Vishnukundins (358-569AD)

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● Vishnukundins ruled Andhra between Ikshvakus and Chalukyas.

● They have not only spread the name and fame of the Telugu country far and
wide, but have also introduced several new practices in the fields of religion,
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language and culture.

● For nearly 210 years i.e., between 358 CE to 569 CE, they ruled
primarily Telangana and northern Andhra lying north of the Krishna river.
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● They had their capitals at:

○ Amarapuram (Present day Amrabad, Mahabubnagar district)
○ Indrapalanagaram / Sukrapuram (located on the outskirts of
Tummalagudem village in Valigonda mandal of Nalgonda district)
○ Dendaluru (located near Pedavegi in West Godavari district).

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 ● 1st Capital of Vishnukundins was Amarapuram / Indrapuram /
Indrapalanagaram.
● 2nd Capital: Denduluru (West Godavari district).
● Vishnukundins were awarded a title “Trikutamalaya” by the Kandara kings.
● According to historian Keel horn, the word Vishnukundi is the Sanskritised
version of Vinukonda. Vishnukundins were the feudatories of Vakatakas.
● They are the ones who started the Hindu cave temples in Andhra.

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● Inscriptions also mention that the Vishnukund king Madhava Varma installed
the Dantamukha Swamy (Ganapati) idol in the Bhutagrahaka Swamy
(Yama) temple at Amarapuram.
● The worship of Ganapati started from their time.
● It is known that they performed Naramedha yagas.
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● Vishnukunds called themselves as 'Amarpuriswaras' or 'Lords of
Amarapuram" and with the blessings obtained from the feet of the
Sriparvataswami, they extended their kingdom on both sides of the
Sriparvata.
● Performed Ashwamedha, Rajasuya yajnas etc
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Sources about their history:

● Literary Sources:
○ Janashraya Chandovicchiti
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○ Sethubandha
● The coins that were issued by the Vishnukundins, the fort walls, cities and
cave temples that they have constructed, and several objects, tools and
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sculptures etc., that have been unearthed helped in the reconstruction of

the history of their times.

Inscriptional Evidences

Tummalagudem inscription ● Govinda Varma I

● Valigonda Mandal, Yadadri District.

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Chikkulla Copper Inscription ● Vikramendravarma II
● Tuni, East Godavari
● The Telugu sentence found in this
inscription is ‘Vijayarajya
Samvastsarambul - విజయరాజ్య
సంవత్సరంబుల్’
● Shows the matrimonial relationship
between the Vishnukundins and the

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Vakatakas.

Velupuru Rock Inscription ● Madhava Varma II

● Sattenapalle
● Mentions the construction of

Indrapalanagaram inscription
KH Ganapati temple by Madhava varma
II.

● Govinda Varma I
● Indrapala Nagaram (Nalgonda
district)
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Palamuru Copper Inscription ● Madhava Varma IV

● Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari
dist.

Tumdi Copper Inscription ● Vikramendra Varma II

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● Tuni, East Godavari dist.

Ramatirtha Copper Inscription ● Indra Varma

● Visakhapatnam
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Eepuru Copper Inscription ● Madhava Varma I

● Tenali, Guntur dist.

Chaitanyapuri Rock Inscription ● Govinda Varma I

● Chaitanyapuri, Hyderabad

Khanapur Copper Inscription ● Satara, Maharashtra

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Note: Their inscriptions have symbols of Lakshmi and Shankham.

Chronology of the kings:

● Indra Varma (358-370 CE)

● Madhava Varma I (370 CE-398 CE)
● Govinda Varma (398-440 CE)
● Madhava Varma II (440 CE-495 CE)

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● Deva Varma (495-496 CE)
● Madhava Varma III (496 CE-510 CE)
● Vikramendra Varma I (510 CE-525 CE)
● Indrabhattaraka Varma II (525 CE-555 CE)

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● Vikramendra Varma II (555 CE-569 CE)
● Manchanna Bhattaraka (around 570 CE)

Political History:

● Indra Varma (Maha Rajendra Varma) (A.D 358-370)

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○ According to most historians, Indravarma was the founder of

Vishnukundins dynasty
○ He continued to be a vassal of the Vakatakas.
○ The Tummalagudem inscription mentions that he built
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Indrapalanagaram (Tummalagudem) and made it his capital.

