3# CAMBRIDGE is a six-level general English course for adult and young adult learners, taking students from beginner to advanced level (CEFR Al to C1). Empower combines course content from Cambridge University Press with validated assessment from the experts at Cambridge Assessment English. Empower's unique mix of engaging classroom materials and reliable assessment enables learners to make consistent and measurable progress. rc ee nes ‘iting task An pinion on future food ‘What food will people eatin the future? Do you think people will et insects oF ‘meat made by scientists? White your opinion, Use (don't) think, ff you ask me, anearner engagement Content that informs and motivates fer Leet bey toa ete ntent that surprises, entertain Se eee) ets Seaton eed cer Seca WE ALL SEEM 0 “ ote ‘LOVE TAKING PICTURES cet SPEuNG na RAONG Personalised and relevant 6 There are so many adjectives to describe such a wonderful series, but in my opinion it’s very reliable, ssi practical and medern.g Personalisation tasks in every unit make the target Peete eee eR CR Cac ec ta GT et Be eetaraer See eee eee id eeMeasurable progress Assessment you can trust eerie Ree Eee aan CO eee LT) « errs a eet Al global Empower users 6 We started using the tests provided with Empower and our students started showing better results from this point until now. 9 Kristina Ivanova, Director of Foreign Language Training Centre, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia irate are 7 eae) ee ay various countries, including Russi Ce ee hd eee en ae Seer ae ea udu caeManageable learning Dl Mobile friendly Content Oger coe Pere ented that works on any device and ete ete rere! ‘Look atthe photo and choose the correct sentence, é I had been studying English for ten years before university, and | didn't succeed. But now with Empower I know my level of English has changed. @ fetid eye ee eee ee coor eae eae ea uae} Tee ee aur Bea ek tueRich in practice Language in use Insights cer Ud Ley ee Bete ete aes Poetry Sete) Book, learners are offered a wide variety See ed es see eae fp eee eRe} Cease eaten: eee ee Po : Sort omer ere See ee eee See ete Beyond the classroom O there re rns eee ate eek eee plenty of ee eee opportunities for personalisation. 9 eee Empower is available with a print workbook, online practice, Elena Pro, Glass apap ete caster lies Cone GREED 6 Teacher, EOI OT er ene de San Fernando de Henares, eT cy Spain This choice of additional resources helps teachers to find the most effective ways to motivate their students both inside and outside the classroom.mea a Unit Opener Getting started page - Clear learning objectives to give an immediate sense of purpose. Vv Lessons A and B Digital Workbook Grammar and Vocabulary - Input and practice (online, mobile): ‘of core grammar and vocabulary, plus a mix of skills. Grammar and Vocabulary Lesson C Digital Workbook Everyday English - Functional language (online, mobile): in common, everyday situations. Listening and Speaking Vv ears Md Lesson D Digital Workbook Integrated Skills — Practice of all four (online, mobile): skills, with @ special emphasis on writing. Reading and Writing Review Extra practice of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. Also a ‘Review your progress’ section for students to reflect on the unit. Vv Mid- / End-of-course test Additional practice Further practice is available for outside the classroom with these components: Digital Workbook (online, mobile) Workbook (print) Components [eee Cee Wee Ce aCe COace Audio Ce Be] . end-of-course Taner ment (print) Tests (print) Nene] geri CrEKG — oie ee ny Perce na ar)eS Cm Getting stated Tak abou animals laming lnguene TA Talk aboutlearsinga second language Adverbs and adverbial Language learning: Word sles: noun forms wth phrase Noun farms ton and ty 18 Describe languages and how Thepedectaspact Describing changes Sentence stress they change 16 Express yourself in an inexact way Sound and speling:29,¢e Expressing and ie yoursel in an inexact way 1 Wie a web frum post Review ani extension More practice WoROPOWER Idioms: Body parts ‘Whit? Going to extremes eting started Tak abou lerance of exieme condor 2A Describe extreme sensory experiences, Comparison Muti-word verbs: Cansonant-vomel inking 28 Tak about pans, intentions and Intentions ane Vert of moverent arangements arangerents 20 Giveadvice Word groups and main sess; Giving advice Emphatic ress 20° Write report Review ant extension More practice \WoROPOWER Idioms: Movernent Travel and advenure Getting stated Tok about 2 mishap ona road tin 3A Empteasse sive and negative ‘Inversion Wealth and poverty —_Intonatonin inversion cexperences structures Word tess 3B Describe journeys and landscapes Future inthe past. Landscape features Different pronunciations of ¢ Naratie tenses 30 Parapirase and summarise Consonant csters aress two Paraphrasing and vores summarsing 30° Write a travel review Review and extension More practice WoROPOWER Kdioms: Landscapes ‘nite Consciousness Getting stated Tak about man puting te senses 4A Talkaboutusing instinct and reason Noun phrases Instinct and reason Sound and speling 48 Tak about memories and Structures wih have Memory Sentence sires remembering and ast 4G Use acti formal scussions Homophones nwords.ané Being ttl in converted speech formal discussions 440 Write a protie arto Review and extension hore sracice WORDPOWER mind ‘Units Faimess Getting stated Tak about acti for prisoners 5A Talkatout rime ard punkhment —_Reatve causes Crime and juste Sound and speling: sand ss ‘58 Tak about job requkements Cbigation, necessity and Employment Word tess: nouns and verbs and tai pay persion 5G Recalland speculate Main stress Recaling anc speculating ‘50 Wie an opinion essay Review and extension More cractce \WOROPOWER Idioms: CrimeInterviw:Abiinguat upbringing Blog post: Speaking aan to cats Monologue: The origins of words Article: How qui is the Eas Four monologues about how language change? longuepes chong Fact ile: How engages are special Friends and vals Monologue: The dominance of Four web forum posts Engish as a word language Contents Cr Deseriing experiences of guage learning Discussing language learning factors Fie pieces of advice for language letners Speculating when Erglsh words aiginated Changes in your wold Discussing interesting facts about your lenayaae an oes Sharing rough details ofan experience Predicting tre main points of talkand Web forum post ssoussing your predictions Expressing opinions Monologue: My vow of lence ‘ticle: Ive been tothe quietest place on Earth Atel: The wonder of neigitossess: A short history of zerograly ght Interview with a base jumper ‘A guestovesays is welcome: Four monologues about universiy soca programme activites Report: Review and recommendations ofa social programme commites Questionnaire: How sensitive are you fo sau? Discussing different views on communication ‘Ging aprons on zero-raiy fights and ‘treme spats Discussing bog post Advising a riend about a problem Discussingth= mers of acts fora Reports student social programme Linking: contrast and ‘BBC talk: The problem with ‘volunteering, Daniela Paps “woreviens: Thinking of volunteering abroad? [BBC aus bog: Journey ofa lftime, Narrave atice:Sorvialan the Wil Milas Maro River Aba interview ‘Two monolagues about Cisco Travele's review: Cusco getaway BBC radio dscussen: Gut sbi in medical dagnoss, Article: Learn fo bust your gl! ive monologues about chidhood Article: False childhood memories memories ‘rice: How eyewinessencence can be urvelable Feedback and an unexpected ‘opertunity Into: musician Non Pole article: Nori ‘scussng volunies ark abroad Blog post Ar urs! Deseribng new experiences travel or tour experience Teling the soy oan adventurous joumey _Aticle- An adventurous Perapirasing and summarising Describing the best and worst places you have been to asa tourst Expressng.an prion about apace (Quiz: Do you have a sich sons? Demmas: Wout you go wih jour gutiasinct? Taking bout a chithood memory ‘Giving an evenness account ofa crime Decussing ays to improve memory Ching opinions tactly Asking and answering questons aout being Proie article interviewed fora profi arcle Orgpnsing information Intervewirg a classmate fora prfiearicle Showing ime relationships do news Bzare crimes ‘cle: Can me havea swimming pooi? Loa Halden Prison Four monologues about “Two job descriptions; Banb employment Aispesa ver and Pet fod taster pening up ‘wo monologues about job Essay: Social mecta and applications and social media vecrutmant Giving definitions of crime vocabulary Discussing eunisnments for crmes Disousing empioyment tems and cores Exchanging information about dferent obs Negatisn salares for a rane of obs Recaling and speculating cae Discussinghw an employer should respond Opinion essay eemaloyee comments on socal media Estaye Linking: adation ‘and telnforcement =ESE Com Co Eom OE Getting stated Tok spout he impact of 3D sree at 8A Describe photos and hobbies Simple and continuous Adjectes verbs escrbing mages 6B Tella descriptive naive Particle causes Enns Main sre ae emphatic sires (adverts and