DENDROLOGY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Abortion - Suppression of parts usually present

Acaulescent - Becoming stemless or seemingly so
Accrecent - Increasing in length or thickness eq. the calyx of some plants in fruit
Accumbent - Lying against, as the cotyledons (in some cruciferae) with their edges
against the radicle
Achene - A small dry fruit, not splitting when ripe, and containing a single seed, as in
clemantis and Compositae.
Acicular - Very narrow, stiff, and pointed
Actinomorphic - Applied to flowers which may be bisected in more than one vertical
plane
Acuminate - Long tapering, attenuated
Adaxial - The side of face next the axis
Adnate - United with a member of another body or series, eg. the ovary and calyx tub
Adventitious buds - Those produced elsewhere than in the axils of the leaves of the
extremity of the branch
Aestivation - The manner in which the sepals and petals are arranged in bud
Alternate - Applied to leaves, inserted at different levels along the branch as distinct from
opposite
Amentiferous - Bearing catkins
Anastomosis - Union of one vein with another, the connection forming a network
Anemophilous - Wind - pollinated
Anisophyllous - The two leaves of a pair of different size or shape
Annular - Used of any organs arranged in a circle
Anther - The part of the stamen which contains the pollen usually divided into two
pouches or cells
Anthesis - In the time when the flower is expanded
Axil - The angle between the leaf and the branch
Axis - Of inflorescence, that part of the stem or branch on which the individual flowers are
borne
Drupe - A stone fruit such as plum, cherry
Embryo - The rudimentary plant still enclosed in the seed, consisting of a radicle from the
end of which the root will develop, the cotyledons (one, two, rarely more) which
become the earliest leaves, and the plumule, the bud from which the stem and
more leaves develop
Endemic - Confined to a region or country and not native anywhere else
Endocarp - The innermost layer of pericarp
Endosperm - The nutritive material (meaty, oily, fleshy or homy) stored within the seed,
and often surrounding the embryo (formerly called albumen)
Epigynous - When the sepals, petals and stamens are apparently above the ovary
Epiphyte - A plant which grows on another plant but without deriving nourishment from it,
not parasitic as some ferns and orchids growing on trees
Exocarp - The outer layer of the pericarp
Facultative - Occasional or incidental, as opposed to essential or necessary
Fascicle - A cluster of flowers, leaves, and etc., arising from the same point
Follicle - A pod consisting of a single carpel opening usually only along the inner (i. e.
central) suture to which the seeds are attached
Fruiticose (Frutescent) - Having the characteristics of a shrub
Funicle - A little cord which attaches the ovule to the placenta
Fusiform - Spindle - shaped, thick but tapering toward each end
Glabrous - Devoid of hairs
Glaucous - a pale bluish green or with a pale bloom
Gynoecium - Pistil, the female part of a flower, consisting when complete of ovaries,
styles and stigmas
Hermaphrodite - Having stamens and pistil in the same flower
Hilum - The scar left on the seed where it was attached to funicle
Indehiscent - Not opening when ripe
Indusium - A cup covering the stigma
Inferior - of a calyx which is below the ovary, the latter being then superior, of an ovary
which appears to be below the calyx the latter being adherent to the ovary and
superior
Inflorescence - The arrangement of flowers of a plant.
Infructescence - The inflorescence in the fruiting stage
Involucre - A number of bracts surrounding the base of a flower
Irregular - Flowers, those in which the parts of calyx or corolla are of dissimilar size or
shape, including:
1. Asymmetric - Flowers which cannot be divided into two equal halves in any
vertical plane
2. Zygomorphic - Flowers which are bilaterally symmetric and may be bisected in
only one vertical plane
Legume - The fruit- pod of the order leguminosae, consisting of single carpel, usually
opening round the margin along both sutures into two halves
Lenticels - Corky spot on the bark
Ligule - The thin membranous appendage at the top of the leaf sheath of grasses.
Mericarp - One of the separate haves or parts of a fruit
Mesocarp - When the walls of a pericarp consist of three different layers, the middle one
is the mesocarp; it is often fleshy and succulent.
Micropyle - The minute opening in the ovule through which the pollen tube enters

DENDRO 2
Monoecious - When the male and female flowers are separated but borne on the same
plant
Monocotyledon - A plant having a single cotyledon, or seed leaf
Net veined - When the smaller veins are connected like the meshes of a net
Node - The point on the stem or branch at which a leaf branch is borne
Nut - Properly a one- seeded indehiscent fruit with a hard dry pericarp
Ovary- That part of a pistil (the usually enlarged base) which contains the ovules and
eventually becomes the fruit
Ovule - The immature seed in the ovary before fertilization
Palmate - Divided into segment like the palm of the hand
Panicle - An inflorescence in which the axis is divided into branches bearing several
flowers
Pedicel - The stalk of each individual flower or inflorescence
Peduncle - The general name for a flower-bearing stalk either solitary flower or a cluster,
or the common stalks (rachis or axis) of several pedicellate or sessile flowers
Peltate - At a leaf of which the stalk is attached to its undersurface instead of to its edge
Perianth - The floral envelopes, consisting of calyx or corolla or both
Pericarp - The wall of the ripened ovary, its layers maybe fused into one, or more or less
divisible into exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp
Perigynous - When the sepals, petals and stamens are carried up around the ovary, but
not attached to it
Petiole - The stalk of a leaf, stalk of a leaflet
Phyllode - A flattened petiole or leaf rachis taking on the form and functions of a leaf
Pinnule - The secondary or tertiary division of a leaf which is twice or thrice pinnate
Pistil - See gynoecium
Placenta - The part of the ovary, sometimes but not always thickened or raised to which
ovules are attached
Pod - A dry dehiscent fruit including (1) a legume, formed of a single carpel
(Leguminosae), and (2) A silique which is two- celled, divided by a thin partition
(cruciferae)
Pubescent - Covered with a short, soft hairs
Raceme - An inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on pedicels along an individual
axis or peduncle
Receptacle (torus) - The extremity of the peduncle or pedicel of which the parts of the
flower sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are inserted
Reticulate - Net-veined, when the smallest vein of a leaf are connected together like the
meshes of a net
Rachis - The principal axis of an inflorescence; the common petiole on which the leaflets
of a compound leaf are inserted

DENDRO 3
Rhizome - A root-stock or root- like stem prostate on or under the ground sending rootlets
downward and branches, leaves or flowering shoot upwards, always distinguished
from the roots by the presence of buds, leaves or scales
Samara - An indehiscent one-seeded fruit provided with a wing
Sessile - Without a stalk
Sheath - In grasses, the lower portion of the leaf clasping the stem
Silique - A pod divided into two cells by thin partition, opening by two valves which fall
away from a frame on which the seeds are borne
Simple - The opposite of compound, simple leaf of one blade, not divided into leaflets,
simple fruit is one which results from the ripening of a single carpel or ovary
Spadix - A flower spike with a fleshy or thickened axis
Spathe - A large bract enclosing a spadix or two or more bracts enclosing a flower cluster
Spike - An inflorescence with the flowers sessile along simple undivided axis or rachis
Spine - A sharp- pointed hardened structure
Stigma - The point or surface of the pistil which receives the pollen, either sessile (when
there is no style) or on the top or surface of the style or its branches
Stipe - The stalk supporting a carpel or gynoecium
Stipules - Leaf-like or scale-like appendages of a leaf, usually at the base of the petiole
Stolon - A runner with roots
Stoma or Stomata - Breathing pores in the epidermis
Style - The narrow upper part of the ovary supporting the stigma
Suture - The line of junction or seam of union, commonly used as line of opening of a
carpel
Testa - The outer coat of a seed

DENDRO 4
What is Dendrology?

