Cancun Technological Institute

Telecommunications Theory.

REHEARSAL:
Unit 4 and Unit 5

Student: Pat Alejos Osmar Adan

Prof.: Eng. Octavio Ramírez López.

 INDEX

INTRODUCTION UNIT 4 ----------------------------------------------- ---- 4

GUIDED MEDIA----------------- ------------------------------- --------------- 5

UNGUIDED MEDIA ----------------------------------------------- ----------- 8

DISTURBANCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------ 14

EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE SIGNAL --------------------------------------

17

MECHANISMS FOR ERRORS DETECTION -------------------------- 19

CORRECTION CODE ----------------------------------------------- -------

twenty-one

CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------- --------------------

22

INTRODUCTION UNIT 5 ----------------------------------------------- ---- 24

SWITCHED TELEPHONE SYSTEM ------------------------------------ 25

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM ----------------------------------------------- -

30

INTERNET, IMPACT ----------------------------------------------- ------------ 35

IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ---------------------------- 45

CONCLUSION UNIT 5 ----------------------------------------------- ------- 57

2
UNIT 4
ESSAY

3
 INTRODUCTION

Over time, information technologies have evolved in great strides,

demanding increasingly faster processes and of course in less time;
something that computing has been solving along with this evolution, but for
these logical processes to be possible, means had to be designed to
transport the data efficiently and at par with the speed of the processes.
Over time, institutions have been developed to solve the great demand for
standards that are developed and come into conflict with other more used
ones, defining general characteristics for each case; Likewise, this has
allowed us to define the most optimal means to carry out these transfers,
determining how they affect or do not affect the data that we are willing to
transmit.

As engineers we are obliged to understand the consequences of each

medium used, and of course, its convenience on the needs raised in the
objectives; to solve, in the least expensive, quickest and most feasible way,
the problems that afflict our clients or companies. In this work we will
describe the most used media as well as the advantages and disadvantages
of working with them, and of course we will also define the “disturbances”
that affect the data and how we can avoid these situations when working on
different media and standards.

4
 “ Transmission media and disturbances”

Guided Media

Guided media are all those physical channels (cables), where the
transmission of information will be carried out between 2 or more terminals,
through the conduction of signals from one end to another, this refers to any
current transmission, where involves a cable, an emitter and a receiver.

Among the main media used to carry out “guided” transmissions are:
coaxial cable, optical fiber and twisted pair. The main characteristics of these
are the type of driver used, their maximum speed, the maximum distance to
their repeaters and how immune they are to noise, among other things.

Coaxial Cable: it is a conductive thread called “core” (solid or braided

copper wire), separated by a dielectric or insulator from the external
aluminum or copper mesh, it could be said that this serves to protect it from
external factors (interference) and is uses return for current. Its maximum
speed can reach 500 Mbps with a bandwidth of 350 MHz, and reaching
distances between repeaters of 1 to 10 km. It can be said that in these
cables the quality of the cable always depends on the quality of the dielectric
(ratio of intensity and voltage). There are several types of coaxial cable,
each differentiated by its impedance characteristics, etc.; Coaxial cable is
not affected by external interference, and achieves high transmission speeds
over long distances, which is why it is used in television and in local

5
baseband (Ethernet). I must also mention that due to its reach, this cable
cannot satisfy needs at long distances, so it is replaced by fiber, which
although expensive and difficult to handle, at long distances its cost and
handling are justified. .

Fiber Optic: it is based on a thread made of glass (generally), through

which the light from a laser travels, which basically allows the transfer of
data at a speed equivalent to that of light, as it is an optical medium, it does
not use electricity ; It is the fastest guided medium that exists and at the
same time expensive and difficult to work with, and widely used because it is
immune to electromagnetic interference. Exponentially in size, a fiber optic
cable can support the same communications as 4 coaxial cables, and at a
greater distance, which is why this is used and not coaxial. There are
several types of optical fiber, among which the multimodal (normal and with
graduated index) and the monomodal (smaller diameter, single optical
beam) stand out, differing in that the latter allows greater transmission
distances, but is more difficult to build and work with.

Twisted Pair: is one formed by insulated copper wires, which are

twisted together, with the aim of reducing crosstalk noise (when signals
cross), given that the greater the length of crosstalk, the smaller the
crosstalk problem. . Basically there are 3 types of twisted pair: protected
(STP), unprotected (UTP) and FTP (general mesh). They differ in their
rigidity and sensitivity to noise, distinguishing UTP as the most vulnerable,
as it does not have general protection or between braids such as FTP and
STP. Because it is the most economical and easy to handle, it is the most
used in local area transmission media, allowing good performance at low
costs. They are divided into 8 categories (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5e, 6 and 7),
distinguishing them by the type of service provided and the transmission

6
speed suitable for each category. It uses RJ-45 connectors to join various
transmission peripherals. Currently, of the 8 cables that contain the twisted
pair, only 4 are used for data transmission, 2 for transmitting and 2 for
receiving.

In conclusion of this part we can understand that each one is attributed

advantages and disadvantages that one as an engineer must know how to
exploit for each of the cases that your client needs, whether attributing the
cost or functionality factor, and just like this, You must have complete control
over each of these transmission technologies and which peripherals work
best with each one. The degree of security that will be used with the
information that is transmitted must also be taken into account, since we
cannot risk failures in the data, just to reduce costs a little. Each of these
situations must be analyzed and resolved by us.

7
Unguided Medium

Unguided media, unlike the previous ones, do not have a physical

path that guides them to their receiver, which is why they are another
wonder in telecommunications; It is the medium itself that mainly sets the
transmission limitations: data transmission speed, bandwidth that it can
support and spacing between repeaters. However, when using unguided
media, the frequency spectrum of the signal produced by the antenna is
more important in transmission than the transmission medium itself. The
medium only provides a support for the waves to transmit, but does not
guide them. Among the most important unguided media are: radio signals,
microwaves, infrared and satellites. Any transmission of both radio and
television is done through the so-called Electromagnetic Waves. This type of
waves are characterized because they are formed, as their name indicates,
by the fusion of an electric field and a magnetic field.

The union of these fields is what allows this type of waves to be transmitted
through space. This type of waves spreads (regardless of its frequency) at
the speed of light; The ease with which these waves travel through space is
what is referred to as the propagation of waves.

Microwaves: Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with a fixed range and

more or less small wavelengths compared to their frequency, which is where
the prefix “Micro” was obtained for these waves. The main frequencies used
by microwaves are established between 500 MHz and 300 GHz, which have
a range of more or less up to 4000 miles. However, terrestrial microwave
repeater radio systems using either FM-modulated or digitally modulated

8
carriers in either QAM or PSK still constitute 35% of the total information
transport circuits in the United States. It should also be noted that the
capacity of voice channels that can be transmitted range from 12 to almost
22,000 in a microwave-based radio system.

