1.

tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs;

1.1. %yhjhuq;fis tifg;gLj;jy;

 tuyhW vd;gJ ,we;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fw;Fk; ghlkhFk;.
 me;j tifapy; Kw;fhy kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTfpd;w
vOj;jhtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;fq;fs; tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;thwhd tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjd; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy;
vOjpitj;j E}y;fSk;> mwpf;iffSk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; MFk;.

2. njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
mfo;thuha;r;rpfspd;NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gLk; njhy;nghUl;fs;>
rpiyfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> rpijTfs; vd;gd njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; MFk;.

tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs;

,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;

cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;

c+ k;;:- jPgtk;rk;,kfhtk;rk; c+ k;:- BKz;Nlh,,d;bfh
G+[htypa,uh[htypa rpyg;gjpfhuk;,mu;j;jrh];jpuk;
kA+u re;Njra,jpru re;Njra G+Nfhs rh];jpug; gpuNtrk;
nguFk;ghrpupj;j ghfpadpd; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ehzaq;fs;; rpijTfs;

c+ k;:- rpJy;gt;t c+ k;:- jq;f ehzak; c+ k;:- tpfhiufs;
fy;nghj;j nrg;G ehzak;; murkhspiffs;
gdhfLt nrg;G rhrdk; f`gz Fsq;fs;
re;jputl;lf;fy;

jPgtk;rk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

 fp.gp 4 Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l KjyhtJ ghsp nkhop E}yhFk;.
 ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fSs; kpfg; gioikahd E}yhFk;.
 gy gpf;Ffshy; vOjg;gl;l E}yhFk;.
 Gj;j ngUkhdpd; ,yq;if tUif Kjy; kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rp KbT tiu
,e; ehl;bd; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j rkak; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; ,e;
E}ypy; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
 rpy tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; kpfr; RUf;fkhfNt Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
 rpy tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glhky; tplg;gl;Ls;sd.

1
 kfhtk;rk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
 jPgtk;rj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis ePf;Fk; tifapy; vOjg;gl;l ghsp nkhop E}yhFk;.
 fp.gp 5 Mk; my;yJ 6 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
 rpy ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 kfhtk;rj;jpd; Kjyhk; ghfk; mEuhjGu ‘jpf;re;j nrdtpah gpupntdh’tpy; tho;e;j
kfhehkNjuuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
 Gj;j ngUkhdpd; ,yq;if tUif Kjy; kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rp KbT tiu ,e;
ehl;bd; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j rkak; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; ,e; E}ypy;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
 kfhtk;rj;jpy; ,yq;if tuyhW njhlu;r;rpahf vOjg;gl;Ls;sik mjd; rpwg;gk;rk; MFk;.
 kfhtk;rj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nra;jpfs; rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yKk; NtW Mtzq;fs;
%yKk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ek;gj;jFe;j %yhjhukhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
 kfhtk;rj;jpw;F NkYk; tpsf;fkspf;Fk; tifapy; ‘kfhtk;r Bfht’ (tk;rj;jg;gfhrpdp )
vDk; ciu E}y; vOjg;gl;lJ.
 ‘kfhtpfhiuapd; Guhzk;’ vd miof;fg;gLk; ,e; E}ypd; fhtpa ehafdhf Jl;lifKD
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhd;.

 jPgtk;rk; kw;Wk; kfhtk;rk; Nghd;w E}y;fs; vOjg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; vOjg;gl;l

E}y;fs;
 rp`y ml;lfjh
 cj;jutp`hu ml;lfjh
 tpda ml;lfjh

mEuhjGu fhyk; - fz;bf; fhyk; tiuapyhd cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;

,uhrul;ilf; fhy
tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; Nghjptk;rk;, J}gtk;rk;, jhJtk;rk;, rj;ju;kyq;fhu, G+[htypa
ngsj;j rka E}y;fs;

fk;gis Kjy; Nfhl;ilf; epfharq;fpu`a ( Gj;jrhrd tsu;r;rpAld; njhlu;ghdJ )

fhyk; tiuahd tuyhw;iw
mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; uh[htypa ( murpay; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ )
J}J fhtpaq;fs;
Nfhl;il Kjy; fz;bf; ( kAu re;Njra> jpru re;Njra> nryypfpdp re;Njra )
fhyk; tiuahd tuyhw;iw Nghu;f; fhtpaq;fs;
mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; ( rPjhthf;f rl;ld> ,q;fpypR rl;ld> nfhd;];je;jpD rl;ld )
Gfo; fhtpaq;fs;
( nguFk;gh rpupj;j )

 mEuhjGuf; fhyk; Kjy; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp Muk;gk; tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;l

mjpfkhd E}y;fs; rka Nehf;Fld; vOjg;gl;lit MFk;.

,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

 E}y; vOjg;gl;l fhyk;
 E}y; Mrpupau;
 E}y; Mrpupaupd; Nehf;fk;
 E}Yf;fhd jfty; jpul;lg;gl;l tpjk;

2
 ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs;
 mEuhjGuj;jpd; Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; ,yq;if ntspehLfSld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfisg;
Ngzpaikahy; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;l mjpfkhd
ntspehl;ltu;fs; ,yq;if gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
 ,yq;if tuyhW gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; njd;dpe;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 kzpNkfiy
 gj;Jg;ghl;L

,yq;if tuyhW gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lntspehl;ltu;fs;

ghfpad;
,gpd;gJ}jh
upigNuh ,yq;iff;F tUif je;J Neub
gpypg;]; gy;ba]; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;wtu;fs;
nwhNgl; nehf;];

mup];Nlhl;by;
nkf];jdp];
xndrp fpwPl;l];
gpspdp ,yq;iff;F tUif juhJ, ,yq;iff;F
njhykp te;jtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngw;wtu;fs;
`pAq;rhq;
gu;dhNth FitNuh];

jha; ehL ntspehl;ltu; vOjpa Mf;fk; %yhjhu tif

fpNuf;fk; mup];Nlhl;by; bKd;Nlh fpNuf;f %yhjhuk;
fpNuf;fk; nkf];jdp]; ,z;bfh fpNuf;f %yhjhuk;
fpNuf;fk; xndrp fpwPl;l]; mwpf;if fpNuf;f %yhjhuk;
fpNuf;fk; nfh];k]; nlhNghfpwgpah fpwp];bahdh fpNuf;f %yhjhuk;
fpNuf;fk; njhykp G+Nfhs rh];jpug; gpuNtrk; cNuhk %yhjhuk;
cNuhk; gpspdp ner;Ruhyp]; `p];Nlhupah cNuhk %yhjhuk;
rPdh ghfpad; Gj;jf Mtzq;fs; rPd %yhjhuk;
rPdh `pAq;rhq; Nkw;Fyfpd; Mtzq;fs; rPd %yhjhuk;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; FitNuh]; ,yq;if kPl;G Nghu;j;Jf;fy; %yhjhuk;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; upigNuh upigNuhtpd; ,yq;if tuyhW Nghu;j;Jf;fy; ,yf;fpak;
mNugpah ,gpd;gJ}jh N[dy; muG ,yf;fpak;
xy;yhe;J gpypg;];gy;ba]; Nghy;barpd; ,yq;if tuyhW xy;yhe;j ,yf;fpak;
gpupj;jhdpah nwhNgl;nehf;]; md;iwa ,yq;if Mq;fpNya ,yf;fpak;

,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; gad;fs;

 tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fis xOq;F Kiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
 xU E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis ,d;ndhU E}ypd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;j cjTk;.
 xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;L cwTfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjTk;.

3
 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;

 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fis vOj;jhtzq;fs; ( rhrdq;fs; )> ehzaq;fs;> rpijTfs;>

rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> nrJf;fy;fs;> njhy;nghUl;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
 fUq;fy;> fspkz;jl;L> Rtu;> nrg;Gj;jfL> nghd;jfL> kug;gyif vd;gtw;wpy;
vOjpitf;fg;gl;Ls;stw;iw vOj;jhtzq;fs; vdyhk;.
 ,yq;ifapy; kur; nrJf;fw; fiyf;F Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;FtJ
mk;gf;f NjthyakhFk;.

fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
 fUq;fy;ypy; vOjpitf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mtzk; fy;ntl;L vdg;gLk;.
 ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
 fy;ntl;lhdJ vOjg;gl;Ls;s fy;ypd; mikg;igg; nghWj;J ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Fiff; fy;ntl;L / flhuk; fy;ntl;L
 Fd;Wf; fy;ntl;L / ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
 J}z; fy;ntl;L
 Rtu;f; fy;ntl;L / fw;gyiff; fy;ntl;L

Fiff; fy;ntl;L Fiffspy; gPypfspd; mUfpy; vOjg;gl;lit

ghiwf; fy;ntl;L fw;ghiwfspd; Nky; vOjg;gl;lit
J}z; fy;ntl;L nrg;gdplg;gl;l fUq;fy; J}z;fspy; vOjg;gl;lit
Rtu;f; fy;ntl;L nrg;gdplg;gl;l fw;gyifapy; vOjg;gl;lit
,Uf;iff; fy;ntl;L kyu; Mrdq;fs; Nghd;w fw;gyifapy; vOjg;gl;lit

 fp.K 2 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyk; tiu fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhlu;e;Jk;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
 fp.gp 2 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs;
 tpfhiufSf;F toq;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs;> fhzpfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
 tpfhiufspd; epu;thfk; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
 mur fl;lisfis nghJkf;fSf;F mwptpg;gJ gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
 tu;j;jf eltbf;if kw;Wk; tup mwtPL gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
 jtW nra;NjhUf;F kd;dpg;G mspj;jy;
 jdpegu;fspd; Nritfisg; ghuhl;Ljy; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;

 fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj rpy tplaq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik
- r%fj; jfty;fs;
- FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy;
- tpfhiufSf;F toq;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs;
- tpfhiu epu;thfk;
- tu;j;jfk;> tup
- mur fl;lisfs;
 rkfhy epfo;Tfs; vOjg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mjpf cz;ikj; jd;ik
 vOj;J tbtq;fspd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp gw;wp mwpa Kbjy;
 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;

4
 ehzaq;fs;

 vkJ ehl;by; fpilf;fg; ngw;w kpfg; Guhjd ehzak; ‘f`gz’ vDk; ngauhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mEuhjGu fhyk; Kjy; ,yq;ifapy; ehzaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ahid kw;Wk; Rth];jpfh cUtk; gjpj;j ehzak;> ,yl;Rkp cUtk; gjpj;j ehzak;> mf
vDk; nghd; ehzak; Nghd;w ehzaq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 nghyeWitf; fhyj;jpy; ‘jk;gk];]’ vd;w nrg;G ehzak; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 cNuhk> rPd> ,e;jpa> mNugpa Nghd;w ntspehl;L ehzaq;fSk; ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 Guhjd ehzaq;fs; gw;wpf; fw;wy; ‘ehza tpQ;Qhdk;’ vdg;gLk;.

njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fw;Fiffis gpf;FfSf;F toq;fpaik kw;Wk; Guhjd r%f

tuyhW> FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gy; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
ehl;bd; nghUshjhu epiy> tu;j;jfk;> cNyhfg; ghtid>
ehzaq;fs;
njhopEl;gk; vd;gtw;iw mwpa cjTk;
Kw;fhy kf;fspd; fiyahw;wy;> njhopEl;g mwpT> fl;llf;
rpijTfs; fiyahw;wy;> Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G> ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wp mwpa
cjTk;
rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fspd; Milazpfs;> fiyahw;wy;fs;> Mguzq;fs;>
nrJf;fy;fs; epwg; gad;ghLfs;> rka ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;

rpfpupah Rtu; Xtpak; ngz;fspd; Mil> Mguzq;fs;> $e;jy; myq;fhuk; vd;gd gw;wp
mwpa cjTk;

1.2. tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 ,we;j fhy mDgtq;fspd; %yk; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J vjpu;fhyj;ijr; rpwg;ghf;Fjy;

 ehl;bd; Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
 jhd; thOk; r%fk; kw;Wk; cyfk; gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;itg; ngWjy;
 Njrpa xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jy;
 khw;Wf; fyhrhuj;ij kjpj;jy;
 NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

5
 1.3. njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; moptilAk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

 ehL Ntfkhf mgptpUj;jp miljy;
 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G
 FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gy;
 ngUe;njUf;fs; mikf;fg;gly;
 fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gly;
 tptrha eltbf;iffs;

njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;
 vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhfg; ghJfhj;jy;
 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
 fle;jfhy Ml;rpahsu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;
 fle;j fhyj; njhopEl;gk; gw;wp mwpjy;

njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

 njhy;nghUl;fs; kPJ vOJjy;> tiujy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;jy;
 njhy;nghUl;fisr; Nrjkhf;Fjy; jz;lizf;Fupa Fw;wk; vd;gjidj; njupag;gLj;jy;
 njhy;nghUl;fis vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ghJfhj;jikia czu itj;jy;
 njhy;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;yy;
 njhy;nghUl;fs; vkJ ehl;bd; tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupaq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gjid
czu itj;jy;

 Guhjd gpuNjr vy;iyfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; milahsq;fs;

R+upa-re;jpu cUtq;fs;> tprpwp> tpy;> mk;G> ghjr;RtL> rq;F> khl;Lf;nfhk;G> gy;NtW
tpyq;F cUtq;fs;

 mEuhjGu kfhtpfhiuf;Fupa gpupntdhf;fs;

 Rd;`hj;j gpupntdh
 kUfj gpupntdh
 vyf;f gpupntdh
 jpf;re;j nrdtpah gpupntdh

,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;l NtW ngau;fs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; nrapyhd;

xy;yhe;ju; rpyhd;

Mq;fpNyau; rpNyhd;

fpNuf;fu; jg;uNgd;

mNugpau; nruz;bg;

Nrhou; Kk;Kbr;Nrho kz;lyk;

6
 ehL ntspehl;ltu; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;
ghfpad; Njuu;  fp.gp 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;iff;F tUif
je;J ,uz;L tUlq;fs; mgafpup tpfhiuapy;
rPdh jq;fpapUe;J fy;tp fw;Wr; nrd;wtu;.
 ngsj;j rka E}y;fisj; Njb rPdhtpypUe;J
,e;jpahtpw;F fhy;eilahf tUif je;jtu;.
 fp.gp 629 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J njhlu;e;J gj;J
rPdh `pAq;rhq; tUlq;fshf jdJ ahj;jpiuapy; <Lgl;ltu;.
 ,tuJ mwpf;ifahdJ Vohk; E}w;whz;L ,yq;if
tuyhW gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wJ.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,uhZt tPudhf ,yq;ifapy;
flikahw;wpdhu;.
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; upigNuh
 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,yq;if gw;wp mwptjw;F
,tuJ E}y;fs; cjTfpd;wd.
 xy;yhe;j fy;tpdp];j kjFU.
 Lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapy;
xy;yhe;J gpypg;g]; gzpahw;wpatu;
nghy;njT];  ,tuJ mwpf;if %yk; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,yq;if gw;wp rpwg;ghf tlgFjpapy; tho;e;j
kf;fspd; nkhop> gz;ghL gw;wp mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
 fp.gp 1658 ,y; ghurPfk; Nehf;fpg; gazpj;j ,tuJ
fg;gy; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp ,yq;ifia
te;jile;jhu;.
 Nwhgl; nehf;]; cs;spl;l gjpdhW NgiuAk;
gpupj;jhdpah nwhgl; nehf;]; fz;b kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; ifJ
nra;J rpiwapyilj;jhd;.
 jdJ mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L An Historical
Relation of the Island Ceylon vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;.
 ,NaR rigapd; rkag; Nghjfu;.
gu;dhNth B.  ,yq;iff;F tUif juhj ,tu; 1688 ,y;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; FthNuh]; ,yq;if gw;wp Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of
Ceylon vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;.

 glj;jpYs;stiug; ngaupLf
FNshba]; njhykp
 ,tuJ jhafk; vJ?
fpNuf;fk;
 ,tuhy; ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;l ngau; ahJ?
jg;uNgd;
 ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y; vJ?
G+Nfhsrh];jpug;gpuNtrk;
 ,tuJ rpwg;G ahJ?
Kjd; Kjypy; cyfg;glj;ij tiue;jik

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf. Fjpiuj;jiyAk; kdpjDk;

 ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdp fhyj;Jf;FupaJ? mEuhjGuk;
 ,jDld; njhlu;Gila fiy kuG vJ? gy;ytu; kuG
 ,J vt;tpfhiuapy; cs;sJ? ,RUKdpa tpfhiu
 mt;tpfhiuia mikj;j kd;dd; ahu;? Njtek;gpajPrd;
 ,J vf;fiyAld; njhlu;GilaJ? nrJf;fw;fiy
 ,J vj;jidahk; E}w;whz;by; mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
fp.gp 7 my;yJ 8k; E}w;whz;L
 Fjpiuj;jiy kw;Wk; kdpj cUtk; vd;gd vtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wd?
Fjpiuj;jiy :- mf;fpdp nja;tk; > kdpj cUtk; :- gu;[d; nja;tk;
7
 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf. fy;nghj;j fy;ntl;L
 ,jid mikj;j kd;dd; ahu;? ep]q;fky;yd;
 ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdp fhyj;Jf;FupaJ? nghyeWit
 ,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; ahJ?
1. ,yq;ifapd; kpfg;ngupa fy;ntl;L.
2. mjpf jfty;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
3. rpq;fstuptbtj;jhy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; tplaq;fs; 2 jUf.
1. ,yq;ifia ngsj;ju; my;yhj xUtu;Ml;rp nra;af;$lhJ.
2. fypq;f tk;rj;jpw;F ,yq;if murpaypy; cs;s cupik.
 ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fs; ,uz;bd; ngau;fis vOJf.
ahid, md;dk;.

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
gdhfLt nrg;G rhrdk;
 ,jDld; njhlu;Gila muridg; ngaupLf.
Kjyhk; tp[aghF
 ,jpy; gupRfSk;> rYiffSk; ngw;wtuhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu;
ahu;? rpj;jhWk;gp Gj;jehaf
 ,J vj;jidahk; E}w;whz;L fhy tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk;?
fp.gp 11 – 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 ,jpy; mEuhjGuj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ngau; ahJ?
EUGuk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf
f`tZ ehzak;
 ,jid cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; ahJ?
jq;fk;
 ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpa ehL vJ?
,yq;if
 ,jd; gad;ghL ahJ?
Guhjdfhy nghUshjhuKiw kw;Wk; njhopEl;g mwpT gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ

8
 10.2. ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpa Kjy; kdpjd; MjpN`hNkhNrg;gpad;

 ,yq;ifapd; khdpl tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lq;fs;

 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; ( fp.K 125000 – fp.K 1800 tiu )
 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; ( fp.K 2400 – fp.K 450 tiu )
 tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; ( fp.K 450 – fp.gp 300 tiu )

2.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;gJ

 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Guhjd fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
 vOj;J %y Mjhuq;fs; ,y;yhj fhyk;

 fyhrhu mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; ,U fl;lq;fs;

 ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j fw;fhyk;
 jhtu czTfis cl;nfhs;tjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;b cNyhfg; gad;ghl;Lld;
epue;juf; FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa fhyk;

 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fupa ( fw;fhyk; ) Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,lq;fs;

 ,uj;jpdGup kw;Wk; mjd; maw;R+oypYs;s ,uj;jpdf;fy; Ruq;fq;fs;
 ,uizkLg; gbT (,yq;ifapd; mjptwz;l tya epyj;jpdbapy; fspkz;Zld; $ba kzy;
kz;zpdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;s ruisg; gbTfs;)

2.1.1 ,yq;ifapd; fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j Rw;whly; tyaq;fs;

 miu tws; tyak;
 jho;epy cyu;tyak;
 jho;epy ,il cyu; tyak;
 tws; tyak;
 kiyehl;L ,il cyu; tyak;
 <utyak;

 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;

 jpwe;j ntl;l ntspfs;
 ,aw;ifahd fw;Fiffs;

2.1.2 fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j ,lq;fSk; mtw;wpd; fhyg;gFjpfSk;

Gjpuh[nty 125000 tUlq;fs;

G+e;jy nty;Ny fq;nfhl 80000 tUlq;fs;
ghfpad;fy 38000 tUlq;fs;
FUtpl;l gl;lnjhk;gnyd 28000 tUlq;fs;
fpj;Js;fy ngypnyd 15000 tUlq;fs;
ngy;yd;gjpngy];] 12000 tUlq;fs;
mj;jdnfhl mYnyd 10350 tUlq;fs;
khdpak; fk 7900 tUlq;fs;
rPfpupah nghj;jhd 5800 tUlq;fs;
rPfpupah mypfy 5500 tUlq;fs;

9
 Rw;whly; tyaq;fs; cjhuzq;fs;

fiuNahu ntl;l ntspfs; kpdp`hfy;fe;j, G+e;jy, gjpuh[nty

jho;epy <utyaf; Fiffs; ghfpad;fy, gl;lnjhk;gnyd, fpj;Jy;fy ngypnyd
jho;epy cyu;tyaf; Fiffs; rPfpupa nghj;jhd, mypfy
jho;epy <utya ntl;lntspg; ngy;yd;gjpngy];]
ghriwfs;
kiyafg; gpuNjr ntl;lntsp
Ntl;il epyk; gz;lhutis, N`hl;ld; rkntsp