○ He issued Ramatirtha inscription.
○ Title:“Priya Putra”.
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● Madhava Varma I:
○ Madhava Varma ascended the throne after Indravarma and ruled for
22 years
○ His capital - Indrapalanagaram
○ Title: “Vikra Mahendra”

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 ○ He married the princess of the Vakatakas and established marital
and political relations with the Vakatakas.
○ Chikkulla Copper Inscription mentions details regarding marital
relations between Vakatakas and Vishnukundins.
○ He engraved the caves at Undavalli, Bhairavakona and
Moghalrajpuram.
○ He brought “Rushika Mandal” under his control. In those days
Telangana was known as “Rushika Mandal”.

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■ The areas under Rushika Mandal were Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar,
Khammam and Rangareddy districts.
● Govinda Varma I:
○ He was the son of Madhava Varma I.
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○ He was the greatest of the early Vishnukundi kings.
○ He ruled with Indrapalanagaram as his capital.
○ He was the only ruler in the Vishnukundins who patronized Buddhism.
○ He issued Tummalagudem Inscription and Indrapalanagaram
Inscription.
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○ Govinda Varma had expanded the Vishnukund kingdom on both sides of

the Sriparvata (Srisailam-Nagarjunakonda) with his physical prowess.
■ He defeated Pallavas and expanded his kingdom till
“Gundlakamma” river.
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■ He married the daughter of a powerful local chief Mularaja of

Gunapasapuram in coastal Andhra.
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● With his help, Govinda Varma defeated the

Salankayanas of Vengi and annexed their kingdom.
○ His wife Parama Bhattarika Mahadevi built the Parama Bhattaraka
Vihara in her name for Chaturdhashaurya Bhikshus at
Indrapalanagaram.
■ King Govinda Varma donated “Penkapura, Enmadala villages
for this Maha vihara

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 ■ Later Vikramendra Varma II (great grandson of
Parambattaraka Mahadevi), donated the village “Irundera” for
the Maha vihara built by Parama Bhattarika - mentioned in the
second inscription of Tummalagudem.
○ He built “Govinda vihara” on his name on the banks of Musi river in
Chaitanyapuri (Hyderabad) and issued Chaitanyapuri Inscription in
Prakrit.
■ 1st Prakrit Inscription in Telangana: Chaitanyapuri

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Inscription.
○ He declared himself as “Swanaya Bujalotsaha Prabavanuragavyapti
Swarjyena”.
● Madhava Varma II:

○ Titles:
■ Janaasraya
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○ The greatest of Vishnukundins.

■ Trivarnagara Bhavanagata Sundari Hrudaya Spandana

■ Pragdhikshinapadamboonidhireva Saritsalilavalaya
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○ Inscriptions providing details about him: Khanapura, Eepur, Velpur

pillar
○ He changed the capital from Indrapalanagaram to Denduluru.
○ His contemporary kingdoms: Vakatakas, Salankayanas, Pallavas
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○ His contemporary Gupta king - Samudra Gupta

○ He fought with the Vakatakas and extended his kingdom to the banks
of the Godavari.
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○ He fought with the Pallavas and defeated them.

○ After defeating the Salankayanas, he occupied Vengi.
○ In his 37th regnal year, he defeated the Matharas and conquered
Uttarandhra.

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○ As a symbol of these victories, he performed 11 Ashwamedha yagas
and 1000 other rituals.
○ Madhav Varma-II as mark of his victories, installed “Shiva Lingas” at
Keesaragutta.
○ He constructed “Ramalingeshwara” temple at every place where he
won the war.
○ He was the 1st to perform Naramedha yaga (Human Sacrifice).
■ This was the only dynasty in Andhra to perform Naramedha

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Yaga.
○ His reign was like a golden age for Vedic religion.
○ He married Mahadevi, daughter of Vakataka king.
○ Buddhism declined from his reign.
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○ He destroyed the Buddhist caves at Bhairavakonda, Indrakiladri,
Undavalli and Moghalrajpuram and converted them into Hindu temples.
○ He demolished the Buddha statue at Undavalli and carved a statue
of Lord Vishnu in that place.
■ The statue of Lord Vishnu is in Sleeping position. This is
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Present day Anantha Padmanabha Swamy temple.

