperlinks can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Navigation
2. External Links
3. Anchors and Fragment Identifiers
4. File.

11. What is virus?

Virus is a type of malicious software that can infect your computer and cause harm. It
can spread from one computer to another, usually through email attachments,
downloads, or infected websites.

12. What is packet sniffing?

Packet sniffing is a technique used to capture and analyze network traffic. It involves
intercepting and examining the packets of data that are being transmitted over a
network. It can be used for various purposes, such as network troubleshooting or
monitoring, but it can also be used for malicious activities. It's important to use packet
sniffing responsibly and with proper authorization.

13. Define the term Telnet?

Telnet is a protocol that allows you to remotely access and control another computer or
device over a network. It's like having a virtual terminal where you can execute
commands and manage the remote system as if you were physically there. Telnet is
commonly used for tasks like remote administration, troubleshooting, and network
configuration. It's a handy tool for managing systems from a distance

14. What is URL? Why it is needed

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It's basically a web address that helps you
locate and access specific resources on the internet, such as websites, web pages,
images, or files. URLs are needed because they provide a standardized way to identify
and locate resources on the web. They help you navigate the vast world of the internet
and access the content you're looking for.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

15. What is phishing attack

Phishing attack is a type of cyber attack where a malicious actor tries to trick individuals
into revealing sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, or credit card
details. They often do this by impersonating a trustworthy entity, like a bank or a
popular website, and sending deceptive emails or creating fake websites. The goal is to
make you unknowingly provide your personal information, which can then be used for
fraudulent purposes. It's important to be cautious and skeptical of any suspicious emails
or websites to protect yourself from phishing attacks.

16. What is domain name.

A domain name is like the address of a website on the internet. It's the unique name that
you type into your web browser to visit a specific website. For example,
"www.example.com" is a domain name. It's easier to remember and use domain names
instead of IP addresses, which are the numerical addresses that computers use to
communicate with each other. So, think of domain names as the friendly and
recognizable names that help us navigate the internet

17. What is meant by CC and BCC in electronic mail? What is the necessary to use
this in E-mail.
In electronic mail, CC stands for "carbon copy" and BCC stands for "blind carbon
copy". When you CC someone in an email, it means you are sending a copy of the email
to that person, and all recipients can see who else received the email. On the other hand,
when you BCC someone, it means you are sending a copy of the email to that person,
but other recipients cannot see that the person was included.

CC and BCC are useful in email for various reasons. CC is commonly used when you
want to keep someone informed or involved in a conversation, even though they are not
the primary recipient. BCC is often used when you want to send an email to multiple
recipients, but you don't want them to know who else received the email. It can be
helpful for privacy or when sending mass emails.

So, CC and BCC provide options for including additional recipients in an email while
managing visibility and privacy.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

18. What are the reason for developing Facebook.

Facebook was developed with several key reasons in mind. Here are some of the main
motivations behind the creation and development of Facebook:
1. Connecting people
2. Social networking
3. Expanding beyond universities
4. Information sharing
5. Business opportunities
6. Personal expression and identity
7. Innovation and expansion

19. Define four HTML tags with an example.

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

MODULE 2
Part A

1. What are the goals of E-Commerce?

The goals of E-Commerce are
Increased Sales
Market Expansion
Customer Acquisition and Retention
Cost Reduction
Adaptation to Changing Consumer Trends

2. What are the different types of payment modes in E-Commerce?

The different types of payment modes in E-Commerce are
Credit/Debit Cards
Digital Wallets
Bank Transfers
Net Banking
Cryptocurrencies
Mobile Payment

3. Mention the popular sites for e-commerce

The popular sites for E-Commerce are
Amazon
Alibaba
Flipcart
Ebay
Walmart
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
4. What are the options available for payment in E-commerce
E-commerce platforms typically offer various payment options to provide convenience and
flexibility for shoppers. Here are some common payment options available in e-commerce:
Credit & Debit card
Digital Wallets
Bank Transfers
Cash on delivery
Mobile Payment Apps.

5.Define the term E-Commerce

E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is a business model that involves the buying and
selling of goods and services over the internet. This digital form of commerce eliminates the
need for physical storefronts, allowing transactions to take place through online platforms and
websites. E-commerce encompasses a wide range of activities, from online retail stores where
consumers can purchase products, to business-to-business (B2B) platforms facilitating
transactions between companies. Key components of e-commerce include electronic payments,
digital platforms, and automated processes for tasks such as order fulfillment and inventory
management. E-commerce has significantly transformed the way businesses operate and how
consumers access and purchase goods, providing a global marketplace where transactions can
occur 24/7, breaking down geographical barriers and offering increased convenience and
accessibility.

PART B

1. Compare and contrast traditional commerce and e- commerce

Traditional commerce refers to the conventional mode of conducting business, primarily
involving physical transactions, in-person interactions, and brick-and-mortar establishments.
In a traditional commerce setup, buyers and sellers engage face-to-face in physical stores,
markets, or other physical locations. Transactions typically involve the exchange of cash or
other tangible forms of payment at the point of sale. Traditional commerce has been the
predominant form of trade for centuries, relying on established practices and local markets.