2.1.3 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

fhuzpfs;
 czitg; ngwf;$ba ,aw;if tsq;fs; Vuhskhff; fpilf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fs;
 ePiug; ngwf;$ba ,lq;fspYk; fy;yhAjq;fs; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahdit jhuhskhff;
fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;
 fhyepiy (ntg;gk;, kio)
2.1.4 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw
 Ntl;ilahly; kw;Wk; miye;J jpupe;J czT Nrfupj;jy;
 ehNlhb tho;f;if
 rpwpa Fof;fshf tho;e;jik
 ntg;gkhd fhyq;fspy; ntl;l ntspfspy; tho;e;jik
 kio fhyq;fspy; fw;Fiffspy; tho;e;jik

tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j ,lq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

gjpuh[nty 45 mb Moj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,uizkLg; gbTf;Fupa

ruisf;fw;gbtpy; fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;jik
G+e;jy nty;Ny fq;nfhl 24 mb Moj;jpy; Gije;jpUe;j 80000 tUlq;fSf;F Kw;gl;l
fy;yhAjq;fSld; $ba ruisf;fw;gbT fpilj;jik
 38000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; tho;e;j fw;fhy kdpjdpd;
tho;tplk;
ghfpad;fy  9 egu;fspd; vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; gFjpfs; fpilj;jik
 rptg;G epwg;ghiwia cuha;e;J G+rg;gl;l kz;ilNahL
fpilj;jik

 120 rJu kPww

; u; gug;gstpy; fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;jik
ngy;yd;ngjpngy];]  30 vYk;Gf;$Lfs; fpilj;jik

 12 vYk;Gf;$Lfs; fpilj;jik
 12500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; fhl;Lg;gyhtpd; tpijfis
fpj;Jy;fy ngypnyd jPapy; Rl;L rhg;gpl;likf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;jik
 cg;Gf; fye;j ej;ijfspd; vr;rq;fs; fpilj;jik

,uz;lhfg; gpsf;Fk; tifapy; Jisaplg;gl;l kz;ilNahL

,uhtz vy;y fpilj;jik
FUtpl;l gl;lnjhk;gnyd tisj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gf;$L fpilj;jik
rpfpupah nghj;jhd kj;jpa fw;fhyj;jpw;Fupa kdpj vYk;Gf;$L fpilj;jik

10
2.1.5 ,yq;ifapd; fw;fhy kdpjdpd; czT Kiw

 Ntl;ilahbg; ngw;w czT :- khL, fhl;nlUik, fub, khd;, kiu,

fPup,Fuq;F,fhl;Lg;gd;wp, cLk;G
 jhtu czT :- fhl;L thio, fhl;Lg;gyh, fhl;Lg; ghf;F
 jPapy; Rlg;gl;l czT :- fhl;Lg;gyh tpij
 cztpy; cg;G Nru;f;fg;gl;lik :- cg;Gf; fye;j ej;ij vr;rq;fs;
 ed;dPu; kPdpdq;fs; :- jpj;jpah
 nfhb tif czT :- ts;spf;fpoq;F, fpj;Js; tpij

2.1.6 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; njhopEl;g Kiw

 Nfj;jpufzpjg; nghwpKiw cUtj;jpyhd Ezf;fkhd fy;yhAjq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rpwpa Nfj;jpufzpjg; nghwpKiwapyhd MAjq;fs; xU jbAld; my;yJ kpUf vYk;Gld;
,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 fw;ghiwfisf; nfhz;L nrg;gdpl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;yhAjq;fs; 4.5cm mstpy;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Ezf;fkhd fy;yhAjq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; nghUl;L gspq;Fg; ghiwfs; kw;Wk; kQ;rs; epwg;
gspq;Ff;fw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; fy;yhAjq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.(ntl;Ljy; , fpopj;jy;,
Njhz;Ljy;, jl;ilahf;fy;)
 fUq;fy; %yk; Rj;jpay;, mk;kp Nghd;wit cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 kuf;Nfhy;fs;, tpyq;F vd;Gfs;, fw;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; cgfuzq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld.

2.1.7 fw;fhy kdpjupd; clyikg;G

Mz; ngz;

 tsu;e;j Mz; xUtupd; cauk;  tsu;e;j ngz; xUtupd; cauk;

174cm 166cm
 tsu;e;j Mz; xUtupd; %is  tsu;e;j ngz; xUtupd; %is
1600 fd nrd;up kPww
; u; 920 fd nrd;up kPww
; u;
 ngupa gw;fs;  ngupa gw;fs;
 mfd;w %f;F  mfd;w %f;F
 mfd;w ehb  mfd;w ehb

 Mff;$ba MAl;fhyk; 35 – 40 tajhFk;.

2.1.8 fw;fhy kdpjdpd; rlq;F> rk;gpujhaKiw

 fw;fhyj;jpy; epytpa kuzr;rlq;F Kiw gw;wpa Mjhuq;fs; gy mtd; tho;e;j ,lq;fspy;
fpilj;Js;sd.
 ,uhtz vy;y Fifapy; Jisaplg;gl;l kz;ilNahL fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mk;kz;ilNahl;by; fuLKulhd gFjpfs; fy;ypy; cuha;e;J kl;lkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; xU
gFjp nre;epwkhd ghiwahy; epwk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ghfpad;fy FifapYk; rptg;G epwg;ghiwia cuha;e;J G+rg;gl;l vYk;Gf;$l;bd; gFjpfs;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,we;jtupd; rlyk; mtu; tho;e;j Fifapy; Gijf;fg;gl;L cf;fpa gpd;du; vYk;Gf;$L Njhz;b
vLf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 FUtpl;l gl;lnjhk;gnydf; Fifapy; tisj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;l vYk;Gf;$L
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

11
 2.2 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs;

 Rlg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fspd; ghtidapd; Muk;gk;
 Kiwahd kuzr;rlq;F Kiwia gpd;gw;wpaik
 ,Uk;G cNyhfg; ghtidapd; Muk;gk;
 epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik
 tptrhak; nra;aj; njhlq;fpaik

2.2.1 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; cUthfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 fhyepiy khw;wk; ( n`hNyhrPd; Afk; )

fp.K 7000 – 4500 ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; njd; Mrpa tyak; KOtjpYk; ghupa fhyepiy
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa Afk; n`hNyhrPd; Afk; vdg;gLk;.
 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G

m];jp itf;fg;gl;l fy;yiw kahdk;

m];jpf;; fyrk; itf;fg;gl;l GijFop

Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kahdk;
kahdq;fs;

fspkz; Xl kahdk;

ghuzp kahdk;

m];jp itf;fg;gl;l fy;yiw kahdk; ,g;gd;fl;Lt> fy;nrh`d;> al;bfy;nghj;j

fspkz; Xl kahdk; `y;JKy;y> ngufy> cluQ;rhklk;

2.2.2 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; jd;ik

 epue;jukhd FbNaw;wq;fSk;, thoplq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lik
 tupr;Rtu; tPLfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik
 tPl;bd; cl;Gwk; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lik
 nrt;tf tbtpyhd tPLfs;
 ,Yf;Fg;Gy;ypdhy; Ntag;gl;l $iu

2.2.3 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw

 epiyahd tho;f;if Kiw
 tptrha tho;f;if
 ,Uk;G cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik
 kl;ghz;lq;isg; gad;gLj;jpaik
 ngz;fs; jk;ik myq;fupg;gjpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;baik
 kahdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik

12
2.2.4 Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhy njhopEl;gk;
 cNyhfg; gad;ghL
 kl;ghz;lj; njhopEl;gk;
 tPL fl;Lk; njhopEl;gk;
 kzpfs; nra;Ak; njhopEl;gk;
 kahdg; gad;ghL

 tp[ad; tUk;NghJ ,e;ehl;by; tho;e;j RNjr kf;fs; Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;FupNahuhtu;.

2.3 Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

2.3.1 tuyhw;Wf; fhyf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

 tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp
 kz;zpd; jd;ik
 jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghL
 ,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;gy;
 ePNuhilfs;
2.3.2 tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; jd;ik

 Fsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FbNaw;wq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik

(Rkz thgpfhk, tp`hu thgpfhk)
 gy;NtW njhopy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; FbNaw;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik (frPfhu fhk, kzp;fhu fhk)
 fhuzfhupa mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;l fpuhk tiffs; (gl;lz fhk)

tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbNaw;wq;fspd; mikg;G

 nghJthf xU fpuhkj;jpy; 5 my;yJ 6 FLk;gq;fs; ,Ue;jik
 rpy ngupa fpuhkq;fspy; 30 FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld
 rpwpa fpuhknkhd;wpd; gug;gsT 0.15 n`f;laUf;Fl;gl;ljhfTk; kj;jpa mstpyhd
fpuhknkhd;wpd; gug;gsT 2 n`f;lauhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ
 rpy fpuhkq;fs; Ntypapl;Lg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ (gupfpj;jfk)
 ngupa efuf; FbNaw;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ (Guk;)

tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbNaw;wq;fspd; epu;thfKiw

 FLk;gj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ FLk;gj; jiytd; (Fu;`gjp)

 FLk;gj; jiytu;fisf; nfhz;l jiytd; fpuhkj;jiytd; (fkpf my;yJ fpuhkpf)
 fpuhkj; jiytu;fs; gj;Jg;Ngiuf; nfhz;l rignahd;wpd; %yk; fpuhkg; gpur;rpidfs;
jPu;f;fg;gl;ld (gj;Jf; fpuhkg; gpujhdpfs;)

tuyhw;Wf; fhy kf;fspd; [PtNdhghak;

 Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if Kf;fpa ,lk;ngw;wJ (Fuf;fd;, vs;, nkNdup)
 fpuhkf; Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld

Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;

 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;Gf;Nfw;g czT cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik

 ePu;g;gpur;rpid
 nts;sg;ngUf;if fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;Gf;Nfw;g Njitfs; mjpfupj;jik
 ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;

13
 frPfhu fhk tptrhapfs; tho;e;j fpuhkk;

kzpfhu fhk ,uj;jpdk; mfo;Nthu;, gl;il jPl;LNthu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;

Nfhghy fhk ,ilau; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
Nftl;l fhk kPdtu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
Fk;gfhu fhk Fatu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
tl;lfP fhk jr;ru; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
gl;lhd fhk JiwKfj;ij mz;ba fpuhkk;
epak; fk; tu;j;jff; fpuhkk;
xyfk; kf;fshy; iftplg;gl;l Fsf; fpuhkk;
gupfpj;jfk Ntypapl;L ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fpuhkk;
mgupfpj;jfk Ntypapl;L ghJfhf;fg;glhj fpuhkk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
ghfpad;fy Fif
 ,J ve;jf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa kdpj r%fj;jpd; tho;tplkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ?
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
 ,J ve;j Rw;whly; tyaj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ? jho;epy <utyak;
 ,J ve;j khtl;lj;Jf;FupaJ? fSj;Jiw
 ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 38000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; tho;e;j kdpj r%fj;jpd; tho;tplk;
 ntt;NtW fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa 9 egu;fspd; vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; gFjpfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
fspkz; Xlk;
 ,J vjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
kdpju;fspd; m];jpia kl;ghz;lq;fspy; ,l;L itg;gjw;fhf
 ,jid cUthf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs; vJ?
fspkz;
 ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ? cluQ;rhklk;
 ,J vf;fhyj;jpw;FupaJ? Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
epwe;jPl;lg;gl;l klf;F
 ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
cluQ;rhklk; (,uj;jpdGup khtl;lk;)
 ,J ve;jf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;GilaJ?
kl;ghz;lf; ifj;njhopy;
 ,J ve;jf; fhyj;Jf;FupaJ? Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;
 ,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; xd;W jUf
 Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyj;Jf;Fupa kl;ghz;lj;njhopEl;gj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
 nts;isepwg; gpd;dzpapy; rptg;G epwf;NfhLfs; %yk; ntspg;GwKk; fPo;g;GwKk;
myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

14
 10.3 ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mjpfhu tsu;r;rp

3.1 muRf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

 ,y;yj; jiytd; / FLk;gj; jiytd; ( Fu;`gjp / f`gjp / fpUfgjp )

fpuhkj;jpd; nghJg; gzpfspy; xt;nthU FLk;gj;ijAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Kd;te;jtu;fs;.

 fpuhkj; jiytd; (fkpf / fpuhkpf)

 xt;nthU fpuhkj;ijAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa egu;.

 ,y;yj; jiytu;fspd; tpUg;gj;Jld; fpuhkj;jpy; tho;e;j nry;tKk;> gyKk; nfhz;l xUtu;
fpuhkj; jiytuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
 mLj;jtu;fSf;F cjtf;$ba msTf;F nrhj;Jf;fisAila nry;te;ju;fshf tpsq;fpdu;.
c + k; :- Guhjd fpuhkk; xd;wpy; thOk; Viof; Fbahdtd; mLj;j Nghfj;jpy; jUtjhff;
$wpa thf;FWjpapd; Ngupy; fkpftplk; ney; %il xd;iwf; fldhfg; ngw;w nra;jp ‘[hjf
ml;lfjh’ vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fpuhkj;J ,y;yj; jiytu;fspy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gLgtNu ‘fkpf’ vd Gj;jNfhr Njuu;
‘rke;j ghrjpfh’ vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
 ,tu;fs; xUtNuhnlhUtu; ey;YwTld; nraw;gl;likapdhy; fpuhkq;fspy; rkhjhd rftho;T
epytpaJ vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuk; rpJy;gt;t tpfhiu fw;Fifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fkpf rpt> fkpf
Rkz> fkpf rjd Nghd;w rpJy;gt;itia mz;ba fpuhkj; jiytu;fs; fw;Fifia Rj;jkhf;fp
gpf;FfSf;F jhdkspj;jik.

 fkpftpd; gzpfs;

 fpuhkg; nghJ epfo;TfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fy;

 fpuhkf; Fsj;ij epu;tfpj;jy;
 Fsj;jpypUe;J ePiu tpepNahfpj;jy;
 fpuhkj;jtu;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;
 fpuhkj;jtu;fspilNa ey;Ywit tsu;j;jy;

 gpuNjrj; jiytd; ( gUkf )

 xU Fsj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j midj;Jf; fpuhkq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpatu;.

 gpuNjrj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhu; vd fz;lyhk vd;w fy;ntl;by;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Fif xd;iw gpf;FfSf;F jhdkspj;j gUkf ‘njhl;lNgh[f’ ( glFj; Jiwia epu;tfpg;gtu; )
vd;w ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;.
 gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpy; <Lgl;l ngz;fs; gUkfY vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
 Jl;lifKD gUkfkhupd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;W mjpfhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpdhd;.
( G];]Njt> NtYRkz> NjuGj;jhga )

 gUkftpd; gzpfs;
 gpuNjrj;ij epu;tfpj;jy;.
 Fsj; njhFjpia epu;tfpj;jy;.
 tup tR+ypj;jy;.
 gy fpuhkg; gpui[fspdJk; eyDf;fhf jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

15
 Fsj; njhFjp

 ePiuj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; nghUl;L mUfUNf fhzg;gLk; gy Fsq;fisf; fhy;tha;fs; %yk;

xd;wpizj;J cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Fsj; njhFjp MFk;.
 xU Fsj; njhFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ‘ntt;gpughjda’ vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;fs;.
 vdpDk; cyu; tya kf;fs; Fsj; njhFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ‘vy;yq;fht’ vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
 xU Fsj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j midj;Jf; fpuhkq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;J k; tz;zk;
gUkf nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.
 gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpy; <Lgl;l ngz;fs; ‘gUkfY’ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 Fsj; njhFjp cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 Nkl;Lg;ghq;fhd epyj;jpy; mike;Js;s Fsk; kio ePuhy; epuk;Gk;NghJ ntspNaWk; Nkyjpf

ePiuj; jho;epyg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s Fsk; xd;wpw;Fj; jpUg;gp ePiug; ghJfhj;jy;.
 ,U Fsq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s fhy;thapy; ve;NeuKk; ePiug; ghatpLtjd; %yk; mjd;
,Ugf;f epyq;fspdJk; <uj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhj;jy;.

murpd; tsu;r;rp

gz;Lfhgad; (fp.K 377 – 307 )

 gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; gyUld; rz;ilapl;L mg;gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wp xU epu;thfj;jpd; fPo;
nfhz;L te;jik
 Kiwahd Ml;rpia epWtpa Kjy; kd;dd;
 ,e;ehl;il Mz;l Kjy; kd;dd;
 jdJ Ml;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyakhf mEuhjGuj;ijj; njupT nra;jik
 Kjw;jlitahf efu epu;khz eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik
 fpuhkq;fSf;F vy;iyfis tFj;jik
 ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; KjyhtJ Fskhd mgathtpia (grtf;Fsk;) mikj;jik.
NkYk; fhkpdp thtp, [athtp Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mikj;jik
 Kjd;Kiwahf itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jik
 efuq;fis epu;tfpf;f efuFj;jpfd; vd;w mYtyiu epakpj;jik
 gz;Gs;s rPuhd r%fj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; tifapy; Myaq;fis mikj;jik
 70 tUlq;fs; rpwg;ghf ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jik

Njtek;gpajPrd; (fp.K 274 – 247 )

 ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
 ,yq;if- ,e;jpa njhlu;G tsu;r;rpaile;jik
 Kb R+Lk; kuG Vw;gl;lik ( ,U jlit KbR+bf; nfhz;lik )
 nghUshjhu tpUj;jp fUjp jprh thtp, ty];thtp Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jik
 nksupaf; fl;llf;fiyia mwpKfk; nra;jik
 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ jhJNfhgkhd J}guhkit mikj;jik
 rfy gpuNjrj; jiytu;fspilNa ey;Ywit tsu;f;Fk; Njitia czu;e;J nraw;gl;lik

3.2 mur Nfhl;ghL

 murd; kf;fSf;F Mw;wNtz;ba Kf;fpa gzpfs;

 ehl;L kf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;ig toq;fy;.

 ehl;il nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wy;.
 gpui[fspilNa Md;kPf tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

16
 muru;fs; gad;gLj;jpa vz;zf;fUf;fs;
• Mz;ltd;
• Nghjprj;Jtu;
• kiyapd; murd; ( gu;tjuh[h )
• rf;futu;j;jp

 Fl;lfz;z mga kd;dd; eNu];tu( kdpju;fspd; flTs; ) jk;Gs;s tpfhiuf;

fy;ntl;L
 Kjyhk; fhrpag;gd; FNguf; flTs; myfga kfhuh[h ( ,e;jpuNyhfq;fspd; kfhuh[h )
 ep]q;fky;yd; rf;futu;j;jp (KO cyfpw;Fk; murd;) fhypq;f rf;futu;j;jpg; ngUkhd;
 kfhNrdd; kpd;Ndupaf; flTs;

muRupik khw;wk;
 je;ijf;Fg; gpd; kfd;
• fhte;jPrDf;Fg; gpd; Jl;lifKD
• trgDf;Fg; gpd; tq;f ehrpf;f jp];]

 rNfhjudplkpUe;J rNfhjud;
• Njtek;gpa jPrDf;Fg; gpd; cj;jpa
• Jl;lifKDTf;Fg; gpd; rj;jhjp];]

 murdpd; kidtpapd; rNfhjuDf;F kw;Wk; murdpd; rNfhjupapd; Gj;jpuDf;F

• = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpq;fDf;Fg; gpd; = tp[auh[rpq;fd;

kfhuh[h kGWKfh
jiyik mikr;ru; k`kj
mikr;ru;fs; mnkj
nghUshsu; glfupf
czTr;rhiy mjpfhup gjF
tof;fq;fs; kuG Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhup nfhJW Nfdh
efu gupghyfu; efu Fj;jpf
efu fl;ll epu;khzp efu tbf
Fjpiug; gpuptpd; jiytu; mr mnjf
ahidg; gpuptpd; jiytu; `jp mnjf
ehl;bag; gpuptpd; jiytu; el mnjf
fhR mr;rpLk; gpuptpd; jiytu; &g mnjf
tu;j;jf eltbf;iff;fhd jiytu; gd mnjf
mur Mtzq;fspd; jiytu; fd ngbf

17
 3.3 ,e;ehl;il Mz;l Kf;fpakhd kd;du;fs;

Jl;lifKD (fhkpdp mga) (fp.K 161- 137 )

murpay; gzpfs;
 ,yq;ifj; jPit xd;WgLj;jpa Kjy; murd;
 gutyhf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpj;J te;j gUkfkhiu kj;jpakakhf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;jpw;F
,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Vf mur epu;thfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik
 gy;Y}fDila jiyikapy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j gilAld; Nghupl;L ntw;wp nfhz;lik
 khe;ij JiwKfj;ij vy;yhsdplkpUe;J kPl;lik
 ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; KjyhtJ Kiwahd Aj;j nraw;ghl;bw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;fpaik
 ehl;bw;fhd nghJf; nfhs;iffis Kd;itj;J murpay; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhz;lik

nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
 kf;fspd; eyNehd;G eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lik
 Uthd;ntyprha fl;lg;gl;l Ntisapy; mjd; ehw;wpir thapy;fspYk; jhdkspf;f
Vw;ghL nra;jik
 Uthd;ntyprha epu;khz eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;l midtUf;Fk; rk;gsk; toq;f
eltbf;if vLj;jik
 nfhj;kiyapy; jq;fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; gapu; nra;J cau; tpisr;riyg; ngw;wik
 jk;gp jPrid jpfhkLy;y gpuNjrj;jpw;F mDg;gp mgptpUj;jp nra;jik
 kfpaq;fizapYs;s nrhunghuthtpia mikj;jik
 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij Nkk;gLj;j MjuT toq;fpaik
 ifj;njhopypy; Nju;r;rp ngw;w ty;Ydu;fs; fhzg;gl;lik

ngsj;j kjg;gzpfs;
 89 rkaf; fl;blq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik
( Uthd;ntyprha, Nyhfkfhgha, kpupRntl;ba )
 ntrhf; tpohit ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik
 kfpaq;fizj; J}gpia Gzuikj;jik
 kfhtpfhiuf;F mZruiz toq;fpaik