adectves) 8C Organise a presentation Intonation n comment phrases Organising a preseniaton (60 Wit an appicaton emai Review ad extension Move pracice WOROPOWER Idioms: Feeli Getting started Tak about technology in the clssroam TA Speculte about inventions ard Speculation and Compound adjectives. Main sess: compound technology Seducton | adjectives "7B Emptasise opinions about the Clef sentences ‘Nouns with suffes: Intonation nce sbuctures, cial age scotty and relationships 70 Apolgise and acm fault ‘Sound and spoling Apotwsing and van ough ‘adimiting fut 70 Wite » proposal Review an extensian More practice WORDPOWER self Getting stated Tak about prysealactvty not age ‘BA Describe sloping habits Gerunds ard infritves Shop Sires in Fined exprosions| and routes ‘8B Takaboutiesives and Conditionals ‘ing and heath Pic: extra information lle expectancy BC Negotiate the price ofa product Intonation in implied questions, Negotiating {80 Write promotional material Review and extension Noe pracice \WoROPOWER and efi stated Tek about an obstace to urban development 9A Tak aboutoly fe and Reflexive and recorocal Verbs with Sound and speling:r- urban space pronouns (98 Describe arctitcture Elisis and substtuton Deseting bullies Word sess and bullings ‘9C Doal wih conflict, Sound and speling: foreign Dealing with vwerdsin Engh contct 80 Write a discussion essay Review and extension Noe practice WOROPOWER build Gefing started Tak about an unusual wedcing 10A Give a resenation or Regretand cricism —Communicaten Word groups and main sass a speech sructures verbs 108 Ta about superstitons Passive reporting vers Superstitions, ‘consonant custers and rivals customs ard belts 0G Take tums in more formal Intonation n question tags Turan conversations | 100 Wie afm review WOROPOVER lack and chance Grammar Forus p. 198 Vocabuary Focus p. 158)C0 Interview with an amateur Article: Lessons Ett Ent has ‘Photographer ‘aught me about str! photegraphy ‘News eport The cnclusen ofthe Slog post and eri Two views soryaf the suspiciousencountar of suspleaus encounter ‘Abig presentation Advertisement: You can hel Application email ‘Three interviews wi volunteers Contents Ca Discussing phctgraphy sls Taking about your favourite photos The fit pat ofa shit Discussing fst improssone Telinga personal toy Organising presentation Talking about vlunieer workin your local areas ‘Application emails: Giving ‘a postive mpyession ‘Three monologues: ventions that would make the were a beter place Ri show From my bookshelf rear eva righimare? Unsolicted sugzestons Proposal: team-building programme Four monologues: Poole exress their opinins of tei colleagues Article: Hurnan augmentation — a ‘cle: Loneliness and temper Discussing ‘superpowers! Presenting new invention Talking about what you ead one Erparing hom yu wl omeome 8 roel poe hcncenceeen Creme pons atrbtesotan Proc Secueteam nent Unt eins singerones Real interiew witha step researcher Arce: To tps foal you sleep aici: The myth ofthe eere-nour Rediophonein programme about waking up at right shop [BBC intone: Living ona calorie» Arie: Antiagoing treatrints restricted et Inter: We don rave 2 get sick as we getter An exclushe sory Raa inteniow: The Stone Age ct Home page: Ancestors restaurant Parenter canara cea ee ey as one ata ae Discussing whats important when you eat out dcast: New ideas for ‘smart cites’ nature, ead into te cy Factfile: Biophilc cites ci: Kazuo Sol: Passion and precision | (Corwen: Tourist traction Aleok anda out Ccorwersaton: Lie in a ral ‘community in New Zealand compared tein a cty Essay: Lan migration ‘tice: fou want to get close to Sharing infomation bout inistves ‘olmprore cites Presenting ieas for ‘smarter cites Desoribng bulsings Presenting proposal ortho redevelopment ‘ofa derelict bul, Compsinng an responding to complaints = Discussing ural ard urban hing Discussion essay Linking: eascn and rest Three monologues about ging ‘tcl: Dor bo boning! 2 presenti esi interview: Superstions in sport ‘Asuocesstl interview Fur monologues about how “wo film eviews: Knives Out people use reviews nicl: he gore before the game erent oar acerca cere eo So naa Discussing how much eviews influence yourchoices| Wing fous. 168 ‘Vero patlerssp. 170 jemi symbols p. 177 Iregulr verbs p. 177ee Tat PROS ou eur) So ad Dees eeu) POs UNIT a 2p Look at the pict 1 What do you think nd discuss the questions. ing taught to do? How| THOUGHT | COULD 1A G) READING PICK UP ITALIAN BY EAR PU eed ae) cond language evr eee ee ano WB Do you agree with these statements about learning a second language? Why / Why not? 1 It's helpful to get feedback from native speakers. 2 Trying to memorise words and phrases isa core part ofthe learning process. 3. Communicating in another language makes you fel ike a more confident person, 4 Learning grammar fsa waste of time — | don't even know it inmy first language! 5 The biggest reward is being able to relate to people from another culture, 6 Apps on smartphones and tablets have made learning a nd language much easier 7 When you've learned one second languagk learn another. How I got my tongue around al thase crazy Italian vowels With the help of some fencly ‘cats and a mysterious woman ona train When ried ry uaing aaa Engle ngunge teaches. made pron note beoneof ese ene eee el ee Lnguage but cannot speskarother languige ht theses arto pury money where my mouth wes I managedto get teaching job intherorthoftalyin small ct called Aosta ight next tothe French and Swiss borders, where theres great king (realy love to ska had sucied French at school and university but Slt ae Iie | drt speak word of ral soi packed ‘ne ofthose ‘teach yous’ books in mylugoace. , ts easier to IMlewatect to Mien, andthe cultue/anguage shock hit me as sa0n as got off the plane Stil tied tried! to memorise the phase Noo cqpico Matava (don't undestand tala), but Icouldetgetitinto my head. Nota great start. Aosta blingual—talan and French - and, ‘Begin with Lbnushed un on my cinvesty. french and could getty. was convinced Juste able to pick tialan un Beak. Being surrounded by the language and hearing tall meant ust tind ofabsorb but no such ick Id finaly ‘managed to remember Non capscoftakana butnota viol ot more. S01 got out that ‘teach youseftaln’ book! had packed and got started on the grammar and vocabulary. Ard | dowmoaded some Italia eeming appson my phone: was hard work and stnugoled to grasp some of the er tenses nd vocabulany.|tseemediike would have toremembera mountain ofinformation i ete ever going to pc EA Imad ends wth some tents tredto tao themintatn, but {ann got stuck The Etch was fr beter than my tan remember gong to dimer try fiend Mattos place Hs fay ada coupleo cts. andl Matteo iss felping his mother serve upthe pasta had ny aanprvate convertion wth the cts ‘Matteo overheard me, laughed, and said, b Read Scott’s blog post about his language learning experience. Which of the statements in La might he agree with? ¢ olp Read the text again and discuss the questions. 1 Why do you think Scot wanted to ‘put his money where his mouth was'? ‘Whats the diference between leaming a language by ear and studying it frmaly? ow importants a learner's matvation when learning new language? How does self consciousness inhibit learning a new language? by Scott Fletcher “That’sright, speak taan tothe cats—enly they can understand you asa joke, but | fet crestallen and could feel my vow tole another language sipping away. RIGHT RRE REFER wenton ato “erice fora weekerc On the tain journey there meta teacher ofEngish ata secondary school iWin. We tated chatrg an she asked meow long been in tay By ths timeit wasalmost ve months and she sviled ‘when ladited tat couldnt speak aan yet told her tf been studying @nimiVOwh, but Thad ne confidence to speak She hens nan ‘Coren. Youcan speskto me’ Sehad ery detained ook arab Set Hares ee thats somehow encouraging Stack the lung Noten beat bu eas eeeraniaet aoe pace amie ‘Andtat wasmy breakthrough Inthe tno hoursittookto tae! fiom Milan to Venice, aio Unlocked eveything had ‘been studying. Why? Basil | think t had everything to dowith the woman met clr knawher name and ve never seen hee again, but fetes se conscious peaking to someone who wasnt my student ory fend© GRAMMAR Adverbs and adverbial phrases 2 Notice the FiBHIBRIE adverbials in the text. Add them to the lists below. 1 Comment (used to express the speaker's point of view) clearly, apparently, actually, vacically 2 Degree (used to make the meaning stronger or weaker) very, alte, 3. Manner (used to say how): slowly, on foot, 4 Time (used to say wher): in the eighties, overnight, 5 Frequency (used to say how offen): never, 'b What position(s) can each adverbial take in these sentences? Which adverbials change meaning in different positions? 1a intheend 1,3 b eventually "1 Fmanaged to hold a conversation in Japanese 2 aeitremely often "found it ltficut. 