We must remember that the vast majority of current systems that handle
microwaves handle frequency modulation, which is obviously analog, but
nevertheless in recent years new systems that use digital modulations have
been developed, they are even present in satellite systems, which They
differ from terrestrial ones by reaching greater distances as they are in a
vacuum and with fewer transmitters.

The main applications of a terrestrial microwave system are the following:

Basic Telephony (telephone channels), Data, Telegraph, Television
Channels, Video, Cellular Telephone, etc.

The main advantages of using microwave telecommunications are broad

and undoubtedly quite useful since they are still used since 1980 to this day,
among the most important we can name:

 We do not need to acquire land rights of way as we do not have to

cable using guided means as we saw before.
 Large amounts of information can be transported, thanks to its high
frequencies
 In turn, high frequencies are reflected in short waves, which generates
very short antennas.
 Few repeaters are used for amplification.
 Minimum delay times and low crosstalk.
 And above all minimal maintenance
9
Satellite: they are the most suitable means of emitting radio signals in very
wide areas and are responsible for distributing the signal transmitted from
the earth to remote points. There are basically 2 types of satellites: active
and passive, which differ in that the active ones amplify the signals they
receive, while the passive ones only retransmit the signal as they receive it.

The idea of communication through the use of satellites is thanks to Arthur

C. Clarke in the 1940s. Clarke's proposal in 1945 was based on the
following:
 The satellite would serve as a communications repeater
 The satellite would rotate at 36,000 km. high above the equator
 At that height it would be in "Geostationary" orbit.
 Three satellites spaced 120° apart would cover the entire earth
 Electrical energy would be obtained through solar energy
 The satellite would be a manned space station.

Most of these points were carried out after a while, as soon as the space
technology of that time was improved, with the exception of the last point
that required a great cost for its application, so automation and remote
control were sought from the earth.

A satellite acts as a repeater station. A transponder receives the signal from

a transmitter, then amplifies it and retransmits it to earth at a different
frequency. It must be taken into account that the transmission from the
ground is only made to a single satellite. The satellite, however, sends to
any of the receiving earth stations in its coverage area or footprint.

10
Satellite transmission offers many advantages for a company, the rental
prices for satellite space are more stable than those offered by telephone
companies. Since satellite transmission is not sensitive to distance. And
there is also a large bandwidth available due to the medium in which they
are developed.

The benefits of satellite communication from a data communications point of

view could range from high transfer speeds to access to difficult-to-reach
geographic areas.

Among the disadvantages of satellite communication are a delay of

approximately a quarter of a second, which is the signal propagation time,
sensitivity to atmospheric changes and eclipses, and the need to transmit at
high power and despite the previous limitations, satellite transmission
remains very popular.

Satellites are divided according to the orbit in which they were positioned,
ranging from the closest (LEO) to the most distant (GEO).

The Geo satellites (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) move at the same speed
as the earth, so they are located at a single point on the earth, hence they
are geostationary and are intended for the transmission of television,
telephone, and meteorological data.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites offer other alternatives to geostationary

(GEO) satellites, which orbit the Earth at more than 2,000 miles. Satellites of
this type provide low-speed data communications and are not capable of
manipulating voice, video signals or data at high speeds, so they are only
used to verify tectonic plate movement and geological data.

11
But they have advantages that GEO satellites do not have. For example,
there is no delay in transmissions, they are less sensitive to atmospheric
factors, and they transmit at very low power. These satellites operate at
assigned frequencies between 1.545 GHz and 1.645 GHz (L Band, defined
standard).

There are other types of satellites, which, although of lesser importance, are
still used for different services and are located between 10,000 and 25,000
km above the surface.

Infrared: they are electromagnetic waves that move in a straight line and
are weak to be interrupted by any obstacle, although they are practical as
they are not interrupted by electromagnetic effects, the detail of connection
without interruptions makes it difficult to handle, and impractical in most
businesses and companies, however, are used and implemented due to
their great speed of work.

These networks are limited by space and are almost generally used by
networks in which the stations are located in a single room or floor. Some
companies that have their offices in several buildings carry out
communication by placing the receivers/transmitters in the windows of the
buildings or on the roofs.

Infrared transmission does not have the disadvantage of using frequencies

that handle standards by countries, therefore it is currently an alternative for
Wireless Networks. At the beginning of data communication, infrared
technology, which has been studied since the 1970s, was implemented by
Hewlett-Packard who developed its HP-41 calculator that used an infrared

12
transmitter to send information to a portable thermal printer. and that
currently is the technology that allows us to use remote controls for
televisions and other electronic devices.

This same idea implemented is the one used in networks, since an emitter
generates the infrared light to be sent while a receiver waits for it. The light
transmission is encoded and decoded at sending and receiving in an
existing network protocol. One of the pioneers in this area is Richard Allen,
who founded Photonics Corp., in 1985 and developed an "Infrared
Transceiver." The first trans-receivers directed infrared light to a surface,
usually the ceiling, where another trans-receiver received the signal. Multiple
stations can be installed in a single room using a passive area for each
trans-receiver.

Currently Photonics has developed an AppleTalk/LocalTalk version of the

trans-receiver that operates at 230 Kbps. The system has a maximum range
of 200 meters. In addition, the technology has been improved by using a
trans-receiver that spreads the light beam throughout the room and is
collected by other trans-receivers. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network
working group is currently working on a standard MAC layer for Infrared
Networks.

Disturbances

Noise: is any signal outside the transmission that is inserted for various
reasons into the transmitted data. There are different types of noise: thermal

13
noise due to the thermal agitation of electrons within the conductor (physical
effect), intermodulation noise, which is when different frequencies share the
same transmission medium, crosstalk, which occurs when there is an
exchange of data between the lines that carry the signals and the impulsive
noise, these are discontinuous pulses of short duration and high amplitude
that affect the signal.

These signals produce variations in the amplitude of the data signal. This is
defined as the signal-to-noise ratio and is expressed in decibels, which is the
relationship between the signal power and the noise power. The higher the
previous ratio, the better quality the transmission will have.

Noise signals have certain frequencies that depend on the electrical devices
in the network. When noise signals cover the entire frequency spectrum it is
called white noise.

Thermal Noise: This noise is due to the thermal agitation of the electrons
within the conductor and is a function of temperature. This type of noise is
present in all electronic devices and transmission media.

Thermal noise cannot be eliminated so it represents a limit in all

communication systems.

Intermodulation Noise: when signals of different frequencies share the same

transmission medium, intermodulation noise can occur. This type of noise
generates signals at frequencies that are the sum or difference of the two

14
original frequencies, or multiples of these. Intermodulation noise occurs
when there is some "nonlinearity" (which is the variation between input and
output data) in the transmitter, receiver or in the medium.

Interference: this disturbance is due to signals coming from other

transmissions, which, due to the proximity of the frequencies, mix with those
of the signal being transmitted, causing errors in the interpretation of the
information.

Delay Distortion: This is caused by the fact that the speed of signal
propagation in the medium varies with frequency.The explanation is
basically that for a band-limited signal, the speed tends to be highest near
the center frequency and decreases as it approaches the ends of the band,
this is called delay distortion, since the received signal is distorted by the
variable delay suffered by its components.