 Jl;lifKDtpd; jsgjpfSs; gUkfuhf tpsq;fpatu;fs;

 NtYRkz
 G];]Njt
 NjuGj;jhga
 ee;jpkpj;u

18
 trgd; ( fp.gp 65 – 109 )
 ,yk;gfu;z tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsd;
 ,tdJ Ml;rp ,yq;if KOtjpYk; gutpapUe;jikf;F fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;Wfshf
mikfpd;wd
tlf;fpy; :- aho;g;ghzk;
njw;fpy; :- rpJy;gt;t, jp];]kfhuhk
fpof;fpy; :- kl;lf;fsg;G
Nkw;fpy;:- FUehfy;
 ehl;il epu;thf myFfshf gpupj;J Ml;rp nra;jik
aho;g;ghzk; - up~pfpup
 mur tup mwtPL Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
 Kjd;Kjyhf ehl;by; ghupa Fsq;fis mikj;jik (kfhtpyhr;rpa, khdhfl;ba )
 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l gpukhz;lkhd fhy;thahf fUjg;gLk; vy`u (Msprhuh)
fhy;thia mikj;jhd;
 J}guhk J}gpf;F tl;ljhkidiaAk; ,RWKdpa tpfhiuapy; NghahkidiaAk; mikj;J
gpf;FkhUf;F toq;fpdhd;
 jp];]kfhuhikapy; cs;s rpJy;gt;t tpfhiuf;F J}gpia mikg;gpj;jhd;
 gy tpfhiufisg; Gzuikj;jhd;
 aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpaq;Fjp];] vd;w tpfhiuia mikj;jjhf ty;ypGuk;
nghw;rhrdj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
 efupy; Mq;fhq;Nf ngha;iffis mikj;J thtpfspypUe;J mtw;wpw;F ePu; gha;e;J
nry;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;wpy; md;dq;fis tsu;f;Fk;gb mwpTiu
toq;fpdhd;

Kjyhk; tp[aghF (fp.gp 1055 – 1110 )

( fPu;j;jp Fkhud; / kfhtp[aghF )

murpay; gzpfs;
 Gj;juh[dpd; cjtpAld; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gidj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 1055y; fjpu;fhkj;ij epu;thf
ikakhff; nfhz;L 1k; tp[aghF vd;w ngaUld; cUFizapd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;
 fp.gp 1017 -1070 tiu epytpa Nrhou; Ml;rpapypUe;J nghyeWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik
 KO ,yq;ifiaAk; xd;WgLj;jp Mz;lik
 nghyeWit Afj;jpd; KjyhtJ rpq;fs murd;
 Vg;gh, khg;gh gjtpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuk;gupa Kiwapyhd epu;thfk; kPz;Lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lik
 nghyeWitf;F tp[auh[Guk; vdg; ngaupl;L ,uhr;rpaj;ij mikj;jhd;

nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
 gy Fsq;fs; Gzuikf;fg;gl;lik (kfhfy;flty, kfhfzjuht, ehr;rJt thtp )
 vy`uf; fhy;thiag; Gzuikj;J kpd;Ndupah, fTLY, fe;jsha; Nghd;w ePu;g;ghrdf;
fl;likg;Gf;fis gioa epiyf;F nfhz;L te;jhd;
 gu;khTld; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzpajhy; gu;kpa kd;dd; fg;gy; epiwa tpahghug; nghUl;fis
mDg;gpdhd;

ngsj;jkjg; gzpfs;
 gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if elj;jpaik
 nghyeWitapy; %d;wLf;F jyjhkhspifia mikj;jik
 nghyeWit jyjhkhspifapd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Ntisf;fhug; gilia epakpj;jik
 rptndhspghjkiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijiar; rPuikj;J rptndhspghjkiyf;F fpuhkq;fis
toq;fpaik
 mEuhjGuj;jpYk;, cUFizapYk; tpfhiufisg; Gzuikj;jik

19
 ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;
 fypq;f Njrj;JlDk; ghz;ba Njrj;JlDk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;
 jpupNyhfRe;jup vd;w fypq;f ,sturpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;
 jdJ rNfhjupahd kpj;jh ,sturpia ghz;ba ,sturDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jhd;
 J}ju;fis mDg;gp gupRg;gz;lq;fis toq;fp Nkiy rhSf;fpa mur tk;rj;Jld; el;Gwit
tsu;j;jhd;

Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

 Jl;lifKD kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rKj;jpu tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; NgusT ,yhgj;ij

<l;bte;j ru;tNjr JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ khe;ij ( khnjhl ) JiwKfkhFk;.
 ,e;ehl;bd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Kiwahd tpjj;jpy; cUthf;Ftjpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
gq;fspg;ig toq;fpatd; Jl;lifKD Mthd;
 gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpfhuk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl Muk;gpj;jJ Jl;lifKD kd;dd;
fhyj;jpYk;> me;eltbf;if G+uzj;Jtkile;jJ trg kd;dd; fhyj;jpYk; ,lk;ngw;wjhFk;
 trg kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; aho;FlhehL ehfjPg ( efjpt ) vd miof;fg;gl;ljhf ty;ypGuk;
nghw;rhrdj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
 Kjyhk; tp[aghF nghyeWitiaj; jiyefukhfj; njupT nra;jikapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa fhuzp ,e;J rKj;jpu tpahghuk; fpof;if Nehf;fp efu;e;jjhyhFk;

 gQ;rt];Jf;fs; vd;gjDs; cs;slq;Ftd

 Mytl;lk;
 rhkiu
 ghjzpfs;
 kq;fs ths;
 new;wpg;gl;lk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
fy;yiw kahdk;
 ,jd; rpijTfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
jk;Gs;s ,g;gd;fl;Lt
 ,J ve;jf; fhyfl;lj;Jf;FupaJ?
fp.K 700-450 (Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;)
 ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpa r%fj;jpdu; ahu;?
gUkf (gpuGf;fs;)
 ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ ahJ?
Guhjd fhy kuzr; rlq;F Kiw

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf
fspkz; Kj;jpiu
 ,J vq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ?
jp];]kfhuhk
 ,it ahuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
mur mjpfhupfs;
 ,J vg; nghUshy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ?
fspkz;

20
 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf
fspkz; Kj;jpiu
 ,J vq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ?
khfk
 ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; ahu;?
cUFiz Ml;rpahsu;fs;
 ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l %yg;nghUs; vJ?
fspkz;
 ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gk;rk; ahJ?
cUFiz Ml;rpahsu;fspdhy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l
FwpaPfs; gyTk; ,k; Kj;jpiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik

 glj;jpYs;s Ml;rpahsu; ahu;?

ghjpfhga kd;dd;
 ,r; rpiy vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?
mEuhjGuj;jpy; Uthd;ntyprha Kw;wj;jpy;
 ,r; rpiy mq;F fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
Uthd;ntyprhatpw;F fhzpf;if toq;fpaik
 ,tu; ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;J fz;zhb kzpfisg; ngw;whu;?
cNuhk;
 ,tu; ve;j ,uhrjhdp fhyj;Jf;Fupatu;?
mEuhjGuk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
kzpkhiy
 ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
,g;gd;fl;Lt
 ,J ve;jf; fhyg;gFjpf;FupaJ?
fp.K 700-450 (Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;)
 ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 tsu;r;rpaile;J te;j gpuGj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fspd; Mlk;gu
tho;f;ifiag; gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
 ,k;kzpkhiyapd; rpy gFjpfs; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;lit

21
 gz;ila r%fk;

4.1 epu;thf xOq;fikg;G

 xU ehl;bd; epu;thfj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;Jk; ];jhgdq;fs;

 rl;lk;(rl;lj;Jiw) - ghuhSkd;wk; (rl;lq;fis tFj;jy;)

 epu;thfk;(epu;thfj;Jiw) - epu;thf mjpfhupfs; (rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)
 ePjp(ePjpj;Jiw) - ePjpkd;wk; (ePjpia epiyehl;ly;)

Guhjd ,yq;ifapd; epu;thf xOq;fikg;G

 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vkJ ehl;bid Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; kd;du;fs; Mtu;.

 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jiwahf nraw;gl;lJ epu;thfj;JiwahFk;.
c + k;:- “vf;njd; rkpa” vd;w nrhy; rl;l epu;thfj;Jiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 cs;@uhl;rp njhlu;ghd jdpahdnjhU epu;thf mikg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.
c + k;:- aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;ij epu;tfpf;f up~pfpup vd;w mikr;ru; epakpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>
mt;tikr;ruhy; mq;F gpaq;Ff jp];] vd;w tpfhiu fl;lg;gl;ljhfTk; ty;ypGuk;
nghw;rhrdj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fPo;kl;l epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;F RNal;ir rigfs; fhzg;gl;lJ.
c + k;:- gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gl;l rigfs; “jrfk; vj;jd;” vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fSjpa
nghf;Fidf; fy;ntl;by; mt; tpfhiuf;Fj; jhdk; toq;Fifapy; VjhtJ gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lhy;
gj;Jf; fpuhkj; jiytu;fSk; xd;W $b mjidj; jPu;j;Jitf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epu;thf mikg;Gld; njhlu;Gila nrhw;fs;

vf;njd; rkpa rl;l epu;thfj;Jiw

Vf M];jhd mur rig
tj;`pkpad; tjhy murdpd; Miz
rght ePjpkd;wk;
k`Ny mur Mtzq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mjpfhup
k`Nyfk; gjpthsu; ehafk;

 fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; %yk;

czu;j;jg;gLgit
 tprpwp :- murpd; FwpaPlhd nrq;Nfhy;
 nfhb :- md;dk;
 md;df; FwpaPL :- toq;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdtpd; J}a;ik
 re;jpug;gpiw :- epiyj;j jd;ik
 ehAk;> fhfKk; :- nfhLg;gdtpw;F ,ilQ;ry; GupNthu; mLj;j gpwtpapy;
vLf;Fk; gpwg;Gg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

22
 nghJr; Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fpa kd;du;fs;

 itj;jpa kd;dd; vdg; Gfo;ngw;w ,td; itj;jparhiyfis

epu;khzpg;gjpy; kpfTk; Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;gl;lhd;
Gj;jjhr kd;dd;  rhuzhu;j;j rq;fpu`a vd;w itj;jpa E}y;
 10 fpuhkq;fSf;F xU itj;jpaiu epakpj;jik
 %ypifj; Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhd;

5k; kfpe;jd; ehnlq;fpYKs;s itj;jparhiyfSf;F Njitg;gl;l rfy

trjpfisAk; toq;fpdhd;

4k; fhrpag;gd; cgrf;f vd;w fha;r;ryhy; gPbf;fg;gl;l Nehahsu;fisg; guhkupf;f

jdpahd itj;jparhiy mikj;jik (cgrf;f Nuhfehr)

1k; cgjp];] fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khUf;Fj; Njitahd gpurt itj;jparhiyfis

mikj;jik (g]te;jpehk rhy)

gz;Lfhgad;  Kjd; Kjypy; itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jik

 nrhj;jprhyh vd;w gpurt itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jik

1k; guhf;fpukghF  rj;jpurpfpr;iria Nkw;nfhz;l kd;dd;

 k`ntjdh(gpujk itj;jpau;) vd;w gjtp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
2k; Nrdd; cyfg; goik tha;e;j kpfpe;jiy itj;jparhiyia mikj;jhd;

vkJ ehl;il Mz;l kd;du;fspd; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;

 1k; fIghF kd;dd; gj;jpdp nja;tf; Nfhapy; xd;wpd; jpwg;G tpohtpw;F Nru ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fr;
nrd;wik (murpay; njhlu;G)
 Njtek;gpajPrd; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjk; gutpaik (rka fyhrhuj; njhlu;G)
 ghjpfhga kd;dd; cNuhkhGupapypUe;J fz;zhb, gspq;F vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;W
Uthd;ntyprhait myq;fupj;jik
 6k; mf;fpuNghjp kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; rPd ,uhIje;jpupfs; ,UgJ Kiw ,yq;iff;F tpIak;
nra;jik (tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G)
 muG ehLfSld; tu;j;jfj;njhlu;G ,lk;ngw;wik
 1k; tpIaghF nghyeWit jyjhkhspifapd; ghJfhg;gpw;F Ntisf;fhug;gilia epakpj;jik
(ek;gpf;if mbg;gilapyhd njhlu;G)
 1k; tpIaghF fypq;f ,sturp jpupNyhfRe;jupiaj; jpUkzk; nra;jik mj;Jld; jq;if kpj;jh
,sturpia ghz;ba kd;dDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jik (jpUkzj; njhlu;G)
 ,yq;ifia rptg;Gj; jPT vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l mNugpauhd my; - gyR+upapd; Fwpg;Gfspd; gb
,yq;if muru;fs; ,];yhkpa muru;fSld; gupRfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;ljhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. (tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G)

nt[;[rhy itj;jparhiy
nt[ itj;jpau;

g]te;jpehk rhy / jpk;gpupNf / nrhj;jprhyh gpurt tpLjp

nrhj;jprhyh gpuhkzu; topghl;blk;

23
 4.2 nghUshjhuk;

 Guhjd fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw gw;wpa mk;rq;fs;

 fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;jdu;
 vspikahd tho;f;if Kiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ
 Njitfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ
 tptrhak; gpujhd tho;thjhuj; njhopyhff; fhzg;gl;lJ

 nghUshjhuk; vd;gjDs; cs;slq;Fk; Jiwfs;

 tptrhak;
 ifj;njhopy;
 tu;j;jfk;

4.2.1 tptrhak;

Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if

 Nrid :- fhl;ilj; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpa gpd; Jg;guT nra;J nfhs;sg;gLk; epyk;

Nrid vdg;gLk;.
 tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspy; Nridiaf; Fwpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs;
 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; :- ck;kf;f [hjf Nrd;
:- Gj;ruz nrn`d;
 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpl;lgpk;

Nridr; nra;ifahsd; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba gzpfs;

 epyj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

 mg;gFjpapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffis tpul;ly;
 fhl;il mopj;J jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jp mtw;iw Jg;guthf;fy;
 epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;
 Nridiag; ghJfhg;gjw;Fupa topKiwfisf; ifahsy;
 kiofhyk; njhlq;Fk; NghJ gapuply;
 xU KiwNah, ,U KiwNah tpisr;riyg; ngw;w gpd; mr;Nridia iftpl;L gpd; NtW
Nrid epyj;ij ehbr; nry;yy;

24
 etnjdp Nrid

 jPapl;Lg; Gjpjhf cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epyk;

 Gjpjhf jPaplg;gl;l fhzp
 Fuf;fd;, nfhs;S, cOe;J, gaW, Nrhsk;, fk;G, tuF, jpiz,
Xkk; Nghd;w jhdpaq;fs; xd;gJk; nropg;ghf tsUk; Nrid

Nridiag; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

ifahsg;gl;l topKiwfs;

 fk;Gfspdhy; Ntypia mikj;jy; ( jz;Lntl;l )

 jP %l;ly;
 guz; mikj;jy; ( ngy )

Nridfspy; gapuplg;gl;l gapu;fs;

jhdpaq;fs; fiuney;, gaW, vs;S, Fuf;fd;, Nrhsk;, cOe;J, tuF, fLF, jpiz,
rPufk;
kuf;fwpfs; tl;Lf;fha;, g+rzpf;fha;, fj;jupf;fha;, Rz;ilf;fha;, rhk;gy; thio
fpoq;F tiffs; rpWfpoq;F, tw;whis
Vida gapu;fs; fUk;G, gUj;jp

tPr;rupths;

Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mupths;
cgfuzq;fs;

kz;ntl;b

Nridapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs;

Nrd;, nrn`d;, gpl;lgpk; Nrid

etnjdp Nrid Gjpa Nrid epyk;
jz;Lntl;l fk;Gfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Ntyp
ngy Nridapy; mikf;fg;gl;l guz;
rhyp fiuney;
fpdpahjpfht td tpyq;Ffis tpul;l xypnaOg;gy;
n`ypflh ghidj; jiyiaf; nfhz;l ntUsp

25
 Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

 ,g;gapu;r;nra;if njhlu;gpy; nfjpml> nfLfdf Nghd;w tupfs; mwtplg;gl;ld. ,t; tupfis

ep]q;fky;yd; ePf;fpajhf mtdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fhLfis mopj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.
 kioia ek;gpa gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.
 jhdpaq;fs;, kuf;fwp tiffs;, fpoq;F tiffs; Nghd;wit gapuplg;gLk;.
 tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J Nridiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf gy topKiwfs; ifahsg;gLk;.
 xUKiwNah, ,UKiwNah tpisr;riyg; ngw;w gpd; mr;Nrid iftplg;gLk;.

Nrw;W epy tptrhak; - Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

 NtW ngau;fs;:- new;gapu;r;nra;if/ePu;g;ghrdg; gapu;r;nra;if

 Kw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gutyhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gapu;r;nra;if.
 ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 [PtNdhghaj; njhopyhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 tUlj;jpw;F ,U Nghfq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ngUk; Nghfk; (kfh Nghfk;)
rpW Nghfk; (ahy Nghfk;)
 kdpj ciog;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Vu;, kl;lg;gyif, mupths;, kz;ntl;b Nghd;w cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

new;gapu;r;nra;ifapy; <LgLk; tptrhapfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;

 epyj;ij cOjy;
 epyj;ij tbtikj;jy;
 Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ney; tiffis tpijj;jy;
 gapiug; ghJfhj;jy;
 gapu; tpise;j gpd; mWtilia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 new;Fjpu;fis epu;khdpj;jy;

new;gapiug; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;Lifahsg;gl;l ghuk;gupa Kiwfs;

 taypYk;, tug;gpYk; ,ilapilNa njd;Ndhiyfis ely;

 vz;izapy; eidf;fg;gl;l jpupfis vupj;jy;

Vu;

kl;lg;gyif
taw;nra;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
cgfuzq;fs;
mupths;

kz;ntl;b

26
 Guhjd new;nra;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

 fpuhkf; Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik

 tUlj;jpw;F ,U Nghfq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
 kdpj ciog;G, kpUf ciog;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik
 ,aw;ifg; grisfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik
 R+oYf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy
 ,aw;ifg; gapu;g;ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik
 jhdpaq;fisg; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jik
 rpf;fdkhf ney;iyg; gad;gLj;jpaik

Nrw;W epyg;gapu;r;nra;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs;

Ntshz;ikf; Fjpu; mWtil nra;ag;gl;l Ntshz;ikiaf; Ftpayhf mLf;fp

( cl;gl;bf;Ftpay; ) itj;jpUj;jy;

R+lbj;jy; Ntshz;ikiaf; Ftpj;J vUik khLfisf; nfhz;L kpjpj;J

ney;iy Ntwhf;fy;
fsk; R+lbf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk;
nfj tay;fs;
ntt; `kpf, thgp `kpf Fsf; fpuhkq;fs;
mfy`] ngUk; Nghfk;
Nkj`] ,ilg; Nghfk;
gpljl`] rpW Nghfk;

tpyq;F tsu;g;G / ke;ij tsu;g;G

 tsu;f;fg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; :- khL> ML> gd;wp> Nfhop
 ngw;w gad;fs; :- czT ( ghy;> ,iwr;rp> Kl;il )
epyj;ij cOjy;
gris
Nghf;Ftuj;J
 gQ;rug; nghUl;fs;(g];Nfhur) :- ghy;> japu;> Nkhu;> ntz;nza;> nea;

 ehd;fhk; fhrpag;g kd;ddhy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; ‘fpupnfup’ vd;w nrhy; ghiyg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s tsu;f;fg;gl;l gRf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 ngz;nzhUj;jp gRtpypUe;J ghy; fwg;gijf; fhz;gpf;Fk; rpw;gk; xd;W rpfpupahtpy;
mike;Js;s jhJfu;g;gj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kfhNkUf; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 nghyeWit nkjpfpupapy; cs;s vj;nt`u kz;lgj;jpy;> itj;jparhiyapy; Nehahsu;fspd;
Njitf;fhf kuzpj;j MLfspdJk;> NfhopfspdJk; khkprk; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vdf; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fpupnfup ghy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tsu;f;fg;gl;l gRf;fs;

Nfhghyu;fs; khL tsu;g;Nghu;
Nfhghyfk; khL tsu;g;Nghu; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
1k; jtsKiw khLfspd; KJfpy; nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;yy;

