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Building information modeling

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process
involving the generation and management of digital
representations of the physical and functional characteristics of
buildings and other physical assets. BIM is supported by
various tools, technologies and contracts. Building information
models (BIMs) are computer files (often but not always in
proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which Building information model of a
can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision- mechanical room developed from
making regarding a built asset. BIM software is used by lidar data
individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan,
design, construct, operate and maintain buildings and diverse
physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads,
railways, bridges, ports and tunnels.

The concept of BIM has been in development since the 1970s, but it only became an agreed term in
the early 2000s. The development of standards and the adoption of BIM has progressed at
different speeds in different countries. Developed by buildingSMART, Industry Foundation Classes
(IFCs) – data structures for representing information – became an international standard, ISO
16739, in 2013, and BIM process standards developed in the United Kingdom from 2007 onwards
formed the basis of an international standard, ISO 19650, launched in January 2019.

History
The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The first software tools developed for modeling
buildings emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and included workstation products such as
Chuck Eastman's Building Description System[1] and GLIDE, RUCAPS, Sonata, Reflex and Gable
4D Series.[2][3] The early applications, and the hardware needed to run them, were expensive,
which limited widespread adoption.[4]

The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been recognized by
Laiserin[5] as well as the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering;[6] former GMW employee Jonathan
Ingram worked on all three products.[4] What became known as BIM products differed from
architectural drafting tools such as AutoCAD by allowing the addition of further information (time,
cost, manufacturers' details, sustainability, and maintenance information, etc.) to the building
model.

As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin
regarded its ArchiCAD application as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the
market."[7] Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first
implementation of BIM,[8][9] as it was the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create
both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal
computers.[8][10][11] However, Graphisoft founder Gábor Bojár has acknowledged to Jonathan

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Ingram in an open letter, that Sonata "was more advanced in 1986 than ArchiCAD at that time",
adding that it "surpassed already the matured definition of 'BIM' specified only about one and a
half decade later".[12]

The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in papers in the mid-
1980s: in a 1985 paper by Simon Ruffle eventually published in 1986,[13] and later in a 1986 paper
by Robert Aish[14] – then at GMW Computers Ltd, developer of RUCAPS software – referring to
the software's use at London's Heathrow Airport.[15] The term 'Building Information Model' first
appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen and F. P. Tolman.[16]

However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling' (including
the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later. Facilitating exchange
and interoperability of information in digital format was variously with differing terminology: by
Graphisoft as "Virtual Building" or "Single Building Model",[17] Bentley Systems as "Integrated
Project Models", and by Autodesk or Vectorworks as "Building Information Modeling".[17] In 2002,
Autodesk released a white paper entitled "Building Information Modeling,"[18] and other software
vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field.[19] By hosting contributions from
Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003,[20] Jerry
Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital
representation of the building process.[21]

Interoperability and BIM standards

As some BIM software developers have created proprietary data structures in their software, data
and files created by one vendor's applications may not work in other vendor solutions. To achieve
interoperability between applications, neutral, non-proprietary or open standards for sharing BIM
data among different software applications have been developed.

Poor software interoperability has long been regarded as an obstacle to industry efficiency in
general and to BIM adoption in particular. In August 2004 a US National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) report conservatively estimated that $15.8 billion was lost annually by the
U.S. capital facilities industry due to inadequate interoperability arising from "the highly
fragmented nature of the industry, the industry’s continued paper-based business practices, a lack
of standardization, and inconsistent technology adoption among stakeholders".[22]

An early BIM standard was the CIMSteel Integration Standard, CIS/2, a product model and data
exchange file format for structural steel project information (CIMsteel: Computer Integrated
Manufacturing of Constructional Steelwork). CIS/2 enables seamless and integrated information
exchange during the design and construction of steel framed structures. It was developed by the
University of Leeds and the UK's Steel Construction Institute in the late 1990s, with inputs from
Georgia Tech, and was approved by the American Institute of Steel Construction as its data
exchange format for structural steel in 2000.[23]

BIM is often associated with Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) and aecXML – data structures for
representing information – developed by buildingSMART. IFC is recognised by the ISO and has
been an official international standard, ISO 16739, since 2013.[24]

Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) is also associated with BIM.
COBie was devised by Bill East of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 2007,[25] and
helps capture and record equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and
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preventive maintenance schedules. This information is used to support operations, maintenance

and asset management once a built asset is in service.[26] In December 2011, it was approved by
the US-based National Institute of Building Sciences as part of its National Building Information
Model (NBIMS-US) standard.[27] COBie has been incorporated into software, and may take several
forms including spreadsheet, IFC, and ifcXML. In early 2013 BuildingSMART was working on a
lightweight XML format, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013.[28] In
September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard: BS 1192-
4.[29]

In January 2019, ISO published the first two parts of ISO 19650, providing a framework for
building information modelling, based on process standards developed in the United Kingdom. UK
BS and PAS 1192 specifications form the basis of further parts of the ISO 19650 series, with parts
on asset management (Part 3) and security management (Part 5) published in 2020.[30]

The IEC/ISO 81346 series for reference designation has published 81346-12:2018,[31] also known
as RDS-CW (Reference Designation System for Construction Works). The use of RDS-CW offers
the prospect of integrating BIM with complementary international standards based classification
systems being developed for the Power Plant sector.[32]

Definition
ISO 19650-1:2018 defines BIM as:

Use of a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design, construction and
operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions.[33]

The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the following
definition:

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional

characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a
facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from
earliest conception to demolition.[34]

Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional technical drawings (plans,
elevations, sections, etc.). Building information modeling extends the three primary spatial
dimensions (width, height and depth), incorporating information about time (so-called 4D
BIM),[35] cost (5D BIM),[36] asset management, sustainability, etc. BIM therefore covers more
than just geometry. It also covers spatial relationships, geospatial information, quantities and
properties of building components (for example, manufacturers' details), and enables a wide range
of collaborative processes relating to the built asset from initial planning through to construction
and then throughout its operational life.

BIM authoring tools present a design as combinations of "objects" – vague and undefined, generic
or product-specific, solid shapes or void-space oriented (like the shape of a room), that carry their
geometry, relations, and attributes. BIM applications allow extraction of different views from a
building model for drawing production and other uses. These different views are automatically
consistent, being based on a single definition of each object instance.[37] BIM software also defines
objects parametrically; that is, the objects are defined as parameters and relations to other objects

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so that if a related object is amended, dependent ones will automatically also change.[37] Each
model element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them automatically, providing cost
estimates as well as material tracking and ordering.[37]

For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be shared
by the design team (architects, landscape architects, surveyors, civil, structural and building
services engineers, etc.), the main contractor and subcontractors, and the owner/operator. Each
professional adds discipline-specific data to the shared model – commonly, a 'federated' model
which combines several different disciplines' models into one.[38] Combining models enables
visualisation of all models in a single environment, better coordination and development of
designs, enhanced clash avoidance and detection, and improved time and cost decision-
making.[38]

BIM wash
"BIM wash" or "BIM washing" is a term sometimes used to describe inflated, and/or deceptive,
claims of using or delivering BIM services or products.[39][40][41] Also termed, "faking the BIM."

Usage throughout the project life cycle

Use of BIM goes beyond the planning and design phase of the project, extending throughout the
building life cycle. The supporting processes of building lifecycle management include cost
management, construction management, project management, facility operation and application
in green building.

Common Data Environment

A 'Common Data Environment' (CDE) is defined in ISO 19650 as an:

Agreed source of information for any given project or asset, for collecting, managing and
disseminating each information container through a managed process.[42]

A CDE workflow describes the processes to be used while a CDE solution can provide the
underlying technologies. A CDE is used to share data across a project or asset lifecycle, supporting
collaboration across a whole project team. The concept of a CDE overlaps with enterprise content
management, ECM, but with a greater focus on BIM issues.

Management of building information models

Building information models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-span. To ensure efficient
management of information processes throughout this span, a BIM manager might be appointed.
The BIM manager is retained by a design build team on the client's behalf from the pre-design
phase onwards to develop and to track the object-oriented BIM against predicted and measured
performance objectives, supporting multi-disciplinary building information models that drive
analysis, schedules, take-off and logistics.[43][44] Companies are also now considering developing

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BIMs in various levels of detail, since depending on the application of BIM, more or less detail is
needed, and there is varying modeling effort associated with generating building information
models at different levels of detail.[45]

BIM in construction management

Participants in the building process are constantly challenged to deliver successful projects despite
tight budgets, limited staffing, accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting information. The
significant disciplines such as architectural, structural and MEP designs should be well-
coordinated, as two things can't take place at the same place and time. BIM additionally is able to
aid in collision detection, identifying the exact location of discrepancies.