3 a frequently —_b all the time 1° made silly mistakes * 4 a slowly clearly *1AWwauld ike native speakers to speak to me 5 a naturally well "rm a little envious of friends who can already speak the language” ¢ DD Now go to Grammar Focus 1A on p. 138. Wen went backto Aas, ny fends count belevet What tappered to you? Matteo aed coud dA speak an Ihavert looked back ine and my confidence in spebking hes crown BSROLR, My talent perfec bu fat ent nd {ic the rama nthe end, manage top my money where my mouth was UNITT Sip Think ofa sil you have learned at some stage in your life. Plan to talk about it, using some of the adverbs and adverbial phrases from the reading and the box below. Make notes in the beginning obviously extremely eventually properly clearly incorectly naturally in the end Obsiourly, was hopeless in the beginning. In order to doit properly, you have fo eancentrate ‘onthe ball Playing a complete gome involved o lotof walking, and | was extremely tired afterwards. © Clg Describe the experience you had learning the skill without naming it. Can your partner guess what skill you are talking about? @V VOCABULARY Language learning Look at the underlined parts of the texts. Match the words and phrases 1-4 with the definitions ad 1 C1 pick up 3D grasp 2 Ey bush up on 4 Oi nsy understand something, especialy something dffcut less able because you ae out of practice lear something by being exposed tot improve your knowledge of something you've partly forgotten b >> Now go to Vocabulary Focus 1A on p, 158, © Read the questions about your English language learning background. Add two more to ask a partner. When did you How fong was i in Engish? start leaming Engish? you could hold conversation ‘When did you fist put your learning into practice? Have you progressed as well at you expected? Have you ever been immersed in an English-speaking culture? ffs what was ike? tft fe there. a cultre you would ie ta get to know? How important isto you to speak accurately? Why? What level of competence would you lke to attain tually? dlp Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions in 3c.UNIT LISTENING SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY Noun forms a Gp Discuss the questions. 1 Think about someone you know who gre up bing What waster experience ke? 2. What do you think ae posite ackonages ard disadvantages of a bilingual upbringing? 3 What rafts tomas bg bina! he in your country? b @UIED Listen to Katya being interviewed about her bilingual upbringing on the podcast Linguistically speaking. Answer the questions. 1 Which languages does she speak? 2 What wos unique about her upbringing? 3 What’ her tltude to bilingualism? ¢ QED Listen again. Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false sentences. 1 Katya realises that her upbringing was very special and different 2. Katya mother used both English and Russian when she spoke to Kaya 3. She wasn't really aware that she was speaking {wo languages when she was a child 4 She thinks she might have had some intial problems acquiring Portuguese 5 She went to special classes to learn ta read and write in Englsh and Russian, 6 She fouind it easy to fit into her school in the UK. 7 She believes being bilingual has given her an abily to concentrate on tasks. 8 She found she struggled learning Mandarin Imagine you want to give your child a bilingual upbringing. What would you have to do? How easy or difficult would it be? Make notes and compare with your partner. 2 QUIET Complete the sentences with the noun form of the words in brackets. Listen and check 1 So, got_____ (expose) to both languages rit fem te beginning 2 wanted to communicate, had to use Portugues. It was a (necessary) 3 Theresa (reluctant) on the part of some parents to let their children learn a second language. 4 And my —__ (motivate) was. much higher. Its like there's part of my brain that gets real (please) from engaging with another language. b> Now go to Vocabulary Focus 1A on p. 158. © Gp How can these factors have an impact on learning a second language? the right mentality financial limtatons disbactons opportunites for intrecon frst languoge interference natal comics the prestige of knowing a second language 1d Choose @ person 1-3 from the options below and write five pieces of advice for them. 1 an Enaish speaker who wents to lear your language 2 a tiend who wants to passa stale English exam 3 a teenager whofinds languages at school a tur-oft <=lR Work in pairs. Compare your ideas in 5d and prioritise four suggestions that are useful forall language learners. I couldn't agree more. | also. ‘hink puting your learning into practice whenever you ‘can is really important. ‘The most unverselly useful suggestion here isto invest in a «good dictionary.LANGUAGE HAS BEEN CONSTANTLY EVOLVING SPEAKING a 2B Look at these words. Which ones do you know? Tell your partner. Look up the words you don't know in a dictionary, .o babysitter TS Bolq b up Each word in 1a was first used in a different decade, from the 1900s to the 2010s. When do you think each word first came into the English language, and why? Put them in order. © QIDED Listen and check your answers. What is the significance of photographs 1 and 2? dp Two more new words in English are hangry and slamping. Talk about their meanings. Do you know any ather words that have come into the English language recently? READING @ Read the introduction to an article about the way English has changed. Which two points does the writer make? LZ Enalish has become less complex over the years 1 Many changes ta language take place gradually, so we may not notice them, L1 Modern technology has helped us see how language is changing, b Answer these questions. 1. What do you think the words in talics in paragraph 1 mean? 2 Can you think af an example of ‘the annoying inconsistencies between spelling and prontinciation in English? © >> Communication 18 Work in pairs. Student A: Go to p. 127, Student B: Go to p. 131 =p Look at each pair of sentences below. Do the sentences show a change you read about? Explain the change to your partner. Shall we meet at 6:00? Do you want to meet at 6:00? | was fred from my job. | got fired from my jb. She started to cry, She started crying 4 @ Fought to go soon, & I need to be going soon. selfie Pe ee eT iru) © The pertect aspect Cee brainwash Bollywood 2 technophobe environmentalism We all know language changes. People's favourite ‘music was farout in the 1960s, radin the 1980s, Wicked in the 1980s and awesome in 2010. You just ‘eed to watch a film from ten years ago to hear phrases that have come and gone. However, there are far more subtle, ongoing language changes taking place at any given time. These changes may have a hugely significant impact, but can go entirely unnoticed while they are in progress. One lasting change to English that was barely perceptible atthe time is known as the Great Vowel Shift. Over a period of 350 years (from 1350 to 1700), the long vowel sounds of English drifted so far that speakers at either end of the period could not have Understood each other. However, nobody noticed for about 100 years after it had happened! The Great Vowel Shift was 2 major contributor to the annoying inconsistencies between spelling and pronunciation in English that have plagued users ever since. These days, no such important change would go unnoticed. Linguists can now analyse huge collections. of text and transcribed speech and identify ongoing, patterns of change that in the past would not have ‘een visible for many years to come. Here are some Of the less ncticeable changes that are accurting in English right now:UNITT ©) VOCABULARY Desc: Read the sentences about language change below. Which words/phreses in bold tell the reader .. ? ‘You will write some numbers more than once. 2 the speed ofa change thata change is in progress how easy a change sto see about something thats decreasre ‘how big or important a change is that change i lng erm or permanent] about somethingthatisincreasng = CIO OO ‘These changes may have a “hugely significant. impact, but can go ‘entirely unnoticed while they are in progress. ‘There was “a steady shift towards more frequent use of the verb + -ing, and these forms are still ’on. the increase. ‘The use of continuous passive verb forms has also seen “a rapid rise. Stiff, formal words like shall and ought are "on the way out, bing changes b c 4 e t 8 The use of get passives has “grown substantially. b C= Write sentences about real changes in your world. Then compare your ideas with other students. 1. something that ison the way out in your culture 2 a place that has changed substantially in recent years 3 a problem thats on the increase 4 a fashion that has taken hold recently among the younger generation 5 a sublle change to a popular product ©) LISTENING AND GRAMMAR The perfect aspect 4 TEM Listen to four people commenting on the article in 2a and answer the questions. 1 What kind of language change does each speaker focus on? 2 What specific examples does each speaker give? b ly Are the kinds of change the speakers mentioned happening in your first language? ¢ QDIBER Name the underlined tenses in sentences 1-5 from the speakers’ comments. Match them with uses a-e. Then listen and check. 