27
 4.2.2 ifj;njhopy;

gad;gLj;jpa
ifj;njhopy;fs; iftpidQu; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; fUtpfs;
,Uk;G fk;khsu; Vu;,kz;ntl;b,fj;jp, ,Uk;Gr;R+is
(fgu/NyhFU) mupths;,Nfhlup
nrk;G nrg;Gf; fk;khsu; nja;tr;rpiyfs;,
(jk;gfu) Fj;Jtpsf;F, Nfhtpy; kzp
jq;fk; nghw;nfhy;yu; (Jyhjhu) tisay;,NjhL CJ JUj;jp
,uj;jpdf;fy; gl;il jPl;LNthu; (kzpfu) khiyfs;, Nkhjpuq;fs;
kl;ghz;lk; Fatu; nrq;fy;,XL,rl;b, ghid tidjy; rpy;Y
(Fk;gfhu/Fk;gy;Y/Fgfu)
E}y; E}w;wy; E}y; E}w;Nghu (jjta) E}y;
Gilit nerthsu; (ngn`fhu) Jzpkzpfs;
je;j nrJf;fy; jbf ahidj;je;jk;
fUk;G Njd;,fUg;gl;b,rPdp

ifj;njhopy;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;w Mjhuq;fs;

,Uk;G KJfy;y fy;ntl;by; k[;[pk vd;w fk;khsu;

jq;fk; kz;lfy fy;ntl;by; Jyju Rkz vd;w nghw;nfhy;yu;

mEuhjGu,khfk Nghd;w efuq;fspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w

,uj;jpdf;fy; khzpf;fj;jpdhYk; Vida tiff; fw;fshYk; nra;ag;gl;l
khiyfs;,Nkhjpuq;fs;

je;j nrJf;fy; Ntfpupa fy;ntl;by; jbf Rkz vd;w je;j nrJf;fy; fiyQu;

kl;ghz;lk; jp]h thtp mfo;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lr; rpijTfs;

E}y; E}w;wy; Ntn`unfk fy;ntl;by; jjta vd;w E}y; E}w;gtu;

28
 4.2.3 tu;j;jfk;

 cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

 mEuhjGuk;> khfk Nghd;wit Kf;fpa tu;j;jf efuq;fshf tpsq;fpd.

 tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;l FOtpdu; tzp[> thgu Nghd;w nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;glg;gl;ldu;.
 tu;j;jf rq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;F Gfa> epak];jhd Nghd;w nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 mEuhjGu efuj;jpd; njw;F thapypd; mUNf fhyRkz vd;w ngaupy; tu;j;jf re;ij
fhzg;gl;lik.
 rpfpupahtpd; Nkw;fpYs;s ePu;g;G+q;fhtpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; ‘mgytgu’ vd;w Gsp tpahghup
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 N`hgpbfk re;ij epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; mlq;fpa fy;ntl;L gJisapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
 tu;j;jfk; Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;ifapd; IPtNdhghakhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

 Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ru;tNjr tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; vkJ ehL Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fhw;wpaikapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpahf ,yq;if ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy;
fhzg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; khe;ij kw;Wk; Nfhfu;z JiwKfq;fspd; Clhf
eilngw;wd.
 Mg;fhdp];jhdpypUe;J te;j fhk;Ngh[u;fspd; ngU tu;j;jf mikg;Gg; gw;wp Nghtj;Njfy
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 njd;dpe;jpa tk;rhtopfspd; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; ,e;ehl;by; nraw;gl;Ls;sd.
ehdhNjrp> tyQ;rpahu;> Ie;E}w;Wtu;
 ehdhNjrp tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpw;Fupa cNyhf Kj;jpiufs; mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrhu;a Mrpupau;
`];jp Mrhu;a ahidiag; gof;Fk; Mrpupau;
m];t Mrhu;a Fjpiu kPNjwp nry;tijf; fw;gpj;Njhu;
JZ Mrhu;a mk;G va;Jk; fiyiaf; fw;gpj;Njhu;
nt[ itj;jpau;
k`ntjdh mWitr; rpfpr;ir itj;jpau; / Kjd;ik itj;jpau;
nth`hu tof;fwpQu;
rpjfu / Nygj rpj;jpuf; fiyQu;

4.3 fyhrhuk;

4.3.1 rkak;

 ngsj;jk;
 ,e;J
 ,];yhk;
 fj;Njhypf;fk;

29
 ngsj;j kjk; gutpajhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kjkhf ngsj;j kjk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
 xOq;FKiwahd rKjhak; xd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ( fUiz> jaT> jhdk; toq;fy;>
KjpNahiu Mjupj;jy; )
 vOj;Jf;fiy> nkhop> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;wit tsu;r;rpaile;jd.
 gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
 ehl;by; mikjp epytpaJld;> jd;dpiwTila rKjhaKk;> nghUshjhu KiwAk; cUthfpaJ.

4.3.2 Vida rkaq;fs;

,e;J kjk;
 mEuhjGu efupYk;> mjid mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspYk; gpuhkzpaf; FOf;fs; tho;e;jjw;fhd
rhl;rpaq;fs; cs;sd.
 gpuhkzu;fs; rka eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l ,lk; ‘nrhj;jprhyh’ vd kfhtk;r Bfhttpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rptypq;fk; gpujp];il nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; ‘rPtfrhyh’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rptngUkhDf;Fg; G+iIfs; eilngw;Ws;sJ.
 njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J te;j jkpo; tpahghupfs; (,e;J rkaj;jtu;fs;) ‘jnkl’ vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 JiwKfq;fis mz;b gy rpthyaq;fs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
khNjhl;l – jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;
Nfhfu;z - jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk;

fj;Njhypf;fk;
 ne];Nlhupau;fSf;Fupa rpYit milahsj;Jld; $ba fw;W}z; mEuhjGuj;jpy;
fz;lwpag;gl;lik.
 ghurPfj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L gutpa ne];Nlhupa rkag; gpuptpdu; tpahghuj;jpd; nghUl;L
,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik.
 mEuhjGuj;jpy; tho;;e;j ghurPf tpahghupfs; gw;wp nfh];k]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

4.3.3 fy;tp epiy

 fy;tpiag; ngwTk;> gug;gTk; vd gy mikg;Gf;fs; nraw;gl;ld.
kfh tpfhiu> mgafpup tpfhiu
 fy;tpawpthdJ guk;giuf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Qhdk; %yk; gupkhw;wg;gl;lJ.
 fy;tpia toq;fpatu;fs; ‘Mrhu;a’ vd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 ngsj;j FUkhu;fs; rpq;fsk;> ghsp> rk];fpUjk;> gpuhfpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; kl;Lkd;wp Gj;j
ju;kk; njhlu;ghd Mo;e;j mwpitAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.,tu;fs; Kjw;ju Mrpupau;fshf
tpsq;fpdu;.
 fy;tpiag; ngWk; nghUl;L ntspehLfspypUe;Jk; gpf;Ffs; tUif je;jdu;.
rPdg; gpf;F mgafpup tpfhiuapy; fy;tp fw;Wr; nrd;wik

4.3.4 ,yf;fpaKk; ,uridAk;

 ,uhrul;ilf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; ghsp> rk];fpUjk;> rpq;fsk; Mfpa
nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghsp E}y;fs; jPg tk;rk;> mgpjhdhgpujPg;gpf;fh> rhuhgpujPg;gjp

rk];fpUj E}y;fs; [hdfp`uza> ghytjNghjd> mDUj;j rj;jfa
rpq;fs E}y;fs; rpag];yfu> rrhe;jtj;j> KtNj cjhtj;j
 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l ftpijnahd;W fpupe;j gd;riyapYs;s fw;ghiwapy;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ jhsj;Jld; ghlf;$ba ftpijahFk;.
 rpfpupah gspq;Fr; Rtupy; fhzf;$ba 600 f;F Nkw;gl;l ftpijfs; kpfTk; ,urid
kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 mgafpup R+oypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;s ftpijfs; cs;sj;ijf; ftUk;
tifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Guhjd fhy ftpijfspd; fUg;nghUshf cyfpd; epiyahik vd;gJ fhzg;gl;lJ.
 tptrha eltbf;iffs;> ke;ij tsu;g;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ngw;w ,aw;if gw;wpa
mwpTk;> ngsj;j gbg;gpidahy; ngw;w mwpTk; cjhu Fzj;Jldhd ,urid Guhjd
r%fj;jpy; tsu;r;rpailaf; fhuzkhf mike;jd.

30
 4.3.5 ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg;ghL

 ngsj;j rka FUthf ,Ue;j jkpou; xUtiug; gw;wpa fy;ntl;nlhd;W mgafpup tpfhiuapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lik.
 jkpou; xUtUld; jpUkzkhfpapUe;j rpq;fsg; ngz; gw;wp fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 mur rigapy; jkpo; mjpfhup vd;w tpNrl gjtp fhzg;gl;lik. mEuhjGuj;jpYk; mjd;
R+oypYk; tho;e;j jkpou;fspd; Rf eyd;fisg; Ngzy; mtupd; nghWg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 jkpo;f; FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;j tPjp xd;W mEuhjGuj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,sehfd;> mgaehfd; Nghd;Nwhu; ‘m`k;gbr;Nrid’ vd;w Nfusg; gilapd; cjtpAld;
Ml;rpg;gPlk; Vwpaik.
 Kjyhk; tp[aghF jyjhkhspifapd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf njd;dpe;jpa Ntisf;fhug; gilia
epakpj;jik.
 %tpd kf;fSk; rptndhspghjkiyiaj; juprpj;jik.
 njd;dpe;jpa tu;j;jf epWtdq;fSf;F ,yq;if Ml;rpahsu;fs; G+uz xj;Jiog;G toq;fpaik.

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
2k; ,yf;f rptd; Nfhtpy;
 ,J vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?
nghyeWit
 ,J ve;jf; fhyj;Jf;FupaJ?
Nrhou;
 ,J vg; nghUshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ?
fUq;fy;
 ,jid mikj;j kd;dd; ahu;?
1Mk; ,uhNre;jpud;
 ,J ve;jf; fiy kuigr; Nru;e;jJ?
Nrhou; fiy kuG
 ,J ve;j kjj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ?
,e;J kjk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf
rpfpupah Xtpak; (mg;ru];fspd; cUtq;fs;)
 ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdp fhyj;Jf;FupaJ?
rpfpupah
 ,f; fhyj;jpy; kd;ddhf ,Ue;jtd; ahu;?
1Mk; fhrpag;gd;
 ,it vj;jidahk; E}w;whz;bd; fiyak;rj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd?
fp.gp 5k; E}w;whz;L
 Ma;thsu;fspd; fzpg;gpy; ,q;F gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; ,aw;if
mk;rq;fs; vit?
kpd;diyAk; KfpiyAk;
 ,J ve;j fiy kuig xj;jJ?
m[e;jh fiy kuG

31
 5. ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd tpQ;QhdKk; njhopDl;gKk;
 fspkz; Xlf; fy;yiw
 tPlikg;G
 kl;ghz;lk;
 Fsk;
 fhy;tha;
 ngha;if ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopEl;gk;
 ePu;g;G+q;fh
 fl;blk;
 ,Uk;G

fspkz; Xlf; fy;yiwj; njhopEl;gk; ( cluQ;rhklk; )

 nghUj;jkhd fspkz;izj; njupT nra;jy;
 fy;yiwapd; Rtupd; cauj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
 Rtiu epyj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Nfhzkha; mikj;jy;
 fy;yiwr; Rtu;fspd; rkepiyiag; Ngzy;
 fy;yiwapd; cs;Ns tspNahl;lj;ij toq;Fk; tifapy; fspkz; Foha;
nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

tPlikg;Gj; njhopEl;gk; ( cluQ;rhklk; )

 nrt;tf tbtpyhd tPLfs;
 tPl;bd; Rtu; fspkz;zhy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ
 $iu ,Yf;Fg; Gy;yhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ
 Kd; gf;fk;> gpd; gf;fk; Rtuhy; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
 epyj;jpw;F Nky; fUq;fy; gug;gg;gl;L mjd; Nky; fspkz; ,l;L jiu
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
 epyj;jpw;F nrq;Nfhzkhf Rtu; vOg;gg;gl;lJ
 kuj;jhyhd fjT epiyfs; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jd

kl;ghz;lj; njhopEl;gk;
 nghUj;jkhd fspkz;izj; njupT nra;jy;
 mjidg; gjdply;
 RLtjw;fhd R+isia mikj;jy;
 cupa ntg;gepiyapy; Rl;nlLj;jy;
 Rlg;gl;l kl;ghz;lj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cUtk; jPll; y;> tu;zkply;
 epwq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;F jiuapy; fhzg;gl;l nre;epwf;fw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
 fspkz; ghj;jpuq;fisr; R+isapy; itj;J RLtjw;F Kd;du; ghj;jpuj;jpDs; ckpia
epug;gp R+isapDs; ftpo;j;J itj;J mjd; gpd;du; Rl;nlLf;Fk; NghJ cs;Ns fUik
epwKk;> ntspNa nre;epwKk; Njhd;wpaJ
 mr;Rf;fspy; thu;f;fg;gl;Nl ghj;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 tidjy;rpy;Y (rf;fNghu;it) vd;w cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;

kfhthtpfs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 tptrha eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 nts;sg; ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
 efu kf;fspd; ePu;j;Njitia epiwT nra;jy;
ghupa Fsq;fis mikf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l tplaq;fs;
 Fsj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l ghupa ePu;g;gug;gpd; mKf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp mjid ePz;l
fhyk; epiyf;fr; nra;jy;
 ePiu tpepNahfpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; mopT cz;lhf;Fk; mKf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

32
 Fsk; ePiu toq;Fk; MW
,uizkLf;Fsk; fdfuhad; MW
Nahj thtp ky;tj;J Xah
Etu thtp ky;tj;J Xah
ehr;rJt thtp ky;tj;J Xah
kfhfzju thtp ky;tj;J Xah
kpd;Ndupahf;Fsk; mk;gd; fq;if
fTLY thtp mk;gd; fq;if
guhf;fpukrKj;jpuk; mk;gd; fq;if
fe;jsha;f;Fsk; fe;jsha; MW
FUS thtp ahd; Xah
jg;Nght thtp kP Xah
fyh thtp jk;GY Xah
tTdpf;Fsk; ghyp MW

kd;du;fs; mikj;j Fsq;fs; mikj;j fhy;tha;

gz;Lfhgad; mga thtp, fhkpdp thtp,
[a thtp
Njtek;gpajPrd; jprh thtp
Jl;lifKD nrhunghu thtp
vy;yhsd; Ngyp thtp
trgd; kfhtpyhr;rpa, khdhfl;ba, vy`uf; fhy;tha;
nehr;rpg;nghj;jhd, fpuptLd;d (Msprhuhf; fhy;tha;)

kfhNrdd; kpd;Ndupah, fTLY, FUS, gg;gjd;df; fhy;tha;

kfhfzjuh, khkpdpah,
khfy;fl
jhJNrdd; fyh thtp, khjJfk, Nahj vy fhy;tha;
khdhkJ, nkj;jfl;ba thtp ([a fq;iff; fhy;tha;)

2k; Kfyd; ehr;rJt thtp,

gjtpahf;Fsk;
1k; mf;Ngh rpwptl;lkhdf, Fue;jp thtp, kpdpg;Ngf; fhy;tha;
khkLt thtp
2k; mf;Ngh fe;jsha;, fpupj;jy `j;Njhl;l miz
1k; guhf;fpukghF guhf;fpukrKj;jpuk; Mfhr fq;iff; fhy;tha;

eprq;fky;yd; eprq;frKj;jpuk;

33
 Fsj;jpd; $Wfs; mtw;wpd; gzpfs;
Fsf;fl;L Fsj;jpd; ePu; nfhs;Sk; jpwid jhf;Fg;gpbj;jy;
miyjhq;fp Fsj;jpy; vOk; ePuiyahy; Fsf;fl;L
mupf;fg;gLtijj; jLj;jy;
fypq;fy; (kilf;fjT)  Fsj;jpd; ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;jpUf;Fk; NghJ
ePiu toq;f cau;fypq;fy; cjTk;
 ePupd; msT FiwAk; NghJ ePiu
tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fk;, Fsj;jpy; NrUk; Nrw;iw
mfw;wTk; <uf;fypq;fy; cjTk;
fypq;fy; njhl;b fypq;fy; Clhf ePu; Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk; NghJ
cz;lhFk; mKf;fj;jpdhy; Fsf;fl;L
ghjpf;fg;glhky; jLj;jy;
thd;fjT (RUq;if) kio fhyj;jpy; NrUk; Fsj;jpd; Nkyjpf ePiu
ntspNaw;Wtjd; Clhf Fsf;fl;L
cilg;ngLf;fhky; jLj;jy;
cs;thd; fjT ePu; gputhfj;jpNdhL tUk; tz;lYk;, NrWk; Fsj;jpy;
gbtijj; jLj;jy;
cau; miz (Nghl;lh miz) Fsj;jpy; NrUk; tz;lYk;, NrWk; jLf;fg;gly;

fypq;fw;fl;L thd;fjT cilg;ngLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Fsj;J ePu;

KOikahf ntspNawhky; ghJfhj;jy;

Fsf;fl;Lj; njhopEl;gk;
 ,aw;ifahd fw;ghiwfis mj;jpthukhff; nfhz;Nl Fsf;fl;il mikj;jdu;.
 Mw;Wf;F ,U gf;fKKs;s ,uz;L vr;rf; Fd;Wfs; my;yJ ghiwj; njhlu;fis njhLf;Fk;
tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Fsf;fl;L gy;NtW kz; gilfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
fspkz;> kz;> ruis kz;> ntz;fsp ( rpfpupahf; Fsf;fl;L )
 Fsf;fl;L kpUfq;fisf; nfhz;L ed;F mOj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Fsj;jpd; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L cWg;Gf;fs; ($Wfs;) gy
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
miyjhq;fp> fypq;fy; njhl;b> kilf;fjT> thd;fjT
 Nahj thtp vdg;gLk; ,uhl;rjf; Fsj;jpd; Fsf;fl;bd; ePsk; VO iky;> cauk; 44 mbfshFk;.

34
 kilf;fjT / fypq;fy;

 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘u[nkh`hy;’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 ehd;fhk; kfpe;jdpd; nt];]fpupa fy;ntl;by; nkh`hy;> efh
vd;w gjq;fs;> kilf;fjT %yk; ntspaplg;gLk; ePiuf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F fypq;fy; njhl;bapDs; Nfhnyhd;W
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 kilf;fjtpw;Ff; FWf;fhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;j fw;W}z; ‘jz;zPu;
tpsf;F’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
ehd;F Kok; caukhd fw;W}z; - nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L
 fypq;fy; njhl;bia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L kilf;fjT mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhy;tha;
 fhy;tha; mikg;gjpy; <Lgl;l mjpfhup ‘mbf’ vd fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l gpukhz;lkhd fhy;thahf> kfhtyp fq;ifapd; fpis ejpahd
mk;gd; fq;ifia kwpj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l vy`uf; fhy;tha; ( Moprhuhf; fhy;tha; )
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 vy`uf; fhy;tha; %yk; kpd;Ndup> fpupj;jiy> fTLS> fe;jsha; Nghd;w Fsq;fSf;F ePu;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.

ngha;iffs;
 Fl;lk; ngha;if / ,ul;ilj; jlhfk; / mEuhjGu nghf;Fz - Kjyhk; mf;Ngh
 jhkiug; ngha;if / neYk;nghf;Fz - kfhguhf;fpukghF
 ud;kRg; ngha;if - trgd;
 ahidg; ngha;if
 Fkhug; ngha;if

 ngupa kl;ghz;lq;fs; gytw;iw fpzw;Wf;Fs; Gijj;J fpzw;wpd; Rtiu %b mikf;fg;gl;l

fpzWfs; ‘Cuhnfl fpzWfs;’ vdg;gl;lJ.

rpfpupah ePu;g;G+q;fhj; njhopEl;gk; - Kjyhk; fhrpag;gd;

 Rkhu; 600 mb cauj;jpypUe;J tha;f;fhy; xd;wpd; %yk; rkntspia Nehf;fp XLk; ePiuj;
jpBnudj; jLj;Jf; fzprkhd msT mKf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ePu; Nknyor;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 mKf;fk; Vw;gLk; ,lq;fspy; tl;l tbtpyhd Jisfsplg;gl;l fUq;fy;iyg; nghUj;Jtjd;
%yk; mj;Jthuq;fs; Clhf jz;zPu; NknyOe;J tprpWk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 NknyOk; jz;zPupd; cauj;jpy; NtWghLfs; Vw;gLk; tifapy; fUq;fy; Jthuq;fspd;
tpl;lj;jpd; msTfspy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.
 NkypUe;J fPohf ePNuhl;lk; nry;Yk; NghJ NrUk; tz;ly; ,aw;ifahd <u;g;G tpir %yk;
fPo;g;gFjpapy; gbAk; tz;zk; ePz;l J}uj;jpw;F tha;f;fhy;fspd; rupT Fiwthdjhf
mikf;fg;gl;L ePupd; Ntfk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJld;> tha;f;fhy; RUs; tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kiof;fhyq;fspy; gbAk; Nrw;iw ePf;Fk; tz;zk; tha;f;fhypd; ,ilNa fUq;fw; ghiwj;
Jz;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

35
 fl;bl epu;khzk;

rkaf; fl;blq;fs; J}gp> J}gp kid> rpiy kid> tpfhiufs;>

Muhikfs;> jhdrhiyfs;

rka rhu;gw;w fl;blq;fs; murkhspif> Nfhl;ilfs;> muz;kidfs;>

itj;jparhiyfs;> tPLfs;

fhyk; fl;blq;fs; fl;ba kd;du;

