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BIOLOGY

NAME- Arhaan Qadri

CLASS- 12th Science
Roll No.

SUBJECT INCHARGE:-
MRS. BINDIA SINGH
MAM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my

heartiest thanks my Biology
teacher Mrs. Bindia Singh mam
Who has always give me valuable
suggestions and guidance for
completion of my project. She
helped me to understand and
remember in details of the
project, that I would have
otherwise loosed my project had
been succeed only because of her
guidance and blessing.

Arhaan Qadri
12th Science
 CONTENTS
Topic:- DNA FINGERPRINTING

Introduction
History of DNA FINGERPRINTING
What is DNA FINGERPRINTING?
DNA FINGERPRINTING technology
Biological methods used for DNA
Stages of DNA FINGERPRINTING
Methods
Application
Conclusion
Uses in India
Case Study "
Controversies
Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION:-
The process of DNA FINGERPRINTING was
invented be Alec Jeffrey at the university of
Leicester in 1985. He was Knighted in 1994.

DNA FINGERPRINTING or DNA PROFILING, any of

several similar techniques for analyzing and
comparing DNA from separate sources, used
especially in law enforcement to identify suspects
from hair, blood, semen or other biological
materials found at the scene of a violent crime. It
depends on the fact that no two people, save
identical twins, have exactly the same DNA
sequence, and that although only limited segments
of a person's DNA are scrutinized in the procedure.
Those segments will be statistically unique.
 History of DNA FINGERPRINTING:-
Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and
authenticating personal identification was by
the fingerprinting process.

DNA FINGERPRINTING technique was derived

in 1985 by Alec Jeffery at university of Leicester
in England, while working on the sequences
within Myoglobin gene.

What is DNA FINGERPRINTING?

It is technique, by which an individual can
be identified at molecular level. With the
advancement of science and technology
STR analysis has become very popular in
forensic laboratories. Scientists have
chosen repeating sequences in the DNA,
which are present in all individuals on
different chromosomes, and are known to
vary from individual to individual except
in identical twins. These are used as
genetic markers to identify the individual.
 DNA FINGERPRINTING Technology

DNA FINGERPRINTING technology has made

it possible to identify the source of biological
samples found at scenes of crime. This will
resolve disputes of paternity/maternity
identification of multilated remains,
identification of missing child, exchange of
babies in hospital wards, forensic wildlife,
protection of farmers right and biodiversity.
This remarkable technology provides
exclusion as well as positive identification with
virtually 100% precision.
Biological Methods Used For DNA
FINGERPRINTING

BLOOD HAIR

SEMEN

SALIVA

BODY TISSUE CELLS

DNA samples have been obtained from

vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a
condom during sexual intercourse

Stages of DNA FINGERPRINTING

Cells broken down to release DNA.

DNA strands cut into fragments.

Fragments separated.

Pattern of fragments analyzed.

 METHODS:-
A common procedure for DNA FINGERPRINTING is
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
In this method, DNA is extracted from a sample and
cut into samples using special Restriction Enzymes,
RFLP focuses on contain sequences of repeated DNA
bases, which vary widely from person to person.
The segments are separated by Gel Electrophoresis
which sorts the fragments by length. The segments
are radioactively tagged to produce a visual pattern
known as an Autoradiography, or DNA Fingerprint,
on X-RAY film. A newer method known as Short
Tandem Repeats (STR) analyzes DNA segments
for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites.
The chances of misidentification in this procedure is
one is several billion. Yet another process,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), is used to
produce multiple copies of segments from a very
limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules),
enabling a DNA Fingerprint to be made from a single
hair.

Once a sufficient sample has been produced,

the pattern of the alleles from a limited number
of genes is compared with the pattern from the
reference sample. A non-match is conclusive,
but the technique provides less certainty when
a match occurs.
 APPLICATIONS
DNA FINGERPRINTING can be applied in the
following scenarios:-

Establishment of paternity and maternity.

Establishment of the percentage of child

swapping cases.

Establish the identity of the rapist in rape cases.

Identification of multilated remains in murder,

bomb blast., air crashes etc.

wildlife identification and seed authentication.

CONCLUSIONS:-

In conclusion, while evidences can be

tempered with and witnesses can turn
hostile, DNA will never lie. It will indeed,
unravel truth even several decades after
the crime has been committed. Such are
the powers of DNA FINGERPRINTING.
 USES IN INDIA
DNA testing as evidence is not covered under
Indian Evidence Act 1872 and Criminal
Procedure Code 1973. The method of DNA
profiling in India is based on Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) and Short Tandem Repeats
(STR). Dr. Lalji Singh is considered to be the
"Father of DNA FINGERPRINTING in India. He
developed and used this technique in India for
the first time in 1988.

Problems In India:-
The most famous case involving the use of
DNA FINGERPRINTING in India is of ND
Tiwari. ND Tiwari a famous politician was
allleged by Rohit Shekhar to be his biological
father. In the subsequent paternity case, many
legal issues surrounding the DNA testing
emerged- such as if paternity is conclusively
proved (100%) by DNA testing, whether the
persons have right to keep the results of such
test private etc. Indian law says that one cannot
be forced against his/her will to give DNA
evidence. But today in certain cases, courts are
forcing suspects to undergo DNA tests
As in the ND Tiwari case, all these arguments
Were raised. But the court forced ND Tiwari to
Give his blood sample in the larger interest of
Public. Courts can force people to give their
Blood to meet demands of justice.

Controversies surrounding DNA

FINGERPRINTING In India:-

Handling of the samples.

Storage of samples.

Lack of test centeres.

 CASE STUDY
FINGERPRINT HELPS SOLVE
CASE AFTER 12 YEARS:-
Fingerprints lifted from a crime scene about 12
years ago helped Delhi Police identify a
burglar, who was arrested by Crime Branch
under the Arms Act, by chance matched with
the prints lifted during the burglary incident in
2006 in South-East Delhi's Kalkaji area. "The
accused was established after his fingerprints
matched the prints lifted from the burglary
crime scene 12 years ago, "said Chinmoy
Biswal, DCP, South- East.

According to the police, on December 24, 2006,

a Kalkaji businessman, Lalit Batra reported
about burglary at his residence. He further
informed the police that Rs.30000, jewellery
and other articles were stolen from his house.
A case was registered and investigations were
taken up. The forensic team had lifted the
fingerprints from the scene of the crime which
were stored in the records at the
Crime Record Office (CRO) of the Delhi Police.
Despite efforts by the police to trace the
accused, no arrests were made and the case
remained unsolved. On 7 February 2018, the
Crime Branch of Delhi Police had arrested
Malik in profession of arms. During
interrogation, he revealed his involvement in
several other cases of burglary and thefts. His
fingerprints were obtained and were run in the
records. It was found that the fingerprints of
Malik matched with those lifted by the police in
2006 burglary case. During sustained
interrogation, the accused disclosed that he is a
member of Kalu and Billa gang, that is involved
in incidents of burglary in Delhi as well as
other metropolitan cities. The accused also
stated that Rinku Babs and a female are his
associates. The gang would look for locked
houses and a woman would visit the
residences in posh localities. The woman
would recce the houses and pretend to search
for the job of a maid. The woman would later
inform the other gang members who would
then decide to carry out their plan.

The gang members would also carry weapons

and if anyone retaliated they would attack.
Police are now looking for other gang
members as well.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. NCERT- BIOLOGY BOOK
2. ARIHANT- ALL IN ONE BOOK
3. IMAGES AND OTHER DATA FROM
INTERNET
4. WEBSITE- WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
5. WWW.DNAINDIA.COM
6. YOUTUBE