1 C7 Language has been changing much faster since people started using the Internet 2 C1) I mean, people have stonped using strict rules for punctuation 3 1] In about 50 years, most dilects of English wil have, died out. 4 [1 People had been taking photos of themselves hefore 2013, but they didn't have a single word fort 5 [The word wireless had had a completly diferent meaning itused to mean ‘adi’ an activity that continued prior to a definite poi in time in thepast a state that existed before spect pont in time in the past an action that was completed at an indefinite time inthe past ‘an activity that started inthe past and continues untit now ‘2 action that will be completes belore a definite point in time in the future 1d What do all perfect verb forms have in common? Choose the correct word to complete the rule. ‘Al perfect verb forms describe actions, states and processes inthe time period before aftera particular point in time, © UII Pronunciation Listen to the sentences in 4c again ‘and notice the pronunciation of the underlined words. ‘What kind of words are stressed? What kind of words are usually unstressed? { >> Now go to Grammar Focus 1B on p. 139. Talk about words in your own language. Think about: ‘© @word in common use now that hadn't been invented when you were a child ‘= a word that people have been using lot this year ‘2 word that will have fallen out of use in 20 years’ time 8 word that has changed its meaning@ What is unusual about the remarks in pictures 1-3? What would you expect the people to be saying instead? b Gl Read the fact file and discuss the questions, 11 What do you think each fact tells us about the speakers culture or environment? Or the way they think about the world? 2 Which language feature do you think isthe ‘host unusual? © Language in context Expressing meaning Read the dictionary definitions and complete the example sentences with the correct form of the highlighted words from the fact file. 1. to decide what the meaning of something is Its very hard to the animat’s behaviour 2 tonclice or understand the diference between ‘wo things 1 very cfficut to____ between the twins. 3 to show the difference between things The thing that ____ her from the others Is her taste in clothes. 4 toexplain something more clearly by showing, examples, pictures, etc. Why don't you include some stories to your paints? 5 toshow, point or make clear in another way ‘She shook her head to that! shouldn't speak, 6 toexpress a thought, feeling or idea so that it is understood by other people Her face. her feelings even it her words didn't 7 to represent an abstract quality or idea exactly We need a slogan that the philosophy of our business. JR What facts about your own first language would you add to the fact file? Think about: an area of mening where there are many more fo many fewer words than in English + an idiom that can't be translated into English ‘= grammar or vocabulary that might reflect the culture Explain your list to a partner. 1B Read the opinion below. Do you ‘agree with this opinion? Why / Why not? Discuss with your partner, giving reasons to support your answer. Language isthe main influence on how people view their wold. READING AND SPEAKING 7a aa ‘The OAM OF NEW GUINEA only ISRGUBK colours from one another using two words, ‘ane for dark colours and the other or ligt colours, leis beleved that the INUIT IN NORTHERN EANRDA have about 50 ifferent words for snow and about 40 ways to distinguish efferent kinds fice from one anther. ALBANIAN has27 diferent words for kinds f moustaches Posh, for example, means a ‘moustache that hangs down atthe ends, HAWAIIAN LANGUAGES have 108 words for sweet potato and 47 for banan Inthe NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGE HOPI, the verbs do not AiRFERHAE between past and present. instead, te forms ofits verbs EOAV how the speaker cameto know the information. {UG YIMITIRR, a language spoken in northeast Australa, doesnot have words for ‘eft/and ight as directions atl. Instead they use north south, eastand west When they want someone to turn while diving, they'l say, for example, Tuna litle bit west: Inthe language of THE MARQUESAN ISLANDS, directions are ESE with reference ‘to geographical features — which can make thera hort nD you don know ‘exactly where you are For example, a Marquesan might say that your bicycle is ‘downstream of the house or that you should Wak inland, then seaward to get to your destination. UNTRANSLATABLE ‘Most languages have unique wordsand idioms that are impossible to trarslate ‘vac. These words often embody the cuture ofthe people who speak the language, Some examples that illustrate this: ENGLISH: cosy = pleasantly warm and comfortable [GERKAN: fornwoh = a longing tobe somewhere faraway IAPRNESE: mono no eware=a gente sadnessat the impermanence of things [BUTEH: tween = walkingin windy weather for fun ‘GREEK: porea= a group offends who meet to shreideasand experiences ‘VILA (PRPUA NEW GUINEA): mokita=the ruth that eveyone knows but nobody talks about14 c EVERYDAY ENGLISH Something along those lines ——— LISTENING IB Discuss the questions. 1 Have you or someone you know warked with 3 colleague for long time? Who? How long? 2. What characterises a good working relationship? 1B Answer the questions about the picture. 1 Where do you think Sara and Alex work? 2. What do you think t 3 What do you think their conversation will be about? Why? tL ) Watch or listen to Part 1 and check your answers in 1b. How and why does Alex think Sara can help him? Language in context Irony and understatement 1 Match Sara's and Alex's comments a-d with situations 1-4 aL] fl ofthe oys of spring see! [5] Den sound so pleased o see me! tes not exactly good news i That be something ofa surprise 1 Sarais expecting the exact opposite to happen: 2 Alex notices that Sara's ereetng isnot enthusiast 3 Alex sees that Sara looks unhappy. 4 Sar has received a worrying message. Why do you think Sara and Alex don't say exactly what they mean? Do people do the same in your culture? Watch or listen to Part 2. What is the relationship between ... ? + Nadiaand Sara + ‘Sara and Oscar # Alexand Emma { HO) Pea ees one Answer the questions. Watch or listen to Part 2 again and check your answers. 1 What does Nadia want to tlk about? 2 Why does she mention Oscar? 3. What does Nadia want from Sara? 4. What does Alex suggest is Nadia's reason for speaking ta Sara? What help does Sara ask Alex for? What's Sara's impression of Emma? 1p Discuss the questions about Parts 1 and 2. 1 What da you know about the company Sara and Alex wok fr? Da you think Sara and Alex do similar jobs? 2 How do you think Sara feels 1d ofthis epsode? 3 What would be a suitable tte for this episode of the stony?UNITY USEFUL LANGUAGE Expressing yourself in an inexact way In informal conversations, we often express things in an inexact way. Read sentences 1-4. Which character said each one? Match the expressions in bold with their uses a-<, 1 Ly ‘please’ and ‘thank you! and stuf ike that 2 CF) Max whatshisname 2 LA sixauthors, give or take 4 Timm out of here, or words to that et 3. used to give an inexact amount b d ct used to report samieone’s words in an inexact way used when you can't rememiber someone's name exactly used to refer to things ofa similar type in an inexact way 'b Which three expressions in bold below could you use in 1-4 in 2a? Rewrite three ideas in 2a, Changing the word order if necessary. 1 There were somewhere in the region of 100 people. ‘Which two expressions can't you use in 2a? Why not? Match them to their uses: 2 Fused to refer to things of different kinds tb used when you can't remember 2 wornan’s name exactly © Rewrite these sentences using expressions from 2a and b. 1 William Shakespeare, who wrote Romeo and Juliet 2 went to the market and bought three items. 3 She told me to goaway, saying, ‘Please would you leave now?" 4 | know litle Polish ~ ‘helo’ ‘one to ten 5 I've been to 15 countries, oodbye", the numbers d ODIBIA Listen and compare your answers in 2c. ‘Are they the same? Practise different ways of saying Sound and spelling: ea, ee and ie a QUIBIA Listen to the words in the box. What sound do the letters in bold make? Is this sound always spelt with two letters? pleased meeting decent series b QUIRED The spellings 2a, ee and ie are not always pronounced with the vowel sound in 3a, Listen and put the words in this box in the correct column 2-6. cheerful bear research great friend — © QUE What sound do ea, ee and je have in the words in this box? Add them to the sound groups in 3b, Listen and check. Practise saying the words. learn Greek hear heard meaning meant increase steadily niece pierce idea break breakfast early pear career _meet Which is the only short sound in 3b? ———— 2 She sald something along those lines. 3 Whatshemame was late, 5 ust. ach sentence In. 2) aha. 4 | need some bits and pieces from the shop. 5 said I'd give thingy a i. SPEAKING PRONUNCIATION 5 a QUDEA Listen and answer the questions. 1 What experience does the speaker talk about? 