J}guhk Njtek;gpajPrd;
Uthd;ntyprha> kpuprntl;ba> Nyhtkfhgha(Mapuk;fhy;
kz;lgk;) Jl;lifKD
mEuhjGuk;
mgafpup tyfk;gh
N[jtduhka kfhNrdd;
fpup tpfhiu> njkokfhrha> njbfk nfhl;l tpfhiu kfhguhf;fpukghF
nghyeWit
ud;nfhj; tpfhiu ep]q;fky;y

fl;blj; njhopEl;gk;

Uthd;ntyprhatpd; mj;jpthuk;

 mjd; jsk; VO Kok; Moj;jpw;F mfog;gl;lJ.

 mt; mfopapy; gyk; tha;e;j kdpju;fisf; nfhz;L Rz;zhk;Gf;
fw;ghiwfs; ,lg;gl;L cilf;fg;gl;ld.
 gpd;du; ePu; Cw;wg;gl;L fbd Njhypyhd ghjzpfis ahidfSf;F
mzptpj;J mf;fyit kpjpj;J kl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mjd; Nky; ntz;fsp> fUq;fw;gil> ruisf; fw;gil> gbff;fy; gil
vd gy;NtW gilfs; ,lg;gl;lJ.
 mjd; Nky; ‘etePjk;’ vdg;gLk; fspkz; G+rg;gl;lJ.
 ,urhadj; jputnkhd;wpd; %yk; fiuf;fg;gl;l tpshk;gor;rhW G+rpa cNyhf tiynahd;W
tpupf;fg;gl;L mjd; Nky; ey;nyz;izapy; eidf;fg;gl;l ‘ud;rpupa];’ vdg;gLk; fw;fs;
gug;gg;gl;L mj;jpthuk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,bjhq;fp nghUj;jg;gl;lik
 ,b kpd;dypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWk; nghUl;L Uthd;ntyprhatpd; cr;rpapy; ‘t[;u Rk;gl;l’
(kpd; fhe;jk;) vd;w cgfuzk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

36
 Rfhjhu NritAk;> itj;jpaKiwAk;

 gz;Lfhga kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; mEuhjGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j

gpurt ,y;yk; gw;wp kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls; sJ.
 Jl;lifKD 18 itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jjhf
tk;rf;fijfs; $Wfpd;wd.
 Guhjd muru;fs; itj;jpaf;fiyiaf; fw;wwpe;jtu;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lJld;> rpyu; itj;jpaf;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdu;.
 nghyeWit My`dhg; gpupntdhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
itj;jparhiyf; fl;bl ,bghLfs;> itj;jpaf; fUtpfs;>
kUj;Jt Xlq;fs; Nghd;wit itj;jpaj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpia
giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
 itj;jpaj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp fUjp itj;jpa E}y;fs;> kUj;jt Xlq;fs;> itj;jpaUf;fhd
fpuhkq;fis xJf;Fjy;> %ypifj; Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 kyry$l njhy;nghUs;fspy; tbj;jy; Kiwapy; fopTfis Kfhik nra;Js;sdu;.
 muz;kid kyry$lf; fopTfs; Mokhd Fopf;Fs; tpLtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.
 nghyeWit rpijTfspy; mOf;F ePu; XLtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l rhf;filj; njhFjp
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Fspf;Fk; njhl;bfspypUe;J mOf;F ePiu ntspNaw;w tpNrl Foha;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.
 fl;blq;fspd; gug;gstpw;Nfw;g kyry$lq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

,Uk;Gj; njhopEl;gk;

 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,Uk;ig cUf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;Gr; R+isfspd; gFjpfs;

rkndyntt kw;Wk; nj`pf` myfe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 rkndyntt gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;Gr; R+isia vupg;gjw;F ,aw;ifahf tPRk; fhw;Nw
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 nj`pf` myfe;j gFjpapy; ,Uk;Gr; R+isia vupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tsp ‘CJis’ vd;w
fUtp Clhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ.
 ,Uk;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ypkidl;> n`kill; Nghd;w ,urhadf; fw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 mLg;ig vupg;gjw;F ‘kuq;’ vd;w fup gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,Uk;Gj;jhJ nfhz;l fw;fis R+isapy; ,l;L mjd; Nky; fup ,l;L khiy Neuj;jpy; jP
%l;lg;gLk;. mLj;j ehs; mjpfhiy tiu tPRk; fhw;W %yk; mLg;G vupe;J ,Uk;igg;
gpupj;njLf;Fk;.

Guhjd msit Kiwfs;

epy mstPL yh`> Ngy;y> FWdp> mKz> fuPir
ePs ( J}u ) mstPL mZ> j[;[hup> uj;jNuZ> ypf;f> crf;f
rpwpa J}u mstPL gukhZ> mq;Fyk;> tpaj;j
ePz;l J}u mstPL ft;t> nahJd> cr;f
epiw mstPL tP`> FQ;rh> khrf;f> mf;f> juz> Rtu;z> gy
fhy mstPL tr> `t[u> jPjpa> nkh`j;j

37
 fhTj fZ
 gpujhd tPjpfspy; ft;itapypUe;J ft;itf;F elg;gl;l fw;W}z;.
fl;Lf`y;Nf kw;Wk; ntypfe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 ft;itapypUe;J ft;itf;F fw;W}z;fis eLkhW Mizapl;ltd; ep]q;fky;y kd;dd; Mthd;.

 ghy;kL ahfk;
 khLfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk;> tptrha eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;fhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
rhe;jpg; G+i[.
 ‘kq;fu’ vd;w nja;tk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 rg;ufKt kw;Wk; Cth khfhzq;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf. Guhjd fw;ghyk;

 ,jid mikg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs; ahJ? fUq;fy;
 ,jd; Clhf ghAk; ejp vJ? ky;tj;J Xah
 ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tplak; ahJ?
Guhjd fhy ghyk; fl;Lk; njhopEl;gk;
 ,J vjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ? ejp Clhf gazk; nra;tjw;F

 glj;jpYs;s fUtpiag; ngaupLf

cNyhff; fj;jupf;Nfhy;
 ,f; fUtp vq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ?
nghyeWit Myh`d gpupntdh
 ,J vj;Njitf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? rj;jpurpfpr;irf;F
 ,J ve;jj;JiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ? itj;jpaj;Jiw
 ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdpAld; njhlu;GilaJ? nghyeWit
 ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpa kd;dd; ahu;? Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
,Uk;Gr;R+is my;yJ ,Uk;G ciy
 ,J vq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ?
rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpd; gyhq;nfhl rkdyntt gpuNjrk;
 ,J ve;jf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;GilaJ?
,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy;
 ,q;F vupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs; ahJ?
kuq; vd;w fup my;yJ aflkuq; fup
 ,jid ,af;Ftjw;fhd rf;jp vt;thW ngwg;gl;lJ?
,aw;ifahd fhw;W
 ,g;glj;jpd; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; tplak; ahJ?
Guhjd ,yq;ifapd; ,Uk;igg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; njhopEl;gk;

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
njbfk ahid tpsf;F
 ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
njbfk nfhl;l tpfhiu (Nffhiy khtl;lk;)
 ,jidj; jahupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; ahJ?
ntz;fyk;
 ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpQ;Qhd mbg;gil Kiw vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
mirah ePu; tpQ;Qhd Kiw / ePu; epiyapay; Nfhl;ghL

38
 tuyhw;W mwpTk;> mjd; eilKiwg; gpuNahfKk;

 tuyhw;Wf; fhy rKjha mikg;G

 Guhjd rKjhaj;jpy; ,U tifahd epu;thff; fl;likg;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld
 epiyf;Fj;jhd fl;likg;G – NkypUe;J fPo; tiu mjpfhuk; gbg;gbNa tUk; rpW
fl;likg;ghFk;. cjhuzkhf murd;> mikr;ru;fs;> NtW mYtyu;fs; vd;W NkypUe;J
fPo; Nehf;fp tupirg;gb tUjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 fpilahd fl;likg;G – rkhe;jpukhd mjpfhuKila cau; mjpfhupfs; xNu juj;jpy;
cs;stu;fshf fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;ghFk;. cjhuzkhf mikr;ru;fs;> Nrdhjpgjpfs;>
nghUshsu; Nghd;w rk mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;stu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 ,e;jr; r%f mikg;gpy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;std; murd;.
 murd; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ
 ew;FzKilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 mur kuigr; Nru;e;jtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Nkd;ikahdtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Fbkf;fSf;Fj; nja;tkhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;
( jk;Gs;s tpfhiuapy; cs;s $lfz;zjPrdpd; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ )
 murDf;F neUq;fpr; nraw;gl;Nlhu; murhq;f mjpfhupfshtu;. ,tu;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; uj;nfhy;
rk;jU vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; nghUs; mur Fyj;jtu; vd;gjhFk;.
 ngsj;j gpf;Fkhu; murDf;F MNyhrid toq;fp rKjhaj;jpy; Nkyplj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
 fp.gp 1 Mk;> 2 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Fsq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupia mwtpLk; nghWg;gpid
muru;fs; tpfhiufsplk; xg;gilj;jdu;.
 rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdtu;fshff; fUjg;gl;ltu;fs;
 tu;j;jfu;fs;
 fg;gy; Jiwapy; <Lgl;l fg;gpj;jhd;fs;
 itj;jpau;fs;
 Mrpupau;fs;

 rhjhuz kf;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fbfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.

 tptrhapfs;
 ,ilau;fs;
 Fatu;fs;
 ,uj;jpdf;fy; ntl;LNthu;
 nfhy;yu;fs;
 kPdtu;fs;

 rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk;> cau; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;JNthuhf rhjhuz

tu;j;jfu;fSk;> mur mYtyu;fSk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
 rKjhaj;jpy; fPo;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Njhu; mbikfshtu;.
 guk;giu mbikfs;
 $ypf;Fg; ngwf;$ba mbikfs; ( jdf;fPj;jjhr )

39
  rl;lKk; ghuk;gupaq;fSk;

 rKjhaj;jpd; ed;ik fUjp goq;fhye; njhlf;fk; vkJ Ml;rpahsu;fs; rl;lj;jpw;Fk;>

kuGfSf;Fk; mika nrayhw;wpdu;.
 rl;lkpaw;wy;> rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ vkJ muru;fs; njspthff;
fUkkhw;wpdu;.
 fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;by; khdtu;kd; vd;w mur guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j Gfo;ngw;w muru;fs;
,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
 ehl;bw;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ rl;lj;Jiw MFk;. rl;lj;Jiwiaf; Fwpg;gjw;F
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tjhy vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mJ mur rig
vdg;gl;lJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; mJ ghuhSkd;wk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ehl;bd; rl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;JtJ ePjpkd;wkhFk;. ,e; ePjpkd;wk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; rght vd;w
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kf;fspilNa rl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLtJ ghJfhg;G mjpfhupfs; %ykhFk;. mtu;fs;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; nka;f;fhg;ghsu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;F jz;lehaf;f
vd;w nrhy;Yk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 fp.gp 1 Mk;> 2 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfspy;

 Fsq;fspd; gupghydk;
 mur epyq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf tup mwtply;
vd;gd gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
cw;gj;jpapy; Mwpy; xU gq;F tupahfr; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

tupr;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mwtplg;gl;l tupfs;

jf;fgjp Fsq;fspypUe;J ePiug; gad;gLj;JNthuplkpUe;J mwtplg;gl;l tup

Ngh[f;fgjp murDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy; gapu; nra;tjw;fhfr; nrYj;jg;gl;l tup
kjukQ;rf;f tha;f;fhy;fspy; kPd; gpbj;jYf;fhf muRf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tup

ehd;fhk; cjadhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l N`hg;gpl;bfk re;ij epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;

( gJisj; J}z; fy;ntl;L / nrhuguj; J}z; fy;ntl;L )

 tu;j;jf epiyaj;ijf; fle;J nry;NthuplkpUe;J tup mwtplf;$lhJ.

 mjpfhupfsplk; fhz;gpf;fhJ tu;j;jf epiyaq;fspy; nghUs;fs; tpw;NghuplkpUe;J ,U klq;F
tup mwtpl Ntz;Lk;.
 mur mjpfhupfshy; msT Fwpf;fg;glhj juhRfs; nfhz;L tpahghuk; nra;jyhfhJ.
 ntw;wpiy> ghf;F vd;gd mjw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuk; tpahghuk; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 Nghah jpdq;fspy; tpahghuk; nra;NthuplkpUe;J jz;lg; gzkhf vz;nza; tup mwtpl
Ntz;Lk;.

40
 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
(kuQ;nrbfs;> capupdq;fs;> kz; ePu;njhlu;ghdit)

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jd; mEuhjGuf; fy;ntl;L cau; epyq;fspy; cs;s kuq;fis ntl;lf;

$lhJ
%d;whk; cjad; Gj;jd;ndn`yf; fy;ntl;L fhl;L kuq;fis ntl;l Ntz;lhk;

Ie;jhk; fhrpag;gd; nfhz;ltl;lthd; J}z; kuQ;nrbfspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd

fy;ntl;L rl;lk;
Mkz;lfhkpdp mga - kpUfq;fis vtUk; nfhy;yf; $lhJ
kd;dd; (gLnfhiyr; rl;lk;)

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jd; kpfpe;jiyf; fy;ntl;L vUik> gR> ML vd;gtw;iwf; nfhy;NthUf;F

kuzjz;lid tpjpf;Fk; rl;lk;

eprq;fky;yd; - ePu; epiyfspy; thOk; capupdq;fisf; nfhiy

nra;af; $lhJ

Ie;jhk; fhrpag;gd; nfhz;ltl;lthd; J}z; cupa fhyj;jpy; mWtil nra;aj; jtWk;

fy;ntl;L egu;fs; Ie;J fyq; mguhjk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;
Fsq;fspypUe;J ePu; ngwg;gLk; tay;fspy;
ehd;fhk; kfpe;jd; nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L ney; jtpu> ghrpg;gaW tpijj;jyhfhJ

Fw;wr; nray;fs; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jd; - Ntty;nfl;ba fy;ntl;L

 fsT vLj;jy;> nfhiy nra;jy; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jz;lid

 nfhiyf; Fw;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l jz;lid – J}f;fpypLjy;
 gpwUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd khLfisf; fsT nra;J gpbgl;lhy; me;j kpUfq;fisj; Njb
cupatu;fsplk; xg;gilj;J> khLfspd; clypy; ,lg;gl;l milahsj;ij jpUbatu;fspd;
new;wpapy; R+lhf;fp ,l Ntz;Lk;
 jiykiwthfp ,Uf;Fk; Fw;wthspfisg; gpbf;Fk; nghWg;G mf; fpuhkj;J kf;fsplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Fw;wthspiag; gpbf;Fk; tiu Fw;wthsp tho;e;j fpuhk kf;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tup cs;Su;
jz;lg;gzk; vdg;gl;lJ.

ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
 yPyhtjp murp ,e; ehl;il %d;W jlitfs; Ml;rp Gupe;jik.
 J}u ehnlhd;Wf;F tu;j;jfj;jpd; nghUl;L nrd;w fztd; %d;W tUlq;fspd; gpd; jpUk;gp tUk;
tiu jdpahf tho;e;j ngz; gw;wp urth`pdp vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rhypatpd; kidtp mNrhfkhyh Jl;lifKD murdpd; khspifapy; Ritahd czT
jahupj;J toq;fpajhf rj;ju;kyq;fhu vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fy;tpawptpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; gJghr;rpfh vd;w ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;ljhf jk;gpah
ml;Lth nfw;wgj vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gpuNjr Ml;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz;fs; gUkfY vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.
 tpfhukfhNjtpaplk; gpf;Fkhu; mtspd; nry;thf;Fg; gw;wp tpdtpa NghJ gps;isfs; ,y;yhj
tho;tpy; cs;s Rfk; vd;d Rfk; vdg; gjpyspj;jjhf urth`pdpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jy;jhyf;Rkp ngsj;j tpfhiuf;F epyGyd;fisj; jhdkhf toq;fpaik.

41
 RNjr czT Kiw

 tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; ngUkstpy; ney;> cOe;J> vs;S> Fuf;fd; Nghd;w jhdpaq;fis

czthf cl;nfhz;ldu;. ( Njhzpfy fy;ntl;L )
 fwpfisr; RitA+l;Ltjw;F cg;G> rPufk;> kpsfha;> nfhj;jky;yp> fLF> nte;jak; Nghd;w
thridg; nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 czitr; RitA+l;Ltjw;F Gspg;G tiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.( vYkpr;ir> nfhuf;fhg; Gsp )
 czT rikg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vz;izapy; nea; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJld;>
Njq;fha; vz;nza; ghtid FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.
 fQ;rpia mjpfstpy; czthff; nfhz;ldu;. xU gq;F muprpAld; MW gq;F ePu; Nru;j;J
jahupf;fg;gl;l fQ;rp athF vdg;gl;lJ.
 kUj;Jtf; FzKila ,iyfisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l fQ;rp vk;Gy;`k;G vdg;gl;lJ.
 ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l czit mjd; Nghridr; rj;Jf; Fiwahky; jahupj;J cz;ldu;.
 ghy; ( fpupnfup )> japu; ( jPfpup ) vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid rhjhuz kf;fspilNaAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 khkpr czit cl;nfhz;ldu;.
 cztpw;Fg; gpd; rpw;Wz;bahf vs;SUz;il ( jpyrq;Fypf;fh ) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 nry;te;ju;fs; kj;jpapy; tpUg;gkhd czthf tpsq;fpaJ> kzk; epiwe;j nea;ahy; Rlg;gl;l
khd; ,iwr;rpAk;> jtpLldhd NrhWk; vd rj;ju;kuj;dhtypapy; Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 glj;jpYs;sijg; ngaupLf.
`];vG ehzak;
 ,J ve;j ehl;Lf;FupaJ?
,e;jpah
 ,tw;iw vkJ ehl;bw;F nfhz;L te;jtu;fs; ahu;?
,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fs;
 ,jidj; jahupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; ahJ?
nts;sp
 ,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; ahJ?
tl;lk;, rJuk;, Neu; gf;fq;fisAila tbtpidf; nfhz;l ,e;j ehzaq;fspy; gy;NtW
,yr;rpidfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

42
 cyu; tya Guhjd efuq;fspd; tPo;r;rpAk;>
njd;Nkw;fpy; Gjpa ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; Njhw;wKk;

 KjyhtJ efuhf;fk;
 mEuhjGuk;
 nghyeWit
 khfk
 rpfpupah

 nghyeWit ,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G ( cldbf; fhuzp )
 gytPdkhd kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp
 fypq;f – ghz;ba tk;rg; Nghl;b
 nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
 kfhguhf;fpukghFtpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

 Guhjd efuq;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 vjpupfspd; Mf;fpukpg;G
 kj;jpa mur epu;thfk; rPu;Fiye;jik
 ghJfhg;G ,y;yhkw; Nghdik
 tu;j;jfKk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; jilg;gl;lik
 kf;fs; NtW ,lq;fs; Nehf;fpg; Gyk;ngau;e;jik

 khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;igj; njhlu;e;J Njhd;wpa gpuNjr Ml;rp myFfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; jiytu;fs;
 ahg;g$t - Rg jsgjp
 Nfhtpe;j kiy - GtNdfghF Mjpghjd;
 kpdpg;Ng - rq;f jsgjp

,uz;lhtJ efuhf;fk; / <utyag; gFjp ,uhrjhdpfs;

 jk;gnjdpah
 ahg;g$t
 FUehfiy
 fk;gis
 Nfhl;il
 fz;b
jk;gnjdpah muru;fs;
 %d;whk; tp[aghF
murpaw; gzpfs;
 khaul;ilapd; vjpupfisj; Juj;jp jk;gnjdpahitj; jiyefuhf cUthf;fpaik
 nfhj;kiyapy; xopj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Gdpj je;j jhJitg; ngw;W Ml;rpAupikia
cWjpg;gLj;jpaik
 1232-1236 tiu khaul;ilapy; rkhjhdk;> xOq;if epiyehl;baik
 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; td;dpj;jiytdhfr; nraw;gl;lik

ngsj;j rkag;gzpfs;
 nfhj;kiyapypUe;j Gdpj je;jjhJitg; ngw;W ngypfy jyjh khspifia mikj;J mq;F
mtw;iwg; gpujp];il nra;jik
 fsdp tpfhiuiag; Gzuikg;Gr; nra;jik
 jk;gnjdpahtpy; tp[aRe;juuhka vd;w tpfhiuiaf; fl;baik
 cgrk;gjh rlq;if elhj;jp Gj;jrhrdj;ijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jpaik
 mope;JNghd ngsj;j rka E}y;fis kPz;Lk; vOjptpj;jik

43
 ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF

murpaw; gzpfs;
 1236 - 1270 tiu jk;gnjdpahit Ml;rpGupe;jik
 fypq;f khfid ehl;bypUe;J tpul;baik
 re;jpughDtpd; ,uz;L gilnaLg;Gf;fisAk; Kwpabj;jik

,yf;fpag; gzpfs;
 fy;tpawpT nfhz;l rpwe;j gz;bjdhfj; jpfo;e;jik
 rpq;fs nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l kfhfhtpakhd ‘ftprpYkpd’ vd;w E}iy vOjpaik
 ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba xOf;f newpf; Nfhitahd ‘jk;gnjdpa fjpfhtj’
itj; jahupj;jik
 ,tdJ ehshe;j nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; ‘fe;jTU rpupj;j ’ vd;w E}Yk; rpwg;gplk;
ngWfpd;wJ

ahg;g$t muru;fs;
 Kjyhk; GtNdfghF
 ahg;g$t murpd; Kjy; kd;dd;
 rjpfhuu;fis Kwpabj;J 1272 ,y; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik
 td;dpj; jiytu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpia mlf;fpaik
 fhypq;fuhau; kw;Wk; Nrhlfq;fd; Nghd;w njd;dpe;jpaj; jsgjpfspd; gilnaLg;ig
Kwpabj;jik
 vfpg;jpa Ry;jhd;fSld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpaik
 tUlhtUlk; cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpaik
 ahg;g$ttpy; jyjhkhspif xd;iw mikj;jik

