Nama : M.

Usman Setiawan

NIM : 21.04.01405

English Specific of Purposes

Group 4

UNIT 5
Learning Objectives

Students are able to understand grammar, so that students can understand English well and correctly.
Thus the student is able to communicate, present, etc.

Purposes of Grammar

1. To explain to readers how the structure of an English sentence is.

2. To help gain vocabulary, increase knowledge of understanding actual sentences, or even provide
clear meaning of a word.

GRAMMAR
A. Definition of Grammar
Grammar is a language system. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of
language (Fitria, 2018). In language studies, grammar occupies the main position in studying
languages (Fitria, 2020a). According to Young (2013, p. 11), the term 'grammar' can be used to
refer to the system itself. When we talk about English grammar, we refer to the rules that structure
the language. Grammar determines how words are arranged to form meaningful units. Each
language has a different grammar (Coghill & Magedanz, 2003).
Grammar, the rules of a language that regulate sounds, words, sentences and other
elements, as well as combinations of and its interpretation. In a limited sense, the term only refers
to the study of sentences and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and
pronunciation. Grammar is a language system. Person sometimes describe grammar as the "rules"
of a language; but in fact there is no language that does not have rules.

B. Definition of Parts of Speech

Part of speech is a categorized classification of words based on its role and function in the
language structure which includes everything that the language itself has. Part of speech shows
how words function in meaning as well as grammatically in sentences. One word will do
functions as more than one part of speech if used in different circumstances. Understanding part
of speech is very important to determine the correct definition of a word when using a dictionary.
Part of Speech is a type of word used for compose sentences to connect ideas or to
conveying thoughts is known as a part of speech (Dalmolin, 2010, p. 175). Parts of speech have
two functions The basic ones are taxonomic functions and static functions (syntactic). Taxonomy
refers to words as nouns, verbs etc. Meanwhile, systematic refers to words as subjects, objects,
etc.
C. Types of Parts of Speech
Grammar categorizes words in English it becomes the usual 9 basic types as well called
"word class". Most types of languages can be divided into several sub-classes. It's important to
recognize type of word. This helps us analyze sentences and understand it. It also helps us build
sentences the good one.

The following are the types of parts of speech:

a. Noun
Noun is substantive (Dalmolin, 2010). Hence, the noun denotes substance, whether animate
(such as humans, animals, trees etc.), or inanimate objects (such as houses, pencils, stones
etc.), either real (such as moon, car, book etc.), or imaginary (such as Snow White, Santa
Clause), both concrete (wood, bicycle, computer, etc.), or abstract (love, kindness, beauty,
etc.). So that it can be concluded that nouns refer to words that refer to people, animals,
objects, places, and action.
b. Pronoun
Pronouns refer to the referent part of speech can replace or replace a noun. Like ‘John’ refers
to ‘he’, ‘Jane’ refers to ‘she’. 'Book' refers to 'it, 'my friend and I' refers to ‘we', or ‘the
students’ refers to ‘they'.
c. Adjective
Adjectives are to describe or modifying nouns and pronouns (Clark, 2017, p. 15). The
adjective is used for identify about nouns/pronounsI, they usually placed before a noun or
pronoun. Adjectives usually provide relevant information about nouns/pronouns by answering
questions, such as: What kind? (What kind?); How many? (How many?); Which one? (Which
one?); or How much? (How much?).
d. Determiner
Determiner are words such as article (a/an, the), demonstratives (this, these, that, those) which
used with a noun to help identify who or what the noun refers to (Yule, 2015, p. 82).
e. Verb
Verbs refer to words that express action (Dalmolin, 2010). Many words work indicates a state
or condition about the subject, such as 'Bob is handsome', 'Paul is happy', 'Maria is slim'. Say
work can also provide descriptions, such as 'The book is interesting', 'The film is good'.
f. Adverb
Adverbs refer to words that can change verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs (Dalmolin, 2010).
Adverbs can show when, how, where, or to what extent are the words modified like 'I arrived
early', 'The novel is very expensive', 'The girl dances beautifully' etc. Yule (2015) states that
an adverb is a word that modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs and another sentence.
g. Preposition
Prepositions are words combined with noun or pronoun, forms a phrase that explains verb,
noun, or adjective. In the simplest terms, prepositions are words that can connect verbs, noun,
and pronoun together. In lots case, perhaps suggesting location, time or type other
relationships that occur between various words in a sentence. We can use the preposition with
noun phrases when we describe people and objects, or when we provide additional
information about an action or situation such as time or place.
h. Conjunction
In general, a conjunction is the word or an expression that functions as a link between words,
between clauses, or between sentences. Use of conjunctions in a sentence or paragraph in a
sentence so that The arrangement of words or sentences has coherence(connection).
 i. Interjection
Interjections refer to various types words, phrases or sounds that express emotions, feelings
strong, happiness, fear, surprise, distrust, sadness etc. (Dalmolin, 2010). For emphasizes the
meaning, interjections are usually accompanied by exclamation marks, such as ‘Ouch!’, ‘My
God!’, ‘Oh, no!’ etc. Interjection is a word added to a sentence for convey emotion or
sentiment.
j. Quantifier
A quantifier is a word that precedes a word objects and serves to show the number of objects
the. Quantifiers are the words and phrases used when we talk about countable quantities or
cannot be calculated (Yule, 2015, p. 82).