2 The speaker says the full horror of the situation’ dawned (on her, What is she referring to? bb QUTEID Listen again and write down the expressions from 2a and b that you hear. © Work alone. Plan to talk about an experience you have had, and make notes. Decide what exact details you will give, and what you will mention in an inexact way. Here are some ideas: ‘2 time when you got to know someone new on a long Journey + 2 time when you travelled somewhere new on the spur of the moment + atime when you made an unplanned purchase ap Work with a partner. Take turns to talk about your experience. Use expressions from 2a and b to mention things in an inexact way. SAUTER Sa Ly a aU ae SOM Ra ea16 1D OG) SPEAKING AND LISTENING You're spot on there! SKILLS FOR WRITING Pea ee ns ry READING a lB Look at these borrowed words from English used in other languages. Why do you think they are used? (2p Write down some examples of English words that are commonly used in your language. Then discuss the questions. 1 What are the main topic areas of borrowed English words inyour language? 2 How do you / people in your country feel about adopted English words? na o € lp You wll hear a lnguist, Manvel Kingsley, talking about the dominance of English asa world language. What do you think he wil say about the following? 1 the numberof people that speak Ergsh 2 English as an easy guage to earn 3 the Latin language 4 Engl fect onthe diverstyof human lnguages 5 6 the only real disadvantage of the dominance of English English as a truly global language d QUIEA Listen and check. Make notes. Are there any points he makes that you find surprising? Read the posts on a web forum. Which two people agree with each other? bb Which post ...? + doyou agree with most, and why + do you think makes the most interesting point WRITING SKILLS Expressing opinions @ Which elements A-E are used by each writer in the web forum? A agreeing/disagreeing with a previous comment B ating @ new opinion on the topic © describing cultural trends to support an opinion D including personal experience to support an opinion E making a summarising statement bb Write the IRBITBBHEY phrases in the posts in the correct part ofthe table. Disagreement ue) That simply isn't tr, That makes a lt of sense. That's easy to say, but... | You've hit the nail on the head. How can you possibly | would go along with that think that? 5 That’ @ load of rubbish. i 2 3 ey cee Perens I've got mixed feelings You've gota point, but. about this. Ws true that... but 4 On the other hand, do fel . 6 © Look again at the RIRBIBHEER phrases for disagreement in the forum, Answer the questions. 1 What phrases do the witers use to sften the disagreement phrases? 2. Do you know any other words and ph se for softening Look at all the expressions in the table. Which ones are informal? Use a dictionary to help you. @ >> Now go to Writing Focus 1D on p. 169.Maxwell Kingsley makes the point that although English has become the dominant world eters ea et DEN a eee ed (BREESE hat theres bent tobe hac from a shared global language especialy the opportunity to travel and speak to other FLYING B people without constantly having olen other languages. On the other hand as people have std elsenhere, do el the dominance of English interferes with the uniqueness cf many languages, for example, the way wards are botrowed from English ‘The worldis made infinitely mare facinating by having a variety of cultures Diferent histories, cuisines, habits, siyles of communication. A huge part ofthis is our many unique languages and dialects, Using the Englch language by na means the ony thing that's ben undermining this uniqueness, but it clearly contbutes tot REPLY—> Fyou2sh ne, EEE veda aor Ghat pple po dn languages 99% ofthe tre Maryse gah wallangigs foriematoal commurkaton butas as Veantel that des have muchimpact nther cultural enti Watt people re onsarly Seombardd wth English slang and popular buszwords but they dort mater that much Most non-native speakers se English asl oo, but they dort use then they needa convey subi dtalsand diferences OMER RepLy—> | Ds speicEngsh ue but lute pant (and Portuguese) in everyday Ife, and, as far astm concen, MIMI eg talig over GABRIELA py ite. Weall now t's global language but sovha? Some language as tobe lgetaotoutebeng ole to tas ab ane gy lay ani ipso ee Wry soul? Ident que gether shout hee REPLY—> Iseemsto meal EY) BB here. Evenings des replace ther languages, 5 notthe end ofthe worlds theoppest nic, think that having one HARU —_ interatnallanguags is rest way cele unify the ead the human ce genera How cane tect autres to erp peace brmeen each other when they carundarstand each ether? Urique anges enolate those communities that are most elt be exoomicaly weak COurhethages ony hstory, anl history wl never ad can never bbemore important thanthe present the future REPLY—> UNITT 1 Compare Fiying B's and Gabriela’s posts. Whose comments are more formal and abstract, and whose are more informal and personal? How can you tell? Think about: + abstract nouns: ‘+ sentence lenath and structure + personal examples ‘© questions and ‘exclamation marks ‘+ collaquial expressions ‘first person @ What style of comment would you post on this forum: formal and abstract or informal and personal? Why? Writing Tp irdeto ond nn rumors * Choose a style and keep to it. It can be informal and ato tan bo ne orl et sexi, bat ts bet nts i rt es ag + Before you respond toa comment read i atl to take sre your response lve ‘© Even if you strongly disagree with someone, try not to bermpate WRITING Read the opinions below and tick (¥) the ones you agree with. © countries need to protect their language 1] _ ftom the influx of English words. 9 © the effect of English on other languages 2(]_ has been more positive than negative. 9 © ‘ctnternational English” used by 30] non-native speakers is destroying the English language. 9 © if you want to work for an international 4( company, you should learn English. 9 b Choose one of the opinions and start a discussion forum. Write a comment of about five or six sentences giving your point of view. © Share your post with another student. Read another student's post and add a comment. It can be a response or a further comment an the topic. d_ Respond to or comment on three other posts. @ Read the discussion forum that you started. Which ‘comment do you think is the most interesting?RCW CUN 1} @ GRAMMAR Correct seven mistakes with adverbials. Sometimes, more than one answer is possible. 1 Please slowly try to speak. 2 He willbe probably late 3 We do by hand our washing. 4 We will be living in June in Paris 5 She made me so loudly laugh, 6 Lin the end managed to get in touch. 7 You can compare easily the different brands. Choose the correct options. 1 | have never visited / never visit an English-speaking, county before. 2 ("ve been learning! I'm learning English for ages. 3 had been crossing! was crossing the road wien the car hit me. 4 | have wanted / wanted to give up at kept studying, 5 She has had! has her hair cut. Doesn't it look nice? 6 | had been studying/ was studying for five hours when you Bot fore, ® VOCABULARY Replace the words in itafics with an expression in the box beginning but acquire rusty brush up on get to grips with hhold a conversation immerse yourself in struggle with 1 Sally really used to have problems with phrasal verb 2 The best way ta learn isto fuly get to know the culture. 3. Vladimir is amazing: he can fatk wth anyone in English, 4. How do young children fearn their first language? 5. I'd better improve my French before the tip. 6 I can't understand the complexities of German grammar 7 Mum's Spanish must be worse than it was. Complete the words with the missing letters, Her popularity with teens has seen a r A rise Even as. .e change in his hairstyle gets comments. There has been a steady s 1 towards part-time work This wil not result in a L g change. Black jeans are on the y out The o. g changes are affecting productivity. Perhaps the benefits will not be p____e fora E} WORDPOWER Idioms: Body parts a QDIEZ Complete the idioms with the words in the box. Listen and check. shoulders hands toath nose tongue head neck 1 Mark obviously has a for business investment; he has never lost us any money yet 2 | walked across to the photographers, shouting and yelling. | completely test my 3. Colleagues regard Mika as a safe pair of who can be relied upon to step in when required 4 It may happen, but I certainly wouldn't stick my ‘ut and promise anything, 5 After five years’ training for this event, he's head and above the compettion, © had tobite my when my manager took credit for my work. 7 wil fight ‘and nail to prevent any scheme ‘which threatens local livelihoods. Match the idioms 1-7 in 3a with definitions a-g, a C1 takea risk b [1 try very hard to overcame opposition and get something you want (be good at finding a specific thing 4. E] sion yourself rom saying something © Close conta of your behaviour 1 E] someone other people trust to do a good job Ci] bea lt better than other ompetitors Complete the questions with the idioms in 3a. 1. In what stuations do you think ts important, out? 2 Who do you know who has. for something? 