Key characteristics of traditional commerce include the need for a physical presence, fixed
business hours, and reliance on traditional advertising methods such as print, radio, and TV.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
While traditional commerce provides direct personal interactions between customers and
sellers, it is often limited by geographic constraints, making it challenging for businesses to
reach a broader, global audience. The model is also associated with higher overhead costs,
including expenses related to maintaining physical storefronts, utilities, and in-store personnel.
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, revolutionizes the traditional commerce
landscape by enabling the online buying and selling of goods and services. Conducted through
electronic platforms and websites, e-commerce facilitates transactions between businesses and
consumers, transcending geographical constraints and operating 24/7. Customers can browse,
select, and purchase a wide array of products or services with the convenience of internet
access, while businesses leverage digital platforms to showcase their offerings. Electronic
payments, such as credit cards and digital wallets, play a pivotal role, ensuring secure and
efficient transactions. The global reach of e-commerce allows businesses to connect with
customers worldwide, fostering international trade and market expansion. Automation
streamlines processes like order management and inventory control, contributing to operational
efficiency. The dynamic nature of e-commerce continues to reshape the business landscape,
offering a diverse range of business models and providing consumers with unprecedented
accessibility and choice.

2. What are the security issues in E-Commerce? Explain security measures of E-

commerce.
E-commerce transactions involve sensitive information such as personal details, credit card
numbers, and financial data, making security a critical concern. Several security issues can
arise in e-commerce, and implementing robust measures is essential to protect both businesses
and customers. Here are some common security issues in e-commerce along with
corresponding security measures:
1 Data Breaches
2. Payment Fraud:
3. Phishing Attacks
4. Identity Theft
5. Insecure Third-Party Integrations

3. Explain in brief B2B, C2C, and C2C

B2B (Business-to-Business):
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Definition: B2B refers to transactions and interactions that occur between two
businesses. In this model, one business sells products or services to another business.
These transactions often involve bulk quantities, specialized products, or services
tailored to meet the needs of other businesses. B2B transactions are fundamental to the
supply chain and the functioning of various industries.
C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer):
Definition: C2C involves transactions and interactions directly between consumers. In
this model, individual consumers buy and sell products or services to and from each
other. Online marketplaces and auction platforms, where individuals can list items for
sale or bid on items listed by others, exemplify the C2C model. Examples include
platforms like eBay or classified ads where consumers engage in peer-to-peer
transactions.
C2B (Consumer-to-Business):
Definition: C2B refers to a business model where consumers provide products,
services, or feedback to businesses. Unlike traditional models where businesses offer
products to consumers, C2B involves consumers offering their products or services to
businesses. This can include freelance work, influencer marketing, or user-generated
content that businesses may use for marketing or product development. Crowdsourcing
and user-generated content platforms often operate on the C2B model.

4.What are the key dimensions of E-Commerce security?

E-commerce security involves safeguarding sensitive information and ensuring the
integrity and confidentiality of online transactions. Key dimensions of e-commerce
security include:
Data Encryption-
Authentication and Authorization
Payment Security
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificates
Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS
Secure APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
User Education and Training
Regular Security Audits and Vulnerability Assessments
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Incident Response Planning
Compliance with Data Protection Regulations

PART C

1. Explain the applications of e-commerce in detail

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has a wide range of applications across various
industries, fundamentally transforming the way businesses conduct transactions and interact
with customers. Here are detailed explanations of key applications of e-commerc
Online Retail (B2C):
: Perhaps the most well-known application, online retail involves businesses selling
products directly to consumers through digital platforms. Consumers can browse,
select, and purchase products from online stores, enjoying the convenience of shopping
from home.
Business-to-Business (B2B) Transactions:
: B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses. It facilitates the buying
and selling of products and services between companies, streamlining procurement
processes, and fostering collaboration among different business entities.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Transactions:
: C2C e-commerce enables individual consumers to sell products or services directly
to other consumers. Online auction platforms and classified advertisements are
common examples where individuals engage in peer-to-peer transactions.
Online Marketplaces:
Online marketplaces bring together multiple sellers and buyers on a single platform.
These platforms, such as Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba, provide a diverse range of
products and services, offering consumers a one-stop-shop experience.
Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce):
M-commerce involves conducting e-commerce transactions through mobile devices.
Mobile apps and mobile-optimized websites allow users to shop, make payments, and
access e-commerce services on smartphones and tablets.
Digital Payments and Financial Services:
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
: E-commerce has transformed the payment landscape with the introduction of digital
payment methods. Services like PayPal, digital wallets (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay),
and online banking have become integral for secure and convenient transactions.
Online Travel and Booking Services:
: The travel and hospitality industry heavily relies on e-commerce for online booking
of flights, hotels, rental cars, and other travel-related services. Travel agencies and
booking platforms simplify the reservation process for consumers.
E-Learning and Online Courses:
E-commerce has expanded into the education sector with platforms offering online
courses, certifications, and educational materials. Institutions and individuals can
provide educational content, and students can enroll and access courses remotely.
Digital Content Distribution:
E-commerce facilitates the distribution of digital content such as music, movies, e-
books, and software. Content creators and publishers can reach a global audience
without the need for physical distribution channels.
Subscription Services:
Many businesses offer subscription-based services through e-commerce platforms.
This model, seen in streaming services (e.g., Netflix), subscription boxes, and software
as a service (SaaS), provides regular, recurring revenue.
Online Food Delivery and Grocery Shopping:
E-commerce has revolutionized the food industry with online platforms for ordering
food delivery and grocery shopping. Consumers can order meals or groceries online,
often with the convenience of doorstep delivery.
Healthcare E-Commerce:
E-commerce plays a role in the healthcare sector through online pharmacies,
appointment booking systems, and the sale of health-related products. Patients can
access healthcare services and purchase medical supplies online.

