VOLUME 18.

ISSUE 1

Academic year 2012-2013

Editor in Chief
Rodrigo Vaz
Portugal
Editorial Team

Gabriela MARZONETTO, Argentina

Weronika MYCK, Poland
Conrad REIN, Germany
Julio AGUIRRE, Argentina

Reviewing Board: Advisory Board

Felipe Nunes, Brasil, Manuel Garreton, Chile,

Alicia Lisidini, Uruguay, João Carlos Espada, Portugal,

Elisabete Azevedo-Harman, Carole Pateman, England

Portugal Leonardo Morlino, Italy,

Sander van Hamperen, Gian Franco Pasquino, Italy

Germany Phillip Schmitter, USA

Ana Isabel Xavier, Portugal

2
Index

Editorial message. ........................................................................................................................................... 4

“Yes” or “No”: An Analysis of the 2010 Referendum in Turkey ............................................. 10

Electoral Reform in a Post-Soviet Republic: the case of Georgia .......................................... 21

Understanding Russian Aggression Towards Georgia:

An Expected-Utility Approach................................................................................................................ 33

Why corruption is perceived to be higher in poor countries than in richer countries?:

a critical assessment of the Corruption Perception Index........................................................ 46

Psychology, Political Psychology and International Relations – What are we talking

about? ................................................................................................................................................................. 55

A Constant ‘State of War’ Or A ‘Dog-Eat-Dog’ System? A Critical Analysis of

(Neo)realist Perspectives on World Affairs..................................................................................... 65

Post-Genocide Rwanda

A Better Alternative to Prevent the Recurrence of Violence ................................................... 78

Security, Violence and the Sacred......................................................................................................... 87

A Constructivist Analysis of Turkey-European Union Relations within the Context of

Five Phase Spiral Model: Human Rights Dimension .................................................................100

“Taoisigh & Prime Ministers’ policies towards extremists in Northern Ireland 1985-

1996: A Learning Process?”...................................................................................................................119

Call for Papers Volume 18: Issue 2 ....................................................................................................130

 Editorial message.

Dear reader,

On behalf of the POLITIKON editorial board, I have the honor to present the current

issue of the Journal.

POLITIKON is an important pillar of IAPSS; it represents the academic side of the

association, and also the bond with the young political science community. After two

years without publishing the Journal, the current IAPSS Executive Committee

together with the new editorial board, decided to stick with this project in a different

way: this is the first online issue of POLITIKON. The idea of changing from print to

online came out for the benefit of the increasing number of IAPSS members around

the world. We have the commitment to reach every place in which Political Science is

developing.

This issue has an important connotation: we live in a changing time, in which citizens

do not feel identified nor represented by their politicians and political institutions.

From the Arab Spring to the hatching of the economic crisis, the roll of citizens has

become more important and, in this, young people have a specific roll to play. For

that reason, it is quite important to participate in the building of new ideas, to

criticize the established order and to look forward to better times. As young political

scientists we should analyze these phenomena and contribute to change.

POLITIKON is a Journal that gives the opportunity to discuss those new political

scenarios, to learn and to be heard.

Keeping with tradition, POLITIKON has maintained its high standard evaluation

method; the current Board enjoyed the collaboration of a high quality reviewing

4
team1, and with the support of the prestigious Advisory Board, in which we have the

honorable presence of Professors Manuel Garreton, João Carlos Espada, Carole

Pateman, Leonardo Morlino, Gian Franco Pasquino and Phillip Schmitter.

This new beginning is exciting but implicates a big effort for the editorial team. We

are thankful to all the authors who submitted their contributions, showing that

POLITIKON is an important pillar for young political science students.

The present number critically evaluates different aspects of the international

community, from the problem of democratic deficit and its challenges, to nation-

building and security policies towards processes of national identity building.

The article Yes” or “no”: an analysis of the 2010 referendum in Turkey, written

by Ozden Melis Ulug and Arda Bilgen, analyzes the results of the 2010 constitutional

referendum to amend the Constitution of 1982. The study presents a snapshot and

evaluation of the 2010 referendum campaign according to relevant theories of

psychology and political science in order to explain the social effects that its process

revealed. This article contributes to the explanation of both psychological and

political factors in referenda.