3. Who's an actor you think is above most others? 4. How do you react if someone you know loses in front of you? 5 What's something you would fight to prevent? 6 In what stuations do you think people should tongues? 7, Wha do you know who's a in an emergency? Discuss the questions in 3c. talk about learning a second language describe languages and how they change xpress myself in an inexact wayeS a NS De oe ec = Talk about plans, intentions and eres) Pre COE ay GOING TO EXTREMES GETTING STARTED a icture and answer the questions. b ay Discuss the questions.20 a b a b c | WOULD HAPPILY HAVE STAYED LONGER SPEAKING oO Listen to six sounds. Note down what you hear ‘and ask and answer the questions. 1. How often do you hear these sounds? Where? 2 How dees each sound make you feel? Communication 2A Now go to 9. 127. 1B Look at the photo, read the caption and discuss the questions. 1 What do you think an anechoic chamber is? 2 Do you think you'd like to go to one? Why / Why nol? Read about George Foy's visit to an anechoic chamber ‘on p. 21. Was it a positive experience overall? Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 Why did George begin his search? 2 What makes the anechoic chamber at Orfield so quiet? 3. Do mast people enjoy being in the anechoic chamber? Why / Why not? ‘4 What physical and mental effects can the anechoic ‘chamber cause in people? 5 Why was George concemed about going into the chamber? 6 What was George's fist reaction to being in the anechic chamber? 7. Did he enjoy all of his time in the chamber? Why / Why not? 8 What does George say people should do to deal with sensitivity to noise? Cover the text and try to remember why George mentioned these things. 1 the New York subway 4 his scalp 2 amonastery anda mine beating the record 3 his blood ew |B Do you think you could have lasted as long as George in the anechoic chamber? Why / Why not? 1 Language in context Sounds 1 Match the definitions below with the fijgfiliglited words in the text, 4. strange, mysterious and a bit frightening (adi) bb soloud you can't hear anything (ad) © to make a sound by repeatedly hitting something hard («) 4 to complain in a high, unpleasant voice (v) the sound an empty stomach makes (v) along, loud, deep noise (n.) 8 the sound of a heartbeat (n.) h the sound made by using only the breath to speak (n.) | units that measure loudness (n.) Te et es BU eC pelt Bee CLC antral cote tnd things you hear: You'll heat your erate Peres your stomach “REI loudly. n eee ees cee 2 Underline the adjectives in the article that describe these nouns: roar, whisper, thump. Learning Tip When you make a note of a new word, its a good idea to note down the collocation(s) as wel. You can also look in dictionaries for other collocations to add to your notes. 3 Notice the words noise and sound(s) in italics in the article. What words in the text form collacations with these nouns? What part of speech are they? Use a dictionary to help you. block out nal (v). a souret found («.)howd | I've been to the TT QUIETEST PLACE ON EARTH ‘My search started when | was in the New York subway. My children were whining, four trains came screaming into the station at once, and | put ‘my hands over my ears and cowered - the noise was desfening. In cities, the ever-present dull roar of planes, cars, machinery and voices ‘is afact oflife, There is no escape from it, nd | was beginning to be driven mad by it, needed to find a place where I could recapture a sense ‘of peace. The quieter this place was, the more relaxing it would be, | decided to go on a mission to discover whether absolute silence exists. travelled to. a monastery and a mine two kilometres underground ~ both ‘ery quiet, but nat the quietest places on Earth. The one place l was most ‘excited about visiting was the anechoic chamber at Orfeld Laboratories in Minnesota. This is a small room insulated with layers of concrete and steel to block ‘out exterior sources of noise and interally lined with buffers that absorb all sound. Even the floorisa suspended mesh to stop any sound ‘of footfalls. Ia soft whisper is measured at 20 decibels the anechoic ‘chambers one sixteenth of that The anechoic chamber is considerably ‘quieter than any other place on Earth. Ironically, far from being peaceful, ‘most people find its perfect quiet upsetting, Being deprived ofthe usual reassuring ambient sounds can create fear it explains why sensory deprivation isa form of torture. Astronauts do part oftheir training in ~anechoic chambers at NASA, so they can learn to cope with thessilence of space. The presence of sound means things are workingrit’s business as usual. When sound is absent, that signals malfunction. | had heard being Jinan anechoic chamber for longer than 15 minutes can cause extreme symptoms, from claustrophobia and nausea to panic attacks and aural hallucinations ~ you literally start hearing things. A violinist tried itand tammered on the door after a few seconds, demanding to be let out because he was o disturbed by the silence, | booked a 45-minute session ~no one had managed to stayin for that long before. felt apprelvensive for two reasons: would | go mad and tear Oey cffmy dothes? Or would simply be dsappointed it wast as enjoyable as idhoped? When the heavy door shut behind me, was plunged into darkness (lights can make anos) For the fst few seconds, being in such a quiet place felt ute peaceful, soothing fr my jangled nerves. | stained to hear something and hear. nothin, ‘Then, ater aminuteortwo, I ecarne aware of my own breathing. The sound became moe and more noticeable, so hed my breath. The dul thump of my heartbeat became apparent - nothing could do about thal As the minutes ticked by started to hear the blood rushing my veins Your ears become more sensitive asthe place gets quiets, and mine were going overtime. rowned and heard my scalp moving over ‘my sl which was fe, andastange, metallic saaping noecouldat explain. Was hallucinating? The feeling of peace was spoiled by alitle disappointment = tis place wast quit atl You's have tobe dee for absolute silence, Then! stopped being obsessed with my boty and beoan to enjoy Cid feel afd an came out only because my time wasup; | would happily have stayed longer in there. Everyone was impressed that Id beaten the recor, but having spent ofong searching for quiet. vas comfortable with the feting of absolute stillness. Afterward fete wonderful rested ad calm, The experience was nowhere near as — rn © GRAMMAR pariso bb Answer the questions about the sentences in 3a, Ze 1. Which sentences contain two comparative forms? Are the two qualities @ Cover the text. Complete the sentences with the in these sentences independent of or dependent on each other? words in the box. Then check your answers in 2. Which sentence describes something increasing progressively the text overtime? 3 Look at sentences 3 and 5. Which words inthe box below are possible considerably the (x2) and ineach gap? infinitely nowhere near nothing like slightly a good deal = 1. The quieter the room, hear ‘more things you quieter this place was, the more relaxing itwould be. 3. The anechoie chamber is. any other place on Earth 4 The sound fof my breathing] became more more noticeable The experience nas. hhad been led to believe. 6... you become noises of everyday life quieter than ss disturbing as | more accepting of the decidedly not nearly significantly © 5D Now go to Grammar Focus 2A on 1d 2m Think of a place or an event that you had a strong physical ‘or mental reaction to. Tell your partner. 1 Was this place aitferent from your expectations? Why / Why no 2. How did you fee? Did your feelings change the longer you stayed there? 3. Would you like to go back to this place? Why / Why not? The fst time [went fo «6 souna, it was considerably hoter thon I'd expected i to beUNIT2 LISTENING a (lg Discuss the questions. 1 Have you ever gone fara long period of time without speaking? Why? How did you communicate? 2. What are some reasons people choose not ta speak fora long period of time? b OLA Listen to the first part of Lena's story. Why did she decide to stop talking? © UZ Listen to Part 1 again. Summarise what Lena ‘says about these things. 1 the dinner party 3 aspititual vowof silence 2 her realisation 4 a public vowof silence What rules do you think Lena should make for herself for her vow of silence? What situations might be difficult? @ QAI Listen to Part 2. Does Lena mention any of your ideas from 4d? { QIAIA Listen to Part 2 again. What does Lena say ‘about these people? ‘= herself» the person in the café + her friend «the woman in the supermarket « her landlord How did she feel at the end of her experiment? 1 ip Discuss the questions. 1 What do you think ofthe experiment Lena did? Would you ty an experiment ike this? Wry / Why not? 2 re you surprised oy the reactions ofthe woman inthe Supermarket and her landlord? Why / Why not? VOCABULARY Multi-word verbs: social interaction 2 ©EZ Complete the sentences below with the correct particles in the box. Listen and check. down with to across out (x2) in off back about 1. Talking is @ way of fiting ____— y'know, a way of showing that we belong toa social group. 