2.Discuss the C2B, B2B and intra-organizational E-Commerce.

C2B (Consumer-to-Business):
Description: C2B e-commerce involves individual consumers offering products,
services, or information to businesses. In this model, consumers act as sellers, providing
value to businesses through their offerings. Examples include freelance work,
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
influencer marketing, and user-generated content. Consumers may sell their creative
works, share feedback, or offer specific skills to businesses looking for such
contributions.
Key Characteristics:
Consumers take an active role as sellers or contributors.
Businesses may seek consumer-generated content or hire freelancers for
specific tasks.
Platforms facilitating C2B interactions include freelance marketplaces,
influencer marketing platforms, and crowdsourcing websites.
B2B (Business-to-Business):
Description: B2B e-commerce involves transactions and interactions between two
businesses. This model focuses on the exchange of goods, services, or information
between different businesses rather than transactions with individual consumers. B2B
transactions often involve bulk quantities, specialized products, and long-term
partnerships. Examples include manufacturers selling products to wholesalers or
businesses procuring services from other enterprises.
Key Characteristics:
Businesses are both buyers and sellers.
Transactions are often in larger quantities, involving supply chain dynamics.
B2B e-commerce platforms facilitate efficient procurement processes and
collaboration among businesses.
Intra-organizational E-Commerce:
Description: Intra-organizational e-commerce, also known as B2E (Business-to-
Employee) or B2I (Business-to-Internal), refers to e-commerce activities that occur
within an organization. It involves the use of online platforms, digital technologies, and
electronic processes for internal business operations. This can include employee self-
service portals, internal procurement systems, and other applications designed to
streamline processes within the organization.
Key Characteristics:
Focuses on improving internal efficiency and communication.
Includes employee portals, internal procurement systems, and collaboration
tools.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Aims to enhance organizational processes, reduce costs, and improve overall
productivity.

3. Explain the impact of E-commerce on business

E-commerce has had a profound impact on businesses across various industries, fundamentally
transforming the way they operate, interact with customers, and compete in the global
marketplace. Here are key aspects of the impact of e-commerce on business:
Global Reach and Market Expansion:
E-commerce has eliminated geographical barriers, enabling businesses to reach a global
audience. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can now compete with larger
corporations on a global scale, expanding their market reach beyond local or regional
boundaries.
24/7 Accessibility:
E-commerce platforms operate around the clock, providing businesses with the ability
to engage with customers 24/7. This continuous accessibility enhances customer
convenience and allows businesses to generate sales at any time, irrespective of
traditional business hours.
Cost Efficiency:
E-commerce reduces traditional overhead costs associated with brick-and-mortar
establishments, such as rent, utilities, and physical inventory management. Online
businesses can operate with lower fixed costs, offering potential cost savings that
contribute to improved profitability.
Diverse Business Models:
E-commerce has facilitated the emergence of various business models, including B2C
(Business-to-Consumer), B2B (Business-to-Business), C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer),
and more. Businesses can choose models that suit their products, services, and target
audience, leading to increased flexibility and adaptability.
Data-Driven Decision Making:
E-commerce platforms generate vast amounts of data related to customer behavior,
preferences, and buying patterns. Businesses can leverage this data for analytics and
insights, enabling data-driven decision-making, targeted marketing strategies, and
personalized customer experiences.
Improved Customer Engagement:
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E-commerce facilitates direct communication between businesses and customers.
Through features such as live chat, social media integration, and personalized
recommendations, businesses can enhance customer engagement, build relationships,
and respond to customer inquiries in real time.
Easier Market Entry for Startups:
E-commerce has lowered entry barriers for startups and entrepreneurs, allowing them
to establish an online presence with relatively lower upfront costs. This democratization
of the market has led to increased competition, innovation, and diversity in the business
landscape.
Supply Chain Optimization:
E-commerce has revolutionized supply chain management, enabling businesses to
optimize inventory levels, reduce lead times, and enhance overall efficiency.
Integration of e-commerce with supply chain technologies has improved order
fulfillment and delivery processes.
Personalization and Customer Experience:
E-commerce platforms enable businesses to offer personalized experiences to
customers. Through data analysis and customer profiling, businesses can tailor product
recommendations, promotions, and user interfaces to meet individual preferences,
enhancing overall customer satisfaction.
Easier Marketing and Promotions:
E-commerce provides businesses with digital marketing tools and platforms to reach a
wider audience. Online advertising, email campaigns, and social media promotions
allow businesses to create targeted marketing strategies, track campaign performance,
and adjust approaches in real time.
Innovation and Technology Adoption:
E-commerce has driven the adoption of innovative technologies such as artificial
intelligence, machine learning, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Businesses
leverage these technologies to enhance user experiences, streamline processes, and stay
competitive in the digital era.
Challenges and Adaptation:
The rise of e-commerce has presented traditional businesses with challenges, prompting
them to adapt and integrate online channels. Traditional retailers, for example, have
implemented omnichannel strategies to combine physical and online retail experiences.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

4.Explain the various driving forces being E-Commerce?