Dendrology is a branch of forestry which deals with the study of trees and other woody
plants including their classification, nomenclature, identification, morphology,
anatomy, phenology, geographic distribution and economic importance.
Tree is a perennial plant attaining of at least 6 meters in height or a man's height with a
single woody self-supporting trunk which is usually unbranched for some distance
above ground.
Classification is a division of taxonomy which treats the botanical arrangement of plants
into groups in accordance with their relationship.

Different Kinds of Classification

1. Artificial classification - use of habit and importance to man as character
2. Mechanical classification - use of one or few selected characters to a group of taxa
3. Natural classification - use of as many characters as possible to group taxa
- use as of now
4. Phylogenetic classification - use of many characters as possible plus phylogenetic
evolutionary interpretation
Nomenclature is the naming of plants, animals, and other objects, or group of plants,
animals, or objects including their correct names, synonyms, and rules of
nomenclature.
ICBN - International Code of Botanical Classification
The Common name is the name of a plant given and accepted by tribe, region, or nation
speaking a common language. Such names are learned from childhood and
handed down from generation to another.

Factors influencing the selection of Common Names:

1. Habitat or the particular location where the plants normally grow e. g. Dungon late
2. Some distinctive features of the plant e.g. Prickly narra
3. Locality or region where the species is usually found e.g. Benguet pine
4. Uses of the species e.g. Paper mulberry
5. In commemoration to a person in authority e.g. Vidal's Lanutan
6. Adaptation from other languages e.g. Agoho (Spanish)
7. Similarity to other species e.g. Malaalmaciga
8. The genetic name as common name e.g. Acacia from Acacia auriculiformis
9. The specific epithet as common name e.g. Mangium from Acacia mangium

Advantages of Common Names

1. It is easy to memorize and understand.
2. They are on the language known by the people.
3. They are used by people in general and also in commerce.

Disadvantages of Common Names

1. They change in different countries, places and languages
2. The same common name is used for different species in different places countries
and languages.

DENDRO 5
3. Many species do not have their own district common names.
4. There are no codes or rules governing common names
5. Many common names are not exact.

The Scientific name of a species is a binomial nomenclature consisting of the generic

name and specific epithet or species that is accepted throughout the world.

Advantages of the Scientific Names

1. They are used universally
2. They are distinct and clearer than common names
3. They are the names used in books, floras, manuals and other technical
publication.

Disadvantages of Scientific Names

1. Difficult to spell and pronounce.
2. Only used and appreciated by technical men and botanist.
3. Difficult to remember since they are made up of two words.
4. Some species have two valid scientific names, the prior name and its synonym.

Identification is the allocation or assignment of names of a particular species. It includes

pertinent taxa, useful differentiating characters of these taxa and the taxon/
characters themselves.

What are different methods of Plant Identification?

1. Expert determination
2. Comparison of unknown specimen with named specimen on books, floras, keys,
illustration, etc.
3. Use of herbarium
Herbarium- Herbarium specimen plant materials which have been properly
collected, dried, pressed, mounted and labeled
Curator - e.g. to librarian
- person in charge in Herbarium
4. Used of Key
Keys are devices consisting of series of contrasting statements which lead to the
identification of the species.

Different Morphological Characteristics that are Useful in tree Identification

1. Leaf arrangement: opposite, alternate, spiral, whorl, decussate
2. Leaf composition: simple leaf, compound leaf; pinnate jugate, palmately compound
3. Leaf surfaces: glabrous, pubescent, scabrous, glaucous, coriaceous,
membranous, glandular
4. Leaf shape: aciculate, linear, oblong, lanceolate, ovate, obviate, cordate, falcate
5. Leaf margin: repand, revolute, sinuate, crenate, entire, dentate, lobed, parted
6. Leaf base: cuneate, acute, obtuse, rounded, truncate, chordate, rounded,
sheathing
7. Leaf apex: acuminate, acute, obtuse, rounded, truncate, emarginate, mucronate,
cuspidate, caudate

DENDRO 6
8. Leaf venation: parallel, netted, palmately veined
9. Stem form: cylindrical, tapering, angular, fluted, latticed
10. Bark pattern: smooth, fissured, flaky, scrolled, dimpled, pocked-marked, thorny,
lenticellate
11. Crown shape; conical, umbrella, uninterrupted, interrupted
12. Buttresses: rounded, steep, flank, flying, elbow
13. Roots: aerial, pneumatophores, stilt, knee
14. Habit: tree, shrub, herb, vines, lianas

What is a plant family?

Family - assemblage of minor group of plants all of which have certain characteristics in
common. Family name is formed by adding "aceae" to the stem type or genus.
Plant families which do not ends in aceae and their synonym names
Palmae Arecaceae
Graminae Poaceae
Labiatae Lammiaceae
Compositae Asteraceae
Cruciferae Brassicaceae
Guttiferae Clusiaceae
Umbelliferae Ammiaceae

Genus - a principal category of taxon intermediate in rank between family and species
whose characteristics are common among them, such characters being secondary
in nature as compared to those used to delimit the family.

Type of genus
1. Monotypic or monotype - represented by one species.
2. Polytypic or polytype - represented by two or more species.

Species - perennial succession of individuals perpetuated by generation. Collection of

individual similar in character that they suggest a common parentage and will
produce offspring not different from their parent
Gymnosperms - are plant that bear cone and have naked ovules.