Attenuation: it is the loss of power that occurs in the transmission medium

due to its length, since the power of the received signal is inversely
proportional to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver.

Attenuation is measured in Decibels, but can also be measured in

percentages for statistical data. Generally, attenuation is frequency
dependent, that is the amount of attenuation that varies as a function of
frequency.

Attenuation is the main reason why the length of networks has several
restrictions. If the signal becomes very weak, the receiving equipment will

15
not intercept this information well or recognize it. This causes errors, poor
performance when having to transmit the signal. And for them, in most
media, repeaters are needed, which take up and restore the original signal,
amplifying it, so that the receiver can correctly understand the signal.

There is a device called an equalizer that compensates for both attenuation

and delay distortion.

Effects of Noise on Transmitted Signals

There are many factors that contribute to attenuation; The resistance

of the copper cable converts a portion of the signal's electrical energy into
heat, the signal also loses energy when it leaks through the cable's
insulation and as a result of impedance caused by faulty connectors.

Impedance measures the cable's resistance to alternating current (AC) and

is measured in ohms. The normal impedance of a Cat5 (category 5 - twisted
pair) cable is 100 ohms. If a connector is not installed correctly on Cat5, it
will have a different impedance value than the cable. This is known as
impedance discontinuity or impedance decoupling causing errors in
transmission.

The discontinuity in impedance causes attenuation because a portion of the

transmitted signal will be reflected back to the transmitting device instead of
continuing its path to the receiver, as if it were an echo.

This effect is complicated if multiple discontinuities occur causing additional

portions of the remaining signal to be reflected back to the transmitter. When

16
the return of this reflection collides with the first discontinuity, part of the
signal bounces back in the direction of the original signal, creating multiple
echo effects.

The echoes collide with the receiver at different intervals and times, making
it impossible for the receiver to correctly interpret the signal. This is known
as signal jitter, and it causes errors in the output data.

The combination of all the effects of an attenuated signal with discontinuities

in impedance in a communication medium is known as insertion loss.

The correct functioning of a network depends on a characteristic and

constant impedance in all cables and connectors, without discontinuities in
the impedance throughout the entire cable system, guaranteeing the data
and the correct interpretation of the receiver.

When crosstalk is caused by a signal from another cable, it is known as

crosstalk coupling. Crosstalk is most destructive at high transmission
frequencies, so care must be taken when using media that handles high
frequencies.

Cable test instruments measure crosstalk by applying a test signal to one

pair of wires in a twisted pair, the cable analyzer measures the amplitude of
unwanted crosstalk signals induced on the other pairs of wires in the cable,
then the cables Twisted pair cables are designed to take advantage of the
effects of crosstalk to minimize noise. The pair of wires is twisted in such a
way that each wire experiences similar crosstalk.

17
Since a noise signal on one wire will appear identically on the other wire, it is
easy to detect this noise and filter it out at the receiver.

Twisting a pair of wires into a cable also helps reduce crosstalk in data or
noise signals coming from a pair of wires together. In higher UTP ratings,
more braids are required in each pair of wires in the cable to minimize
crosstalk at high transmission frequencies. When placing connectors on the
ends of UTP cables, untwisting of wire pairs must be minimized to ensure
reliable communication in the LAN.

Mechanisms for error detection

 Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC): Parity check (sometimes called

VRC or vertical redundancy check) is one of the simplest verification
mechanisms. It consists of adding an additional bit (called a parity bit,
such as bitstuffing) to a certain number of data bits called (usually 7
bits, so that a byte is formed when combined with the parity bit) whose
value is such that the total number of bits 1 is even. This is that if the
number of bits in the code is odd, it is 1, and 0 when it is even, so that
the control system can detect an odd number of errors, with 50% of
possible errors to be detected, there are also It must be mentioned
that this mechanism is incapable of solving this error.

 Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC): Longitudinal redundancy

check (LRC, also called horizontal redundancy check) consists of

18
 checking the integrity of the parity bit of a group of characters.
Basically it is a scheme that uses parity to determine if there is a
transmission error in the message, and therefore each bit position
handles a parity bit.

 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): this is a mathematical method that

allows errors in information to be detected. It is commonly used with
fixed values to check that the data is not altered during transmission.
The transmitter calculates a CRC and sends the result in a packet
along with the data. The receiver calculates the CRC of the received
data and compares the value with the CRC of the packet. The
calculation of a CRC is more complex than a check figure, but it can
detect more transmission errors. It consists of protecting data in
blocks, which can be considered frames. Each frame is assigned a
data segment called a control code (sometimes called FCS, frame
check sequence, in the case of a 32-bit sequence, and sometimes
mistakenly identified as CRC because of its likeness). The CRC code
contains redundant data with the frame, so that errors can not only be
detected but also resolved, making it more reliable than previous
methods.

19
Error correction

Hamming code.-

It is a code that detects and corrects errors, named after its inventor,
Richard Hamming, basically it is an algorithm that allows us to identify errors
in transmissions and correct them. In data encoded in Hamming, one-bit
errors can be detected and corrected, but the problem occurs when one
cannot distinguish between one-bit and two-bit errors (for which extended
Hamming is used, one of the many modifications of the code. original and
most approved). This represents an improvement over codes with a parity
bit, seen previously, which can detect errors in only one bit, but cannot
correct it.

Today, the Hamming code refers to 7.4 (algorithm) that adds three additional
check bits for every four bits of data in the message (ratio of 7 total bits of
which 4 are data, this being the last scheme designed by Hamming and the
most reliable), this can correct any single-bit error and detects 2-bit errors
unlike their previous schemes, adapting more to changes in environment
and as a consequence changing noise, the only way the code would fail,
only It would be if the medium had so much noise that it would damage the
data by more than 45%, but obviously it would have to be considered rather

20
than correcting it, changing the medium through which it is transmitted,
which has a lot of vulnerability.

CONCLUSION

Once we understand most of the problems we face, we have nothing

left but to test this knowledge in a practical way, although we have
understood concepts of solutions to most of the problems in everyday media
and the elements that affect them. , it is undoubtedly something that is not
presented so directly in real life, we need to generate our own concept to
understand the data and opt for the most viable solution to the proposed
problem.

Also with the passage of time, information processing develops

exponentially, and as I mentioned from the beginning, it undoubtedly leads
to the need to develop faster transmission media and protocols, so we
should not “marry” ourselves with a definition or technology. of
communication, if not expanding this knowledge, to be able to provide
solutions to the other demands that arise day by day, and that represent the
challenges that we as future professionals must assume.

21
 The media and disturbances are the hammer and the wall of the
systems engineer, one allows us to do the work and the other stops us, only
with the correct balance of both can we optimize our work, since
disturbances in communications will always exist, as long as we continue
using them.