Certainly, here are various driving forces behind the growth and evolution of e-commerce:
Technological Advancements:
Continuous advancements in technology, such as improved internet connectivity, faster
data processing, and the development of mobile devices, have played a significant role
in the growth of e-commerce. These advancements enhance the overall online shopping
experience and accessibility.
Mobile Adoption:
The widespread adoption of smartphones and mobile devices has fueled the growth of
mobile commerce (m-commerce). Consumers can now shop, make transactions, and
access e-commerce platforms conveniently from their mobile devices, contributing to
the overall expansion of e-commerce.
Digital Payment Systems:
The evolution of secure and efficient digital payment systems, including credit cards,
digital wallets, and other online payment methods, has simplified the payment process
for consumers. This has led to increased confidence in making online transactions,
boosting e-commerce growth.
E-commerce Platforms and Marketplaces:
The emergence of user-friendly e-commerce platforms and online marketplaces, such
as Shopify, Amazon, and Alibaba, has lowered entry barriers for businesses. These
platforms provide tools and infrastructure for businesses to set up online stores,
reaching a broader audience.
Social Media Influence:
Social media platforms have become influential in shaping consumer behavior and
driving e-commerce. Businesses leverage social media for marketing, advertising, and
creating a direct connection with consumers. Social commerce, where products can be
directly purchased on social platforms, is on the rise.
Data Analytics and Personalization:
The use of data analytics and artificial intelligence allows businesses to analyze
customer data, predict preferences, and personalize the shopping experience.
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FOMS | EPCHE
Personalized recommendations, targeted marketing, and customized promotions
contribute to increased customer engagement.
Globalization and Cross-Border Trade:
E-commerce has facilitated cross-border trade, enabling businesses to reach
international markets. Improved shipping and delivery options, along with streamlined
customs processes, have encouraged global transactions and market expansion.
Security Measures:
The implementation of robust security measures, such as encryption, secure payment
gateways, and authentication protocols, has increased consumer trust in online
transactions. Building a secure online environment is crucial for the growth and
sustainability of e-commerce.
Logistics and Fulfillment Innovations:
Advances in logistics and fulfillment technologies, including efficient order processing,
inventory management, and last-mile delivery solutions, have improved the overall
customer experience in e-commerce. Quick and reliable delivery options contribute to
customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Omnichannel Retailing:
The adoption of omnichannel strategies, where businesses seamlessly integrate online
and offline channels, provides consumers with a unified shopping experience. This
approach allows customers to transition smoothly between physical stores and online
platforms.
Consumer Behavior Shifts:
Changing consumer preferences, including a growing preference for online shopping,
convenience, and personalized experiences, have driven the demand for e-commerce.
Consumers seek the flexibility to browse, compare, and purchase products online at
their convenience.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of e-commerce as lockdowns
and safety concerns led to a surge in online shopping. This shift in consumer behavior
has prompted businesses to further invest in their online presence and digital
capabilities.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

5. Discuss the various e-commerce models

E-commerce models refer to the different ways businesses can conduct transactions, sell
products or services, and interact with customers in the online realm. Various e-commerce
models cater to different types of transactions and participants. Here are some of the main e-
commerce models:
Business-to-Consumer (B2C):
Description: In the B2C model, businesses sell products or services directly to
individual consumers. This is the most common form of e-commerce and includes
online retail, where customers browse products, place orders, and make payments on
the business's website.
Business-to-Business (B2B):
Description: B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses. In this
model, one business sells products or services to another business. B2B transactions
often involve larger quantities, specialized products, and long-term partnerships. Online
platforms facilitate B2B interactions, streamlining procurement processes.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C):
Description: C2C e-commerce enables individual consumers to sell products or
services directly to other consumers. Online auction platforms and classified
advertisements are common examples where individuals engage in peer-to-peer
transactions. The platform facilitates the transaction, and consumers act as both buyers
and sellers.
Consumer-to-Business (C2B):
Description: In the C2B model, individual consumers provide products, services, or
information to businesses. Consumers act as sellers, offering value to businesses
through their offerings. Examples include freelancers providing services, influencers
collaborating with brands, and users generating content for companies.
Business-to-Government (B2G):
Description: B2G e-commerce involves transactions between businesses and
government entities. This can include businesses providing goods or services to
government agencies. Online platforms and portals are often used to facilitate
procurement processes, contract bidding, and other interactions.
Consumer-to-Government (C2G):
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FOMS | EPCHE
Description: C2G e-commerce involves individual consumers providing products or
services to government entities. This can include citizens paying taxes, fees, or
participating in government programs through online platforms.
Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce):
Description: M-commerce refers to e-commerce transactions conducted through
mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Businesses leverage mobile apps and
mobile-optimized websites to offer convenient and seamless shopping experiences to
users on the go.
Social Commerce:
Description: Social commerce integrates e-commerce with social media platforms.
Businesses use social media channels for marketing and selling products directly. Users
can discover, share, and purchase products within their social networks, blurring the
lines between social interaction and online shopping.
Voice Commerce (V-Commerce):
Description: V-commerce involves using voice-activated devices like smart speakers
for e-commerce transactions. Users can verbally search for products, place orders, and
make payments through voice commands.
Subscription-Based Models:
Description: Subscription-based e-commerce models involve customers subscribing
to receive products or services regularly. This model is common in industries like
streaming services, subscription boxes, and software as a service (SaaS), providing
recurring revenue for businesses.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P):
Description: P2P e-commerce facilitates direct transactions between individuals
without the involvement of a central authority or intermediary. This model is often seen
in decentralized marketplaces and cryptocurrency transactions.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

MODULE: 03
PART: A

What are the advantages of E-Governance?

Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
Advantages of E-Governance:
Improved Accessibility: E-governance enables citizens to access government services
and information online, promoting inclusivity and eliminating geographical barriers.

Enhanced efficiency: Automation of administration processes leads to quicker and

more efficient service delivery, reducing paperwork and processing times.

Transparency: Digital platforms facilitate greater transparency by providing real- time

access to information, reducing corruption and increasing accountability.

Cost Savings: e-governance often results in cost-effective service delivery as it

reduces the need for physical infrastructure and manual processes.

Citizen Empowerment: Online platforms empower citizens to participate in decision-

making, express opinions, and engage with government activities, fostering a sense of
involvement.

Write any three Indian e-governance services?

Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
The Indian e-governance services are:
Government to Citizens(G2C): G2C e-governance refers to the digital interactions
and services provided by the government to citizens. It involves the use of digital
platforms and technologies to deliver public services, information, and benefits directly
to individuals. Ex: like passports or driver’s licenses, paying tax online etc.
Government to Business(G2B): G2B e-governance focuses on the digital interactions
between the government and businesses. It involves providing online platforms and
services that facilitate business registration, licensing, permits tax filing, procurement
processes and other government -business interactions.

Government to Government(G2G): G2G e-governance focuses on the digital

interactions and exchange of information between different government agencies or
departments. It involves the sharing of data, resources, and services between
government entities to improve coordination, collaboration, and efficiency in
governance.

PART: B

Explain the stages of E-governance?

Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
Definition of E-governance: E-governance is the application of information and
communication technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transactional
exchanges with in government, between govt and govt agencies of national, state,
municipal and local levels, citizen and businesses, and to empower citizens through access
and use of information.
Stages of E- governance:
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Stage 1: Catalogue of information: This first stage creation and the administration of
the website. Parts of the government’s non-transactional information are put on site.
The main reasons of the “electronic cataloguing” stage is to have an on-line presence
and access information on government services just like the website from the private
sector.

Stage 2: Transaction: The stage two is a two -way communication, where citizens
move from a passive to active role. Citizens transact with government, online by filling
out forms and government responds by providing confirmations, receipts, etc.

Stage 3: Vertical Integration (Intra-departmental assimilation):

“petrol pumps to go Hi-Tech in country” (Mumbai Mirror, 3 Septemnber,06)
“E-filling cases in apex court of India from 2 oct 2006”

All these headlines of the newspaper indicate the state of the country in the e-
governance is not about automating and digitizing existing processes but
transformation of government services; It requires a re-conceptualization of the
government service itself.

Stage 4: Horizontal Integration (Revolution): State Bank of India and Bharti Airtel
has partnered to enable money remittance over mobile phones in 2007.The Intent is to
enable individual’s access to the benefits of a full range of financial services regardless
of socio economic level or geographical location using the ubiquity and ease of mobile
communications.

2.What is e-governance? Briefly explain the phases of e-governance?

Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Definition of E-governance: E-governance is the application of information and
communication technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transactional
exchanges with in government, between govt and govt agencies of national, state,
municipal and local levels, citizen and businesses, and to empower citizens through access
and use of information.

Phases of E- governance:
1.Phase-1(Information): The presence of information on the various platforms of
government such as websites, e-brochure makes the first stage, the activity involves the
development and establishment and delivering of information for the stakeholder use. This
stage is the simplest, non-expensive phase in implementation of e-governance, but it gives
only little option for stakeholders.
2.Phase-2(Interaction): The second stage of E-governance model is the advanced version
of the first stage which involves the interaction between the government and stakeholders
such as businessmen or interested groups or citizens. It is a two-way communication or
interaction which involves the real means of communication.
3.Phase-3(Transaction): The third stage of E-governance involves the transaction made
between stakeholder and government. In this stage, the government’s e-governance efforts
make life of citizens easier by enabling electronic transactions and simplifying government
processes.
4.Phase-4(Transformation): This phase is the highest in order for e-governance
initiatives. This level involves exhausting the full use of available technology to transform
the government service by receiving information, organization and analyzing information
and execution.

3.Write any five challenges in implementing E-governance service in India?

Ans: Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies
(such as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE

The challenges in implementing E-governance service in India are as follows:

Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology and the internet across different regions
and demographics. Rural areas often lack the necessary infrastructure for reliable
connectivity.
Digital Literacy: Widespread illiteracy regarding digital tools and online services,
hindering effective utilization.
Data security concerns: Apprehensions regarding the security of personal information
and data breaches hinder trust in E-governance systems.
Cost of implementation: High initial costs for implementing E-governance solutions
and maintaining them over time.
Political and Policy challenges: Changing political landscapes and evolving polices
can impact the continuity and uniformity of E- governance initiatives.
Language Diversity: The country’s linguistic diversity poses challenges in delivering
services in multiple languages.