The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical
construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and simulate and
analyze potential impacts.[46] Sub-contractors from every trade can input critical information into
the model before beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some
systems off-site. Waste can be minimised on-site and products delivered on a just-in-time basis
rather than being stock-piled on-site.[46]

Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be
isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the
entire facility or group of facilities. BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash
detection' whereby the computer model visually highlights to the team where parts of the building
(e.g.:structural frame and building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect.

BIM in facility operation and asset management

BIM can bridge the information loss associated with handing a project from design team, to
construction team and to building owner/operator, by allowing each group to add to and reference
back to all information they acquire during their period of contribution to the BIM model.
Enabling an effective handover of information from design and construction (including via IFC or
COBie) can thus yield benefits to the facility owner or operator.[47] BIM-related processes relating
to longer-term asset management are also covered in ISO-19650 Part 3.[30]

For example, a building owner may find evidence of a water leak in a building. Rather than
exploring the physical building, the owner may turn to the model and see that a water valve is
located in the suspect location. The owner could also have in the model the specific valve size,
manufacturer, part number, and any other information ever researched in the past, pending
adequate computing power. Such problems were initially addressed by Leite and Akinci when
developing a vulnerability representation of facility contents and threats for supporting the
identification of vulnerabilities in building emergencies.[48]

Dynamic information about the building, such as sensor measurements and control signals from
the building systems, can also be incorporated within software to support analysis of building
operation and maintenance.[49] As such, BIM in facility operation can be related to internet of
things approaches;[50] rapid access to data may also be aided by use of mobile devices
(smartphones, tablets) and machine-readable RFID tags or barcodes;[51] while integration and
interoperability with other business systems - CAFM, ERP, BMS, IWMS, etc - can aid operational
reuse of data.

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There have been attempts at creating information models for

older, pre-existing facilities. Approaches include referencing
key metrics such as the Facility Condition Index (FCI), or using
3D laser-scanning surveys and photogrammetry techniques
(separately or in combination) or digitizing traditional building
surveying methodologies by using mobile technology to capture
accurate measurements and operation-related information
about the asset that can be used as the basis for a model. Trying
to retrospectively model a building constructed in, say 1927, Operational BIM 2D floor plan view
requires numerous assumptions about design standards, in a mobile device
building codes, construction methods, materials, etc, and is,
therefore, more complex than building a model during design.

One of the challenges to the proper maintenance and management of existing facilities is
understanding how BIM can be utilized to support a holistic understanding and implementation of
building management practices and "cost of ownership" principles that support the full product
lifecycle of a building. An American National Standard entitled APPA 1000 – Total Cost of
Ownership for Facilities Asset Management incorporates BIM to factor in a variety of critical
requirements and costs over the life-cycle of the building, including but not limited to: replacement
of energy, utility, and safety systems; continual maintenance of the building exterior and interior
and replacement of materials; updates to design and functionality; and recapitalization costs.[52]

BIM in green building

BIM in green building, or "green BIM", is a process that can help architecture, engineering and
construction firms to improve sustainability in the built environment. It can allow architects and
engineers to integrate and analyze environmental issues in their design over the life cycle of the
asset.[53]

International developments

Asia

China
China began its exploration on informatisation in 2001. The Ministry of Construction announced
BIM was as the key application technology of informatisation in "Ten new technologies of
construction industry" (by 2010).[54] The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) clearly
announced BIM technology as a national key research and application project in "12th Five-Year"
Science and Technology Development Planning. Therefore, the year 2011 was described as "The
First Year of China's BIM".[55]

Hong Kong

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In 2006 the Hong Kong Housing Authority introduced BIM,[56] and then set a target of full BIM
implementation in 2014/2015. BuildingSmart Hong Kong was inaugurated in Hong Kong SAR in
late April 2012.[57] The Government of Hong Kong mandates the use of BIM for all government
projects over HK$30M since 1 January 2018.[58]