Mikheil Shavtvaladze in Electoral Reform in a Post-Soviet Republic: the case of

Georgia aims to contribute to comparative electoral studies in the post-soviet

sphere, with particular focus on Georgia. The author examines the major features of

the recent electoral reform in Georgia in line with the "theory of post-soviet regime

change" and analyzes the extent of the reform's trustworthiness in terms of holding

free and fair competitive elections in Georgia. The author concludes the research

1
We want to thank to the honorable reviewing team for its important contribution: Felipe Nunes, Alicia
Lisidini, Elisabete Azevedo#Harman, Sander van Hamperen and Ana Isabel Xavier
demonstrating that this particular case of electoral reform can be adequately

explained by the aforementioned theory on post-soviet regime change.

Understanding Russian aggression towards Georgia: an expected-utility

approach, an article by Michael J. Langlois, seeks to understand the motives of

Russian aggression against Georgia. The author asks if the plan was an attempt to

restrain Georgia from formally joining the Western coalition, or whether the decision

was more complex: could Russia hope to gain the key role in the oil trade routes by

initiating the conflict? Could Russia´s goal be the prevention of Georgia’s acceptance

into NATO? To answer these questions, Langlois used the expected-utility model

developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, aiming to accurately elucidate Russia’s

conflict decision.

Going to the other side of the word, Denisse Rodriguez Olivari in her article Why

corruption is perceived to be higher in poor countries than in richer

countries?: a critical assessment of the Corruption Perception Index examines

why corruption is perceived to be higher in poor countries, than in richer countries.

The author analyzes the argument that narratives of corruption have an impact on

the definition, perception and measurement of the phenomenon. The article

therefore assesses the implications of these three dimensions in the construction of

the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). The author aims to examine the instrument of

measurement in order to disaggregate the usual discourse on the subject and

supporting ideas behind corruption as it is being measured nowadays.

Isabella Hermann in Psychology, Political Psychology and International Relation

– What are we talking about? analyzes how psychology and international relations

theory share an ambivalent relationship. The author bases the argument on the idea

6
that psychology is neglected within international relations theory building. However,

leaving psychology out of it is not understandable from a psychological point of view

since the differentiation between “rationality” on the one side and “irrationality” on

the other side is artificial and contra-empirical.

In the article Security, Violence and the Sacred, Manuel Mireanu argues that the

rise of anti-immigrant and anti-foreigners violence in Europe in the last few years,

and their consequential labeling as a threat to citizens’ security, should be seen not

only as effects of government practices. Instead, violence should be seen as a

constitutive force of the community. This paper focuses on the nexus between

security, violence and the sacred. The author adopts René Girard’s work on the

‘scapegoat’ to interpret how violence and the sacred converge on the security

demands of the population.

In the article A Constant ‘State of War’ Or A ‘Dog-Eat-Dog’ System? A Critical

Analysis of (Neo)realist Perspectives on World Affairs, written by Nathan

Andrews, the author examines the (neo)realist approach to world affairs, especially

since this approach purports to deal with the ‘here and now’ of international politics.

The author emphasizes that (Neo) realism often presents a world that is anarchic,

bound by state power and self-interest. This paper investigates realism, particularly

the realism of Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz, to ascertain the extent to which

the assumptions these authors present explain the nature and scope of international

relations.

Dawn Walsh in his article Taoisigh & Prime Ministers’ policies towards

extremists in Northern Ireland 1985-1996: A Learning Process? analyzes the

effects of policy changes incorporated by the British and Irish governments. In this
paper the author presents several possible explanations to the case of policy changes

effected by the British and Irish governments in relation to negotiating with

extremists in Northern Ireland during the 1985-1996 period.

In the article Post-Genocide Rwanda A Better Alternative to Prevent the

Recurrence of Violence, Martina De Donno seeks to demonstrate that the statement

of Toft that emphasizes in the rebel military victories as a result in an enduring peace

and democratization, in the long-term it is unlikely to be effective, especially in

Rwanda. The author explains her position about the possible resolution that The

'Rwandan path to democracy' could be the cause of possible future violence, and not

the solution to it.