PART:C
Explain the issues and challenges of E-Governance?
Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Examples of e-governance: Digital India initiative, National portal of India, Prime
minister of India portal, Aadhaar, filling and payment of taxes online.
Definition of E-governance: E-governance is the application of information and
communication technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transactional
exchanges with in government, between govt and govt agencies of national, state,
municipal and local levels, citizen and businesses, and to empower citizens through access
and use of information.

The issues and challenges of E- governance are:

Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology and the internet across different regions
and demographics. Rural areas often lack the necessary infrastructure for reliable
connectivity.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Digital Literacy: Widespread illiteracy regarding digital tools and online services,
hindering effective utilization.
Data security concerns: Apprehensions regarding the security of personal information
and data breaches hinder trust in E-governance systems.
Cost of implementation: High initial costs for implementing E-governance solutions
and maintaining them over time.
Political and Policy challenges: Changing political landscapes and evolving polices
can impact the continuity and uniformity of E- governance initiatives.
Language Diversity: The country’s linguistic diversity poses challenges in delivering
services in multiple languages.
Differentiate between E-governance and E-commerce?
Ans:

Basis E-governance E-commerce

Meaning ‘Electronic governance’ is E-commerce can be broadly

using information and defined as the process of
communication technologies buying and selling of goods
(such as wide area network, or services using an
the internet and mobile electronic medium such as
computing) at various levels internet. It is also referred as
of the government and public a paperless exchange of
sector and beyond, for the business information using
purpose of enhancing EDI, E-mail, electronic
governance. fund transfer, etc.

Priority Minimize digital divide Safe and secure

transactions.
Technology Internet, web-based Internet, web- based
platforms, back-office platforms, back-office
systems. systems.
Decision Making Dispersion of authority Centralized
Activity
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Target Group Any citizen Customers, potential
customers.
Services Primarily informational Primarily transactions
Objectives Information Sales of products
provisions. and services.
Online services to Information
citizens. provisions.
Optimization of Online customer
service quality to services.
citizens.

Discuss the various issues and challenges of e-governance?

Ans: Refer Answer NO :01(Part: C)

What are the working strategies of e- governance in order to provide an efficient

service to the society? Explain
Ans: Efficient E-governance strategies involve a combination of technological,
organizational, and policy measures. Here are key working strategies:
User- centric design: Prioritize the needs of citizens in the design of E-governance
services, ensuring user-friendly interfaces and intuitive process.
Digital literacy programs: Implement comprehensive digital literacy programs to
empower citizens with the necessary skills to access and use E-governance services
effectively.
Integrated service delivery: Integrate various government services into unifies
platform to provide seamless and one-stop solutions for citizens.
Data security measures: Implement stringent data security measures to protect citizens
sensitive information and build trust in security of E-governance systems.
Feedback Mechanisms: Incorporate feedback mechanisms to gather input form
citizens, enabling continuous improvement and customization of services.
Regular Updates and maintenance: Ensure regular updates and maintenance of E-
governance systems to keep them aligned with technological advancements and
changing user needs.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
By combing these strategies, governments can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of E-
governance services, Ultimately improving service delivery to society.

Discuss E-governance challenges in international statutes and Indian statutes?

Ans: ‘Electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (such
as wide area network, the internet and mobile computing) at various levels of the
government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.
Challenges in international statutes related to E-governance include:
Legal Harmonization: Diverse legal frameworks across countries make it challenging
to harmonize E-governance regulations on an international scale.
Jurisdictional issues: Determining jurisdiction for legal matters in digital realm can be
complex, leading to challenges in enforcing laws and regulations.
Cross-border collaboration: Limited collaboration and information-sharing
mechanisms between countries can impede effective E-governance initiatives.
Standardization of processes: Lack of standardized processes and formats across
different countries hampers interoperability and data exchange between international
systems.
Technological Disparities: Disparities in technology infrastructure and access among
countries can create an uneven playing field for international E-governance
collaborations.
Compliance with international standards: Ensuring E-governance systems comply
with international standards and norms while adapting to local contexts can be a delicate
balance.

E-governance challenges in Indian statutes encompass various issues, reflecting

the diverse and complex nature of country. Some key Challenges include:

Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology and the internet across different regions
and demographics. Rural areas often lack the necessary infrastructure for reliable
connectivity.
Digital Literacy: Widespread illiteracy regarding digital tools and online services,
hindering effective utilization.
Data security concerns: Apprehensions regarding the security of personal information
and data breaches hinder trust in E-governance systems.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Cost of implementation: High initial costs for implementing E-governance solutions
and maintaining them over time.
Political and Policy challenges: Changing political landscapes and evolving polices
can impact the continuity and uniformity of E- governance initiatives.
Language Diversity: The country’s linguistic diversity poses challenges in delivering
services in multiple language.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Module 4
Part A
1.Write any three objectives of IT-Act 2000
Three objectives of the Information Technology (IT) Act 2000 are:
Legal Recognition of Electronic Transactions: To provide legal recognition to
electronic transactions, facilitate electronic filing of documents, and promote e-
governance.
Data Security and Privacy: To safeguard electronic data and information against
unauthorized access, misuse, alteration, or destruction through provisions such as data
protection, digital signatures, and encryption.
Regulation of Cybercrimes: To address cybercrimes and provide a legal framework for
investigation, prosecution, and punishment of offenses related to computer systems,
electronic records, and data.