Some Gymnosperms Families in the Philippines

Podocarpaceae - erect, glabrous, non-resinous trees or shrubs, coriaceous, acicular or
scale like leaves. Fruit usually drupe-like or cone like
Araucariaceae - resinous trees, leaves either resembling normal leaves coriaceous large
or small or scale like or acicular.
Pinaceae - resinous tree or shrubs, mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire, or scale -like
leaves; bark usually flaky; fruit a cone.
Cuppressaceae - resinous prostate shrub or trees; leaves decussate or 3-verticullate
mostly scale like or acicular.
Angiosperm - are plants that bear true flowers and ovule developed in an enclosed ovary

DENDRO 7
Two Sub-division of Angiosperm.
Monocot
Characteristics:
- with one cotyledon which develops underground;
- primary roots of short duration usually replaced by adventitious roots;
- vascular bundle distributed throughout the stem;
- leaf venation parallel;
- mostly herbaceous which forms bulb, tuber or rhizomes.

Some Monocot Families in the Philippines

Palmae - leaves palmately compound divided, rarely simple forming crown at the top;
stem stouts or slender; primary roots disappearing and replaced by roots from the
base of the stem.
Pandanaceae - trees or shrubs; trunk and branches often emitting aerial roots; leaves in
4-rows usually spirally arranged and crowded toward the apex; mostly spinose on
the margin and kneel.
Graminae - annual or perennial herbs or plants; stems erect ascending or prostrate or
creeping; culms cylindrical, jointed usually hollow in the internodes, closed at the
nodes.

Dicots
Characteristics of the Dicot Families
- with two cotyledons
- primary roots often persistent and becoming strong tap root with secondary
roots
- either herbaceous or woody
- vascular bundle separate or fused, forming a ring around a central pith
- netted leaf venation

Dicotyledons Families are further Sub-divided into:

I. Amentiferae-catkin bearing plants
II. Floriferae-non-catkin bearing plants(flower-bearing)

Sub-division of Floriferae Families

Apetalae - flowers without petals
Casuarinaceae Moraceae
Fagaceae Sterculiaceae
Nyctagenaceae Euphorbiaceae
Myristicaceae Lauraceae
Urticaceae Sapindaceae
Polypetalae - flowers with several petals that are separated from each other
Dipterocarpaceae Rhizophoraceae
Rosaceae Myrtaceae
Lecythidaceae Rutaceae
Guttiferae Bombacaceae

DENDRO 8
 Olacaceae Malvaceae
Burseraceae Mimosaceae
Caesalpiniaceae Anacardiaceae
Lythraceae Meliaceae
Dilleniaceae
Sympetalae - petals more or less united to form lobed, funnel shaped corolla.
Ebenaceae Myrsinaceae
Fabaceae Apocynaceae
Verbenaceae Rubiaceae

The Scientific Naming of Plants

The part of systematic botany that deals with the giving of names to plants is
known as Nomenclature. It is distinct from identification and classification.
By means of identification we build up the groups of plant that form our
classification. It is only afterwards, when they are already established that we give these
groups names.

Purpose of a Name
 as an easy means of reference
 as an aid to communication
 as an aid in the flow of information
 to avoid the use of descriptive phrase
 every time we wish to refer to an object
Forms of Scientific Names
It must be in Latin, or treated as such even if derived from other language.
Why in Latin?
1. Common language of learned men in Europe where science of botany originated
and developed.
2. Dead language

Name of Genera - singular noun and is written with capital initial letter. Generic name
occurs only once in the plant kingdom.
Name of Species - combination of generic name and the specific epithet.
Binomial Nomenclature
Referring to species name - generic name and the specific epithet, known binomial
system
1. It provides a summary of affinities which acts as an aid to memory.
2. Enable us to make inferences about plants unknown to us.
3. Facilitates talking about groups of species that have certain features in common.

Citation of Authorities
The author of a name is the person who validly published that name.

DENDRO 9
 His name is not part of the botanical name but is added for purposes of precision
He has the authority for that name.

Classification Precedes Naming

After completing the classification and is sure he has attained the best possible
systematic arrangement of plant he is classifying, does he begin to be concerned with as
certaining the correct name for the group.

Problems in naming living Organisms

1. Differences of opinion in taxonomy
There is no precise definition of taxonomic rank. It depends only on taxonomist
interpretation based on available data.
2. Knowledge on plant is continually increasing. New information is incorporated.
Definition (circumscription) of taxonomic units depends upon the extent of knowledge
and the taxonomist’s interpretation of it.
Examples:
1. Three distinct species may now be considered to represent only one.
2. A taxonomic unit may later be split up into more than one equivalent group -
Desmodium - (Codariocalyx, Dendrolobium, Phyllodium, Tadehagi).
Nomenclature of living organisms must try to accommodate the fact that
things to which it acquire names are constantly liable to change.
Things classified are unstable and the system is dynamic, while
nomenclature to be of used must be stable and static.
Three Ways by which Name Widely Known May Come To Require Changing
1. Nomenclature reasons
2. Taxonomic reasons
3. Misidentification

The ICBN attempts to lay down certain provisions in giving scientific name to
plants.

The 4 Operative Principles of ICBN

1. Publication a) Effective
b) Valid
2. Typification or Type Method
3. Priority
4. Legitimacy
Correct
Legitimate
Valid synonym
Effective illegitimate
Publication invalid
Ineffective
I. Publication - check back and see exactly what plant is and the original manner
the author had in mind when he gave the name to the plant.

DENDRO 10
 ICBN requires that names must be published in order to have any standing
in scientific naming of the plant.

Publication Requires Fulfillment of Two Conditions

1. Effective publication
2. Valid publication

Effective Publication
A name must be published in printed matter which is made available
(placed on sale, offered in exchange, gifts) to the public or at least generally
distributed to places in which botanical research is carried out.
Ex. Proper books or recognized scientific periodicals
Not permitted and no standing in botanical science are manuscripts
duplicate sheets, trade catalogues, newspapers and micro films since they are not
easily accessible to media.

Valid Publication
A name must be accompanied by a description of the plant to which it is
applied, or at least by a reference to a previously effectively published description.
Since January 1, 1935, validating description of higher plant must be in
Latin. The author of a plant name is the person who first validly published that
name. The citation if followed by the date where it was validly published.

II. Typification or Type Method

This is the process of indicating or designing a type ICBN required that
application of botanical name be determined by means of nomenclatural type.

Significance of Type Method

1. To secure the maximum stability and fixity of nomenclature compatible with
the changeable and dynamic nature of taxonomic type.
2. Decides the application of name when one taxon is divided / split into two
or more, or when circumscription of a taxon is widened so as to include two
or more already named taxa.
A name is permanently attached to its nomenclatural type. The type of a
name is the element in which the description validating the publication of that
name was based.
The type of the name of a species is the herbarium specimen from which
the original description validating the name was drawn up.
The type of the name of a genus is the species on which the original
description validating that name was based.
The type of the name of a family or taxon of higher rank is the genus on
which the original description validating the name was based.
Example: herbarium specimen Kalanchoe
Alyssum montanum Alyssum L.
Saxifraga L. Saxifragaceae Juss.