2 How would | come to other people? 3... people go into some kind of retreat to eut themselves from the outside world. 4... when sormeane held @ door open for me and a litle ‘thank you’ slipped 5 The most interesting thing was the way other people related ——___me 6 She bombarded me __ questions. 7 He always goeson_______ something when | go and see 8 He usually likes to run ___somne politician or other. often felt that my silence brought _ the best in people 10 often wanted fo, but | had to hold myself |b Copy the table into your notebook. Then write the multi-word verbs you completed in the sentences in 5a in the correct column of the table. ere | interaction in general ftir slip out ¢ ©TZM Pronunciation Listen to the phrase below. What sound connects with the beginning of across? How would | come across to other people? 4 QTEA Listen to these phrases from 5a again. Whereis there consonant-vowel linking? What ‘sounds are used? 1... cut themselves ff rom 2 and aie thank you’ slipped out 3 ges on about something 4. myslience brought out the best Practise saying the phrases with consonant-vowel linking. @ Gp Think of people you can deseribe using some of the mult-word verbs in Sa, Tel your partner. Someone you know wo «comes across wel onew peoce + telat to other people wel * en goes on about a problem hey nave {rigs out the test n you + leds a cl themselves ff fom the outs wold 1 sometimes bombards peop wih questions + thes trun down fous pool Learning Tip When you learn new muli-word verbs, thinking of personalised examples can help you remember the new vocabulary. You can record them in your vocabulary notebook. @ SPEAKING <=IR Read the ideas about communication. Give an example for each statement you think is true. 1 Communication isn't about what you say is about how you say it 2 Its not the sience that's uneasy — i's your own thoughts that fil the silence, 3. Sometimes taking about a problem only makes it worse, Goad listeners make good leaders, ‘5. People wha talk a lat often have the least valuable things to say.2 B I'LL BE JUMPING FROM 900 METRES (@) READING AND SPEAKING 2 (ll Look at the photo, read the introduction to the article below and look at the four headings A-D. What do you think the article will be about? 'b Complete the quiz about zero-gravity flights. Do you think sentences 1-8 are true or false? 1 Zero-araity fights were invented as part of the Russian Space Programme in the 1950s. 2 These flights take offal an angle of 1 degrees 3A zero-gravity flight typically goes as high as the stratosphere — about 20 kilometres above Earth 44 The flight causes your bady weight to change. 5 France, Russia and Switzerland offer zero-gravity flights The wonder of weightlessness: A short history of zero-gravity flight ave you ever looked at videos of astronauts with envy? All that weightless floating around looks like fun, doesn't it? Well, now you can do. it. Commercial flights which soar high enough for you to experience gravity-free movement are now available. The cabin on these flights is a lot like a well-padded yoga studio, and you take off lying down. Then, just as the plane whooshes to the top of its arc, you begin to float free. I's a bit like scuba diving, but a whole lot more fun. However, i's not @ cheap thrill ~ a ten-minute zero-gravity flight would cost you about £4,000 (but that does include breakfast and lunch). AHow did it all begin? Itall started in the 1950s when a team of scientists in the: USA began work on a secret programme — Operation Paperclip — to give the country a crucial advantage over their competitors in the space race, the Russians, who were also engaged in thelr own secret space programme at the time, The US scientists worked out that parabolic flight could simulate the kind of weightlessness their astronauts would feel in space. At that stage, before either country had managed to send someone into space, the scientists were keen to learn what kinds of nausea astronauts might suffer from and how sick it would make them, To begin with, most passengers on these flights were human beings, but since then all sorts of creatures have been sent into the sky. Cats once took a joyride to check their ability to right themselves in a weightless environment, ‘These days there are zero-gravity fight programmes in Canada, Ecuador, Russia and the USA. Europe also has a programme, operating in both France and Switzerland. All of these countries, except for Canada and Ecuador, now offer commercial fights. In fact, the European flight was used in the Tom Cruise film The Mummy, UR er Cmca) ad To Sena 6 Animals have been sent on zero-grawty fights 7. People on zero-gravity fights often suffer from nausea, 8 You can arink water on a zero-graviy flight IB Work in groups of four and compare your answers. ‘What else do you know about zero-gravity flights? In your group, each choose a different paragraph A-D in the article about zero-gravity flights. Which questions from the quiz in 1b does your paragraph answer? a = B How does it work? A zero-gravity flight begins with a bit of a bang. A normal commercial fight takes off at a maximum angle of 15 degrees, A zero-gravity flight zooms off at a 45-degree angle. Almost immediately, you begin to feel less gravity as you hurtle through the air. The flight follows the pattem of an inverted U, in other words, the shape of a parabola. This is why they're also known as ‘parabolic fights’ (see fig. 1 on p, 24). When the flight reaches the top of the parabola, it reduces the thrust of the engines and tips down, so that the plane goes into free fall. That's when passengers feel an absence of gravity and begin floating and whirling around the cabin. The plane plunges back towards land before pulling its nose up again. The pilet carries out a series of these rising and tipping manoeuvres, and the plane can reach a height of over 8.000 metres. Passengers, however, don’t feel the sensation of the plane going up and down. Gravity s stil working on the plane, but not the people iin t= they're usually just laughing and screaming and having fun! This goes on for seven or eight minutes ang then the pilot begins the descent on the downward curve of the flight parabola,Cinstant weight loss? 24 UNIT 2 So what exactly s weightlessness? Is itike a sudden ten-minute diet? Not at all. In fact, there are two ways of measuring weight. The fist way of measuring weight Is by the force your body exerts on physical objects such as bathroom scales. The second way of defining weight Is all about the way the force of gravity acts on your body — known as G-force. You only become ‘weightless! when gravity is taken away, bul that doesnt change the actual measure of your weight. On a zero-gravity flight, you experience the second kind of weightlessness. Your body {908s into a kind of free fall as you roll around in space. However. there isn’t a complete absence of gravity on a ze10-9ravily fight. One thing that often puzzles people is the fact that satelites maintain an orbit around the Earth even though the astronauts on board ere floating around ina gravity-ree environment. Why doesn't the satelite just whizz off into outer space? Well, there is stil a certain amount of gravitational pull an the setalte from Earth ~ it doesn totaly escape the pull of our planet. And satellites manage this because thelr horizontal speed is 50 fast. So, on a zero-gravity fight there's an absence of Gforce for ‘you, but thankiully, nt for the aircraft you're in. D What does it feel like? It's better not to expect the smooth ride of a large jet ‘engine plane. You can have a sensation of nausea on «a zero-gravty flight, Dut it tends to happen when you don't follow the rules about eating and drinking before the flight, During the first zero-gravity manoeuvre of the plane, you might struggle to lift your head and you could have the sensation that all your internal organs are being pulled to the floor — a bit like being on a roller coaster. Then you'll probably lose control of your limbs and your arms will o floating above your head and you're suddenly whirling around in space. I's tkely you'll be laughing out loud and perhaps tipping over and over like a pancake. If there's water on board, a large blob wil float by you. There's not much point tying to drink It— the blob will just slide across your face. But overall, a zero-gravity fight gives passengers an extraordinary sense of freedom — it’s as though you've been cul free from the world, and it's a sensation of complete elation. ‘Coming back dawn to Earth is without doubt a bit of a let-down and most people immediately say, "I want to go again!’ And, yes, while some people do feel sick, they almost never regret this experience of a ifetime, © Read your paragraph again and make notes. {Gp Tel each other about the paragraph you reed heck your answers to 1b, Language in context: Words and phrases with similar meaning. 