Information and Media Literacy say.

COMMUNICATION
- is a natural and inespecable fact of life 3. Publicity model
- is from the Latin term “communicare”, which means “to share” or” to divide out”. It may - It involves audiences rather than participants or information receivers (mcquail, 2005).
also be thought to originate from another Latin word “communis”, which roughly means Attention is important because it measure of how successful the communication is
“working together” transpired.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS 4. Reception model

1. Transmission models - Communication as an open process, which means that messages sent and received are
- “who says what to whom, through what medium, and with what effect” open to various interpretations based on context and culture of the receiver. In other words
> Laswell’s CM - is relatively straightforward and tells you that communication there might be various single statement is communicated
originates from someone and their message flows through a channel. Either sound waves or > Osgood-Schramm CM – if there is communality there is communication
light waves, and that someone on the other end receives the messages with a
corresponding effect.

Note: MODELS HELP YOU UNDERSTAND HOW THINGS ARE BECAUSE OF HOW THEY
ILLUSTRATE RELATIONSHIPS OF COMPONENTS
> Shannon- Weaver CM -incorporates the concept of noise that refers to anything
that interferes with the message. Mechanical look of communication MEDIA
- what is mediate means? The base word of this term media. Like communication, media
have been defined in several ways by different sources.
- is the plural form of medium

CATEGORIES OF MEDIA

2. Ritual or expressive model

- communication happens due to the need of share of understanding and emotions. An
example would be when you use certain symbolisms or euphemisms to indirectly refer to
certain things, but you are sure that your audience still understands what you are trying to
 Media and Information Literacy – refers to the essential competencies (knowledge, skills
and attitude) that allow citizens to engage with media & other information providers
effectively & develop critical thinking and lifelong learning skills for socializing & becoming
INFORMATION active citizens.
- is a broad term that can cover data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or “A literate community is a dynamic community, one that exchanges ideas and engages in
instruction, signals or symbols. debate: illiteracy, however is an obstacle to a better quality of life and can even breed
- media serves as a source and a channel for relaying information. Information is the content exclusion and Violence: - UNESCO

Big idea!
that you share during communication.
- thus, the ubiquity of communication, media and information makes it imperative for you The world you live in is fast paced, thus, change is inevitable. Communication, media and
to be skilled in the access and the use of this… information are ubiquitous and related ability to discern them to increases your likelihood
to succeed in your personal and professional lives.
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF MEDIA
MODULE 2: Traditional vs. New Media
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.1018 (1976) – refers to the print medium of communication
which includes all newspapers, periodicals, magazines, journals and publications and all
advertising therein, and billboards, neon signs and the like, and the broadcast medium of
communication which includes radio and television broadcasting in all their aspects and all
other cinematographic or radio promotions and advertising.

Marshall Mcluhan – “’Society is driven by changes in media & communication technology”

MEDIA AND GOVERNMENT

Normative Theories of the Press
> Authoritarian - all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite,
Terms to Understand authorities, or influential bureaucrats.
Media Literacy – the ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a - controlling the media is necessary to protect and prevent the people from
variety of media forms. national threats through any form of communication
Infromation Literacy – the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, - the government has all the rights to restricts/censor any sensitive issues
evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various from press to maintain peace and security in the nation.
formats.
Technology – the ability to use digital technology, communicationtools or networks to > Soviet Media - the government undertakes or controls the total media and
locate, evaluate, use, and create information. communication to serve working classes and their interest.
 - government media provides positive thoughts to create a strong socialized questions
society as well as providing information, education, entertainment, Objective – statement that is completely Subjective – related to condition by mental
motivation, and mobilization true and factual; universally agreed upon; states or the ego, proceeding from taking
demoting the case of an object as place within the thinking subject.
transparent as it is; can’t be judge; reliable;
> Libertarian - liberalism means info is knowledge and knowledge is power unbiased
- is free from any authority or any control or censorship and is an idea of Historical – mostly accurate; consumers of Current- up-to-date; producing info;
individualism and limited government which is not harmful to another. info; can’t be copyright publication date
> Social Responsibility - should be reached by self-control, not government intervention. Scholarly – came from experts; analyse Popular – time magazine; use to entertain
- media has obligations to society, media ownership is a public trust. finding of others; academic purposes
- media should follow agreed codes of ethics & professional conduct. Primary sources - Are first-hand accounts Secondary Sources - use primary sources to
or original records of events created at the synthesize, analyze, and interpret historical
time of study. They are from the time events. Secondary sources are not
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA period involved and have not been filtered evidence, but rather commentary on and
through any interpretation or commentary. discussion of evidence; they are generally
1. Inform citizens of what is happening (monitoring function)
They are the materials that allow second hand accounts of an historical
2. Educate the audience (meaning and significance of facts)
researchers to get an inside view of what event.
3. Provide a flatform for public discourse
was happening at that point in time.
4. “Watchdog” role of journalism
5. Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints Stable - Unstable -

MODULE 3: Information Literacy

Information Literacy - the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, MODULE 4: Types of Media
evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various
formats. TYPES OF MEDIA
5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY > Print Media - materials that are written and physically distributed
The information literate person can: > Broadcast Media - only media that can be transmitted; light and sound waves
> Identify > Film/Cinema - media that is impressionable cathartic/ purifying effect to its audience
> Find > Video Games (Digital Games)
> Evaluate > New Media - digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way communication and
> Apply involve some form of computing
> Acknowledge
* Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites) through which
TYPOLOGY OF INFORMATION people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc.