DENDRO 11
III. Priority
When two or more taxa are combined into one.
When two or more names complete for the same taxon, in general, the
oldest one is correct- that is the first validly published one.
Principles of priority apply to all names of taxa up to the rank of family.

Priority of Epithets and Generic Transfer

Taxa of the rank of species and below, epithet have priority, and the correct
name is provided by a combination of the oldest available epithet with the correct
generic name.
Example: Cucumis chrysocamus Schumach (1827)
Raphidiocystis welwitshii Hook (1871)
Raphidiocystis chrysocamus (Schum.) Hook 1962

Limitation of Priority
1. Principles of priority not enforced for names of taxa above rank of family.
2. Names of taxa of rank of family and below, priority are restricted to within
the rank concerned.
3. Names of taxa of varietal rank cannot compete with names of taxa of
specific rank.
4. Starting point date - previous to which no name is considered to have been
validly published.
For flowering plants the date is May 1, 1753, date of publication of
the first edition of Linneaus Species Plantarum - foundation of modern
nomenclature.
5. Conserve names - Principles of priority does not apply.

IV. Legitimacy
In terms of ICBN, legitimacy means available for purposes of priority,

Two kinds of Validly Published Names

1. Legitimate names
2. Illegitimate names
Legitimate name - validly published name that is in accordance with the
provisions of the code such that it must be taken into consideration for
purposes of priority.
Illegitimate name - one that is not so in accordance, and when priority is being
established, it must be ignored
Illegitimate names must always be rejected and they can never be the
correct name of taxa.
Example: later homonyms
Synonyms - different names for the same thing. According to principle of priority
only one can be correct in general the oldest one.

DENDRO 12
 Significance of Synonyms
1. It is a key to information about the species.
2. Establishment of synonym represents a synthesize of knowledge about the
plant.

Homonym - same name applied to different things.

1. Names spelt in an identical manner, but based on different types.
2. Confusion would result if such names had widespread usage.
ICBN rules that of two or more homonyms, only the oldest are legitimate,
and later homonyms are illegitimate.
Example: Bunge name a species of genus Virburnum fragrans in 1831,
unfortunately he overlooked the fact that earlier in 1824 Loiseleur
had published that name Virburnum fragrans based on different
type of specimen for a different species of the genus.
Virburnum fragrans Bunge (1831) is a later homonym of V. fragrans
Loiseleur (1834) and as such is illegitimate and must be rejected.
Bunge species must therefore be known by the next oldest validly
published name which is legitimate, and this happen to be V. farreri Stearn (1966)
Bunge species is basionym of V. farreri Stearn (1966)

Illegitimate Names:
1. Homonyms - same names applied to different species based as different type.
2. Basionym - older name rejected for the new combination.
3. Tautonym - specific epithet repeats generic name.
4. Synonym - a rejected name due to misapplication or difference in taxonomic
judgment.
5. Illegitimate name - validly published name but contrary to one or more articles
of the code.
6. Alternative name - names, two or more, published at same time by the same
author for the same taxon.
7. Conserved name - a validly published name that, by decision of an
International Botanical Congress, shall be used in spite of being contrary to the
rules.
8. Correct name - that must under the rules be adopted for a taxon, with a
particular rank, position and circumscription.
9. Scientific name - composed of a generic name and a specific epithet, or a
single correct name for a higher taxon.
10. Nomenclatural synonym (Homotypic synonym) - different names based on
same type.
11. Taxonomic synonym (Heterotypic synonym) - different names based on
different type, but taxonomic judgment indicated identity equal to previously
described taxon.
12. Holotype - the one specimen or other element designated by the author as the
nomenclatural type.
13. Lectotype - a specimen or other element selected from original material to
serve as nomenclatural type.

DENDRO 13
 14. Topotype - a specimen of a named taxon collected later from the original
locality.
Double Citation - indicates that there has been a change either in taxonomic
positions or in taxonomic rank.
Taxonomic position of hollyhock - Malva rosear L. Cavanilles decided that it
belonged to a distinct genus Althea.
Malva rosea L.
Althea rosea (L) Cav.
Other Examples:
Triticum repens L.
Agropyron repens (L) Beauv.
Magnolia insignis Wall. 1824
Magnolia insignis wall. Bl. 1827
Taxonomic Rank
Populus alba var. canescens Aiton - 1789
P. canescens (Aiton) Smith - 1804
Primula veris L. var. elatior L.
P. elatior (L) Hill
Misidentification - it sometimes happen that a plant which has become well
known under a certain name is later found to have been misidentified.
It has been wrongly named, and has become known by a name which
really applies to different plants.

ICNCP International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

Botanical Intra Specific Categories and Cultivars

Botanical varieties - intraspecific (specific) categories that occur in natural population or
contain distinct population
Cultivated varieties or cultivars - do not occur in natural population. They exist in
artificial stands controlled by man; they are maintained solely by cultivation.
Cultivars May Originate as:
1. Sports in the Wild, example Dona Aurora from Mussaenda philippica.
2. Natural hybrids taken into cultivation.
3. Originated in cultivation as spontaneous or induced sports, or as spontaneous or
Artificial hybrid

Biological Nature of Cultivars

1. Clones - vegetatively reproduced assemblage of individuals.
Ex. fruit trees, woody ornamentals, crops
2. Seeds - sexually reproduced assemblage of individuals maintained true to type by
selection.
Ex. Ft hybrids.The hybrids is reconstituted each year from its parent stocks.

DENDRO 14
 Cultivar names are written with a capital letter preceded by abbreviations CV
(cultivar) or are placed in single inverted commas.
They may be used after generic, specific or common names.Ex. Citrullus lanatus
CV Sugar Baby; Citrullus CV.Sugar Baby or watermelon CV Sugar Baby.

General Rule Governing Cultivar Names

1. New cultivar names must now be' fancy' names in modern languages and not
Latin names, previous to January 1,1959, such Latin names could be given, many
of course are still in use.
New cultivar after said date are no longer given Latin names, only exceptions are
names of botanical taxa reduced to cultivar rank.
2. If the botanical name of the plant to which they belong is changed to cultivar
names,it must remain unchanged.
"Blue Diadem" cornflowerr retains its name regardless of whether the
species is called botanically Centaurea cyanus or Cyaus segetum.
3. It is not permitted for two or more cultivars in the same genus to bear the same
name,even if they belong to different species.
Cultivar "Lilac Queen" a variety of Primula malacoides could not be used
as cultivar of Primula vulgaris.
Exception: when distinct crops are involved.
Ex. Cabbage "Favourite" and Cauliflower "Favourite", although they both
belong to the genusic Brassica.
4. New cultivar name must now be the same as botanical or common name of a
genus or common name of a species.
Ex. Popular "Eucalyptus" or Camellia "Rose" although names of such previous
to Jan. 1, 1959 are still in use.
5. Cultivar names must be published by the distribution of printer or duplicated matter
dated at least to the year.
For New Cultivar names published after Jan. 1, 1959, a description is also
required, it may be given in any language.
6. It is recommended that cultivar names be registered with a recognized registration
authority which undertakes to keep a list of culivars for the plants concerned.
Registration authorities may either act internationally or nationally. Registration is a
precaution against the duplication, misuse of fraudulent usage of cultivars names.