○ He carved Purna Kumba at Undavalli caves.
○ Because of these, Madhav Varma II is known as the destroyer of
Buddhism.
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○ According to the Velpur Inscription, he installed the statue of Lord

Ganapati.
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○ Some Historians opine that Janaashraya Chandovicchiti was written

by Madhav Varma-II (but some say that it was written by
Gunaswamy).
■ It was the 1st Sanskrit Lakshana Grantha in Telangana.
■ Lakshana Granthas Provide the framework relating to Classical
music & dance.

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● Vikramendra Varma:
○ Born to Madhava Varma II & Vakataka princess
■ He was also known as “Vishnukundina, Vakataka
Vamshadwayalankara Janma”
○ He is mentioned as Mahakavi & Paramasogathsya (Intellectual as
Gautama Buddha) in Indrapalanagara copper inscription.
○ He patronized both Buddhism and Shaivism.

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● Madhava Varma III:
○ He ruled for a long time among Vishnukundin rulers.
○ His titles: Alisita Vividadivya, Trikuta Malayadipati.
○ He destroyed the Kandara dynasty (Ananda Gotrika) and gained the
title Trikuta Malayadipati.
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○ The following works were written during his administration:
■ Janashraya Chandhovicchatti - Gunaswami.
■ Prabhodha Chandrodayam - Nandi Ellaiah, Ghanta Singana
● Indrabhattaraka Varma:
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○ He is known as Parama Maheswara

○ His titles are: Satyashrayudu, Chaturdhayaka Yuddha Veera.
○ During his rule, he established educational institutions called
Ghatikas in Andhra and promoted Vedic education.
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○ His inscriptions were the first in Andhra that mention about Ghatikas.
○ Uddanka in his treatise Somadevam mentions about the Ghatikas
established by him.
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○ The Ghatikeshwara temple at Keesara near Hyderabad is believed to

have been built by him.
● Vikramendra Varma II / Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma:
○ Indrabhattaraka Varma was succeeded by his son Vikramendravarma
II.

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 ○ As soon as he assumed the rule of the kingdom, he suppressed the
rebellions in the kingdom.
○ Inscriptions of his period: Chikulla inscription, Tundi inscription,
Tammulagudem inscription II, Indrapalanagara inscription II,
○ He donated Tundi village to a scholar named Shivavarma.
○ Tammulagudem inscription describes the genealogy of the
Vishnukundins.
○ He donated the village 'Irundera' to the vihara built by

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Parambhattarika Mahadevi.
○ His titles: Sakala Bhuvana Rakshabaranaikashraya and Uttama
Ashraya.
● Manchana Bhattaraka Varma:
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○ He was the last ruler of Vishnukundins.
○ According to the “Tandivada” inscription, Prudhvi Mularaju defeated
Mancha Bhattaraka Varma and annexed Vishnukundins Kingdom.
○ Pulakesi II, Badami Chalukyan ruler, defeated Manchana Bhattaraka in
the Battle of Kunala (or) Kolleru and seized Vengi.
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■ Pulakesi II appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as his

representative in Vengi.
■ After the death of Pulakesi II, Kubja Vishnuvardhana declared
independence and established the Eastern (Vengi) Chalukya
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Kingdom.

Administrative system:
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● Vishnukunds were known for their 'just' rule.

● After the Satavahanas, only the Vishnukunds get the credit of ruling an
extensive empire in the Deccan.
○ For nearly 50 years, the States of Maharashtra, Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh used to be under their rule.