REHEARSA
L
22
 UNIT 5

PRESENT AND FUTURE OF COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

What would become of us, of the economy, of entertainment, of health, of

humanity... if telecommunications did not exist? Communication was born at
the same time as language and writing, but that was never enough, and for
many centuries it limited cultures, scientific and technological advances.
Could it be that the rise of globalization, neoliberalism and multinational
macroeconomies are truly the product of the expansion of a single network
that connects the planet, whether by voice, video or data?

In general, telecommunications has made an immense leap in the last

century, quickly going through phenomena that changed the world, and has
shaped what it is today, perhaps for better or worse, but it has undoubtedly

23
marked the present and future. in the world, whether from the first call, or
perhaps the first radio program and without thinking the first television
broadcast, to unimaginable events such as the global cellular telephone
network or better yet the creation of the Cloud.

The impact of all these will be reflected in our well-being, but also in our
environment, and affects all areas of the human being, whether social,
economic, ecological, moral, religious, legal, etc. Leading us to analyze if all
this really benefits us or is not reality.

In this essay I aim to understand these issues to fulfill my role as a future

professional in our society.

5.1.- Switched Telephone Systems

All the power of telephony is not found in the devices that we see in
our homes, nor perhaps in the places where we go to pay for the telephone,
telephony, due to its complexity and size, is concentrated in large work
centers, Its main component being the large switching equipment they
handle, composed of a large scheme of automations and logical circuits that
are responsible for establishing the communication that we can observe in
our homes.

Each exchange is connected to each other thanks to switching systems,

which are linked thanks to virtual routes between exchanges, this set of links
being a final switching section.

24
Now for each telephone service provided, a specific virtual link is generated,
at a specific moment, where only the designated communication can pass
and nothing else, until it ends.

The number of links between two exchanges depends on the traffic between
them. A link comprises a part of the switching equipment in exchange A and
a part of the switching equipment in exchange B, always being linked by a
physical (generally unguided) transmission medium and the corresponding
intermediate transmission equipment. This union is rigid and they occupy or
release together.

The PSTN (also called Basic Telephone Network or PSTN) is a

communication network designed solely for voice transmission, although it
can also transport data, for example in the case of fax or Internet connection
through an acoustic modem ( with dialing beeps).

This is the classic telephone network, in which telephone terminals

(telephones) communicate with a central switching office through a single
channel shared by the signal from the microphone and the headset. In the
case of data transmission, there is only one signal on the cable at a time,
composed of the upstream plus the downstream signal, which is why echo
suppressors are necessary, causing the line to be busy. The voice goes in
baseband, that is, without modulation (the signal produced by the
microphone is placed directly into the cable).

The control signals (pick up, dial and hang up) were carried out, from the
principles of automatic telephony, by opening and closing the circuits.
Currently, dialing operations are no longer carried out by opening and
closing the circuit, but by means of tones that are sent by the telephone

25
terminal to the central office through the same cable pair as the
conversation.

In the 70s, a growing digitalization process took place, influencing the

transmission systems, the switching centers of the telephone network,
maintaining the subscriber loop (it is the line that extends between the
exchange or switching equipment to the telephone of the end user) in an
analog way. Therefore, when the voice signal, an analog signal, reaches the
centers that work digitally, the need arises to digitize the voice signal.

Among the elements that make up a public PSTN we can highlight the most
important ones such as switching, which are a fundamental part of the
PSTN, since they are responsible for carrying out the various processing
functions required by each of the signals or messages that circulate or
transit. through network links; or there are also the signals, which are the
language that telephone exchanges use to talk to each other and to talk to
customer terminals. The most used protocol currently is the ISUP (switched
circuit protocol for call and data management) which operates over digital
lines and is capable of handling both conventional calls and the Integrated
Services Digital Network - ISDN - (some of the services it provides. ISUP
are: Call waiting, number identification and call forwarding).

This is also the transmission, which is understood as the physical medium

that carries the voice or data carrier signals through the network, as well as
the electronic equipment of the medium (the physical transmission medium
can be: air, coaxial cable, optical fiber, copper cable, etc.)

An IP switch system consists of one or more SIP phones (such as software-

based phones), an IP switch server, and optionally a VOIP gateway to

26
connect to existing PSTN (Switched Telephone Network) lines. The IP
switch server works similarly to a proxy server: SIP clients, whether on
software-based phones or hardware-based phones, register with the IP
switch server, and when they want to make a call, they ask to the IP switch
that establishes the connection. The latter contains a directory of all
users/phones and their corresponding SIP address. This way you are able to
connect an internal call or route an external call, either through a VOIP
gateway or a VOIP service provider.

And among the fastest benefits that this system offers are:
 Easier to install and configure than a proprietary phone system, since
an IP switch runs as software on a PC. You can take advantage of the
computer's advanced processing power and user interface as well as
operating system features. Anyone with knowledge of networks and
computers can install and maintain an IP switch. In contrast, a
proprietary telephone system typically requires an installer trained on
the specific proprietary system.

 An IP switch (which is easier to manage thanks to its graphical

interface) can be managed through a web-based configuration
interface or GUI, allowing you to easily maintain and refine your phone
system. Proprietary telephone systems have interfaces that are
difficult to use, as they are typically designed to be used only by
specialized telephone technicians.

 Significant cost savings using VOIP providers: With an IP switch

(contracted service on the Internet), you can easily use a VOIP
service provider for international and long distance calls. The monthly
savings are significant. If you have multiple offices, you can easily
27
 connect phone systems between different offices and make free
phone calls.

 Eliminates telephone wiring: An IP switch allows you to connect

regular telephones directly to a standard network port (which can be
shared with the nearest computer). Software-based phones can be
installed directly on the PC. Telephone wiring can now be eliminated
and the process of adding or moving extensions made much easier. In
new offices, extra phone ports can be eliminated completely and only
use peripherals such as a headset and microphone to make relevant
calls.

28
5.2.- Mobile Communications

Mobile technology is one of the latest advances in telecommunications

available in the world, and it allows you to make calls from anywhere with
coverage, only with a wireless transmitter device. The first to have such a
service were European countries with technologies such as GPS, private
mobile networks, etc. Then came digital telephony, personal agendas,
laptops, netbooks, and a large number of devices that can be connected via
radio.

PMR (Private Mobile Radio).- are private radio communications networks

used by mobile phones that carry this technology and do not connect with
public networks such as Nextel and its systems with Motorola.

GSM (Global System for Mobile).- This system is purely digital, first defined
as a European standard for digital mobile phone networks supporting voice,
data, text messages, roaming. GSM corresponds to the 2nd generation (2G)
of mobile technologies.

GPRS (Global Packet System).- evolution of GSM becoming generation 2.5.

This system allows a high speed connection and data capacity and is
available to browse WAP pages, Wireless Application Protocol.

UMTS system (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). - Broadband

code division multiple access system... born with the objective of being multi-

29
service and multi-speed. For example, a user may be sending an email at
the same time as he may be downloading files from the network, of course
this will depend on the services provided by the operator and not on the
equipment that the terminal user has.