Registration Authorities for Cultivar Names

a. Royal Horticultural Society - act as the international registration authority for the
genus Ilium.
b. American Rose Society - for cultivars of genus Rosa.
c. National Institute of Agric., Botany - British National registration authority for
cultivars of field crops including potato.

DENDRO 15
Name of Sexual Hybrids
1. Hybrids between species of same genus.
Example: Digitalis purpurea X D.lutea
2. When hybrids are given distinct name X sign between generic name and specific
epithet is placed.
Example: V. X shiedeanum V lychnites X V. nigrum
G. X intermedium G. urbaum X G. ricole

3. Hybrids between species from two genera, the two generic names combined into a
formula or hybrid name.
Example: Asplenum X Phyllites or X Aspleno - Phyllites
Raphanus X Brassica or X Raphano - Brassica
4. Hybrids involving species from two or more genera.
Example: X Sanderara (Brassica X Cochlioda X Odontoglossum)
Preceded by X and ending in Ara

Names of Graft Hybrids or Chimera ICNCP

Plant originating from graft union - consists of tissues instead of X.
Examples: + Laburnocytissus ademili - This is graft hybrids Cystissues
purpureu Labumum anagyroides
Syringa + Correlata - maded up of a species and a
sexual hybrid (Syringa X
Chinensis + S; vulgaris)

SOME FACTS AND FIGURES PERTAINING TO PLANT DIVERSITY

* The Philippines is the 23rd most plant rich country in the world and the 7th in the
Asian Region.
* There are about 8,000 species of flowering plants in the Philippines. One out of
eight of these is an orchid and nine out of ten species of these can be found only
in our country.
* 22 out of 1,524 genera of Philippine plants are endemic to the country. Most of
these are monotypic, i.e. consisting of only one species. These are either rare or
insufficiently known (Madulid, 1991).
* Only 6 out of the 33 species (18%) of gymnosperms are endemic to the country
(Zamora & Co., 1986), In contrast, around 70% endemism is recorded for
bamboos (Merrill, 1923).
* The Philippines ranks 9th among the 10 botanical "hotspot" areas in the tropics
(Myres, 1988). Hotspots are areas with high species endemism and are expecting
rapid rates of habitat modification or loss. The 10 areas cover 292,000 sq. km. or
0.2% of the Earth's land surface and comprise 3.5 % of the remaining primary
forest, and harbour 27% of all tropical forest species and 13% of all plant species
worldwide.

DENDRO 16
* It is estimated that the extinction rate during 1600-1900 is one species every 4
years. Today, it is approximated at one species per day. By the year 2000, it is
feared that the extinction rate will be one species per hour (Myers, 1978).
* LANDSAT imagery surveys in 1972 -1976 showed that only 60,119 sq. km. of full
canopy forest remain (FAO- UNEP, 1981).
* The rate of forest conversion to other land uses is 3000 sq. km. per year (Myers,
1980)
* The mangrove forest declines by 50 sq. km. per year. In 1988, only 814 sq. km.
remain undisturbed (IUCN, 1992).
* There are 60 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in the Philippines covering a
total land area of 1.3 million hectares. Only ten of these are larger than ten
hectares, and only 7 parks qualify to the IUCN standards (Ffarm, 1987).
* Palawan has at least 1500 species of flowering plants. At least 225 species (15%)
are endemic to the island. A more conservative estimate of 5% endemism is
provided by the Flora Malesiana research project.
* Rafflesia manillana, a rare parasitic flowering plant, has never been recollected in
Mt. Makiling since 1970. It has very fragile reproductive biology.

DIPTEROCARP AND NON-DIPTEROCARP FOREST SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES*

DIPTEROCARP FOREST

The dipterocarp forest is the principal Indo- Malayan tropical rainforest formation. It
is one of the world's three main tropical rainforests which also include the tropical
American and the African rainforest. These tropical rainforest are characterized by several
layers of vegetation and multiplicity of tree species. The dipterocarp forest is not a pure
stand tree species belonging to the family Dipterocarpaceae but rather a mix forest
consisting of species of various families with the dipterocarp as dominant components.
According to Syrnington (1942) and Meijer and Wood (1964), the dipterocarp were
fully developed during the Tertiary, 15 to 17 million years ago, and it is likely that they
already existed during the Cretaceous, 80 to 140 million years ago. To explain their
present distribution, it is reasonable to infer that the territories now separated by water
were once together or linked by land bridges; dipterocarps are not adapted for
dissemination over long distances by wind or water. Theories, on the evolution and
geographical distribution of the dipterocarps are very closely tied with the geologic history
ot the dipterocarp territories and the discovery of the dipterocarp and related fossils.
In Malaysia, 10 genera with 386 species occur predominantly in the humid on
seasonal areas, absent only from the seasonal area encompassing the Lesser Sunda
Island east of Sumbawa as far as the Tenimber Island.
Three of the 10 genera are endemic in Malaysia viz, the Monotypic genus Upuna
in Borneo, Neobalanocarpus in Malaya (and Pattani adjoining Kelantan in N. Malaya), and
the genus Dryobalanops (7 species) on the Sunda shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, malaya); the 7
others Malaysia shares with continental Asia, and Ceylon(except Anisoptera and
Parashorea), A further three are endemic to Southern India. Ceylon and Seychelles.
Four genera range widely through Malaysia and also have species ( mostly few) in
East Malaysia (Celebes, Moluccas, and New Guinea), viz., Anisoptera (11 species, 10 in