2.What is cyber security

Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks,
programs, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, damage, or theft. It
encompasses various technologies, processes, and practices designed to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in cyberspace. Cybersecurity
aims to safeguard against a wide range of threats, including malware, phishing, hacking,
ransomware, and other forms of cyberattacks.

3.What is an electronic signature

An electronic signature, also known as an e-signature, is a digital representation of a
person's handwritten signature used to sign electronic documents or records. It can be
a scanned image of a handwritten signature, a stylized representation of a signature
created using a digital pen or touchscreen, or a cryptographic signature generated using
specific software. Electronic signatures are used to authenticate the identity of the
signer and indicate their intent to agree to the contents of the document. They provide
a secure and efficient alternative to traditional pen-and-paper signatures in electronic
transactions and online communications.

4. What is digital signature

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to validate the authenticity and
integrity of a digital message, document, or electronic communication. Unlike
electronic signatures, which can be a scanned image or a stylized representation of a
handwritten signature, digital signatures involve the use of mathematical algorithms to
create a unique digital fingerprint of the data being signed.

5.Define cyber stalking

Cyberstalking refers to the act of using the internet, social media, or other electronic
means to harass, intimidate, or threaten an individual repeatedly. It involves unwanted
and obsessive behavior such as sending excessive messages, monitoring someone's
online activity without their consent, making threats, spreading false rumors, or using
personal information to cause distress or fear.

6.What is Cyber terrorism

Cyberterrorism refers to the use of digital technology, such as computers, the internet,
and other electronic systems, to conduct terrorist activities aimed at causing disruption,
fear, or harm to individuals, organizations, or governments. Cyberterrorists may target
critical infrastructure, such as power grids, financial systems, transportation networks,
or government databases, with the intention of causing widespread chaos, damage, or
casualties.

7.What are the penalties in IT Act 2000

The Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, as amended, specifies various penalties for
different offenses related to cybercrime and non-compliance with its provisions. Some
of the penalties outlined in the act include:

Unauthorized Access and Hacking: Individuals convicted of unauthorized access to

computer systems or networks, hacking, or introducing malware can face imprisonment
for up to three years, a fine of up to INR 500,000, or both.

Cyber Terrorism: Perpetrators involved in cyber terrorism activities, such as

unauthorized access with the intent to threaten national security, can face imprisonment
for life.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
PART B

1.What are the salient features of IT Act

• Legal Recognition of Electronic Transactions: To provide legal recognition to
electronic transactions, facilitate electronic filing of documents, and promote e-
governance.
• Data Security and Privacy: To safeguard electronic data and information against
unauthorized access, misuse, alteration, or destruction through provisions such as data
protection, digital signatures, and encryption.
• Regulation of Cybercrimes: To address cybercrimes and provide a legal
framework for investigation, prosecution, and punishment of offenses related to
computer systems, electronic records, and data.

2.Write a short note on Cyber Appellate

The Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT) is an adjudicatory body established under the
Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, with the primary purpose of hearing appeals
against orders and decisions made by adjudicating officers under the Act. Here's a short
note on the Cyber Appellate Tribunal:

The Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT) was established under Section 48 of the
Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, and it serves as an independent appellate
authority to adjudicate appeals against orders passed by adjudicating officers under the
Act. The CAT consists of a Chairperson and such number of other Members as the
Central Government may deem fit, with expertise in fields like information technology,
law, or management.

3. What are the functions of the controller of certifying authorities as per the
Information Technology Act
2000?

Licensing and Regulation: The CCA is responsible for granting licenses to Certifying
Authorities (CAs) under the IT Act. These CAs issue digital certificates, which are
essential for establishing the identity of parties engaged in electronic transactions. The
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
CCA also regulates the operations of CAs to ensure compliance with legal and technical
standards.
Oversight and Supervision: The CCA exercises oversight and supervision over the
activities of CAs to ensure the security and integrity of the digital certification process.
This includes monitoring compliance with statutory requirements, technical
specifications, and security protocols prescribed under the IT Act and associated
regulations.
Recognition of CAs: The CCA has the authority to recognize foreign CAs operating in
India and to enter into agreements or arrangements with foreign governments or
organizations for mutual recognition of digital certificates issued by CAs.
Investigation and Enforcement: The CCA is empowered to investigate complaints or
breaches of security, integrity, or confidentiality related to digital signatures, digital
certificates, or other electronic authentication techniques. It can also impose penalties
or take enforcement actions against CAs found to be non-compliant with legal
requirements.
Policy Formulation: The CCA contributes to the formulation of policies, guidelines,
and standards governing the use of digital signatures and electronic authentication
mechanisms. It works closely with government agencies, industry stakeholders, and
international bodies to develop best practices and standards for digital certification and
authentication.