Private mobile networks: known as closed user group radio communications,

it is a mobile telephone service that is only provided to certain people in a
certain geographical area. Its operation is practically identical to that of
public networks, with small differences... there are two modalities, the first is
that a group of users and only they use a certain frequency and in the
second the system is in charge of assigning free frequencies between
different groups, so there is no group-frequency correspondence.

In the first systems manufactured by ERICSSON we can highlight: EDACS

(Enhanced Digital Access Communication System) widely used by
firefighters, rescue teams, police, ambulances, etc. A very secure system
capable of establishing communication in adverse conditions.

The most widespread are land mobile telephony, mobile satellite

communication, private mobile networks, radio messaging, GPS radio
location, wireless communications and mobile Internet access.

Land mobile telephone uses land stations. These are responsible for
monitoring the position of each terminal on, passing control of a call in
progress to another station. Send a call to a terminal... each station has a
coverage area, an area within which communication between the terminal
and it can be done in good conditions.

30
In theory, the coverage areas are regular hexagons or cells, but in practice,
they take on very strange shapes due to obstacles and the changing
orography (places with mountains and geological events) of the cell.
Furthermore, they overlap with each other. This is why when a mobile phone
is close to the border between two cells it can switch from one to the other,
depending on which of the two offers more signal levels, and this can even
happen during the course of a call without noticing the change.

The first land mobile telephone systems are:

AMPS. - Advance Mobile Phone System. Analog network used in the United
States, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand and in certain parts of Russia
and the South Pacific

TACS. - Total Access Communication System. Which is a British Standard

for analogue mobile phones based on the American AMPS standard and
now discontinued.

NMT.- Network Mobile Telephone.- the world's first cell phone network. It is
based on the analog system through two systems; the first for 450 MHz and
the second for 900MHz.

The first generations of mobile telephone systems were quite voluminous,

coverage was limited to large cities and main roads where it only served to
communicate voice as it did not have sufficient infrastructure to cover larger
areas.

Each station works with a frequency range, which delimits the maximum
number of simultaneous calls it can support, since each call is assigned a

31
pair of different frequencies: one for each direction of communication. This is
called FDM, which is frequency division multiplexing. Neighboring cells
cannot use the same frequencies, so that interference does not occur. But
the cells that are further away can reuse these frequencies, in this way
communication would be guaranteed.

Taking into account the number of maximum frequencies and taking into
account the number of calls per area, the frequency per cell, its size and
frequency reuse are determined.

Some time later, second generation systems appeared, such as GSM and
CDMA, which were characterized by data compression and sending through
a channel with other user data sentences, in their own time.

In CDMA systems (code division multiplexing access), what is done is that

each call uses a code that differentiates it from the others. This allows
increasing the number of simultaneous calls or the transmission speed,
which makes it necessary to meet the growing requirements of mobile
telephony.

Mobile Telephony Via Satellite

Here the stations are on satellites and are usually in low orbit. Its coverage
practically covers the entire planet. This is the main advantage they have
over land mobile telephony. The disadvantages are significant: greater
volume of the terminal to be used and price of calls and terminals. There are
two operators that offer this service worldwide: Iridium and Global Star
covering between 78% to 92% of the earth, depending on the weather.

32
The first is bankrupt due to the astronomical debts it has acquired. In recent
years he has tried to find a buyer who would take over the debts and try to
get the business afloat, but he has not found anyone willing to take such a
risk.

Global Star does not have so many problems, the main reason is that its
phones connect to terrestrial networks if their coverage allows it, and if they
do not use satellites. In this way, a good part of the calls have an acceptable
cost, while those made through satellites reduce. Its constellation has 48 low
orbit satellites located 1,414 km from Earth and each satellite has 16
sectors.

5.3.- Internet Impact on Telecommunications

33
 The number of antennas that have been occupying urban geographic
areas has increased greatly. These are not only Radio and Television
communications but also cellular telephone services and digital information
services.

These have been seriously affecting the ecology and generating visual
pollution in most cities, however their impact is fixed and does not present
other situations beyond those mentioned.

In the past, the Internet was used for specific purposes and by defined
users. At first it was used by the military and university institutions. Over
time, it was developed and launched as a public network, where you could
have access to specific information on topics. specific. Technology
advanced more, barriers between countries and cultures were broken, the
internet being the standard bearer of this revolution, now, the internet
represents more than a means of information and has come to define roles
of actions that mark people's ideas, it has expanded so much, that it is
practically possible to find everything, especially on the Internet of networks.

The growth or rather the incorporation of so many people into the Internet
causes the streets of what was initially a small city called the Internet to
become an entire planet extremely connected to each other among all its
members. Why the Internet has grown so much implies a greater number of
virtual relationships between people and also a social event that is highly
studied and criticized by many people around the world.

Regarding the use of the Internet, currently it has gone from being a means
of information to being a means of entertainment, and it is misused in
various cases; Outside of this, it is quite worrying that companies, especially

34
small and medium-sized ones, do not use this medium as a tool for their
development.

Thus, various studies highlight that organizations are not managing to

improve their results by using the Internet for one or more of the following
reasons: total or partial ignorance of the important opportunities offered by
new technologies in general (and the Internet in particular), little support for
part of the management, unclear return on investment, the possibilities that
the Internet offers to the company are underestimated, lack of planning in
the Internet integration process, lack of qualified personnel for this area,
company processes are not remodeled company for the correct adaptation
of the business, resistance to change, lack of methodology in the
development of the project, among many, is not considered a priority.

So, as you can see, there is still a long way to go, although many of them
have already taken the first step. SMEs have a multitude of possibilities on
the Internet, with a different approach than multinationals, since their
investments are necessarily much smaller, but they have many possibilities
ahead of them, since currently the Internet offers advertising spaces at really
low costs and with a fairly large audience. high compared to common
advertising techniques.

The Internet has a profound impact on work, leisure and knowledge

worldwide. Thanks to the web, millions of people have easy and immediate
access to an extensive and diverse amount of information online. An
example of this is the collaborative development and distribution of
Free/Libre/Open-Source software such as GNU, Linux, Mozilla and
OpenOffice.org which symbolizes freedom on the web over software and the

35
ideology that everything What is created for the cloud should be for cloud
users and not proprietary software.

These services are required for the entire population and they are constantly
looking for new technologies for these services and thus their evolution.

The growth or rather the incorporation of so many people into the Internet
causes the streets of what was initially a small city called the Internet to
become an entire planet extremely connected to each other among all its
members.

The fact that the Internet has increased so much implies a greater number of
virtual relationships between people. Knowing this fact and relating it to the
happiness caused by personal relationships, we can conclude that when a
person has a need for popular knowledge or knowledge not written in books,
they can turn to a source more in line with their need. As this source is now
possible on the Internet, said person can develop differently than they would
in person, under the typical protocol defined by society, and that people
generally avoid by taking them to more interesting situations on the Internet.
However, this has generated a large gap of problems generated by the new
wave of cyber crimes that is expanding broadly and there is no reform in our
country to help users overcome problems with extortions and cyber
kidnappings.