DENDRO 17
Malaysia), Vatica (65 species, 55 in Malaysia), Hopea ( 102 species, 84 in Malaysia), and
Shorea ( 194 species, 163 in Malaysia).
Of the remaining three, Cotylelobium ( 6 species, 3 in Malaysia) is known in
Malaysia only from the Sunda shelf islands, while Dipterocarpus ( 69 species, 53 or 54 in
Malesia and Parashorea (14 species, 10 in Malaysia) occur on the Sunda shelf islands,
and also in the Philippines.
Some of the Malaysian genera formerly had in the tertiary a wider distribution, e.g,
Dryobalanops occurred in West java and Southern India, Dipterocarpus in N.E Africa and
Anisoptera (now only from Chittagong and Burma southeastwards) in India (Asthon,
1982).
The Philippine dipterocarps are mostly medium to large sized trees, unbranched to
a considered height and usually attain a height of 40 to 65 meters in diameter at breast
height (dbh) or diameter above buttress (dab) of 60 to 150 centimeters. A few unusually
large trees have been found to attain dbh or dab as large as 300 cetimeters. their boles
are generally straight and regular (Whitford, 1911; Tamesis and Aguilar, 1951).
As of 1984, the dipterocarp type forest comprises the bulk of the country's timber
resources, accounting for 84.2 percent or 805.20 million cubic meters of the total volume
of standing trees in the public forest estimated at 955.73 million cubic meters. Of the
10,765,279 hectares of forested lands under the Bureau of Forest Development (BFD)
jurisdiction, 8,136,762 hectares are productive dipterocarp forests and 1,421,812 hectares
are unproductive / protection dipterocarp forests. Of the 6.51 million hectares of
commercial forest lands in the country, 95.3 percent are vegetated by young and old
growth dipterocarp forests (BFD, 1984).
In terms of economic importance, the family Dipterocarpaceae produces the
greatest bulk of commercial wood in the country sold worldwide under the trade name "
Philippine Mahogany". Dipterocarp timber constitutes the bulk of our country's log exports
and wood for domestic building construction and infrastructure development.
The apitong (Dipterocarpus) resin balau is used for the manufacture of varnish,
lacquers and thinners. Dipterocarp woods are also used as poles and piles and in the
manufacture of veneer and plywood, pulp and paper, hardboards, furniture and turned
wood products, boats, crates and boxes, and wooden shoes.
Extractives from wood of some dipterocarps like palosapis (Anisoptera thurifera
ssp. thurifera), yakal (Shorea astylosa), and white lauan (S. contorta) have tumor
inhibiting activity (Robillos, 1976).

DENDRO 18
 List of Selected Terms Pertaining to the Morphology of Flowering Plants

PLANT HABIT

Herbs - the stem soft containing very little woody tissue drying to the ground at the end of
growing season.
a. annual - completing the life cycle (vegetative and reproductive phases) in one year
or less- corn, soybean.
b. biennial - plants that complete their life cycle in two growing seasons - carrots,
crucifers, bulb- formers.
c. perennial - plants that continues to live for many years with intervals of vegetative
and reproductive phases.

Shrubs - the stem woody with several branches without a main trunk.
Trees - the stem woody, usually with a single main trunk producing branches at about 3-4
meters above ground.
Climbers - the stem either woody or herbaceous, thin and slender, clinging to adjacent
objects for support.

BUDS

Kinds of Buds
Dormant - suppressed and inactive, usually because of cold, dry, or other physiological
reasons - Kalanchoe leaf.
Adventitious - growing from roots or leaves or in unusual places such as internodes or
stem.

Leaf, Flower and Mixed

a. leaf buds - those that contain vegetative shoots.
b. flower buds - those that contain unfolded flower or flowers.
c. mixed buds - those that contain unfolded flowers and leaves.

Position of Buds
a. terminal - at the end of shoot terminating the seasons growth.
b. axillary - growing the leaf axils.
c. accessory - growing by the side of axillary bud.

Kinds of Roots
a. tap root - a main root, extension of radicle of embryo, growing downward from
which branch roots arise.
woody tap root - Leucaena
fleshy tap root - radish, yam bean
b. fascicled roots - several tuberous roots arranged in a cluster from the base of
stem, approximately equal in size - Chlorophytum, cassava.
c. fibrous roots - a number of slender roots arranged in a cluster from the base or
from nodes of stem.

DENDRO 19
d. adventitious roots - growing from vegetative cuttings, nodes internodes, hypocotyl
and oldest roots.

Modified Roots
Pneumatophore: respiratory root, arising vertically from underground root e.g.
Rhizophora, coconut
For Support: Brace root - pandan, corn
For Storage: Cassava, sweet potato, carrot, radish yam bean
Photosynthetic root - Taeniophyllum

STEM

Node - region of stem from which a leaf, leaves, or branches arise.

Internode - part of stem between two successive nodes.

Stem Structural Types

a. Bulb - a short, erect, underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves - onion,
garlic, amaryllids.
b. Bulbel - a small bulb produced from base of larger bulb.
c. Bulbil - a small bulb or bulb like body produced on above- ground parts - Agave,
onion
d. Bulblet - a small bulb, irrespective of origin.
e. Caudex - a short, thick, vertical or branched perennial stem usually subterranean
or at ground level, also referring to the woody base of perennial plant.
f. Cladode (phylloclad) - a stem having the appearance and function of leaf - some
Acacia species, Muhlenbeckia.
g. Com - enlarged, solid, fleshy base of stem with scales; and upright underground
storage stem, Musa, Aroids, gladiolus.
h. Cormel - small corm produced at base of parent corm.
i. Culm - stems of grasses and sedges.
j. Pachycauly - short, thick frequently succulent stem - Caetus
k. Rhizome - a horizontally flattened underground stem - Ginger
l. Rootstock - a term applied to miscellaneous typed of underground stem or parts.
m. Runner - horizontally cylindrical underground stem - Imperata (Cogon), arrow root,
Sansiviera.
n. Stolon - above ground prostrate stem, rooting at nodes with buds, forming new
plants - Strawberry, Bermuda grass, kulape
o. Scape - a naked flowering stem with or without scale leaves arising from
underground stem- Amaryllids
p. Sucker - a shoot arising below ground or from an old stem, usually fast growing
and adventitious - Banana, pineapple, some palms
q. Tendril - long, slender coiling branch adapted for climbing - Cucurbits, Passiflora,
Antiginin, grape.
r. Thorn - a sharp-pointed branch -Citrus
s. Tiller - a grass shoot produced from base of stem, of mother plant
t. Tuber - a thick storage stem usually not upright - Potato
u. Underground Stolon - elongated, underground propagative stem with long
internodes forming a bulb or tuber at the tip - Muther

DENDRO 20
 LEAF

Leaf Parts
a. Blade or Lamina - flat expanded portion of leaf or leaflet.
b. Leaflet - a distinct and separate segment of a compound leaf.
c. Ligule - an outgrowth or projection between the sheath and the blade as in
grasses.
d. Midrib - the central conducting and supporting structure of the blade of a leaf or
leaflet.
e. Veins - network arising from the midrib.
f. Petiole - leaf stalk,
1. sessile - lacking of a petiole
2. phyllode - a flattened petiole or leaf rachis taking on the form and functions
of a leaf
g. Petiolule - stalk of leaflet.
h. Pulvinus - swollen base of a petiole or petiolule.
i. Rachis - main axis of a pinnately compound leaf.
j. Sheath - tubular portion of the leaf surrounding the stem or culm, as in grasses.
k. Stipels - paired scales, spines, or glands at base of petiolule.
l. Stipules - paired scales, spines, glands, or blade like structure at base of petiole.
1. Interpetiolar - two stipules lying between the petiole of opposite (or
whorled) leaves alternating them - Rhizophoraceae, Loganiaceae,
Rubiaceae.
2. Ochreate (or Ocrea) - stipules forming a hollow tube encircling the stem
from the node to a certain height of internode - Polygonaceae.
3. Hoodlike Stipule - stipule forming a cap, enclosing and protecting the
terminal leaf bud, and falling after expansion of the leaf blades leaving ring-
shaped scar- Ficus, Artocarpus