FUehfiy muru;fs;
 ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF
 FUehfiyiaj; jiyefukhfj; njupT nra;jik
 ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;Fk; eltbf;if vLj;jik
 ghsp nkhopapypUe;j [hjff; fijg;Gj;jfk; ‘gz;rpa gz]; [hjfa’ vd;w ngaupy; nkhop
ngau;f;f cjtpaik
 ‘jyjh rpupj;’ vd;w E}iy vOjpaik
 FUehfiyapy; jyjh khspif mikj;J mjd; guhkupg;Gf;nfd fpuhkq;fisj; jhdkhf
toq;fpaik
 fz;b m];fpupa gPlj;ij epWtpaik

Nfhl;il muru;fs;
 Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF
 Nfhl;il murpd; Kjy; murd;
 td;dpg; gpuNjrj;ij Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik
 rg;Gky; Fkhudpd; jiyikapy; gilaDg;gp aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij ntw;wpnfhz;lik
 kiyehl;L Ml;rpahsdhd N[hjpa vd;gtdpd; fpsu;r;rpia mk;GYfy Fkhud; %yk;
mlf;fpaik
 rpwe;j mwpQdhfTk;> gz;bjdhfTk; tpsq;fpaik
 gpupntdhf;fis mikj;jik ( ngg;gpypahd RNdj;jpuhNjtp gpupntdh )

44
 Kjyhk; efukakhf;fk; / ,uhrul;il ehfupfk;

,uhrjhdpfs; NtW ngau;fs; Kjy; kd;dd; ,Wjp kd;dd; Kf;fpa muru;fs;

gz;Lfhgad;
Njtek;gpajPrd;
mgaGuk; Jl;lifKD
mEuhjGuk; tprhyGuk; gz;Lfhgad; 5k; kfpe;jd; tyfk;gh
gz;Lt efuk; trgd;
kfhNrdd;
jhJNrdd;
fhrpag;gd;

Gy];jpGuk; 1k; tp[aghF

nghyeWit tp[auhaGuk; 1k; tp[aghF guhf;fpukghz;bad; 1k; guhf;fpukghF
[dehjGuk; ep]q;fky;yd;
ghriwefu;

,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fk; / njd;Nkw;F ,uhrjhdpfs;

,uhrjhdpfs; NtW ngau;fs; Kjy; murd; ,Wjp murd; Kf;fpa muru;fs;

3k; tp[aghF
jk;gnjdpah [k;GNjhdp 3k; tp[aghF 1k; GtNdfghF 2k; guhf;fpukghF
njdpahaGu 4k; tp[aghF
1k; GtNdfghF

2k; rpfpupah
ahg;g$t Rggu;tj 1k; GtNdfghF 2k; GtNdfghF 1k; GtNdfghF
Re;jufpup 2k; GtNdfghF
ngstj$l

2k; GtNdfghF
FUehfy; mj;Jfy;aGuk; 2k; GtNdfghF rTY tp[aghF 4k; guhf;fpukghF
3k; GtNdfghF
rTY tp[aghF

4k; GtNdfghF
5k; guhf;fpukghF
fk;gis fq;frpwpGuk; 4k; GtNdfghF guhf;fpuk Vg;gh 3k; tpf;fpukghF
nts;isahid muR 5k; GtNdfghF
tPughF
tPu moNf];tud;

6k; guhf;fpukghF
[aghF
6k; GtNdfghF
(rg;Gky; Fkhud;)
7k; guhf;fpukghF
Nfhl;il = n[atu;j;jdGu 6k; guhf;fpukghF ju;kghyd; 8k; tPuguhf;fpukghF
(mk;GYfy Fkhud;)
9k; ju;kguhf;fpukghF
6k; tp[aghF
7k; GtNdfghF
ju;kghyd;

45
 fhyk; Kf;fpa tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
 ngypfiyapy; jyjhkhspif mikj;J
nfhj;kiyapypUe;j Gdpj rpd;dq;fs;
gpujp];il nra;ag;gl;lik
 [hth ehl;L re;jpughDtpd; gilnaLg;G
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik
 fypq;f khfd; ehl;bypUe;J
jk;gnjdpah tpul;babf;fg;gl;lik
 Kjyhk; GtNdfghFtpw;F vjpuhf
td;dpj;jiytu;fs; rpyu; fpsu;r;rpapy;
<Lgl;lik
 fhypq;fuh[u; kw;Wk; Nrhlfq;fd; Nghd;w
jsgjpfspd; gilnaLg;G
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik
 vfpg;jpa Ry;jhd;fSld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik
 njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp
vDk; FWepy kd;dd; jiyikapyhd
ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gilapdu; ahg;g$t
ahg;g$t Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fp Gdpj je;jjhJitf;
ifg;gw;wp FyNrfu ghz;badplk;
xg;gilj;jik
 %d;whk; guhf;fpukghF ghz;ba kd;didr;
re;jpj;J mg;Gdpj je;jjhJitg; ngw;W
nghyeWitapypUe;J Ml;rp nra;jik
 ghsp nkhopapypUe;j [hjff; fijg;
Gj;jfk; gd;rpa gd]; [hjfa vDk;
FUehfiy ngaupy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lik
 rpq;fs ciueil ,yf;fpak; NkYk;
tsu;r;rp fz;lik
 J}J fhtpaq;fs; (re;Njra ,yf;fpak;)
Kjypy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
 njbfk> aho;g;ghzk;> iwfk Nghd;w
,uhrjhdpfs; rkfhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lik
 Nrdhjpyq;fhu nrdtpuj; FLk;gk;>
moNf];tuf; FLk;gk; Nghd;w ,U
gpuGf;fs; FLk;gq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngw;wik
 je;ij top muRupikf;F khw;whd jha;top
muRupik Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
fk;gis  muhgpa NjrrQ;rhup ,gpd;gJ}jhtpd;
tUif ,lk;ngw;wik
 ep];]q;f moNf];tu vd;gtd;
= [atu;j;jdGutpy; Nfhl;il fl;b
giliaf; Ftpj;J Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpapd;
mYtyu;fSf;Fj; jiltpjpj;jik
 rPdhtpd; Aq;Nyh vDk; Nguurdhy;
mDg;gg;gl;l nrq;N`h vDk; jsgjp tPu
moNf];tuidf; ifJ nra;J rPdhtpw;F
nfhz;L nrd;wik

 kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhd

N[hjpa vd;gtdpd; fpsu;r;rp mk;GYfy
Fkhud; %yk; mlf;fg;gl;lik
Nfhl;il  rg;Gky; Fkhud; %yk; aho;g;ghz
,uhr;rpak; ntw;wpnfhs;sg;gl;lik
 rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhykhf
tpsq;fpaik
 rpq;fs rq;fa vd;w fpsu;r;rp ,lk;ngw;wik

46
 rpq;fsf; fpsu;r;rp / rpq;fs rq;fa
 Nfhl;il murd; Mwhk; GtNdfghFtpw;F vjpuhf g];Jd;Nfhwisg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;w fpsu;r;rpahFk;.
 ,f; fpsu;r;rpia mk;GYfy Fkhud; Kwpabj;jhd;.
 ifJnra;ag;gl;l nfFe;jy = tu;jd gjpuh[ cs;spl;l fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fSf;F
kd;dd; kd;dpg;G toq;fpajhf njbfk fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;G
 tptrhak;
 kf;fspd; [PtNdhghakhf tptrhaNk jpfo;e;jJ.
 ney; gpujhd gapuhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if ,lk;ngw;wJ.
 tptrhaj;jpw;F kio ePNu gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 tu;j;jfk;
 tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuKiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; fWth Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
 thridj; jputpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpah> mNugpah> rPdh> ghurPfk;> vfpg;J Nghd;w ehLfSld; tu;j;jfk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; murdpd; VfNghf cupikahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 gl;Lj;Jzp> gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;> eWkzg; nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.

rka eltbf;iffs;
 gpujhd rkakhf ngsj;j kjk; tpsq;fpaJ.
 jk;gnjdpah - Nfhl;il fhyk; tiu jyjhkhspif> tpfhiufs; mikg;gjpy; muru;fs; Mu;tk;
fhl;bdu;.
 muru;fs; nja;tq;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;Jr; nraw;gl;ldu;.
 tp];Z> tpgPrzd;> KUfd;> rkd; nghd;w nja;tq;fSf;F topghLfs; eilngw;wd.
 ,e;J rkaj;jtu;fSf;Fupa topghl;blq;fs; gy mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;j K];ypk;fSk; JiwKf efuq;fSf;fUNf gs;spthry;fis
mikj;J topgl;ldu;.

fl;blf;fiy mk;rq;fs;
 fl;bl epu;khzq;fs; njd;dpe;jpar; nry;thf;if gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
 ahg;g$t Nfhl;ilf;Fupa gbtupir kw;wk; J}z;fspy; ghz;ba kw;Wk; fk;G+r;rpa
fiyak;rq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
 Gj;ju;rpiykidfSld; ,ize;jjhf Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; %d;whk; tpf;fpukghF murdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l vk;gf;f Njthyak;
kur;nrJf;fw; fiyf;F Gfo;ngw;w ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 fk;gis fhyj;jpw;Fupa rpwe;j fl;blq;fshf yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu> flyhnjdpa tpfhiu kw;Wk;
vk;gf;f Njthyak; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

47
 fhyk; fl;blq;fs; njhlu;Gila muru;fs;
ngypfy jyjhkhspif %d;whk; tp[aghF
tp[aRe;jhuhka tpfhiu
jk;gnjdpah
jk;gnjdpa jyjhkhspif ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF

ahg;g$t ahg;g$t jyjhkhspif Kjyhk; GtNdfghF

FUehfiy jyjhkhspif
FUehfiy fz;b m];fpupagPlk; ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF

yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu
fk;gis flyhnjdpa tpfhiu ehd;fhk; GtNdfghF

vk;gf;f Njthyak; %d;whk; tpf;fpukghF

Nfhl;il ngg;gpypahd RNdj;jpuhNjtpg; gpupntdh Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF

fhyk;/Afk; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;

mEuhjGuk; jk;gpah ml;Lth, n`uzrpf, rpftye;jtpdpr, rpag];yfu, rke;jghrhjpf

nghyeWit Ktnjt;jhtj, rrjhtj, ju;kgpujPgpfht, urthfpdpa, mkhtj;Ju, Gj;ruz

rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa, G+[htypa, ftprpYkpd, tdtpdpr rd;da, tpRj;jpkhu;f;f

jk;gnjdpah
rd;da, fe;jTUrpupj;j, Nahfhu;zga, rpj;jrq;fuht, rke;j$ltu;diz

gd;rpagd]; [hjfa, ck;kf;f [hjfa, rpq;fs Nghjptq;r, rj;ju;kyq;fhu,

FUehfy; epf;fha rq;fpufa, ghyhtjhu md;da, jk;gnjdp m]d, jyjh rpupj,
mdhfj tq;ra

fk;gis kA+u re;Njra, jpru re;Njra, rjf re;Njra, ghwk; rjfa, Ftprp tptuza

gutp re;Njra, `puh re;Njra, nryypfpdp re;Njra, `d;r re;Njra,

Nfhl;il Fj;jpy fhtpa, fhtpa Nrfu, GJFz myq;fhu, Nyhntl rq;fuht,
nguFk;gh rpupj;j, uFtk;rk;

aho;g;ghzk; aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy, nrfuhrNfukhiy, jl;rzifyha Guhzk;,

itahghly;

48
 ,uz;lhk; efuhf;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;

fhyk; E}y;fs; vOjpatu;

ftprpYkpd
jk;gnjdpa
fjpfhtj ,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF
fe;jTU rpupj;j
jk;gnjdpah
rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa ju;kNrd Njuu;

G+[htypa Gj;j Gj;jpu Njuu;

Nahfu;zta

FUehfiy jyjh rpupj ehd;fhk; guhf;fpukghF

 glj;jpYs;s fl;blj;ijg; ngaupLf

yq;fhjpyf rpiykid
 ,J ve;j ,uhrjhdp fhyj;Jf;FupaJ?
nghyeWit
 ,jid mikj;j kd;dd; ahu;?
Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF
 ,J ve;jf; fiyAld; njhlu;GilaJ?
fl;blf;fiy
 ,J ve;jf; fiy kuGld; njhlu;GilaJ?
njd;fpof;fhrpa fiy kuG
 ,J vjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
Gj;ju;rpiyfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ

 glj;jpYs;s fl;blj;ijg; ngaupLf.

J}guhk jhJNfhgk;
 ,J vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?
mEuhjGuk;
 ,jid mikj;j muridg; ngaupLf.
Njtek;gpajPrd;
 ,jd; jw;Nghija tbtk; ahJ?
kzp tbtk;
 ,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; ahJ?
 ,yq;ifapy; fl;lg;gl;l KjyhtJ jhJNfhgk; MFk;.
 Gj;jupd; tyJgf;fj; jhil vYk;G itj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l fl;blkhFk;.

49
 fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

G+Nfhs mikg;G
 ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G muz;fs; epiwe;j gpuNjrk;;:-
 ePu; muz;
 td muz;
 kiy muz;
 ,jkhd fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;l gpuNjrk;
 kj;jpa kiyehL
 tlfPo;, njd;Nky; gUtg;ngau;r;rpf; fhw;Wf;fshy; kioiag; ngWk;
gpuNjrk;

NtW ngau;fs; `up];gj;Jt

 gQ;r kiyehL
N`thn`l;l
 nrq;flfy
 kfhEtu gQ;r kiyehL gpuNjrq;fs; khj;jis
 =tu;j;jdGu
 kiyehL Jk;giw

cLEtu

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjp Rje;jpu muR

 mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdpf;F mLj;jjhf ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j ,uhrjhdp (1469 - 1815)
 mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; :- Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if
 jiyefuk; :- nrq;flfy
 Ml;rpGupe;j mur tk;rk; :- rpq;fs mur tk;rk;, njd;dpe;jpa ehaf;f tk;rk;
 Ml;rpGupe;j Kjy; kd;dd; :- Nrdhrk;kjtpf;fpukghF
,Wjp kd;dd; :- = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;fd;
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L :- 1469
 tPo;r;rpaile;j Mz;L :- 1815

Ml;rpGupe;j muru;fs;

 Nrdhrk;kj tpf;fpukghF (1469-1511)

 [atPu tpf;fpukghF (1511-1552)
 fuypaj;j gz;lhu (1552-1582)
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (1582-1591)
 Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upad; (1591-1604) rpq;fs muru;fs;
 nrduj; (1604-1635)
 ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (1635-1687)
 ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;kR+upad; (1687-1707)
 = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd; (1707-1739)
 = tp[auh[rpq;fd; (1739-1747)
 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; (1747-1782)
 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; (1782-1798) ehaf;f muru;fs;
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; (1798-1815)
50
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (1582-1591)

 khahJd;idapd; kfd;
 bfpup gz;lhu/rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fd;
 rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk; tPo;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhd kd;dd;
 1582 ,y; tPuRe;ju gz;lhutpd; cjtpAld; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;
 tPuRe;ju gz;lhuitf; nfhiynra;J epf;fg;gpl;ba gz;lhuit gpujpepjpahf
epakpj;jhd;.
 irtrkaj;ijj; jOtpdhd;. ngsj;j tpfhiufs;, E}y;fis mopj;jhd;.
 Ky;Nyupag; Nghupy; (1562) Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiug; gLNjhy;tpailar; nra;jhd;.
 nguz;b Nfhapiy mikj;jhd;.
 fNdjd;dg; Nghupy; (1592) Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upadhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; jQ;rkile;Njhu; mtu;fSf;Fupa fj;Njhypf;fg; ngau;fs;

fuypaj;j gz;lhu njhd; N[ht;
FRkhrdNjtp njhd fjuPdh
akrpq;f gz;lhu njhd; gpypg;
nfhzg;G gz;lhu njhd; Athd;
ju;kghyd; njhd; Athd;

Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upad;

 Ml;rpf; fhyk; :- (1591-1604)

 je;ij :- tPuRe;ju gz;lhu
 ,sikg; ngau; :- nfhzg;G gz;lhu
 fpwp];jtg; ngau; :- njhd; Athd;
 ntw;wp nfhz;l Nghu;fs; :- fNdjd;d, je;JNu, gyd
 ngsj;j kjg;gzp :- fz;b jyjhkhspif mikj;jik
 re;jpj;j xy;yhe;j J}Jf;
FOf;fs; :- ];gpy;Ngfd; (1602), rP Nghy;l; j thl;

51
 1k; tpkyju;kR+upadpd;
murpay; gzpfs;

 kiyaf ,uhrjhdpf;F Gjpa mur

guk;giuia cUthf;fpaik
 njy;fKt tpfhiuapypUe;j Gdpj
je;jjhJitg; ngw;W Ml;rpAupikia
cWjpg;gLj;jpaik
 FRkhrdNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;J
rl;luPjpahd Ml;rpiag; ngw;wik
 gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wik -
fNdjd;d, je;JNu, gyd
 rPjhthf;if ,uhrjhdpf;Fupa gy
gpuNjrq;fis fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;
,izj;jik

1k; tpkyju;kR+upadpd;
rkag;gzpfs;

 fz;bapy; jyjhkhspifia mikj;J Gdpj je;jjhJit gpujp];il nra;jik

 jyjh ngu`uh Cu;ty Kiwia Muk;gpj;jik
 gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpaik
 gy tpfhiufis Gzuikj;jik - yq;fhjpyf, flyhnjdpa, njfy;njhUt, upjp tpfhiu

52
 Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upadpd; nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
 tptrha mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; - nfhj;kiy, tyg;gd, `up];gj;Jt
 Gilit cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd gUj;jp nra;ifahsu;fisAk;, new;nra;ifahsu;fisAk;
Cf;fg;gLj;jpaik
 Cth gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;Gj; njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;jik :- tptrha cgfuzq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;lik, ,Uk;ig R+lhf;Fk; nfhy;yu; gl;liw 175 mikf;fg;gl;lik

,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;

 Ml;rpf;fhyk; :-(1635-1687)
 ,sikg; ngau; :- kfh m];jhd
 je;ij :- nrduj;
 jha; :- FRkhrdNjtp
 rpwg;Gf; $w;W :- ‘,Q;rp nfhLj;J kpsfha; thq;fpaJ Nghy’
 Kf;fpa cld;gbf;if :- 1638 nt];uu;Nthy;l; cld;gbf;if
 ntw;wp ngw;;w Nghu;fs; :- ue;njdpnty, fz;nzhUt

2k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; murpaw; nraw;ghLfs;

 xy;yhe;jUld; cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lik :- 1638 nt];uu;Nthy;l; cld;gbf;if

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ehl;bypUe;J tpul;baik
 gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wik :- 1630 ue;njdpnty, 1638 fz;nzhUt
 kl;lf;fsg;G, jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfq;fis ifg;gw;wpaik
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkpUe;j gy gFjpfis fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;jik

53
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - rpq;fs muru;fs; njhlu;ghd Nghu;fs;

Mz;L Nghu; jiyik jhq;fpa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; vjpu;nfhz;l rpq;fs

muru;
1562 Ky;Nyupah mNghd;R ngnua;uh j yru;jh 1 Mk; ,uh[rpq;fd;
(bfpup gz;lhu)
1594 je;JNu NgNuh NyhNg]; b R+rh 1 Mk; tpkyju;kR+upad;
(nfhzg;G gz;lhu)
1602 gyd njhd; n[udpNkh b mrptpNlh 1 Mk; tpkyju;kR+upad;
1630 ue;njdpnty nfhd;];jhe;jpd; b rh 2 Mk; ,uh[rpq;fd;
1638 fz;nzhUt jpNaF j nkNyh f];Nuh 2 Mk; ,uh[rpq;fd;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w

Kbahkw; Nghdikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

 fz;b kf;fs; murDf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jik

 fz;bg; gilapd; nfupy;yh jhf;Fjy;
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gg; gw;wp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; mwpe;jpuhik
 y];fupd; gilapdu; rpq;fsg; gilAld; ,ize;jik
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G

fPuj
; ;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;

 Ml;rpf;fhyk; :- (1747-1782)
 mur tk;rk; :- ehaf;f tk;rk;
 Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wJ :- 1750
 je;ij :- eudg;gh
 vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs; :- rpq;fsg; gpujhdpfspd; vjpu;g;G
xy;yhe;jupd; gilnaLg;G - thd;vf;
 njhlu;Gila cld;gbf;if :- 1766 tpy;ypak;gy;f; cld;gbf;if
 re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jtd; :- N[hd; igg];-1762

fPuj
; ;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; ngsj;j kjg; gzpfs;

 cgrk;gjh rlq;if kPsTk; elj;jpaik

 rPak; ehl;bypUe;J cghyp kfh Njuu; jiyikapy; gpf;Ffis
tutioj;jik
 rPak; kjg;gpupit ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpaik
 ntyptpl;l ruzq;fuNjuupd; rka, fy;tpg;gzpfSf;F MjuT toq;fpaik
 jyjh, Njthya ngu`uhit ,izj;J vry ngu`uhit Kd;Ndw;wpdhd;
 rpijTw;w tpfhiufis jpUj;jpdhd;
 tpfhiufis nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;F epy Gyd;fis mspj;jhd;