Factual – usually brief, gives indisputable Analytical– analyses and interprets facts to
answers to specific questions form an opinion or come to a conclusion; Mass Media - refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in
addresses and discuss “”why and how’’ the some way, shape or form to large numbers of people
 irrelevant or unproved evidence distorts and oversimplify evidence shows internal
Media Effects - are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does. inconsistency after examining facts
> Third Party Theory - people think they are more immune to media influence than others.
> Reciprocal Effect - when a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the
person acts or the way the event functions. Media coverage often increases self-
consciousness, which affects our actions. It’s similar to the way that we change behavior
when we know certain people are around and may be watching us. • MODULE 5: Media and Information
> Boomerang Effect – refers to media-influenced change that is counter to the desired
change Digital Citizenship - is the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use
> Cultivation Theory – states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our - a holistic and positive approach to helping children learn how
social reality by giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world. to be safe and secure, as well as smart and effective
participants in a digital world.
>>MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board) is the
government agency responsible for rating television programs and films in the
Philippines

> Agenda-setting Theory - Theory- the process whereby the mass media determine what we
think and worry about. Public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head,
created by media

Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky )

- The model tries to understand how the population is manipulated, and how the
social, economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through
Netiquette - set of rules for behaving properly online
propaganda.
- respecting other users’ views and displaying common courtesy when
posting your views to online discussion groups
Understanding Propaganda in the Digital World
The Core Rules of Etiquette
• Propaganda - ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are
Rule 1: Remember the Human - practice the Golden Rule. Remember, your written
spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. Information,
words are read by real people, all deserving of respectful communication. Before
especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or
you press "send" or "submit," ask yourself, "Would I be okay with this if someone
point of view, especially false information, that a government or organization
else had written it?"
spreads in order to influence people’s opinions and beliefs. Propaganda manipulates
and diverts you from logical analysis of issues. Propaganda hides the truth. By Rule 2: Adhere to the Same Standards of Behavior Online that you follow in Real
understanding propaganda, you will be able to protect yourself from deceitful Life - You should do your best to act within the laws and ethical manners of society
tactics. Attacks a person instead of a principle or issue suppresses evidence that whenever you inhabit "cyberspace." Would you behave rudely to someone face-to-
does not support its cause relies on emotion instead of logical evidence introduces face? On most occasions, no. Neither should you behave this way in the virtual
world.
 artistic works. Republic act 8293 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PH
Rule 3: Know Where you are in Cyberspace - Netiquette varies from domain to > Patent – an exclusive right granted for an invention, provides the patent owner with the
domain." Depending on where you are in the virtual world, the same written right to decide how or whether the invention can be used by others.
communication can be acceptable in one area, where it might be considered > Trademarks – a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from
inappropriate in another. those of other enterprise.
> Industrial Design – constitues the ornamental or aesthetic of an article, may consist of
Rule 4: Respect Other People’s Time and Bandwidth - consider the time to read and time in
three dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or two dimensional
which to respond.
features, such as patterns.

Rule 5: Make Yourself Look Good Online - Always check for spelling and grammar errors.
> Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin - signs used on goods that have a
Know what you're talking about and state it clearly. Be pleasant and polite
specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are
essentially attributable to that place of origin, most commonly includes the name of the
Rule 6: Share Expert Knowledge - sharing information
place of origin of the goods.

Rule 7: Help Keep Flame Wars under Control - Flaming is what people do when they
Fair Use - means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain
express a strongly held opinion without holding back any emotion."
purposes. These include: Commentary, Criticism, Reporting, Research, and Teaching
Guidelines for Fair Use
Rule 8: Respect Other People’s Privacy - Depending on what you are reading in the virtual
world, be it an online class discussion forum, Facebook page, or an email, you may be  A majority of the content you create must be your own.
exposed to some private or personal information that needs to be handled with care.
 Give credit to the copyright holder.
Rule 9: Don’t Abuse Your Powers - knowing more than others do or having more power  Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.
than others may have does not give you the right to take advantage of anyone.
Creative Commons – is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the
Rule 10: Be forgiving of Other People’s Mistakes - practice kindness and forgiveness as you range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share.
would hope someone would do if you had committed the same offense. If it's a minor
"offense," you might want to let it slide. If you feel compelled to respond to a mistake, do so
in a private email rather than a public forum. Plagiarism - the act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to
that person; the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as
one's own.
Digital Footprint – is a trail of data you create while using the internet.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: SOURCES NOT CITED
Intellectual Property – refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and
artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce; property is 1. “The Ghost Writer”
protected in law.  The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own.

Types of Intellectual Property 2. “The Photocopy”

> Copyright – a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have their literary and
  The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without  The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations
alteration. appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!

5. “The Perfect Crime”

 The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to
paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.
3. “The Potluck Paper”
IMAGES, VIDEOS, AND MUSIC
 The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make
Without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation, the following
them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.
are considered plagiarism:
4. “The Poor Disguise”
• Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own
 The writer has altered the paper’s entrance slightly by changing key words and papers or websites.
phrases.
• Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part
5. “The Labor of Laziness”

 The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and of the soundtrack.
make it all fit together.

6. “The Self-Stealer” • Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover).

 The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work. • Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

1. “The Forgotten Footnote”

 The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific
information on the location of the material referenced.

2. “The Misinformer”

 The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it

impossible to find them.

3. “The Too-Perfect Paraphrase”

 The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text
that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.

4. “The Resourceful Citer”