Leaf Texture
Succulent - Soft and fleshy, usually thick.
Coriaceous - leathery, thick and tough.
Chartaceous - parchment - like.
Membranaceous - thin, translucent, like fine membrane.
Scarious - thin and dry, neither green or transparent.
Hyaline - thin and transparent or translucent.

Leaf Surfaces
Glabrous - without hairs.
Glaucus - covered with a whitish waxy and powdery substance.
Visid - sticky, usually from glandular hairs.

Pubescence
a. Hirsute or Hispid - with stiff or bristly hairs,
b. Pilose - with soft, long, shaggy hairs,
c. Pubescent - with short, soft, hairs.
d. Scabrous - with short, stiff, hair or scales, rough to touch.

DENDRO 21
e. Stellate - with hairs having radiating branches; star-like
f. Tomentose - densely woolly, matted hairs.
g. Villous - with long short straight hairs, not matted.

INFLORESCENCES

Pedicel, Puduncle and Rachis

Pedicel - the stalk of each individual flower of an inflorescence,
Peduncle - the stalk bearing an inflorescence or a solitary flower.
Rachis - the central axis of an inflorescence.

Bract, Involucre and Spathe

Bract- a small modified leaf subtending a flower or flower stalk.
a. Bracteole - a small bract on the pedicel, or lose under the flower.
b. Ebracteate - without bracts.
Involucre - a number of bracts surrounding the base of a flower-head, a cyme
umbel - the involucre of a partial umbel or cyme.
Involucel Spathe - a conspicuous bract surrounding a flower - cluster a spadix.

Kinds of Inflorescences
1. Racemose (centripetal or indeterminate) - with the oldest flowers at the base and
the progressively younger ones toward to tip, or from the circumference toward the
centre.
a. Raceme - an elongated inflorescence along the axis of which are simple
pedicels or more or less equal length.
b. Spike - an elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are
sessile or subsessile flowers.
c. Catkin or Ament - rather loose term, typically a pendulous spike bearing
apetalous or naked, unisexual flowers. The distinction between a catkin
and a spike is sometimes not very clear.
d. Spadix - a densely flowering spike with a fleshy and thickened axis a large
subtending or enclosing spathe.
e. Corymb - a more or less flat - topped raceme in which the pedicels of the
lower (or older) flowers are longer than those of the upper (or younger)
flowers.
2. Cymose (centrifugal or determinate) - the first (or oldest) flower to open is at the tip
and the later) or younger) flowers appear progressively lower down on the axis.
(Cymose inflorescences are extremely common among tropical plants).
a. Cyme - a broad, more or less flat-topped inflorescence with central flowers
blooming first. A rather loose term.
b. Bichasium - a cyme with two lateral axes.
a. simple dichasium - a three flowered unit consisting of a terminal and
two lateral flowers, The terminal flower opens first.
i.e. Jasminum, Psidium

DENDRO 22
 b. compound dichasium - a repetition of simple dichasia on a lateral
pair of branches.
c. Monochasium - a cyme with one of the two lateral axes developed.
a. simple monochasium - a two-flowered unit consisting of a terminal
and a lateral flower. The terminal flower opens first.
b. compound monochasium - a repetition of simple monochasium on
the lateral branches.
bostryx or helicoid cyme - a monochasium in which succesive
pedicels spirally coiled around the vertical axis.
cincinnus or scorpioid cyme - a monochasium in which succesive
pedicels appear alternately to one side and the other along
one side of the axis, the whole inflorescence often coiling
downward (e.g. Heliotropium).
3. Racemose and / or Cymose
a. Head or Capitulum - a round or flat-topped inflorescence with a cluster of
sessile flowers, comparable either to a spike with a very short, discoid axis,
or to a compact compound dichasium. Most heads show a progression of
blooming from the outside towards the center, therefore, is racemose in
nature.
b. Umbel - several branches arising from a common point at the summit of the
peduncle, are terminated either by single flower (hence simple umbel), or
by secondary umbels (hence compound umbel). Most umbels, like, heads,
are racemose in nature.
c. Panicle - a loose term referring to an elongated inflorescence with a central
axis along which are simple or branched racemes (or spikes) or are cymes.
d. Thryse - variously defined; according to Rickett, a compact panicle or more
or less cylindrical form.

FLOWERS

Receptacle - the expansion at the top of pedicels that bears the floral organs.
a. torus - generally referring to the cone-shaped receptacle.
b. hypanthium - generally referring to the cup-shaped receptacle.

Major Flower Parts

1. Calyx - the collection of sepals that enclose the flower organs in the bud.
a. Sepals - one of the separate parts of a calyx.
b. Calyx - lobe - one of the free parts of the calyx (of which the sepals are
usually united).
c. Perianth - (i) collective term for both the calyx and corolla; or (ii) when the
distinction between sepals and petals is not clear: or (iii) only a single layer
of envelope, usually the calyx, is present.
2. Corolla - the collection of petals inside the calyx and forming the showy part of the
flower.

DENDRO 23
 a. Petals - one of the free parts of the corolla.
b. Corolla - lobe- one of the free parts of the corolla (of which the petals are
usually joined.)
c. Tepals - one of the free parts of the perianth only when the distinction
between the sepals and petals is not clear.
3. Androecium - the collective term for the stamens.
a. Stamen - the pollen-bearing organ of the flower; generally consisting of an
anther (the portion which contains the pollen grains) and a filament (the
narrow portion which supports the anther).
b. Staminode - an abortive stamen: usually the filaments only, sometimes
reduced to a scale or nestary.
4. Gynoecium (or pistil) - the central organ of the flower, composed of one or more
(free or united) carpels.
Carpel - a megasporchyll, a foliar, ovule-bearing unit of a simple, gynoecium (e.g.
of the Leguminosae); two or more of these foliar and ovule-bearing units
combine and form a compound gynoecium (e.g. of the Malvaceae).
a. Stigma - the pollen receptive part as the top, simple or lobed or branched,
often hairy or viscid.
b. Style - the narrow column below the stigma.
c. Ovary - the enlarged portion; usually bottle- shaped which contains one or
more ovules inside. The ovary may be either composed of one or two to
many fused carpels.