54
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;

 Ml;rpf;fhyk; :-
1798-1815
 ,sikg; ngau; :-
fz;Zrhkp
 Ml;rpapy; mku;j;jpatu; :-
gpypkj;jyht
 vjpu;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpag; gilnaLg;Gf;fs; :-
1803 gpul;wpf; Nehu;j; gilnaLg;G
1815 nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf; gilnaLg;G
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; :- nkjk`Etu
 ifJ nra;jtu; :- nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf;
 ‘nfhd;Nthyp];’ fg;gy; %yk; NtY}u; rpiwf;F nfhz;L nrd;wik
 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjp kd;dd;
 fz;b jyjhkhspifapy; kdq;ftu; ghu;j;jpUg;G (gl;bUg;G) kz;lgj;ij mikj;jik
 ghw;fly; vdg;gLk; Nghfk;gu thtpia mikj;jik

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w cjtpa fhuzpfs;

 nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf;fpd; jpl;lkpl;l gilnaLg;G
 N[hd; nlhapypapd; csT nraw;ghL
 gpupj;jhdpau; gpujhdpfspd; Mjuitg; ngw;wik :- vfyg;nghy, nkhy;ypf;nfhl
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fid fz;b r%fj;jpdu; ntWj;jik :- gpujhdpfs;, kf;fs;, ngsj;j
gpf;Ffs;

fz;b ,uhr;rpa epu;thff; fl;likg;G

kd;dd;

mur khspif mur rig

kfhmjpfhuk; ,Utu;

gpuNjr epu;thfk; tup tR+y; tpfhiur; nrhj;Jf;fs;

jprhitfs; 12
ul;l 9

Nfhwis

gw;W

fpuhkk;

55
 murdpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

 ehl;bd; cau; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltd;

 ehl;bd; mikjp, ghJfhg;igg; Ngzy;
 ehl;bd; rk;gpujhaq;fs;, kuGfSf;fika nraw;gly;
 cau; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; c+ k;; :- kuzjz;lid toq;fy;
 ehl;bd; murpay;, nghUshjhu, epu;thfg; gzpfSf;F jiyik tfpj;jy;

gpujhdpfs;

gy;Nyfk;gh gpujhdp clfk;gh gpujhdp

 VO Nfhwis  ehd;F Nfhwis

 Cth  %d;W Nfhwis
 khj;jis  rg;ufKt
 tyg;gd  Cth gpuNjrk;
 gpe;njd;d  cLEtu, al;bEtu
 nty;y];]  Jk;gNd, nfhj;kiy
 Etufyhtpa  Gyj;fk

 gpujhdpfspd; fl;lisfisAk;, nra;jpfisAk; gpuhe;jpa mjpfhupfSf;F nfhz;L nrd;wtu;fs;

fLGs;Ns vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.
 nts;sp G+z; ,lg;gl;l Kid tise;j gpuk;G mtu;fsJ gjtpapd; milahskhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mur khspif mjpfhupfs; nghWg;Gf;fs;

f[ehaf;f epyNk ahidfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
kfhNyf;fk; gpujk nrayhsu;
jpatlNd epyNk Gdpj je;jjhJtpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
rYtlNd epyNk MilazpfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
gj;tlNd epyNk czT toq;fYf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
Fjpiuyha Kfhe;jpuk; FjpiufSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
kfh nkh`l;lhy mur khspifr; nrayhsu;
mjgj;JNt Nyf;fk; murdpd; ghJfhg;Gj; jiyik mjpfhup
ntbf;fhu Nyf;fk; Jg;ghf;fpg; gil mjpfhup
ehzaf;fhu Nyf;fk; jpiwNrupg; nghWg;gjpfhup
kjpNyf;fk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghWg;gjpfhup

56
 uP gj;j (ryitf;fhd tup)

gln`y gj;j (tidjYf;fhd tup)

mwtplg;gl;l
tupfs; FUNt gj;j (ahid gpbj;jYf;fhd tup)

kbNf gj;j (Nghf;Ftuj;J tup)

n`e;j gj;j (nerTf;fhd tup)

kd;ddhy; kl;Lk; tprhupf;fg;gLk;

toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; tof;Ffs;

 fd;dj;jpy; miwjy;  Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghdit

 tpyq;fpLjy;  tpfhiufs;, gpf;Ffs; njhlu;ghdit
 Koe;jhoplr; nra;jy;  ,uh[JNuhf tof;Ffs;
 Kbiaf; fj;jupj;jy;  fpsu;r;rpfs;, Fog;gq;fs; njhlu;ghdit
 njd;id kl;ilahy; mbj;jy;  R+o;r;rp njhlu;ghdit
 Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;jy;
 firahy; mbj;jy;
 fPo; Fyj;jtuhf;Fjy;
 ehL flj;jy;
 ePupy; %o;fbj;Jf; nfhy;yy;
 ahidahy; kpjpj;Jf; nfhy;yy;

nghUshjhu mikg;G

 tptrhak;
 Efu;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;
 RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhuk;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l new;nra;if
 ngUthupahd epyk; Nridg; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 Fuf;fd;> ,Wq;F> vs;> jpiz
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if ,lk;ngw;wJ
 gyhf;fha;> <ug;gyhf;fha;> fpoq;F tiffs;> kuf;fwpfs;> go tiffs;> kpsF> Vyk;
 kpUf tsu;g;G ,lk;ngw;wJ
 khL tsu;g;G

 tu;j;jfk;
 cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; ,lk;ngw;wik
 fiuNahug; gpuNjr cw;gj;jpfs; kiyafg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;> kiyafg; gpuNjr cw;gj;jpfs;
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspYk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;ld.
 tu;j;jfj;jpd; NghJ ehzaq;fs; gupkhwg;gl;lNjhL gz;lkhw;W KiwAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 kiyehl;bw;Fk;> jho;epyg; gFjpfSf;FkpilNa mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j flitfs; Clhf tu;j;jfg;
nghUl;fs; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;ld.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuk; murdpd; VfNghf cupikahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

57
 ifj;njhopy;
 ehl;bd; Njitf;fhd ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; ehl;bNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J
nfhs;sg;gl;ld
 Fyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ifj;njhopy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.
 fspkz;zhYk;> nrk;G> gpj;jis> ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fspdhYk; gy;NtW nghUl;fisAk;>
cgfuzq;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jdu;.
 cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;nfd gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fs; gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;fpd.
 ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp :- nfhj;kiy
 nrk;G cw;gj;jp :- fpuptTy
 gd;Gy; cw;gj;jp :- Jk;giw

epyk; gpupf;fg;gl;l Kiw

 fghlfk; :- murkhspiff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit
 epe;jfk; :- gpujhdpfspd; Nritf;fhf toq;fg;gl;lit
 Njthyak;, tpfhufk; :- Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpfhiufSf;F jhdkspf;fg;gl;lit
 guNtdp :- fpuhkj;jtu;fs; guk;giuahf mDgtpj;jit

r%f mikg;G
 fpuhkpa r%f mikg;G
 ,uh[fhupaKiw fhzg;gl;lJ
 mj;jk;Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ
 Fyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l r%f mikg;G
 gy;NtW jpUkz Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
 jPf jpUkzk; :- kzkfs;> kzkfd; tPl;by; tho;jy;
 gpd;d jpUkzk; :- kzkfd;> kzkfs; tPl;by; tho;jy;
 gy GU~u; jpUkzKiw :- rNfhjuu;fs; rpyu; xU ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;jy;
 r%fj;jpy; %d;W gpuptpdu; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
 kjFUkhu;
 gpuGf;fs;
 Fbkf;fs;
 FLk;gk; gpujhd r%f myfhf tpsq;fpaJld;> je;ij top r%fkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l r%fk;
 fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapd; gpupf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf tpfhiufs; fhzg;gl;ld.

 glj;jpYs;s muridg; ngaupLf.

,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;
 ,k;kd;ddpd; ,uhrjhdp vJ?
fz;b
 ,k;kd;dDf;Fk;> xy;yhe;jUf;Fkpilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
cld;gbf;ifiag; ngaupLf.
1638 nt];uu;Nthy;l; cld;gbf;if
 ,k;kd;dDld; njhlu;Gila $w;iw vOJf.
“,Q;rp nfhLj;J kpsfha; thq;fpaJ Nghy”
 ,k;kd;dd; ntw;wp nfhz;l Nghu;fs; 2 jUf.
1630 – ue;njdpntyg; Nghu; 1638 – fz;nzhUtg; Nghu;
 ,g;glj;ij tiue;jtu; ahu;?
nwhNgl; nehf;];

58
 kWkyu;r;rp

mwpKfk;
 nghUs; - kPz;Lk; kyu;jy;/ kPs cjpj;jy;/ kWgpwg;G/ Gjpa gpwg;G
 tpsf;fk; - 14k;,15k;,16k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; fpNuf;f - cNuhkg; gz;ghl;bidg; ngw;W INuhg;ghtpy;
Vw;gl;l murpay;, nghUshjhuk;, r%fk;, gz;ghL, tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l vOr;rp
kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
 Kjypy; Vw;gl;l ehL - ,j;jhyp

kWkyu;r;rp Kjypy; ,j;jhypapy; Vw;gl;likf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

 gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba gzf;fhu tu;f;fk; fhzg;gl;lik - nkbrp FLk;gk;

 Guhjd fpNuf;f - cNuhk ehfuPfj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhf jpfo;e;jikahy; mtw;wpd; vr;rq;fs;
fhzg;gl;lik
 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgpspypUe;J vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l gok;ngUk; E}y;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw; wik
 gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik - nghyQ;Qh, ghJth

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
cldbf; fhuzk;:-
 1453y; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik
Vida fhuzq;fs;
 INuhg;gpa tu;j;jf tsu;r;rp
 gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
 mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
 muru;fspd; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
 rkaj;jiytu;fs; mwpTj;Jiw tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpaik

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;

 ,j;jhyp :- nghyQ;Qh, ghJth

 gpuhd;]; :- gup];
 ,q;fpyhe;J :- xf;];Nghl;, Nfk;gpupl;[;
 ];ghdpah :- rykdpf;fh

murpay;

nghUshjhuk; ,yf;fpak;
kWkyu;r;rp
Vw;gl;l
Jiwfs;

fiy tpQ;Qhdk;

59
 murpay; kWkyu;r;rp

Njrpa muR
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfSf;Fs; tho;e;j xNu nkhopiag; NgRfpd;w xNu fyhrhuj;ijf;
nfhz;l kf;fs; FOf;fs; murd; xUtdpd; jiyikapd; fPo; If;fpag;gLj;jypd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Njrpa muR MFk;.
 INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ Njrpa muR - ];ghdpah
 Vida Njrpa muRfs; - Nghu;j;Jf;fy;, gpupj;jhdpah, gpuhd;];, N[u;kdp, ,j;jhyp

Gtp G+kp R+upaidr;

NfhstbthdJ <u;g;Gr;rf;jp
Rw;WfpwJ

njhiyNehf;fp etPd tpQ;Qhdf; fpufq;fspd;

nraw;ghL
fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

mr;rpae;jpuk; jpirawpfUtp kdpj clypd;

nraw;ghLfs;

tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;

tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; - rpwg;Gg;ngau;fs;

 R+upaikaf;nfhs;if
epf;fy]; nfhg;gzpf;f];  cyfk; NfhstbthdJ
 Nfhs;fs; R+upaid Rw;wptUfpd;wd
 thdpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij
 njhiyNehf;fp
 Cry; jj;Jt tpjp
fypypNahfypyp  R+upadpy; Gs;spfs;
 re;jpudpy; kiyfs; Fopfs;
 nraw;ghl;L tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij
 Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; R+upaid
n[h`d;d]; nfg;yu; ePs;tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUfpd;wd
 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy rpNu];l tpQ;Qhdp

Irf; epA+l;ld;  GtpaPu;g;Gr; rf;jp

 rpwe;j el;rj;jputpayhsu;
tpy;ypak; `hu;Nt  FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; gw;wpa KOikahd fUj;J

60
 Xtpaf; fiy

Xtpaf;fiyQu;fs; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Xtpaq;fs;

ypadhNlhlhtpd;rp  nkhdyprh
 ,Wjp,uhg;Nghrdk;

ikf;fy;mQ;rNyh  rp];ild; Njthya tpjhd Xtpak;

 ,Wjpj;jPu;g;G

ughNay;  vnjd;rpd; ghlrhiy

 fd;dpkupahs;
ngw;wpn~y;yp  Nt[pd;fpiw];w;

rpw;gf;fiy

rpw;gf;fiyQu;fs; gpurpj;jp ngw;w rpw;gq;fs;

 gPl;lh ( gpnal;lh ) rpw;gk;
ikf;fy;mQ;rNyh  Nltpl; cUtr;rpiy
 nkbrpapd; gspq;Fr;rpiy
 Nkhr]pd; cUtk;

nlhndnlNyh  Gdpj N[hu;[; cUtk;

 Nltpl; rpiy

fiyj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

 cyfpaiy Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wd
 fiyQu;fs; Rakhf nraw;g ; l;L jkJ gilg;Gf;fis
ntspf;nfhzu;e;jdu;
 nysfPf ,uridapd; nghUl;L ,aw;iff;F Kjyplkspj;J
rpj;jpuq;fs;, rpw;gq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld
 gspq;Ff;fw;fspy; rpw;gq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld
 cNuhk fl;llf;fiyf;F mika tl;ltbtpyhd tpy;tisak;,
cau;e;j J}z;, miutl;l rpfuk; vd;gd fl;llf;fiyapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd

61
 ,yf;fpaj; Jiw

ehL vOj;jhsu;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fs; / rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;

,j;jhyp jhe;Nj btpdh nfhkpbah
,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij
,j;jhyp gpuhd;rp]; ngl;uhf; NyhuhTf;F vOjg;gl;l ftpij
khdpltpaypd; je;ij
,j;jhyp [pNahthdp nghf;fhrpNah B fkud;
,j;jhyp epf;Nfhyha; khf;fpantyp ,sturd;
gpupj;jhdpah Njhk];%u; ANlhg;gpah
gpupj;jhdpah gpuhd;rp]; Ngfd; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpa vOr;rpapd; jhuif
gpuhd;]; nlrpNlupa]; ,uh];k]; %lu;fisg; ghuhl;ly;

ehLfhz;gazq;fs;

jha;ehLfs; Mz;L ehLfhz; gazpfs; fz;Lgpbj;j gpuNjrk;

Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1488 ghu;j;jNyhkpa]; la]; Gay;Kid
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1498 t];nfhlfhkh fs;spf;Nfhl;il
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1500 fg;uhy; gpNwrpy;
];ghdpah 1492 nfhyk;g]; fuPgpad; jPT (mnkupf;fh)
,j;jhyp 1498 mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp mnkupf;fh
,j;jhyp 1497 N[hd;fNghl;, nrg];jpad;fNghl; fdlh (Nfg;gpupl;ld; jPT)
,j;jhyp 1519 kfyd; gpypg;igd;]; jPT
];ghdpah 1513 gy;Nghth gdhkh
];ghdpah 1519 `u;dhd;Nlh nfhl;Nl]; nkf;rpf;Nfh
];ghdpah 1553 gpuhd;rp];Nfh gprhNuh NgU
gpuhd;]; 1535 n[f;tp]; fhl;bau; nrd;Nyhwd;]; ejp
gpuhd;]; 1573 n[hiyl;, jyhrNy kprprpg;gp MW
gpuhd;]; 1608 rk;g;Nsd; khu;f;tpNl Ftpngf;
gpupj;jhdpah 1609 n`d;wp `l;rd; `l;rd; MW, `l;rd; Flh

 khdplthjk;
 kdpjd; Nkd;ikahdtd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ khdplthjk; MFk;.
 khdplthjk; Kjd;ik ngw;wjhy; midj;ijAk; ju;f;f uPjpahfg; ghu;f;Fk; epiy
Vw;gl;lJ.
 khdplthjg; ghlq;fshf ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> fiy> rl;lk;> xOf;ftpay; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

62
 ehLfhz; gazj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;l fhuzpfs;

 1453y; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik

 Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
 Njrpa muru;fspd; mDruiz
 K];ypk;fsplk; ,Ue;j fPioj;Njr tu;j;jfj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 ng];lu; N[hz; vDk; Nguurupd; fPo; gue;j fpwp];jtg; NguuR cs;sJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;
mjidj; Njbr; nry;yy;
 INuhg;gpa ehLfs; fliy mz;kpj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lik

ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mDruiz toq;fpa Njrpa muru;fs;

4 Mk; n`d;wp Ngbdd;l;, ,rngy;yh 7 Mk; n`d;wp

(Nghu;j;Jf;fy;) (];ghdpah) (,q;fpyhe;J)

ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisTfs;

 Gjpa gpuNjrq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
 FbNaw;wthjk; Muk;gkhfpaik
 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jik
 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpf;F toptFj;jJ
 INuhg;gpa ehfuPfk; gutyile;jik
 rkag;gpurhu eltbf;iffs; gutyile;jik

kjrr
; uP j
; pUjj
; ,af f
; k;
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L :-
1517
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w ehL :-
N[u;kdp
 gutpa ehLfs; gpuhd;];, nld;khu;f;, Nehu;Nt, RtPld;, Rtp];
:-
 ,t; ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij :-
khl;bd;Y}ju;
 njhlu;Gilatu;fs; khl;bd;Y}ju;, N[hd; fy;tpd;, N[hd; `];;, cy;upr;
:-
Rtpq;yp,,uh];k];, N[hd;itf;fspg;
 ,t; mikg;gpd; ru;tNjr kj;jpa epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; :- n[dPth

khl;bd;Y}ju;
 kjr;rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij
 tpl;ld;Ngu;f; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrpupau;
 xf];bd; rigiar; Nru;e;j FU
 iggpis N[u;kd; nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;jtu;
 ghg;guru; gj;jhk; ypNahtpd; mwpTWj;jypd;gb rf;futu;j;jp 5k; rhs;]; 1520y; Y}jiu fpwp];jt
kjj;jpypUe;J ePf;fpajhf mwptpj;jhu;
 rhf;]dp ,sturd; Y}jUf;F mgakspj;jhd;

63
 kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 cldbf; fhuzk;:- 1517y; N[u;kdpapd; tpw;wd;Ngu;f;fpy; ghg;guru; 10k; ypNahtpd; gpujpepjp

nul;ry; “ghtkd;dpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;” tpw;gid nra;tij vjpu;j;J khl;bd;Y}ju; jdJ Gfo;ngw;w
95 epahaq;fis tpw;wd;Ngu;f; Myaf; fjtpy; xl;baik.