Before, the Internet served for clear objectives, it was for something very
specific, now perhaps also, but without a doubt today we can get lost due to
the immense range of possibilities that the Internet offers us.

36
We must also not forget the social problems of the double lives that the
internet has generated and which are so harshly criticized. Since they lead
to the development of psychological pathologies and an idea foreign to real
life, which can even lead to death.

Currently we are exposed daily to the Internet, that great wave of information
that our brain visits, and that undoubtedly leaves us with fixed ideas about
current knowledge or information about the world, but it also does not make
us reflect on situations that involve us in different parts and make us It helps
to understand other people's opinions, a situation that leads to supporting an
issue and generating awareness about what has been read, whether good
or bad.

Now maybe too, but without a doubt currently we can get lost in the
immense sea of information and possibilities that the Internet offers us. The
Internet is currently an immense thing of ideas of ideas and it gives us a
sensation of noise, a lot of interference and an explosion of different ideas
from different people, different thoughts and so much information that for a
mind it can be excessive and we will be directed if not proper care is taken.

From the user's point of view, the web consists of a huge set of documents,
generally called pages. Each Page may contain links (URL) to other related
pages anywhere in the world.

The pages are viewed through programs called “Browsers”. The browser
obtains the requested page, interprets the text and formats the page
contains, and displays the page appropriately by displaying it in the browser.

37
We cannot deny that Internet technologies have allowed us to establish
communication channels that were previously unthinkable or out of reach for
people due to their high cost. Today we enjoy Email, WEB technologies and
instant messaging as if they had been present for years, however we
frequently abuse technologies and worse still, the effectiveness of our
communication is very low, leading to a state of social isolation.

Some pages of the WEB contain forms that request information from the
user. Typical applications for these forms are searching for user-provided
items in a database, placing an order for a product, and participating in an
opinion survey. Other pages of the WEB contain maps that allow users to
click on them to show views or obtain information about a geographical area,
such as one of the Google company programs: Google Earth or Google
Maps, which currently have a new application called Google Street View,
which are photographs taken in 360° of different recognized places, such as
here in Mexico, and its goal is to cover most of the globe available on some
cell phones and laptops.

Server Side: Each WEB installation has a server process that listens on TCP
port 80, waiting for incoming connections from the other client (usually
browsers). After establishing a connection, the client sends a request and
the server sends a response. After releasing the connection. The protocol
that defines legal requests and responses is called HTTP.

HTTP is constantly evolving and several versions are used and more
dynamic ones are being developed with more striking effects, with the
advancement of graphics processors generating stronger impacts on clients.

38
Internet communications allow, in addition to easy access and easy use, to
be able to handle the entire multimedia concept, uniting voice, video, data,
images, cellular messages, and what could be invented in a single device in
the palm of the hand. Additionally, it exploits the interactivity of the medium
to its maximum expression, being able to hold conferences over the network
where the participant can experience it as if they were physically present
thanks to the Streamings.

Most home users use the one provided by the Internet service provider such
as TELMEX or CABLEMAS as the DNS server. The address of these
servers can be configured manually or automatically using DHCP. In other
cases, network administrators have their own DNS servers configured,
which is very rare since the provider always defines these parameters for the
propagation of its signal, as it is sensitive data.

Programs rarely refer to HOSTS, mailboxes, and other resources by their

network addresses. Instead of the IP's that the pages should have, the
programs use ASCII strings, such as http://itcancun.com.mx; however, the
network itself only understands numerical addresses, so some mechanism is
required to convert the strings. ASCII in network addresses.

For one thing, the file would become too long. A more significant problem
was that constant conflicts with host names would occur unless the names
were managed centrally, something unthinkable in a huge international
network. To solve these problems, DNS (Dynamic Name System) was
invented.

39
The essence of DNS is a domain-based hierarchical naming scheme and a
distributed database to implement this naming scheme. DNS is primarily
used to match HOST and email destination addresses to IP addresses, but it
can also be used for other purposes.

The basic tools that allow you to use these new communications are three:

1.- Email, also known as “E-mail” by its many followers, has been present for
the last 2 decades. The first email systems simply consisted of file transfer
protocols, with the convention that the first line of each message, that is, the
file name, contained the recipient's address. As time went by, the limitations
of this approach became very noticeable.
The ease of use and its abuse has generated the appearance of very strong
barriers that undermine the effectiveness of the message, that is, they
prevent them from arriving or, if they do arrive, from being opened. More
than 60% of the messages that arrive in an email are SPAM and malicious
email.

It is important to note that every year millions of people are victims of

extortion and fraud, through “safe” emails that arrive in their inbox, from
banks or other services they have, but nevertheless these are not who they
say they are and they only seek confidential information for illicit matters.

For email to be effective, it is essential to observe some default rules or

labels so that action is taken on the messages, whether from deleting them
or even reporting them.

Web technologies have only existed for a little over 10 years as we know
them today. Based on the HTML format and the HTTP protocol, a window

40
was opened to a world of information, both for those who want to publish
content and for those who want to publish it and share it with others. Initially,
text was used more, because the old formats of these technologies did not
allow anything else. The environment that is known today with highly
developed technologies in just 10 years already allows appropriate use of
the image, sound, video, and other multimedia complements in a central
point known as "WEB Site", or portal, and in offer visitors a greater impact
on what you want to show or make known to them.

The greatest feature that the website introduces, in addition to the graphic
and interactive environment, is the possibility of measuring this interactivity
between the visitor and the content of the site. For the first time, there is an
element that allows the effectiveness of communication to be measured in
real time to achieve action in whoever receives it.

It has always been said that the content is “VITAL”, however it is essential
that this content is accompanied by graphic elements that allow for a better
experience for the visitor, as already mentioned.

And finally, you need to be aware of the different technologies available or

work with standards, widely disseminated on the WEB. Unless the
application requires using technology not covered by standards, the costs of
changes will have to be assumed if they must be implemented.

Regardless of the application, the construction requires the management of

three basic components: graphic design, software engineering or content
management. In this aspect, work must be done to ensure that
communication takes effect through web technologies.

41
Instant messaging, unlike email and the web environment, allows the
interaction of two or more people in real time. This is really the great
attraction of this technology, where you can find out who is online, what state
they are in and start a conversation in any way.

The beginning of this technology occurred with ICQ and similar programs
that allowed one to identify which users were connected and initiate
processes.

The instant messaging system allows you to initiate direct communication

through different means with distant people. The functionality generally
allows you to use a webcam for real-time image management, use the
microphone to manage spoken conversations between the parties, and even
support video conferencing. Although the tool is used intensively for
personal matters, it has been thought that using the tool inside offices
reduces employee productivity. However, it is increasingly used for office
matters, allowing agile and effective communication, and it is complex to
separate communications with a friend and/or family member elsewhere.