Complete and Incomplete Flowers

Complete flower - when the four major flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens and
gynocecium are all present.
Incomplete flower - when one or more of these major parts is lacking.
Monocliny and Dicliny of a Flower
Bisexual or hermaphrodite (or monoclinous, perfect): flowers having both stamens and
gynoecium; regardless of the presence or absence of the perianth.
Unisexual (or diclinous, imperpect) - flowers having only stamens or gynoecium; also
regardless of the presence or absence of the perianth.
a. staminate - having stamens only.
b. carpellate (or pistillate) - having gynoecium only.
c. monoecious - when the flowers are unisexual and both present on the same plant
i,e. corn, coconut, Ricinus, cucurbits.
d. dioecious - when the unisexual flower occur on separate plants i.e. papaya, pili,
rambutan.
e. polygamous - when same flowers are unisexual, other are bisexual, all occur on
the same plant (e.g. Mangifera, Trema)
polygamo- monoecious - bisexual flowers and unisexual flowers or both sexes are
found on a single plant.
polygamo - dioecious - bisexual flowers associated with staminate ones on one
plant, and with carpellate ones on another plant.

Symmetry of Flowers

DENDRO 24
Actinomorphic or regular - the flower, especially with reference to the corolla, is
symmetrical radially, namely it can be divided into equal halves by a vertical plane
in various directions.
Zygomorphic or irregular - the perianth parts are dissimilar in size and shape, therefore
the flower can be divided into equal halves only by a single vertical plane, i,e.
bean, Coleus, orchid.

Insertion of perianth and Stamens and Relative Position of Ovary

Hypogynous - the sepals, petals and stamens inserted around the base of the gynoecium
and free from it, ovary superior:
Perigynous- the sepals, petals and stamens inserted on the rim of a shallow or deep cup
like hypanthium (or receptacle) which arises at the base of the gynoecium and
either free from or adnate to it; ovary either superior, half-inferior, or inferior.
Epigynous - the perianth and stamens arise directly from the summit of the ovary, and the
hypanthium grows up round the ovary and adnate to it, ovary inferior.

Union of Flowers Parts

Connate or coalescent - united with the similar members, such as filaments connate into a
tube.
Adnate - united with a different kind of members, such as the stamens adnate to corolla
tube.
Distinct or free - not connate or adnate.
Connivant - close together without actual fusion or but very slightly adherent, usually
referring to petals or stamens.
Aestivation - the manner in which the sepals or petal is wholly internal and one wholly
external and others overlapping at the edge.
Imbricate - in a flower-bud, when one sepal or petal is wholly internal and one wholly
external and the other overlapping at the edge
Quincuncial - two are wholly internal and two are wholly external and a fifth in between.
Valvate - when the edges of sepals or petals meet without overlapping.
a. induplicate - valvate with the margins projecting inward.
b. reduplicate - valvate with the margins projecting outward.
Convolute or contorted - each overlaps an adjoining one on side and is overlapped by the
other adjoining one on the other side; rolled.
Perianth
Polysepalous or polypetalous - with sepals or petals distinct.
Gamo - sepalous or petalous - with sepals united. various types of gamopetalous corolla:
campanulate, bilabiate, etc.
Apetalous - petals reduced.

DENDRO 25
 STAMENS

Union of the Filaments

a. monadelphous - filaments joined into one group i.e. Malvaceae
b. diadelphous - filaments joined into two groups (e.g. 9 + 1 in some Leguminosae)
c. polyadelphous - filaments joined into 3, 5 or more groups
Syngenesious or synantherous - union of the anthers into a ring (e.g. Compositae)

Unequal Lenght of Stamens

Didynamous - four stamens with two long and two short (e.g. some Scrophulariaceae,
Labiatae, etc.)
Tetradynamous - six stamens with four long and two shorts (e.g. Cruciferae)

Adnation of Stamen to other Parts

Epipetalous; epicorolline - the stamens inserted on the petals or corolla
Gynandrous - they are attched to the gynoecium (e.g. Aristolochiaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Orchidaceae)

Attachment of the Anther to the Filament

Basified - the anther attachment by the base to the filament
a. innate - when the filament is clearly continuous between the anther-sacs
b. adnate - when the anther-sac attached laterally to the distal part of the filament

Facing of the Anther

Introrse - the anther facing inward (i.e. the center of the flower)
Extrorse - the anther facing outward (i.e. the periphery of the flower)
Latrorse - the anther facing laterally

CARPELS; OVULES

Number and Union of Carpels

Monocarpellate - when the gynoecium composed of single carpel
Apocarpous - it is compose of two to many carpels free and seperate from one another
Syncarpous - it is composed of two to many united carpels
Sutures of carpels - the seam of union;each carpel has two seams
a. dorsal suture - the midrib of the carpel
b. ventral suture - the united margins,on which the ovule are borne
Placenta - the part of the ovary by which the ovules are attached

Types of Placentation
Laminar or superficial - the ovules are attached all over the inner surface of the carpel
(e.g. Nymphae, Limnocharis)
Marginal or submarginal - the ovules are attached to the inner wall (usually near or
confined to the ventral suture) of the ovary. It occurs in solitary or free carpels

DENDRO 26
Parietal - the ovules are attached to the wall at the lines union of one loculate, syncarpous
ovary
Axile - the ovules are attached near the center of the ovary at the junction or axis of the
partitions that divide the syncarpous into compartments.
Free-central - the ovules are attached to a central column arising from the base of the
ovary and locule and reaching to the top of the ovary
Free-basal - same as above, but not reaching the top of the ovary.
Basal or apical (Suspended) - the ovules, usually few or one, are attached near the base
or the top of ovary locule

External Features of the Ovule (Seed)

Funiculus ( funicle) - the stalk of an ovule
Hilum - the scar left on the seed at the point where the funiculus was detached
Raphe - the ridge formed by the fusion of funiculus merges with the base of the ovule; or
the ending of vascular supply to the ovule.
Chalaza - the upper portion of the raphe where the funiculus merges with the base of the
ovule, or the ending of vascular supply to the ovule.
Micropyle - the minute pore through which the pollen tube (or pollen) enters the ovule.

The Direction which the Ovule Points in Relation to its Attachment to the Ovary
Orthotropous - it is straight, and the micropylar end is close to the chalaza or hilum but the
ovule as a whole is more or less horizontal.
Anatropous - it is inverted, the funiculus being curved at the apex and the body of the
ovule lying against it.
Amphitropous - the funiculus and the raphe are short, and the ovule is attached laterally,
superficially it is rather similar to the campylatropous.

DENDRO 27