Actifity 1
Identify the parts of speech contained in the sentences below!

1. That elegant dress perfectly complements her new hairstyle.

Pronoun:
Adjective:
Moun:
2. He always chooses comfortable shoes for his daily commute.
Pronoun:
Verb:
Adjective:
Noun:
Preposition:
3. The designer carefully crafted a stunning collection of couture gowns for the fashion
show.
Noun:
Adverb:
Verb:
Adjective:

D. Definition of Tenses
The concept of tenses in English is method which we use to refer to a time in the past,
present and future. Many languages use tense for talking about time. Tenses are methods based on
the verb used to show the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action or
state relating to time speak. Tenses are verbs in language English which aims to show the time
(now, future, or past) as well as the occurrence of an action or event.
According to Yule (2015, p. 16), tense is a relationship between the form of the verb and
the time of the action or state which he described. Therefore, it can be concluded that Tenses are
forms or verbs that indicate when something happens, is happening or will happen. Tenses itself is
a concept that describes when an incident/occurrence/activity occurs.
There are three main tenses in English, namely:
 1. Simple present tense is a form of verb that functions to express facts, habits and events that
are happening at the present moment.
Formula:
S + verb-1/be (am/is/are)
She wears designer clothes to work every day.
2. Simple past tenses are verb forms that function to show that an event occurred in the past.
Formula:
S + verb-2/be (was/were)
Last year, she attended Paris Fashion Week.
3. Simple future tense is a form of verb that functions to express that an event will occur in the
future in a planned or spontaneous manner.
Formula:
S + will + bare infinitive
S + be (is/am/are) + going to + bare infinitive)
Next month, she will buy a new swimsuit for her vacation.

Actifity 2
Write the following sentences using the correct verb tense (simple present, simple future, or simple
past) based on the information given about fashion.

1. Simple present
 She (wear) elegant dresses to work every day.
 The fashion designer (create) a new collection every season.
 He always (prefer) casual outfits on weekends.
2. Simple past
 Last week, she (wear) a stunning gown to the gala event.
 He (design) his first dress when he was just seventeen years old.
 They (visit) Paris Fashion Week two years ago.
3. Simple future
 Next month, she (buy) a new pair of high heels for the wedding.
 They (attend) the fashion show in Milan next year.
 He (start) his own clothing line after finishing fashion school.

Instruction!

 Rewrite each sentence above by changing the verbs in brackets to the form that corresponds to the
required verb tense.
 Make sure to use the correct verb according to the tense of the verb in question (simple present,
simple future, or simple past).
E. Definition of Reported Speech
Reported Speech is used when we tell someone what someone else says. Reported Speech
shows how we represent other people's speech or what we ourselves say. To do this, we can use
direct speech or indirect speech direct.
Reported Speech consists of two parts, namely reporting speech and reported speech.
Reporting Speech includes words work such as say, tell, ask, reply, shout which is usually done
use in the simple past, and Reported Speech covers what what the native speaker said.

Reporting clause Reported speech

The man said “I need your scissors”
The girl told “I will go with you”
The children asked “We finish the homework”
The woman replied “Please, come here”
The boy shouted “Look at this dress!”

The following is an example of a reported speech sentence:

 She said that she would attend the event wearing an elegant pink dress.
 They told me that they had ordered a custom suit for their wedding.
 Rani said that she was thrilled to find high heels that matched the color of her gown for the
evening party.

Actifity 3
Change the direct sentences below into reported speech, paying attention to appropriate changes in
pronouns, verbs and tenses.

1. "I love this new collection," she said.

2. "We are attending the fashion show next week," they announced.
3. "He designed my wedding dress," she told me.
4. "She will model for the magazine," he assured us.
5. "They have opened a new boutique downtown," she mentioned.