India
India Building Information Modelling Association (IBIMA) is a national-level society that
represents the entire Indian BIM community.[59] In India BIM is also known as VDC: Virtual
Design and Construction. Due to its population and economic growth, India has an expanding
construction market. In spite of this, BIM usage was reported by only 22% of respondents in a
2014 survey.[60] In 2019, government officials said BIM could help save up to 20% by shortening
construction time, and urged wider adoption by infrastructure ministries.[61]

Iran
The Iran Building Information Modeling Association (IBIMA) was founded in 2012 by professional
engineers from five universities in Iran, including the Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department at Amirkabir University of Technology.[62] While it is not currently active, IBIMA
aims to share knowledge resources to support construction engineering management decision-
making.[63][64]

Malaysia
BIM implementation is targeted towards BIM Stage 2 by the year 2020 led by the Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB Malaysia). Under the Construction Industry Transformation
Plan (CITP 2016–2020),[65] it is hoped more emphasis on technology adoption across the project
life-cycle will induce higher productivity.

Singapore
The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has announced that BIM would be introduced for
architectural submission (by 2013), structural and M&E submissions (by 2014) and eventually for
plan submissions of all projects with gross floor area of more than 5,000 square meters by 2015.
The BCA Academy is training students in BIM.[66]

Japan
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) has announced "Start of BIM pilot
project in government building and repairs" (by 2010).[67] Japan Institute of Architects (JIA)
released the BIM guidelines (by 2012), which showed the agenda and expected effect of BIM to
architects.[68] MLIT announced " BIM will be mandated for all of its public works from the fiscal
year of 2023, except those having particular reasons". The works subject to WTO Government
Procurement Agreement shall comply with the published ISO standards related to BIM such as
ISO19650 series as determined by the Article 10 (Technical Specification) of the Agreement.

South Korea
Small BIM-related seminars and independent BIM effort existed in South Korea even in the 1990s.
However, it was not until the late 2000s that the Korean industry paid attention to BIM. The first
industry-level BIM conference was held in April 2008, after which, BIM has been spread very
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rapidly. Since 2010, the Korean government has been gradually increasing the scope of BIM-
mandated projects. McGraw Hill published a detailed report in 2012 on the status of BIM adoption
and implementation in South Korea.[69]

United Arab Emirates

Dubai Municipality issued a circular (196) in 2014 mandating BIM use for buildings of a certain
size, height or type. The one page circular initiated strong interest in BIM and the market
responded in preparation for more guidelines and direction. In 2015 the Municipality issued
another circular (207) titled 'Regarding the expansion of applying the (BIM) on buildings and
facilities in the emirate of Dubai' which made BIM mandatory on more projects by reducing the
minimum size and height requirement for projects requiring BIM. This second circular drove BIM
adoption further with several projects and organizations adopting UK BIM standards as best
practice. In 2016, the UAE's Quality and Conformity Commission set up a BIM steering group to
investigate statewide adoption of BIM.[70]

Europe

Austria
Austrian standards for digital modeling are summarized in the ÖNORM A 6241, published on 15
March 2015. The ÖNORM A 6241-1 (BIM Level 2), which replaced the ÖNORM A 6240-4, has
been extended in the detailed and executive design stages, and corrected in the lack of definitions.
The ÖNORM A 6241-2 (BIM Level 3) includes all the requirements for the BIM Level 3 (iBIM).[71]

Czech Republic
The Czech BIM Council, established in May 2011, aims to implement BIM methodologies into the
Czech building and designing processes, education, standards and legislation.[72]

Estonia
In Estonia digital construction cluster (Digitaalehituse Klaster) was formed in 2015 to develop BIM
solutions for the whole life-cycle of construction.[73] The strategic objective of the cluster is to
develop an innovative digital construction environment as well as VDC new product development,
Grid and e-construction portal to increase the international competitiveness and sales of Estonian
businesses in the construction field. The cluster is equally co-funded by European Structural and
Investment Funds through Enterprise Estonia and by the members of the cluster with a total
budget of 600 000 euros for the period 2016–2018.