PART C

Describe cyber-Appellate Tribunal

The Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT) is an adjudicatory body established under the
Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, with the primary purpose of hearing appeals
against orders and decisions made by adjudicating officers under the Act. Here's a short
note on the Cyber Appellate Tribunal:

The Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT) was established under Section 48 of the
Information Technology (IT) Act 2000, and it serves as an independent appellate
authority to adjudicate appeals against orders passed by adjudicating officers under the
Act. The CAT consists of a Chairperson and such number of other Members as the
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Central Government may deem fit, with expertise in fields like information technology,
law, or management.

2.Write the salient features of section 43 of IT Act 2000

Section 43 of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, deals with penalties and
compensation for damage to a computer, computer system, etc. Its salient features
include:

Unauthorized access: It penalizes unauthorized access to computer systems, networks,

or resources.

Data theft: Covers theft of data or information from computer systems.

Damage to computer: Addresses damage to computer systems, computer networks, or

other resources.

Penalties: Imposes penalties for unauthorized access or damage, which may include
imprisonment and/or fines.

Compensation: Provides for compensation to be paid by individuals or entities

responsible for the unauthorized access or damage.

Protection of critical infrastructure: Aims to protect critical infrastructure such as

computer systems and networks from unauthorized access and damage.

3.What are the cyber offences? Write the provisions of IT Act 2000 for cyber
related offences
Cyber offenses encompass a range of illegal activities committed using computer
systems or networks. Some common cyber offenses include:

Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.

Cyberbullying: Harassment or intimidation of individuals online.
 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Phishing: Deceptive practices to obtain sensitive information such as passwords or
financial details.
Malware: Distribution of malicious software to compromise computer systems or steal
data.
Cyberstalking: Persistent and unwanted surveillance or harassment online.
Identity theft: Unauthorized use of another person's personal information for fraudulent
purposes.

4.Explain section 43 and section 66 of IT Act 2000/8

Section 43 of the IT Act, 2000, primarily deals with penalties and compensation for damage to
computer systems, computer networks, data, or any other related resources due to unauthorized
access or other acts.
Unauthorized Access: It covers instances of unauthorized access to computer systems,
networks, data, or resources.
Damage: Addresses damage to computer systems, networks, data, or resources due to various
actions such as hacking, malware attacks, or other unauthorized activities.
Penalties: Specifies penalties for unauthorized access or damage, which may include
imprisonment and/or fines, depending on the severity of the offense.
Compensation: Provides for compensation to be paid by individuals or entities responsible for
the unauthorized access or damage. This compensation is intended to cover losses incurred by
the victim due to the unauthorized activity.

Section 66 of the IT Act, 2000, deals with computer-related offenses such as hacking, data
theft, and computer fraud. It prescribes punishment for individuals involved in such activities.
Hacking: Criminalizes hacking, which is defined as gaining unauthorized access to a computer
system, network, or any computer resource.
Unauthorized Access: Covers unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or computer
resources with the intent to commit an offense or cause damage.
Data Theft: Addresses theft of data or information from computer systems, networks, or any
other electronic device.
Penalties: Specifies penalties for offenses covered under this section, which may include
imprisonment for a term extending up to three years and/or fines.

5.Explain cyber terrorism and cyber trafficking

 Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE
Cyber trafficking, also known as cyber human trafficking or online human trafficking, refers
to the use of technology, particularly the internet, to recruit, exploit, or trade individuals for
various forms of exploitation, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, or organ trafficking.
In cyber trafficking, perpetrators use online platforms, social media, or other digital means to
lure victims, often through false promises or deceitful means. They may manipulate victims
into providing personal information, compromising images or videos, or engaging in harmful
activities. Once victims are ensnared, traffickers may exploit them for financial gain, coerced
labor, sexual exploitation, or other forms of abuse.
Cyber trafficking can involve various techniques, such as online grooming, where perpetrators
build trust with potential victims before exploiting them, or the use of online marketplaces to
advertise and sell victims to potential buyers. It can also include the use of encrypted
communication channels or the dark web to carry out illicit activities while evading detection
by law enforcement.

6.What are the preventive measures for cyber crimes

Preventive measures for cybercrimes involve a combination of technical, organizational, and
individual actions aimed at reducing the risk of cyberattacks and protecting digital assets. Here
are some key preventive measures:
Use Strong Passwords: Encourage the use of strong, unique passwords for all accounts and
systems, and consider implementing multi-factor authentication for added security.
Update Software Regularly: Keep operating systems, antivirus software, firewalls, and other
security programs up-to-date with the latest patches and updates to address known
vulnerabilities.
Implement Security Measures: Install and regularly update antivirus software, firewalls,
intrusion detection systems, and other security tools to protect against malware, unauthorized
access, and other cyber threats.
Secure Networks: Secure Wi-Fi networks with strong encryption, change default passwords on
routers and other network devices, and use virtual private networks (VPNs) for remote access
to sensitive data.
Educate Employees: Provide cybersecurity awareness training to employees to help them
recognize and avoid common cyber threats such as phishing, social engineering, and malware.
Establish Policies and Procedures: Develop and enforce cybersecurity policies and procedures
covering data protection, access control, incident response, and employee responsibilities.
Prof. VB Krishna
FOMS | EPCHE