1 Which words in the box are used instead of the words and phrases in italics in the sentences below? Check your answers in the article. ‘ree fall elation blob puzzles (v) joyride (n) right ()_ exerts 18 Cats once took a trip to check their ability to re-pasition themselves ina weightless environment. bb The frst way of measuring weit is by the force your body puts on physical objects. Asm 20 Manoeuvre time (seconds) 45° nose low 40 Your body goes into @ kind of out-of-control motion d_One thing that often confuses people isthe fact that ssateltes maintain an orbit around the Earth. e Ithere's water on board, a large mass wil float by you. fF .itfs as though you've been cut free from the world, and i's a sensation of complete happiness. 2 Why has the writer used the words in the box? Tick (¥) the reasons. The words are ... 1 more exact 1 simpler and easier to understand. mote descriotve mostly shorter 1) more concise Imagine you received a free ticket on a zero- gravity flight. Would you go? Why / why not?2) VOCABULARY \ of mover Look at these sentences and answer questions 1-4. ‘Commercial flights which soar high enough for you to experience gravity free movement are now avaiable bb Then, ust asthe plane whooshes to the top ofits arc, you begin to flat free, © Almost immediately, you begin to fee hurtle through the at A zero-gravity tlgit zooms off ata 45-degree angle The plane plunges back towards land Your body goes into a kind of free fall as you roll around in space. Why doesn't the satelite just whizz off into outer space? your arms will go floating above your head and you're suddenly whirling around in space, gravity as you The words in bold describe movement. Which verbs suggest ... ? 1 speed 3 acircular movement 2 the sound that the action makes. 4 a downward movement b >> Now go to Vocabulary Focus 2B on p ) LISTENING a QAI You are going to hear an interview with Ada, who is going base jumping. 1 Look atthe picture. What do base jumpers do? 2 What do you think Ada might say about base jumping? Note down a few ideas. «before the jump + after the jump | was afrald Listen and check your ideas. b @TZRM Answer the questions. Listen again and check 1 What do these numbers in the interview refer to? 2 10 © 900 € 2 » 300 25 + 30,000 2 What does Ada say about the risks of base jumping? © (2p Would you consider going base jumping? Why / Why not? 3 GRAMMAR ntions and ment: aol Both future forms in each pair below are possible. Which sentence did the speakers use, and ‘why? Listen and check. 1 a So, Ada, you're about to go base jumping, b So, Ada, youre going to go base jumping. 2. V'mdue to jump in about ten minutes. > 'm planning to jumpin about ten minutes 3.2 jump frorn about 900 metres. PM be jumping from about 300 metres. 4 V'mdefinitely going to do it again. 'm definitely doing it azain, b Q©ZRED Complete the sentences below with the words ‘Ada used. Listen and check. intention planning aiming thinking 1 Pmalso of tying a tandem jump sometime 2 There isa platform which sticks out over the cif, ‘and Pm —___to jump off that one. 3 tm 10 freefall for exacly 25 seconds. 4 You come here with th of having 2 great experience, and ... and that's what you do. © 3D Now go to Grammar Focus 2B on 9. 14 dl Prepare to talk about your plans for next year. Are you planning to do / thinking of doing ... ? ‘something you've never done before + something exciting or risky Think how you could use expressions from 4a and b. ep Tell the other students about your plans. Is anyone planning to do something you'd like to do? ) SPEAKING AND WRITING a lp Look at the photo of the mountain lake. Where do you think it is? Why might someone want to live there? b 5D Communication 28 Now go to p. 126 26 @ULISTENING a (ol Discuss the questions. 1. In your country, at what age do people usually...? = leave home ‘= rent or buy thei frst property 2 What are the pros and cons of living with... ? = teatives ‘= people you don't know ‘fiends your own age 3. What factors are important in making the decision to leave home? b GW Look at pictures a-c. What do you think the connection between them is? ¢ BROAD Watch or listen to Part 1 and check your answers in 1b. dd BR ODZED Watch or listen to Part 1 ‘again, Answer the questions. 1. What is Emma's problem? Why exactly is Max annoying her? \What has she dane about it so far? What is Alex's achice to Emma? 4 How do Emma and Alex feol about Max and hs book? 2 3 @ LAE Language in context Being tactful or frank 1 Match the halves of the expressions from Part 1. Listen and check Oi tes tke wating 1 tkeep dropping, Wh don you jst el 2 Dont heat around Theres lot tobe said for being the bush him straight, then? Cc hints, but ne doesn't seem to notice. d upfront about things ‘on eggshells hal the time, 2 Look at the expressions in 1. Which describe being tactful? Which describe being frank? WB Discuss the questions. 1. Do you think Emma is right to drop hints ther brother, or should she stop beating around the bush and tel him straight? 2. Have you ever had the experience of guests who outstayed their welcome? What happened? EVERYDAY ENGLISH ee Don’t get so wound up about it ———— ean eee Pn Sa foie) © PRONUNCIATION Emphatic stress a QIZZAD Listen to the sentences below. Underline the main stress in the word groups in bold, 1 Max is due back soon. 2 He's getting on my nerves. 3 ‘Isn't it about time you asked him to leave? 4 Did you say his name is Max? Which word in @ word group normally has the main stress? Complete the rule The first/ last word tha ‘the main stress, ries meaning in each word group usually has b ‘Sometimes main stress does not follow the rule. Listen and underline the main stress in the word groups in bold. 1 He's not stil sleeping on the sofa, is he? 2 Weis the guy who wiote Solar Wind, 3. You mean its him! 4 Your brother isthe Max Redwood! © Look at 2b again and answer these questions. 1 Why don't the phrases in 2b fllow the rule? 2 What does Alex mean when he says ‘the Max Redwood’? 1 Emphasising different words in @ word group changes the meaning, Match sentences 1-6 with their meanings a-e. Practise saying the sentences with the correct main stress. 1 [7 Aexas read Max's book, 4] Alex tas read Maxs book 2 [J Alexhas read Max book. 5 [] Alex has read Max's book 3. Alex has read Max's book. The speaker is teling us: 2 What Alex nas done with Max's book vwhase book Alex has read who has read Max's book that Alex has read Max's book, not his letter, email or blog that we are wrong to believe Alex hasr't read Max's book, =m Look at this sentence with the main stress in three different places. Work in pairs. Create a short conversation for each sentence. Then practise your conversation. Uleive you a ring later. give you a ring later, Ml give yous ring later.LISTENING a (lp Look at picture d. Who do you think says these sentences, Emma or Max? 1 can think about any ofthat right now. 2 There's nothing ese to say about Soar Wind 3 Don't get so wound up about it 4 It only an interview. 5 just go far far away, take a vow of silence, ve on a desert isiand somewhere b MM OLED Watch or listen to Part 2 and check your answers in 3a. ¢ BM OLED Watch or listen to Part 2 again. Answer the questions. 1. Why does Emma think it wouldn't be a problem for Max to move out now? 2 What advantages does Emma mention for Max ithe buys hs own place? 3. How does Emma suggest Max prepare forthe rai interview? 4, How does Max fel about Emma istening to his interview? 5 Why does Max sugaest hell take a vow of silence? Discuss the questions. 11 How would you feel about doing a live radio interview? 2 What are the worst things that could happen? "USEFUL LANGUAGE Giving advice | a Answer the questions. 1 Is the farmer's advice in picture e appropriate for the situation? Why / Why not? 2 What would you expect the farmer to say if train ‘was coming? 3. In what other situations might you use the advice in picture e? b OED Match 1-7 with a-g to make sentences from Parts 1 and 2. Listen and check, 1 DJ tsntit aout a welt 2 Cy there's atottobesaid => ‘time you asked him to leave? 3 El Have you thought about © avea think about what you coud the possibilty say tonight 4 Cl mmientbe in 6. a finding your avn place ve? 5 You might want to © for being upfront about things. 6 C1 Dont get so {wound up about it. . 7 OC You 2 Your interests to invest some of itn propery © Which two expressions in bold in 4b sound more polite and formal? d Complete the advice with the expressions in 4b. might bea good dea to move. a 2 lp Look at the pairs of sentences from two conversations. Which conversation is more formal? What do you think the Context for each is? Conversation 1 Isnt about time you were upfront about? 'b Don't beat around the bush! Conversation 2 4. Itmight bein your interests to contact a solicitor. 1b Have you thought about the possibilty Cf charging the terms? Jp Workin pairs. Use your ideas in 4e to have two conversations. 1 You to read up about the company bette your interven 2 Haveyou wotking overseas? 3 Theres having your on car 4 You wa sland gta eter one 5 might bein keep on good terms wth the cect peSHEAKING SAUTER Sa Ly >> Communication 2¢ Work in pairs. Student p. 127. Student B: Go to p. 131, CHECK YOUR PROGRESS SOM Ra ea