Finally, in the article written by Özgur Tezer, A Constructivist Analysis of Turkey-

European Union Relations within the Context of Five Phase Spiral Model:

Human Rights Dimension, the author analyzes the European Union-Turkey

relations with regard to human rights reforms in Turkey and particularly the

European institutions’ impact on the reform process that they promote in the

country. In order to understand Turkey’s case, the author uses a constructivist

approach and the Five Phase Spiral Model, which introduces a sociological point of

view to world politics.

As can clearly be understood, this issue offers a spectacular variety of themes to

reflect on and discuss.

We hope you enjoy the papers, and feel motivated to submit your own contribution

for the upcoming issues.

8
Gabriela Marzonetto

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 “Yes” or “No”: An Analysis of the 2010 Referendum in
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 Electoral Reform in a Post-Soviet Republic: the case of
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32
 Understanding Russian Aggression Towards Georgia:
An Expected-Utility Approach5
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Zaman, A. & Ur#Rahim, F. (2009) ‘Corruption: measuring the ummeasurable’,

Humanomics, 25 (2): 117#126.

54
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 Call for Papers Volume 18: Issue 2

November, 2012 January 2013.

Editorial Board 2012

-Editor-in-Chief: Rodrigo VAZ

-Editor: Gabriela MARZONETTO
-Editor: Weronika MYCK
-Editor: Conrad REIN
The Editorial board of POLITIKON is proud to announce the opening of the 2nd call for
papers for the academic year 2012/2013.

Undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of political science, international

affairs or any other related discipline are available to submit their contributions to
POLITIKON journal. The articles reception will be open on November 25th and the
deadline will be on january25th (2013).

The articles should be academics, respecting the formal structure: academic writing,
abstract, argumentation, conclusion, pertinent quotation and bibliography. The
articles must be originals.

The Editorial Board will communicate to authors at the moment of the reception of
the submitted papers. Also the Editorial Board will contact the authors in order to
communicate the results of each evaluations (1st peer review, 2nd reviewing board
evaluation).

We suggest the authors to send papers after make an exhaustive review of the articles
that guarantee the compliance of the editorial standards. The articles that do not
follow the editorial standards (specify in the following) will not classify for the peer
evaluation, without exceptions.

The Editorial Board will receive articles up to two authors, but will not receive more
than one article per author. The author who submits more than one article per call
will not classify for the 1st evaluation.

The interested should submit their academic articles to politikonjournal@iapss.org.

Technical specifications for papers:

 Each paper should have an abstract (no more than 150 words).
Format of the article

Structure: Title, author, abstract, paper, short presentation, bibliography

Type of Word: Calibri 12, spacing 1.15; in abstract: Calibri 12, spacing 1, italic;
Main Title: Cambria 14, bold; Internal titles: Cambria 12, bold; presentation:
Calibri 12, spacing 1, italic.
Borders: top and inferior 2,5 cm, left and right 3,00cm (normal)
Academic papers should show:

• academic style and tone

• excellent English

• between 2000 and 4000 words

• in-text references (APSA-Style): Name of author, year of publication, page

http://www.ipsonet.org/data/files/APSAStyleManual2006.pdf (e.g. Klausmann, 2007,
23)
http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/OSPreviewer.asp?format=233&selected=323&s
ampleD=true

• Bibliography-references- at the end

Eg:

ROSE-ACKERMAN, S. (1978) Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. New York:

Academic Press.

Self presentation
Please include a short presentation of yourself (approx. 100 words) in the following
style (3rd person singular): Name, age, (hometown), university, degree, focus of your
studies/Master or Bachelor Thesis, current employment or study interests, e.g.:

"Françoise Deutsch, 32, is a graduate who received his Bachelor in "European Studies" at
the University of Shire in 2008. In 2009, he obtained an LL.M/M.Sc./MA in International
Relations at the University of Stadt. He has written his Master Thesis on ???, and
currently interns/works/studies at the WWW. His interests include security studies,
human rights, democratic transition, development studies, political philosophy, conflict
resolution etc."

Your academic perspective and observations can be an invaluable contribution for

Political Science students. Please do not hesitate to submit your academic article for
publishing on the upcoming POLITIKON!
Contact Us: Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us at
politikonjournal@iapss.org

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POLITIKON team.