Instruction!
 Rewrite each sentence above in reported speech, starting with the appropriate subject pronoun and
adjusting the verb and tense used.
 Make sure to use the right auxiliary verb (such as 'said', 'announced', 'told', 'assured', 'mentioned',
etc.) to start the reported speech.
 If necessary, adjust personal pronouns and tenses according to the context of the sentence.
F. Definition of Conditional Centence
A conditional sentence is a statement that discussing known factors or hypothetical situations
and the consequences. Complete conditional sentences contains a conditional clause (often
referred to as an ifclause) and its consequences.
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might happen, and
what we hope will happen. In English, Most sentences use conditionals contains the word if.
Many conditional forms in English is used in sentences that include
verb in one of the past forms. This use is called the "unreal past" because of us uses the past tense
but we don't really refers to something that happened in the past.
Conditional sentences are quite easy to identify because they almost always start with "if"
They might also start with “when,” “provided that,” “given that,” or “considering”.

If sentences consist of two clauses, namely:

➢ If clause or conditional clause (if clause or clause
conditional) which begins with the word if.
➢ Main clause (main clause) which talks about
the outcome or situation that will occur.

Example:
 If she finds the perfect dress, she will buy it immediately.
(Jika dia menemukan gaun yang sempurna, dia akan membelinya segera.)

 He would wear a suit if the invitation specified formal attire.

(Dia akan mengenakan jas jika undangan menentukan pakaian formal.)

 If they had enough money, they could afford designer shoes.

(Jika mereka memiliki cukup uang, mereka bisa membeli sepatu desainer.)

G. Definition of Question Tag

Question Tag is a special construct in language English. This is a statement followed by mini
questions. In general, question tags (also called tags question or question tails) is used to get
confirmation or affirmation of the statement from the person invited talk.
This grammatical feature can sometimes give rise to problem (especially for English learners
as foreign language) because question tags must always be adjusted with the previous part of the
statement. This means it must according to grammar. This can be different in other languages
when only general question tags are used.

Basic structure of question tags:

Positive statement Negative tag

Negative tag Positive statement

Example:
 She's attending the fashion show tonight, isn't she?
(Dia akan menghadiri fashion show malam ini, bukan?)

 You like this dress, don't you?

(Kamu suka gaun ini, kan?)

 They often shop for trendy clothes, don't they?

 (Mereka sering berbelanja pakaian trendy, bukan?

H. Definition of Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical construction (grammatical form) where the subject of the
sentence does not carry out the action, but instead receives the action (as the recipient of the
action). The action is followed up by another agent (as doer of action) who may or may not be
mentioned. On the other hand, in active voice, the subject is directly related to the verb (verb) by
acting as the perpetrator of the action. Active sentences may be changed to passive, especially
active sentences that use transitive verbs (need to be followed by a direct object).

Passive voice is formed from auxiliary verb and past participle (verb-3).
auxiliary verb + past participle

Auxiliary verbs used in passive voice can be:

 primary auxiliary verb "be" (is, are, am, was, were),
 a combination of two primary auxiliary verbs (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been),
or
 combination of primary auxiliary verb and modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been)

example:
 The dress was designed by a renowned fashion designer.
(Gaun itu didesain oleh seorang perancang busana terkenal.)

 The latest trends in streetwear are often followed by young fashion enthusiasts.
(Tren terbaru dalam busana jalanan sering diikuti oleh para penggemar mode muda.)

 The outfit was chosen by the stylist for the photoshoot.

(Pakaian itu dipilih oleh stylist untuk sesi pemotretan.)

Exercise1
Choose the most appropriate answer for each of the following questions. Answer by circling the
appropriate letter on your answer sheet.

1. She _____ designer shoes to the party last night.

A. wears
B. wore
C. will wear
D. wearing

2. They _____ to Paris Fashion Week every year.

A. goes
B. going
C. go
D. gone

3. He _____ his first dress when he was just eighteen.

A. designing
B. designs
C. designed
D. design

4. If she _____ the new collection, she will buy it immediately.

 A. sees
B. saw
C. seeing
D. see

5. The latest fashion trends _____ in many fashion magazines.

A. publishes
B. published
C. publishing
D. are published

6. She _____ about the fashion show in Milan next month.

A. tells
B. telling
C. told
D. will tell

7. They _____ their wedding attire from a famous designer.

A. buys
B. buying
C. bought
D. buy

8. If he had known it was a formal event, he _____ a suit.

A. wear
B. wore
C. will wear
D. wearing

9. The boutique _____ by top models during the grand opening.

A. visit
B. visiting
C. visited
D. was visited

10. She _____ her own fashion brand in the future.

A. starts
B. starting
C. started
D. will start

Exercise2
Answer the essay questions below:
1. Explain what is meant by grammar?
2. Name the various types of parts of speech!
3. Name the 16 types of tenses!