Vida fhuzq;fs;
 fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigaplk; fhzg;gl;l mjpfstpyhd mjpfhuq;fs;
 fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; Coy;fs;
 mwpQu;fspd; fz;ldq;fs;
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l rpe;jid tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf jpUr;rigapd; jtWfis kf;fs;
fz;bj;jik
 muru;fspd; MjuT - ,q;fpyhe;jpd; 8k;n`d;wp

kjr;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

 INuhg;ghtpd; rka xUikg;ghL Fiye;J Gjpa rkaf; nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpaik

 fpwp];jt jpUr;rig gpsTgl;lik
 Gdpj cNuhkg; Nguurpd; nry;thf;F Fd;wpaik
 gpuhe;jpa rpw;wuru;fspd; gyk; mjpfupj;jik
 kprdup ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
 kf;fs; gy;NtW cupikfisg; ngw;wdu;

kWkyu;r;rpahy; INuhg;ghtpd; murpaypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

 Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

 midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; murid ikakhff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpd
 kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
 gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fSk;, cupikfSk; eypTwj; njhlq;fpd
 Njrpa muru;fs; epu;thf nraw;ghLfspy; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; cjtpiag; ngw;wdu;
 murUf;F epue;jukhd ,uhZtg;gil ,Ue;jik
 ehL KOtJk; xNu rl;lKk; tupKiwAk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

kWkyu;r;rpahy; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

 RaNjitg; nghUshjhuKiw khw;wkile;J tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ

 tu;j;jfj;ij tpuptilar;nra;Ak; nghUl;L Njrpa muRfs; mZruiz toq;fpd
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; tu;j;jff;nfhs;if kw;Wk; tupf;nfhs;if vd;gd nraw;glj; njhlq;fpd
 fPioj;Njrq;fSlDk; mnkupf;fhTlDk; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld
 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ
 fhNrhiy KiwAk; tq;fp KiwAk; Muk;gkhfpd
 tu;j;jf efuq;fs; gy Njhd;wpd

64
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapd; murpaypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapy; epytpa kd;duhl;rp Kiw KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ

 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 gpuNjr Ml;rpKiw khw;wkile;jJ
 gioa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kiwe;jd
 cNuhk lr;Rr;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 INuhg;gpa rl;l mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g rl;lj;njhFjpAk; ePjpkd;wj;njhFjpAk; epWtg;gl;ld

kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

 ,yq;iff;Fk; INuhg;ghTf;Fkpilapy; neUq;fpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G Muk;gkhfpaJ

 RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhu Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wJ
 Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhd;wpaJ
 Gjpa tu;j;jfg;gapu;fs; gapuplg;gl;ld
 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
 tu;j;jf efu;fs; Njhd;wpd
 kj;jpatFg;gpdu; Njhd;wpaik

kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs;

 mwpTj;Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
 INuhg;gpa rpe;jidAk; ,yf;fpaKk; ,e;ehl;bw;F fpilj;jJ
 Nkw;fj;ija rpe;jidfs; ,e;ehl;by; Eioa topahf mike;jJ
 INuhg;gpa rkag;gpupTfs; Njhd;wpd
 Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw gutpaJ
 Gjpa njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fs; ngUfpd
 kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
 INuhg;gpa fl;llf;fiyak;rq;fs; gutpd
 INuhg;gpa fyhrhuk; ,e;ehl;by; gutpaJ

 glj;jpYs;s Xtpaj;ijg; ngaupLf

NjtJ}ju;fs; ,Utupd; Xtpak;
 ,t; Xtpaj;ij tiue;jtu; ahu;?
ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh
 ,J ve;jf; fhyj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ?
kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;
 ,t; Xtpak; vq;F tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ?
rp];ild; Njthyak;

 glj;jpYs;s fUtpiag; ngaupLf

njhiyNehf;fp
 ,jidf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?
fypypNahfypyp
 ,J ve;jj; JiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ?
thdpaw;Jiw
 ,J ve;jf; fhyj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ?
kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;
 ,f; fUtpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
 R+upadpy; fUk;Gs;spfs; cs;sd
 tpahodpw;F Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd

65
 ,yq;ifAk; Nkw;FyFk;

Mrpa – INuhg;gpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G epytpa ghijfs;

 rPdh kj;jpa Mrpah ghurPfk; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; ( gl;Lg; ghij )

 ,e;JrKj;jpuk; nrq;fly; vfpg;J kj;jpajiuf;fly; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;
 ,e;jpah ghurPff;Flh ghf;jhj; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;

INuhg;gpau; Mrpahtpw;F te;jjd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 nghUshjhu uPjpahf ,yhgk; ngwy;
 Mrpa tu;j;jf cupikiag; ngwy;
 jkJ rkaj;ijg; gug;gy;
 cyf uPjpahfg; Gfo; ngwy;

Mrpahtpw;F tUif je;j Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;

 KjyhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; :- t];nfhlfhkh ( ehq;fs; thridj; jputpaq;fisAk;>
fpwp];jtu;fisAk; Njb te;Njhk; )
 tUif je;j Mz;L :- 1498
 te;jpwq;fpa ,lk; :- fs;spf;Nfhl;il
 fPioj;Njr kj;jpa epiyak; :- Nfhth

,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;

 KjyhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; :- Nyhwd;Nrh b my;Nklh
 tUif je;j Mz;L :- 1505
 te;jpwq;fpa ,lk; :- fhyp
 Kjypy; njhlu;G nfhz;l ,uhr;rpak; :- Nfhl;il
 njhlu;G nfhz;l Nfhl;il murd; :- vl;lhk; tPuguhf;fpukghF
 njhlu;Gila $w;W :- ‘gwq;fp Nfhl;ilf;F NghdJ Nghy’

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if te;j NghJ fhzg;gl;l ,uhr;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; muru;fs;

 Nfhl;il :- vl;lhk; tPuguhf;fpukghF
 fz;b :- Nrdhrk;kjtpf;fpukghF
 aho;g;ghzk; :- guuhrNrfud;

tp[aghF nfhiy
 Nfhl;il murd; Mwhk; tp[aghF jdJ KjyhtJ jpUkzj;jpd; %yk; gpwe;j Vohk;
GtNdfghF> khahJd;id> iwfk gz;lhu Mfpa Gjy;tu;fSf;F muRupikia toq;fhJ>
Njtuh[Df;F muRupikia toq;f Kw;gl;ljhy; fz;b kd;dd; [atPu gz;lhutpd; cjtpiag;
ngw;W Nfhl;ilf;F te;J muirg; ngw Kad;w NghJ rykhd; vd;gtdhy; Mwhk; tp[aghF
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhd;.
 1521 ,y; ,e;epfo;T ,lk;ngw;wJ.

tp[aghF nfhiyapd; tpisTfs;

 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; %d;whfg; gpupe;jJ.
 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gyk; Fd;wpaJ.
 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkhff; fhuzkhfpaJ.

tp[aghF nfhiyahy; gpupe;j ,uhr;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; muru;fs;

 Nfhl;il :- Vohk; GtNdfghF
 rPjhthf;if :- khahJd;id
 iwfk :- iwfk gz;lhu

66
 ju;kghyd; Nfhl;il kf;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; ifg;nghk;ikahf tpsq;fpaik
 fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijj; jOtpaik
 fj;Njhypf;f rkak; gut mDkjpj;jik
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; Nfhl;il kf;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpfisj; jLf;f eltbf;if
vLf;fhik

rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;

 Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L :- 1521

 Kjy; kd;dd; :- khahJd;id
 ,Wjp kd;dd; :- bfpup gz;lhu ( Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; )
 vOr;rpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhdtd; :- Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;

vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 gykhd muru;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
 1538 ,y; iwfk> rPjhthf;ifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lik
 1557 ,y; ju;kghyd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpw;F khwpaik
 1582 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; rPjhthf;ifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lik
 rPjhthf;if muru;fSf;F kf;fspd; MjuT fpilj;jik

tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; J}uNehf;fw;w nraw;ghL
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; irt rkaj;ijj; jOtpaik
 nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; thupR ,d;wp ,we;jik

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;

 Kjy; kd;dd; :- tp[a$oq;if

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; te;j NghJ Ml;rp nra;jtd; :- guuhrNrfud;
 ,Wjp kd;dd; :- ,uz;lhk; rq;fpyp
 jiyefuk; :- ey;Y}u;
 Ml;rpGupe;j tk;rk; :- Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; (12)
 njhlu;Gila %yhjhuq;fs; :- aho;g;ghzitgtkhiy
nrfuhrNrfukhiy
jl;rzifyhaGuhzk;
itahghly;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; njhlu;G

 guuh[Nrfud; rq;fpyp fhrpiedhu; ngupagps;is Gtpuhrgz;lhud;
vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; ,uz;lhk; rq;fpyp

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;Gf;fs;

Mz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaj; jsgjp aho;g;ghz kd;dd;

1543 khl;bd; mNghd;R j R+]h Kjyhk; rq;fpyp

1560 nfhd;];ud;iud; b gpufd;]h Kjyhk; rq;fpyp

1591 gu;dhNjh nknlhd;rh Gtpuhrgz;lhud;

1619 gpypg; j xypNtuh ,uz;lhk; rq;fpyp

67
 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F rhu;ghdtu;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;
ngupagps;is, vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; Kjyhk; rq;fpyp, Gtpuhrgz;lhud;, ,uz;lhk; rq;fpyp

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - rpq;fs muru;fs; njhlu;ghd Nghu;fs;

Mz;L Nghu; jiyik jhq;fpa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; vjpu;nfhz;l rpq;fs

muru;

Ky;Nyupah mNghd;R ngnua;uh j yru;jh 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd;

1562 (bfpup gz;lhu)
1k; tpkyju;kR+upad;
1594 je;JNu NgNuh NyhNg]; b R+rh (nfhzg;G gz;lhu)
1602 gyd njhd; n[udpNkh b mrptpNlh 1k; tpkyju;kR+upad;
1630 ue;njdpnty nfhd;];jhe;jpd; b rh 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
1638 fz;nzhUt jpNaF j nkNyh f];Nuh 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Kbahkw; Nghdikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

 fz;b kf;fs; murDf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jik
 fz;bg; gilapd; nfupy;yh jhf;Fjy;
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gg; gw;wp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; mwpe;jpuhik
 y];fupd; gilapdu; rpq;fsg; gilAld; ,ize;jik
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G

Mz;L Kf;fpa tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

1505 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; ,yq;if tUif

1521 tp[aghF nfhiy

1538 iwfk> rPjhthf;ifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lik

1543 ju;kghydpd; rpiyf;F yp];gd; efupy; KbR+l;L tpoh ,lk;ngw;wik

1557 ju;kghyd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpw;F khwpaik

1580 ju;kghyd; kuzrhrdg; gj;jpuj;ij ( capy; ) vOjp toq;fpaik

1582 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpaik

1597 ky;thid cld;gbf;if %yk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkhdJ

68
 ,yq;ifAk; xy;yhe;jUk;
xy;yhe;ju; - mwpKfk;
 jha; ehL :- xy;yhe;J
 tu;j;jf mikg;G :- xy;yhe;j fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk; ( VOC ) – 1602
 fPioj;Njr kj;jpa epiyak; :- gj;Njtpah ( [hthj;jPT )

,yq;iff;F tUif je;j xy;yhe;ju;

 KjyhtJ xy;yhe;ju; :- ];gpy;Ngu;[d;
 tUif je;j Mz;L :- 1602
 te;jpwq;fpa ,lk; :- kl;lf;fsg;G
 njhlu;G nfhz;l fz;b murd; :- Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upad;
 Kjypy; ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;il :- kl;lf;fsg;G
 fz;b muru;fSld; Nkw;nfhz;l :- 1638 nt];uNthy;l; cld;gbf;if
cld;gbf;iffs; (,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;)
:- 1766 tpy;ypak;gy;f; cld;gbf;if
(fPu;j;jp=uh[rpq;fd;)

1638 Mk; Mz;L cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs;

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F fz;b murDf;F cjtpl xy;yhe;ju;
,zq;Fjy;;
 xy;yhe;jUf;F Vw;gLk; nryit gzk; kw;Wk; fWth> kpsF> Njd; nkOF vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;
nrYj;j murd; cld;gly;
 ahid jtpu;e;j Vida nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghd VfNghf cupik
xy;yhe;jUf;Ff; fpilj;jy;
 Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfspy; ‘murd; tpUk;gpdhy; kl;Lk;’ xy;yhe;jg; gil
jq;fpapUf;fyhk;

,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; xy;yhe;jiu tutioj;jjd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wy;
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPopUe;j gpuNjrq;fisf; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;J Rje;jpu
,yq;ifiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlu;gpy; xy;yhe;jupd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

 fz;b muru;fSld; rkhjhdkhfr; nraw;gly;
 fz;b murDf;Fg; gupRg; nghUl;fis toq;fy;
 fz;b murDld; fbjj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jy;
 cgrk;gjh rlq;fpd; nghUl;L murDf;F fg;gy;fisf; nfhLj;J cjty;

tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; cr;r ,yhgk; ngWk; nghUl;L xy;yhe;ju; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

 fz;b kd;ddpd; ntspehl;ltUldhd tu;j;jfj; njhlu;ig $basT jil nra;jik
 kd;dDld; fUj;J NtWghLfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ vy;iyf; flitfis %b tpLjy;
 new; gapu;r;nra;ifia Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;if vLj;jik
 fWthitg; gapuplTk;> ghJfhf;fTk; eltbf;if vLj;jik
 fUk;G> Nfhg;gp> gUj;jp vd;gtw;iwg; gapupl;lik

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs;

 xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpahy; Jd;Gw;w fiuNahu kf;fs; jkf;F cjTk; gb fPu;j;jp=,uh[rpq;fid
Ntz;baik
 1760 ,y; ePu;nfhOk;G> khj;jiwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jUf;nfjpuhff; fyfq;fs; Vw;gl;lik
 fz;b kd;dd;> fynfhl vd;w mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; gilnahd;iw mDg;gp jpBu; jhf;Fjiy
Nkw;nfhz;L fl;Ltd kw;Wk; khj;jiwf; Nfhl;il cl;gl rpy ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik. gpd;
mt;tplq;fis xy;yhe;ju; kPl;lik
 1764 ,y; xy;yhe;j MSeu; ngud; ntd; vf; vd;gtd; 6 gilg;gpupTfspd; %yk; fz;b kPJ
gilnaLj;J Njhy;tpaile;jik
 1765 ,y; kPzLk; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;jik

69
 1766 cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs;

 xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpapd; fPo; khj;jiw> nfhOk;G> fhyp> aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fSk; fw;gpl;b>
kd;dhu;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa JiwKfq;fSk; ,Uj;jiy fz;b kd;dd;
mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;
 fz;b kf;fs; fpof;F> Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuq;fspd; cg;gsq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; cupik toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
 flw;fiuapypUe;J 4 iky; ( 6 KM ) mfyg; gpuNjrk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
 flw;fiug; gpuNjrq;fis xy;yhe;jUf;F xg;gilj;jjd; %yk; Vw;gl;l el;lj;ij xy;yhe;ju;
tUlhe;jk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;
 xy;yhe;ju; fz;bAld; tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;F jdpAupikAk;> fWth Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;> mupkuk;
ntl;lTk; cupik mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

1766 cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfs;

 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; fiuNahug; gFjpia ,oe;jJ

 xy;yhe;jupd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
 xy;yhe;jiu tpul;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ murDf;Fk;> gpujhdpfSf;Fk; njspthdJ
 gpujhdpfSf;Fk; tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; fpilj;j ,yhgk; ,y;yhkw; NghdJ

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs;

 fj;Njhypf;f kjk; gutpaJ

 Njhk;G Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 jpUkzg; gjpT Kiw mwpKfkhfpaJ
 gup]; ghlrhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld
 klq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld
 igyh> fgpupQ;Qh Nghd;w ,irfs; mwpKfkhfpd
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nrhw;fs; jkpopYk;> rpq;fsj;jpYk;
fye;jd

xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpapd; tpisTfs;

 Gul;l];jhe;J kjk; mwpKfkhdJ

 cNuhk lr;Rr; rl;lk; mwpKfkhdJ
 ePjpkd;w Kiw mwpKfkhdJ
 ‘gwq;fpau;’ vd;w ,dk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
 Nky; ehl;Lf; fy;tp Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
 etPd mr;Rf; fiy mwpKfkhdJ
 xy;yhe;jf; fl;blf;fiy Kiw mwpKfkhdJ
 fWthj; Njhl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

70
 nghyeWitf; fhy Kf;fpa muru;fs;
Kjyhk; tp[aghF (fp.gp 1055 – 1110 )
murpay; gzpfs;
 Gj;juh[dpd; cjtpAld; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gidj; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp 1055y; fjpu;fhkj;ij epu;thf
ikakhff; nfhz;L 1k; tp[aghF vd;w ngaUld; cUFizapd; Ml;rpahsdhdhd;
 fp.gp 1017 -1070 tiu epytpa Nrhou; Ml;rpapypUe;J nghyeWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik
 KO ,yq;ifiaAk; xd;WgLj;jp Mz;lik
 nghyeWit Afj;jpd; KjyhtJ rpq;fs murd;
 Vg;gh, khg;gh gjtpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuk;gupa Kiwapyhd epu;thfk; kPz;Lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lik
 nghyeWitf;F tp[auh[Guk; vdg; ngaupl;L ,uhr;rpaj;ij mikj;jhd;

nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
 gy Fsq;fs; Gzuikf;fg;gl;lik (kfhfy;flty, kfhfzjuht, ehr;rJt thtp )
 vy`uf; fhy;thiag; Gzuikj;J kpd;Ndupah, fTLY, fe;jsha; Nghd;w ePu;g;ghrdf;
fl;likg;Gf;fis gioa epiyf;F nfhz;L te;jhd;
 gu;khTld; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzpajhy; gu;kpa kd;dd; fg;gy; epiwa tpahghug; nghUl;fis
mDg;gpdhd;

ngsj;jkjg; gzpfs;
 gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if elj;jpaik
 nghyeWitapy; %d;wLf;F jyjhkhspifia mikj;jik
 rptndhspghjkiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijiar; rPuikj;J rptndhspghjkiyf;F fpuhkq;fis
toq;fpaik
 mEuhjGuj;jpYk;, cUFizapYk; tpfhiufisg; Gzuikj;jik

ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;
 fypq;f Njrj;JlDk; ghz;ba Njrj;JlDk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;
 jpupNyhfRe;jup vd;w fypq;f ,sturpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;
 jdJ rNfhjupahd kpj;jh ,sturpia ghz;ba ,sturDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jhd;
 J}ju;fis mDg;gp gupRg;gz;lq;fis toq;fp Nkiy rhSf;fpa mur tk;rj;Jld; el;Gwit
tsu;j;jhd;

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF (fp.gp 1153 – 1186 )

murpay; gzpfs;
 FUehfy; khtl;lj;jpy; n`l;bg;nghyTf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j gz;Lt];Etu(guhf;fpukGu) vd;w
,lj;ij Ml;rp ikakhf njupT nra;jik
 2k; f[ghF kd;did Njhw;fbj;J nghyeWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik
 cUFiz Ml;rpahsdhd 2k; khdhguzidAk; mtdJ jha; RfyhNjtpiaAk; Njhw;fbj;J
Gdpj je;j jhJf;fisAk; ghj;jpu jhJf;fisAk; ngw;W 1153y; KOehl;bw;Fkhd murdhdhd;
 50 tUl fhykhf gy gpupTfshf fhzg;gl;l ,uhr;rpaq;fis xd;WgLj;jp kPz;Lk; kj;jpa Ml;rp
xd;wpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik
 ehl;bd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tPuu;fisf;
nfhz;l gil cUthf;fg;gl;L gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lik
 cau; gjtpfSf;F jFjpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

71
 nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
 thdpypUe;J tpOk; xU Jsp ePiuNaDk; tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jhJ tPNz fliy
nrd;wilaf; $lhJ vd;w Nehf;fpy; Fsq;fisAk; mizf;fl;Lf;fisAk; mikj;jhd;
 njJW Xahtpw;F FWf;fhf mizf;fl;Lfis mikj;J fhy;tha;fSf;F Clhf tptrhaj;jpw;F
ePu; toq;fpaik
 g];Jd;Nfhwisg; gpuNjrj;jpy; rJg;G epyq;fspypUe;J ePiu mfw;wp mtw;iw rhFgb
epyq;fshf khw;wpaikj;jik
 cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jik (rpyhgk; , fw;gpl;b kw;Wk; nfhOk;G
JiwKfq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jik )
 Njhg;gh thtp, Jk;GY thtp, vyKJ thtp Nghd;w Fsq;fis ,izj;J guhf;fpuk
rKj;jpuj;ij mikj;jik
 mk;gd;fq;if ejpf;F Clhf mq;fkby;y vd;w ,lj;jpy; Xu; miziaf;fl;b Mfhr fq;iff;F
Clhf guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuj;jpw;F ePiu vLj;J te;jik
 jf;fpz Njrj;jpy; gy Fsq;fis Gzuikj;jik
 gz;Lt];EtuTf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j xU Fsj;ij tpupthf;fp mjw;F gz;Lthtp vdg;
ngaupl;lik
 vy`uf; fhy;tha; tpupthf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk; kpd;Ndupahf; Fsj;Jf;F ePu; jpir
jpUg;gg;gl;lik

ngsj;jkjg; gzpfs;
 gpsTgl;bUe;j ngsj;j gpf;Ffis xd;WgLj;jpdhd;
 jpk;Gyhfy fhrpag;g Njuupd; jiyikapy; gpf;Ffspw;fhd xOf;fnewpf; Nfhitia jahupj;J
fy;ntl;lhf nghwpj;jik
 nghj;Fy; tpfhiu, cj;juhuhka, yq;fhjpyf rpiykid, fy;tpfhiu, fpup tpfhiu,
njkokfhrha Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jik
 murkhspif, murrig kz;lgk;, Myh`d gpupntdh, jhkiuj; jlhfk; Nghd;wtw;iw
mikj;jik

ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;
 gu;kpa kd;dd; myTq;rpJ kPjhd gilnaLg;G
tu;j;jfj; J}Jf; FOit Jd;GWj;jpaik, fk;Nghbahtpw;F nrd;w ,sturpia Jd;GWj;jpaik
 ghz;ba gilnaLg;G
guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; muRupik ngWk; nghUl;L gilAjtp toq;fpaik

ep]q;fky;yd; (fp.gp 1187 – 1197 )

 xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; KOehl;ilAk; Ml;rp nra;jik
 ngsj;ju;fSf;Nf muRupik vDk; ghuk;gupaj;ij epiyehl;baik
 mjpfsT fy;ntl;Lf;fisg; nghwpj;jik (fy;nghj;j fy;ntl;L)
 cUFZ, khah, gpfpl;b Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSf;F mbf;fb tp[ak; nra;jik
 ghz;b ehl;bd; kPJk; Nrho ehl;bd; kPJk; gilnaLj;jik
 ehl;L kf;fis tupr;RikapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhd;
 ghz;b tp[a Fsk; (fy;kbahd Fsk;) vd;w Fsj;ij mikj;jik
 Jyhghuf; nfhilia toq;fpaik
 %d;W kjg;gpuptpdiuAk; xd;WgLj;jpdhd;
 kfpaq;fiz, fsdp kw;Wk; rptndhspghjkiy Mfpa Gdpj ];jyq;fSf;F ahj;jpiu
nrd;wik
 uz;nfhj; tpfhiu, `l;ljhNf, tl;ljhNf, rj;k`y;gpurhja Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jik
 jk;Gs;s tpfhiuia Gzuikj;J mq;Fs;s Gj;ju;rpiyfs; kPJ jq;fKyhk; G+Rtpj;jhd;
 ep]q;fyjhkz;lgk;, murkhspif, murrigf; fl;blk; Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jik

72