The great advantages far outweigh the disadvantages since the possibilities
of knowing if someone you need to contact is online, being able to exchange
a few short sentences and make a decision in time, can mean a world of
difference in tasks such as customer service. , technical support and many
other areas where response time is vital, undoubtedly offer a wide margin of
support for these programs.

For those who have minor children, this is a red alert since there have been
cases of abuse generated from relationships established through instant
messaging, and taking advantage of the naivety of the children. There is

42
how to do an “audit” of what is discussed by using the history of the tool. It is
recommended to leave it on so that there is a trace of what was discussed
and any danger can be alerted.

Over time, these technologies develop along with us, adapting to our pace of
life, and with the implementation of social networks on mobile and cellular
media, it leads to an internet connection anywhere, leading to an almost
permanent stay. In the net.

Facebook, Twitter, Hi5, among others, are examples of the power of social
networks, since in a couple of years they have exceeded all expectations of
communication, spreading news and opinions to the whole world in a fast
and concise way, but nevertheless It harbors a serious risk that affects
everyone socially. An example of this is that in a study, 65% of romantic
relationships among young people between the ages of 16 and 25 fail
because of Facebook in the United States, figures alarming that undoubtedly
reflect the serious impact that these generate on people's lives.

Along with all these technologies and waves of advantages, it was not
expected that someone there would exploit this tool for illicit cases and as I
have been mentioning, there are millions of ways in which one can be a
victim on the Internet, from a simple gossip to a photo , going through fraud
and even ending in kidnappings, by exposing important data for everyone to
see.

43
5.4.- Impact of Telecommunications in Various Areas

5.4.1.- IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON EDUCATION

With the impact of telecommunications, great changes were to be expected

in the way people live and it was not surprising that the means of learning
and the forms have changed at the same time. From talking on the phone to
consulting books online, telecommunications have made it possible to
extend education to almost any corner of the planet, and allowing us to learn
in detail about technologies and discoveries, in various parts of the world, on
par with other people on the planet.

Teaching is the goal that, with the expansion of technology, is increasingly

closer. Computers, the Internet, CD-ROMs, email, audio and video
teleconferencing, television or video broadcasts and radio broadcasting are
all means that enable children, women and men to acquire knowledge.
Students and other people who are learning can access the educational
content directly. Teachers can improve professionally and acquire the
theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to facilitate the learning of
their students and to define the content of the courses and the study plan
that best suits their needs. Telecommunications can improve the treatment
and presentation of educational content, as well as make it possible for the
most remote areas to have access to education.

44
These are one of the most important topics today because, although this
type of communications is used for entertainment, it is also applied in
teaching since, as explained previously, information flows at high speeds
and can be found searching for almost keywords or any type of information
needed.

We have remote teaching (for example, a video conference), teaching

through a website dedicated to that such as tutorials and courses, as well as
consultations with different teachers who can explain in another way what
you want to learn... as well as the readings that are extensive in this
cyberworld.

We have other different types that are increasingly more articulated with
each other, but that use processes and establish very different relationships
between content and users: television and the telephone for example.

In the last decade, the world of telecommunications can simultaneously

integrate a wide variety of services (telephony, video, television, etc.) from
the palm of our hand, allowing us to carry and obtain knowledge practically
anywhere, without having to visit specific places as before.

Although technology is what has fostered the media, pedagogy is what

should bring the media closer; otherwise, there is a risk of alienating users
until reaching the “technophile” that is the fear of technology. The important
thing is not to technologicalize society, but to socialize technology with an
approach that allows the achievement of learning... a humanistic educational
approach where the media revolves around the student and not in any other

45
way, that he is the one who walks in the search for technology to solve
knowledge problems.

Just as in everything there will be people who do not agree with this, but just
as there are people who only insist on using technology for other purposes,
such as kidnappings, viruses, or other purposes, there are others who are
determined to progress as a benefit. own, educational software is a great
example of this.

Telecommunications have had an impact on time and space, and on

education without a doubt. 30 years ago, when one worked on a typewriter
and with a book as a Bible at hand, one was drowned in monotonous and
scarce information. It was drastically replaced today, through the Internet, by
being able to understand concepts and topics from different points of view.
specialists and students, deepening knowledge, but at the same time
generating a gap in whether the knowledge obtained will be correct, as it
comes from non-exact sources such as the famous Wikipedia.

5.4.2.- IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON MEDICINE

Telecommunications have undoubtedly helped medicine drastically, large

pharmaceutical companies and research institutions, today they work hand
in hand from different parts of the world with a single click, in order to
develop the well-being of human beings. Furthermore, remote operations
would only be an absurd dream if high-definition cameras and of course the
infrastructure to transmit them without error over great distances did not now

46
exist. Remember that life is not a game when it comes to working in
medicine with telecommunications.

It has supported improving the coverage of high-quality specialized care in

various regions of the state and the training of human resources with
extensive and quality knowledge in new computer and telecommunications
technologies, which operate in tele-consultants and the Telecenter.

The technological advance that exists in various parts of the world has led
health institutions to develop innovative strategies to provide quality medical
care to the population through the use of modern cyber resources.

Unfortunately, knowledge of medical telematics (computer

telecommunications) is very limited and when solutions are presented they
are usually rejected by advisors who lack the required knowledge due to fear
or lack of financial incentive. This prevents cost reductions and the increase
in quality, efficiency and coverage that telecommunications allow.

Telemedicine allows a doctor, or medical team, to remotely care for the

health of an individual or a group of individuals, through the use of remotely
managed diagnostic and therapeutic means, it fully corresponds to the
previous concept if it is only analyzed with respect to The teaching of
computing that is included, however, does not stop there... it goes further
because it also incorporates the approach to the contents corresponding to
two other important work tools for the student and future specialist:

 Immediate diagnoses by a specialist doctor in a specific area

 Remote education of students from nursing and medical schools.

47
  Digital archiving services for radiological examinations, ultrasounds
and others.

All this translates into a reduction in time between taking tests and obtaining
results, or between care and the accurate diagnosis of the specialist, who
does not have to travel or the patient does not have to go to be examined,
reducing time and costs. money, and increasing the quality of service.

Currently, within the field of Telemedicine, we can find its use in 2 areas of
work: practice and education, the first highlighting these 4 possible forms,
which range from telediagnosis, to teleconsultations and in educational
ones, it is clear , distance classes.

Distance classes (e-learning): It is the academic use of medical

videoconferencing, using the same technology, a teacher can teach classes
to a group or several groups of students who are distant.
Basically, medical education makes use of videoconferencing techniques,
since in this way greater use is made of the educational resources and
experiences presented in the exhibition, reducing the time necessary for
study in class, maximizing the time for study in class. home and practice.

In the market there are several companies that have dedicated time and
resources to the development of devices capable of supporting remote
medical work, either through the creation of a new line of products or by
establishing a company dedicated exclusively to this market. which by the
way is quite small and exclusive.