France
The French arm of buildingSMART, called Mediaconstruct (existing since 1989), is supporting
digital transformation in France. A building transition digital plan – French acronym PTNB – was
created in 2013 (mandated since 2015 to 2017 and under several ministries). A 2013 survey of
European BIM practice showed France in last place, but, with government support, in 2017 it had
risen to third place with more than 30% of real estate projects carried out using BIM.[74] PTNB was
superseded in 2018 by Plan BIM 2022,[75] administered by an industry body, the Association for

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the Development of Digital in Construction (AND Construction), founded in 2017, and supported
by a digital platform, KROQI,[76] developed and launched in 2017 by CSTB (France's Scientific and
Technical Centre for Building).[77]

Germany
In December 2015, the German minister for transport Alexander Dobrindt announced a timetable
for the introduction of mandatory BIM for German road and rail projects from the end of 2020.[78]
Speaking in April 2016, he said digital design and construction must become standard for
construction projects in Germany, with Germany two to three years behind The Netherlands and
the UK in aspects of implementing BIM.[79] BIM was piloted in many areas of German
infrastructure delivery and in July 2022 Volker Wissing, Federal Minister for Digital and
Transport, announced that, from 2025, BIM will be used as standard in the construction of federal
trunk roads in addition to the rail sector.[80]

Ireland
In November 2017, Ireland's Department for Public Expenditure and Reform launched a strategy
to increase use of digital technology in delivery of key public works projects, requiring the use of
BIM to be phased in over the next four years.[81]

Italy
Through the new D.l. 50, in April 2016 Italy has included into its own legislation several European
directives including 2014/24/EU on Public Procurement. The decree states among the main goals
of public procurement the "rationalization of designing activities and of all connected verification
processes, through the progressive adoption of digital methods and electronic instruments such as
Building and Infrastructure Information Modelling".[82][83] A norm in 8 parts is also being written
to support the transition: UNI 11337-1, UNI 11337-4 and UNI 11337-5 were published in January
2017, with five further chapters to follow within a year.

In early 2018 the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport issued a decree (DM 01/12/17)
creating a governmental BIM Mandate compelling public client organisations to adopt a digital
approach by 2025, with an incremental obligation which will start on 1 January 2019.[84][85]

Lithuania
Lithuania is moving towards adoption of BIM infrastructure by founding a public body
"Skaitmeninė statyba" (Digital Construction), which is managed by 13 associations. Also, there is a
BIM work group established by Lietuvos Architektų Sąjunga (a Lithuanian architects body). The
initiative intends Lithuania to adopt BIM, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and National
Construction Classification as standard. An international conference "Skaitmeninė statyba
Lietuvoje" (Digital Construction in Lithuania) has been held annually since 2012.

The Netherlands

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On 1 November 2011, the Rijksgebouwendienst, the agency within the Dutch Ministry of Housing,
Spatial Planning and the Environment that manages government buildings, introduced the Rgd
BIM Standard,[86] which it updated on 1 July 2012.

Norway
In Norway BIM has been used increasingly since 2008. Several large public clients require use of
BIM in open formats (IFC) in most or all of their projects. The Government Building Authority
bases its processes on BIM in open formats to increase process speed and quality, and all large and
several small and medium-sized contractors use BIM. National BIM development is centred
around the local organisation, buildingSMART Norway which represents 25% of the Norwegian
construction industry.

Poland
BIMKlaster (BIM Cluster) is a non-governmental, non-profit organisation established in 2012 with
the aim of promoting BIM development in Poland.[87] In September 2016, the Ministry of
Infrastructure and Construction began a series of expert meetings concerning the application of
BIM methodologies in the construction industry.[88]

Portugal
Created in 2015 to promote the adoption of BIM in Portugal and its normalisation, the Technical
Committee for BIM Standardisation, CT197-BIM, has created the first strategic document for
construction 4.0 in Portugal, aiming to align the country's industry around a common vision,
integrated and more ambitious than a simple technology change.[89]

Russia
The Russian government has approved a list of the regulations that provide the creation of a legal
framework for the use of information modeling of buildings in construction and encourages the
use of BIM in government projects.[90]

Slovakia
The BIM Association of Slovakia, "BIMaS", was established in January 2013 as the first Slovak
professional organisation focused on BIM. Although there are neither standards nor legislative
requirements to deliver projects in BIM, many architects, structural engineers and contractors,
plus a few investors are already applying BIM. A Slovak implementation strategy created by BIMaS
and supported by the Chamber of Civil Engineers and Chamber of Architects has yet to be
approved by Slovak authorities due to their low interest in such innovation.[91]