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 ○ Because they ruled over such a vast empire, the Vishnukunds assumed
the title 'Maharaja".
● Further, they provided protection to all types of people. Consequently, they
adorned the titles such as Sakala Bhuvanaikasraya, Janasraya,
Satyasraya, Uttamasraya and Vikramasraya.
● In the Vishnukund kingdom, the king was all powerful and a despot. In
administrative matters, his decision was final.
○ However, the king's decisions were in accordance with the opinion and

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welfare of the people.
○ Even the opinions of the Council of Ministers were given their due
place in the King's Court.
● Vishnukunds kingdom was divided into Provinces / Rashtras, Rashtras into

○ Rashtras - Rashtrika
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Vishayas and Vishayas into villages.
○ Kingdom - King ○ Vishaya - Vishayadipati
○ Grama - Gramani
● Their army had Chaturanga forces. There were army chiefs for different
wings of the army.
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○ Hastikosha – Head of Elephantry

○ Veerakosha – Head of Infantry
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Other Officers

Gulmika A military officer appointed at the border

states
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Akshapataladhikrita (అక్షపటాలాధికృతుడు) A custodian of government documents

Rajjaka (రజ్జ కుడు) He measures lands and determines the

boundaries.

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Setti He used to measure the grains which are due
to the government.

Phaladara (ఫలదారుడు) An officer who determines the state's share

of the harvested crop.

Sasana Aagnaptulu (శాసన ఆజ్ఞ ప్తు లు) One who writes King’s orders

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Judicial administration:
● During the time of Vishnukundins, the highest magistrate was the King
● The king was considered to be divine.
● Divine tests were conducted in the determination of convicts.
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● Madhava Varma had discovered the legal duties known as 'Divyalu'.
○ When the chariot of the prince (Madhava Varma’s son) has, due to
unmindfulness, gone over the son of a lady selling tamarind and the
boy got killed, Madhava Varma has imposed death sentence for the
Prince.
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Economic conditions & Trade:

● There was a self-sufficient economy in the villages of Vishnukundins.
● The kings took steps for the development of agriculture.
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○ They dug many agricultural wells and ponds.

● During their time, land was measured in Nivartanas.
● Domestic and foreign trade also continued in their kingdom.
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● The Chinese traveler Fa Hien wrote that shells also circulated as currency
during their time.
● Indigenous trade centers of Vishnukundins period: Bojjana Konda, Phanigiri,
Nasik, Sultanabad, Yeleswaram, Kanapur, Brahmagiri
● Vishnukundins Port Towns, Foreign Trade Centers: Motupalli Port, Koduru
Port

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 ● Vishnukundins did foreign trade with East Asian countries and with Western
countries such as Greece, Rome and Egypt.
● More of Vishnukund coins being found in coastal Andhra, ship mark being
found on them, and Madhava Varma II having the title of
'Trisammudradhipati’ are indicating the importance of foreign trade.

Coins:

● Copper plated iron coins were in circulation.

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● Symbols on coins of Vishnukundins: Ship, Lion

Social Conditions:
● During their period, the caste system was strengthened.

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● Madhava Varma used to bow down and touch the feet of his parents
regularly, by this we can tell that people used to respect their parents and
elders.
● The inscriptions of Vishnukunds state that they adhered to the Varnasrama
dharma .
○ In this way, they tried to see that all the four varna people - the
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brahmana, Kshatriya, vaishya and shudra castes - followed their

professional duties.
● The importance of brahmana and Kshatriyo castes is known from the title
'parama brahmanya' borne by some of the Vishnukund rulers.
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● Vishnukunds who had been Sudras, appeared to have, by performing many

sacrifices like hiranyagarbha, climbed to this status of upper castes.
● Vaisyas were engaged in internal and external trade.
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Religious conditions:

● Vishnukundins are Vedic devotees (devotees of Lord Sriparvata).

● Vishnukundins Kula daivam / Caste deity - Sriparvata swamy

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 ○ Vishnukundins have acknowledged that due to “Sriparvataswamy
Padanudhyanam" (worshipping at the feet of Sriparvataswamy) they
could get the governing authority over the people.
● Vedic Religion:
○ From their names & titles, it is known that they are Vedic devotees.
■ Titles such as ‘Paramamaheswara' and 'Parama Brahmanya'
suggest that they were the devotees of Shiva and the followers
of Brahmanical religion.