Telemedicine systems operate like this: there is a smaller hospital center

that has a lack of professionals in a specific area, said center will be assisted
48
by one with greater capacity, which will have the specialists and the time
necessary to care for patients. remotely, who will be physically in the city
where the smaller center is located.
This brings benefits of time and money savings for patients and better
management of the most remote health centers, drastically increasing
people's quality of life.

For this to work well, you must have basic communication tools that range
from computer equipment, cameras and microphones, to internet or satellite
services, which guarantee uninterrupted service.

Although it may seem like a lie, these technologies are applied in different
parts of the world and I do not doubt that Mexico will not have them, but it
will take time before we will be able to observe them in our towns, as we do
not have communication infrastructures that are up to the task for such
services. magnitude of importance, and above all, when cost is not the
decisive factor for its implementation or not.

5.4.1.- IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THE HOME

We are in the middle of a social revolution, with respect to

telecommunications, since the advent of the Internet it has been sought that
the user has everything at hand in the most comfortable way, first on the
computer, then on their cell phone, smart devices, consoles. entertainment
and currently even on televisions. All this in order to improve people's quality
of life.

49
Home healthcare, safety and comfort are aspects that families value and
demand with great insistence for their homes, partly motivated by the need
to combine care of their elders and children, domestic tasks, leisure, and
work schedules. . As a solution to these needs, the “Digital Home” concept
arises.

All of this allows us to lead a pleasant life that over time helps increase
fatality rates, since stress and other means reduce life span, and what better
way to recover than to feel comfortable in your own home.

The digital home also has clear positive environmental impacts related to the
detection of gas and water leaks, and better control of irrigation and heating;
although it also has negatives, since it represents an increase in electricity
consumption that must be minimized, implementing efficiency measures.
Telecommunications services, accessible thanks to the connectivity provided
by the digital home, can also contribute positively to reducing travel needs,
with a clear positive effect on the environment.

The progressive advance of the Information Society is modifying the

predisposition of citizens towards new technologies. Statistics show how
households are increasing their computing and communications equipment,
in parallel with technological advances.

It is becoming increasingly common for new home developments to include

some home automation system (digitization, reaction systems, etc.) and
access to communication services (internet, telephone, satellite TV) and this
will become increasingly common today. Nowadays, by simply turning on an
with a few movements of levers and the press of a button.

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The term home automation comes from the union of the words domus
(which means house in Latin) and robotics (robota, which means slave in
Czech). Home automation is understood as the set of systems capable of
automating a home, providing energy management, security, well-being and
communication services, and which can be integrated through indoor and
outdoor communication networks, wired or wireless, and whose control
enjoys a certain ubiquity, from inside and outside the home.

The increase in house prices can slow the advance of the “digital home.”
Since a smart home requires more equipment than a conventional house
and its acquisition and installation involves an additional cost. However, it
should be taken into account that its implementation could amortize this cost
in the long term, although unfortunately in Mexico, given the crisis and the
difficult acquisition of a credit that fits our desire, it prevents this advance for
the ordinary Mexican who lives on an average salary and not even
mentioning those who live on a daily salary.

Because “smart homes” are very new today, there is not much statistical
data about them applied in our environment. Furthermore, the different
initiatives developed so far are not comparable to each other, given that not
all theoretically available services are actually installed. There are groups
with special needs that can benefit to a greater extent.

One of the most important possibilities offered by the digital home is the
security of people and property, thanks mainly to the possibility of
automating access control, remote surveillance and the automatic
interruption of the gas or water supply if leaks are detected. To this we

51
should add the peace of mind that gives the user instant knowledge of the
status of their home, especially given the wave of insecurity in the country.

Entertainment is one of the most appreciated values in our society and is no

stranger to the changes that new technologies impose every day. The use of
the Internet in the field of leisure is already a reality and in some cases a
necessity.

The home becomes a key environment in the new leisure needs, given that
it is the place where most users access the Internet. Although not all experts
think the same.

All of Latin America has been slow in the development of electronic

commerce, in the same way the lack of knowledge of businessmen about
this new channel and the distrust that it still generates in many consumers,
have meant that it does not advance at the speed that would be desired,
Well, in developed countries, it is a growing trend in home shopping.

It is expected that by 2015, 45% of the population in Mexico will use the
internet to carry out E-Commerce, through different pages that offer this
service by now offering guarantees that motivate users to make purchases
and, above all, generating a market so competitive that the prices
established are a bargain.

The Internet is a very powerful medium in the field of global

telecommunications that, as mentioned, allows the exchange of information
between several users connected to the world wide web. We can know
about the interests of other users, in this case in the aspect of material
things. , such as computers, televisions, that is, from an integrated circuit to

52
a car, this leads us to see that whether or not it is a basic necessity item but
we do have the ease of being able to acquire said items either out of
necessity or does not begin what is a negotiation to the point of purchasing
via credit card or deposits to accounts to acquire said items.

It is true that virtual companies have a different characteristic than many

traditional businesses in the same sector (with increasingly smaller
differences) and this comes down to practical purposes for the entrepreneur
willing to create a virtual company, in the need to know these differential
characteristics to try to exploit them to the maximum while at the same time
with the need to avoid falling into the trap of forgetting or disdaining basic
aspects of any business, whether “virtual” or “real”.

In summary I can say that basically telecommunications in the home are a

fact, more than a dream, being able to perform different tasks and be able to
observe your home from the Internet is one of the great facilities that
telecommunications give us today, which practically every They are
increasingly being applied to each appliance that is handled at home, in
order to be able to bring their processes to a more optimal and systematized
level. All for the sake of comfort, unfortunately at the expense of the natural
environment that surrounds us, which according to studies, there will be no
raw material to satisfy demand in approximately 30 years maximum.

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 CONCLUSION

Telecommunications are what is now, the basis of what we currently

call technology, they allow us to know everything and know everything, we
have read that they affect human life so much that currently it is impossible
not to depend on some service or product. that is not related directly or
indirectly.

For all this knowledge, there are different economic and international
obstacles that threaten the continuous advancement of communications
systems, barriers that we still cannot avoid and that in due time must be
eliminated to achieve standardization that benefits everyone equally.

We know that technologies are focusing on being “smarts”, intelligent

equipment that allows you to work anywhere, abandoning the term portable
equipment and migrating to the famous accessories or gadgets. This leads
telecommunications to a radical revolution in the aspect of operating,
generating better services, of greater speed and quality and, above all,
anywhere.

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Focused on this progress, let us not be surprised that soon, we will be able
to develop virtual entities that replace video calls or telephone calls; that the
internet is a right instead of a service (as it already is in several countries
such as Holland), all this in order to make people's lives easier.

But at what cost, we know that raw materials for such production will soon
not be available, and human beings will face themselves for survival. Let's
hope that telecommunications will be on par with that problem, allowing us to
overcome these adversities.

Therefore, we know that telecommunications will increasingly develop

exponentially due to the need for better services, both television and
internet, reaching and improving people's quality of life unimaginably in the
coming years.

Now comes the WiTryCity (Wireless Electricity)…. What will come

tomorrow…

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