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○ Madhava Varma II is known to have built Ganapati temples through
the Velurpu Inscription.
○ Vishnukundins were the first to build cave temples in South India.
○ They performed Rajasuya and Aswamedha yagas.
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○ The Uma Maheshwaram temple (at Amrabad) in Sri Parvatam was
known as the Northern Gateway for Srisailam.
○ The practice of donating thousands of servants and girls and
sacrificing men in the yajnas indicate the prevailing inequalities in
the then society.
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○ Madhava Varma II constructed “Ramalingeshwara” temple at every

place where he won the war. He also built the Akkanna-Madanna
caves.
● Buddhism:
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○ Early Vishnukundin rulers patronized Buddhism, though they

themselves were the followers of Vedic religion.
○ Buddhist temple of their time - Bojjannakonda
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○ Parambhattaraka Mahadevi, wife of Govinda Varma I, built the

Parambhattaraka Vihara in her name for Chaturtha Shaurya monks at
Indrapalanagaram.
■ Govinda Varma I donated the villages of Penkapura and
Ennadala for this vihara.

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 ■ The second inscription of Tummalagudem states that
Vikramendra Varma II, the great grandson of
Parambhattaraka Mahadevi, donated the village 'Irundera'.
○ Govinda Varma built the Govinda Vihara in Chaitanyapuri, Hyderabad
in his name.
○ Vishnukunds were the last Telugu kings who patronized Buddhism.
○ Symbolic stupa during their period was “Lingala Mettu”.
○ By the end of 5th Century AD, in Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda

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another important branch in Buddhism-Vajrayana-has taken shape.
■ Buddhism lost its sanctity because the “Vajrayana” sect
allowed women,alcohol and encouraged black magic.
■ At last, such Buddhist places became infamous places of liars
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and women-seekers.
○ Another development that has taken shape in Buddhism, has been the
Brahmin supremacy in Buddhist sanghas and arama- viharas.
■ “Anantha brahmana sambharasya” - that was expressed in
connection with vihara installation, in Govinda Varma's
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inscription, stands as a proof to this.

■ These Brahmins gradually painted Buddha as the ninth avatara
(god's rebirth) of Vishnu.
■ As a result, some Buddhist holy centres were turned into
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Vaishnava holy centres. Essentially, they turned into Narasimha

temples.
● Dharmapuri (Karimnagar district) which had been a
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Buddhist area right from Buddha's time, might have,

during the time of Vishnukunds only, got changed as an
area of the temples of Ramalingeswara Swamy and
Narasimha Swamy.
○ The Prominent Buddhist Guru during Vishnukundins was Dignaga,
belonging to the 5th Century AD and lived for some time in Vengi.

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 ■ Here, he debated with Eeshwara krishna, the author of
Sankhya Karika.
■ 'Pramana Samuchchayam' was his famous work written in
Sanskrit.
■ He taught Yogachara Pandha.
■ He was the last of the great Buddhist scholars belonging to the
Telugu country.
○ Duggipalli Duggena of Vishnukundins period wrote

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“Nachiketopakyanam”.
● Jainism:
○ Jainism disappeared during the time of the Vishnukunds itself.
○ The followers of Kapalika sect which took its birth during those
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days, with their magic skills and mantras, enjoying sex with other
ladies and indulging in drinking and vulgar dancing, lost people's favour
and became responsible for the decline of Jainism.
○ Jain temples became Saiva temples.
■ As per Nayasena, Srisailam itself was a great example of this.
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● Nayasena was a Jain poet. He authored Kannada literary

text Dharamarutam.
Education & Literature:
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● A special feature of the Vishnukundins period was that Sanskrit replaced

Prakrit as the official language.
○ Along with the disappearance of Buddhism, its language Prakrit has
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also disappeared.
■ It is of significance to note that the Chaitanyapuri inscription
of Govinda Varma is related to Buddhism and Prakrit language.
■ All the later inscriptions have been issued in Sanskrit.
● Vishnukundins were the first to make “Sanskrit” as official Language.
● But, the language of the common people was, of course, Telugu.

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● Texts published during the time of Vishnukundins:
○ Ganaswami - Janasraya Chandovicchitti (Sanskrit Grammar text)
○ Gantasingana, Nandimallaya - Prabhoda Chandrodayam
○ Daggupalli Duggana - Nachiketopakyanam
● They started Sanskrit educational centers called Ghatikas.
○ Mention of Ghatikas is found only in Vishnukundin inscriptions.
● They gave large agraharas to Brahmins. These Agraharas became centers of

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education.
● These kings were the learned & great patrons of education.
○ Govinda Varma was described as 'Shadabhigna'.
○ Vikramendra Varma had the titles of ‘Mahakavi', and 'Parama

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Sogatasya' (As enlightened as Buddha).
○ Indrabhattaraka Varma had the title of 'Ghatikavapta
Punyasancharya’.
○ Madhava Varma II was praised as 'Vidyadvijaguru Vipravruddh
Tapasvi Janasraya'.
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○ These titles clearly indicate that the Vishnukundin kings were

themselves not only writers and scholars, but were also patrons of
poets and scholars.
● The mention of Ghatikas in the Andhra desa appears for the first time in
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the Vishnukundin inscriptions.

● Telugu sentence found in this Chikkulla copper inscription (Sanskrit) issued
by King Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma - ‘Vijayarajya Samvastsarambul -
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విజయరాజ్య సంవత్సరంబుల్’.
○ This is a clear indication of the influence of people's language,Telugu
on the author of the inscription has been immense.
○ The names of the village names that are mentioned in the
Vishnukundin inscriptions are all of Telugu only.

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 ○ Even in a Sanskrit work on poetics “Janasrya chhando vichhitti',
there are many references of Telugu language.
Art & Architecture:

● Their art traditions are inter mixed with Ikshvaku and Vakataka art
traditions.
● Vishnukundins started the tradition of building temples by clearing the
southern hills.

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● The special features in the temples built by Vishnukundins were Garbagriha,
Mukha Mandapam and Artha Mandapam.
● Cave temples built by them:
○ Akkanna - Madanna Caves (present near Kanaka Durga temple in
Vijayawada)
○ Undavalli Caves
○ Bhairavakona Caves
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○ Mogalrajapuram Caves
● Vishnukundins built 5 caves in Moghalrajpuram and 3 caves in Undavalli in
Krishna district.
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● Moghalrajpuram Caves (Vijayawada):

○ Caves 1, 2, 3 are dedicated to the Trinity.
○ Ardhanadhishwara is painted on the back wall of the 4th cave.
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○ Largest cave - 5th cave.

■ Shivatandavam Nataraja statue is carved in it.
○ Astabhuja Narayana Swamy and Trivikramavatara statues are present.
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○
● Undavalli Caves (Guntur District):
○ The total number of caves here is 3.
○ At Undavalli, the famous statue of Lord Buddha in padmasana was
knocked down and a statue of Vishnu was carved.

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 ○ It is known today as Anantapadmanabha Swamy Temple.
○ Purnakumbha is carved on these caves.
○ These caves contain inscriptions with the term “Utpatti Pidugu”.
● Bhairavakonda Cave (Nellore District, Udayagiri Region):
○ These caves belong to Kapalika religion.
○ There are a total of 8 caves here, devoted to Lord Shiva.
○ These caves have carved lion pedestals with Kumbha shirshas.

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Summary:
● Vishnukunds have ruled the entire Telugu country on the northern bank of
river Krishna for more than two hundred years.
● During their long rule, they have introduced Hindu-based culture in place of

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earlier composite culture and set an example for kings of the later period.
● Their styles of architecture and sculpture have been followed by the
Pallavas in the south and Chalukyas in the west, which stands as a proof
of their greatness.
● The fact that the most popular kings like the Kakatiyas have taken
Madhava Varma II, the Vishnukund king as their founder, speaks of the
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splendour of the welfare administration of the Vishnukundins.

● Even though they have followed Vedic religion and performed sacrifices and
rituals, they have also patronized other religions of Buddhism and Jainism
and freely made donations to their organisations and monks, which proclaims
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their policy of religious toleration.

● Vishnukundin rulers, such as Govinda Varma and Madhava Varma II besides
making writings in Sanskrit, established Ghatikas at important places and
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contributed immensely for literary development and patronizing of poets and

scholars.

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