Spain

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A July 2015 meeting at Spain's Ministry of Infrastructure [Ministerio de Fomento] launched the
country's national BIM strategy, making BIM a mandatory requirement on public sector projects
with a possible starting date of 2018.[92] Following a February 2015 BIM summit in Barcelona,
professionals in Spain established a BIM commission (ITeC) to drive the adoption of BIM in
Catalonia.[93]

Switzerland
Since 2009 through the initiative of buildingSmart Switzerland, then 2013, BIM awareness among
a broader community of engineers and architects was raised due to the open competition for
Basel's Felix Platter Hospital[94] where a BIM coordinator was sought. BIM has also been a subject
of events by the Swiss Society for Engineers and Architects, SIA.[95]

United Kingdom
In May 2011 UK Government Chief Construction Adviser Paul Morrell called for BIM adoption on
UK government construction projects.[96] Morrell also told construction professionals to adopt
BIM or be "Betamaxed out".[97] In June 2011 the UK government published its BIM strategy,[98]
announcing its intention to require collaborative 3D BIM (with all project and asset information,
documentation and data being electronic) on its projects by 2016. Initially, compliance would
require building data to be delivered in a vendor-neutral 'COBie' format, thus overcoming the
limited interoperability of BIM software suites available on the market. The UK Government BIM
Task Group led the government's BIM programme and requirements,[99] including a free-to-use
set of UK standards and tools that defined 'level 2 BIM'.[100] In April 2016, the UK Government
published a new central web portal as a point of reference for the industry for 'level 2 BIM'.[101]
The work of the BIM Task Group then continued under the stewardship of the Cambridge-based
Centre for Digital Built Britain (CDBB),[102] announced in December 2017 and formally launched
in early 2018.[103]

Outside of government, industry adoption of BIM since 2016 has been led by the UK BIM
Alliance,[104] an independent, not-for-profit, collaboratively-based organisation formed to
champion and enable the implementation of BIM, and to connect and represent organisations,
groups and individuals working towards digital transformation of the UK's built environment
industry. In November 2017, the UK BIM Alliance merged with the UK and Ireland chapter of
BuildingSMART.[105] In October 2019, CDBB, the UK BIM Alliance[a] and the BSI Group launched
the UK BIM Framework. Superseding the BIM levels approach, the framework describes an
overarching approach to implementing BIM in the UK, giving free guidance on integrating the
international ISO 19650 series of standards into UK processes and practice.[107]

National Building Specification (NBS) has published research into BIM adoption in the UK since
2011, and in 2020 published its 10th annual BIM report.[108] In 2011, 43% of respondents had not
heard of BIM; in 2020 73% said they were using BIM.[108]

North America

Canada

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BIM is not mandatory in Canada.[109]

Several organizations support BIM adoption and
implementation in Canada: the Canada BIM Council (CANBIM, founded in 2008),[110] the
Institute for BIM in Canada,[111] and buildingSMART Canada (the Canadian chapter of
buildingSMART International).[112] Public Services and Procurement Canada (formerly Public
Works and Government Services Canada) is committed to using non-proprietary or "OpenBIM"
BIM standards and avoids specifying any specific proprietary BIM format. Designers are required
to use the international standards of interoperability for BIM (IFC).[113]

United States
The Associated General Contractors of America and US
contracting firms have developed various working definitions
of BIM that describe it generally as:

an object-oriented building development tool that utilizes

5-D modeling concepts, information technology and
software interoperability to design, construct and operate
Architectural BIM Modeling of
a building project, as well as communicate its details.[114]
Clinton Public Library, USA

Although the concept of BIM and relevant processes are being

explored by contractors, architects and developers alike, the
term itself has been questioned and debated[115] with alternatives including Virtual Building
Environment (VBE) also considered. Unlike some countries such as the UK, the US has not
adopted a set of national BIM guidelines, allowing different systems to remain in competition.[116]
In 2021, the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) looked at applying UK BIM experiences
to developing shared US BIM standards and processes. The US National BIM Standard had largely
been developed through volunteer efforts; NIBS aimed to create a national BIM programme to
drive effective adoption at a national scale.[117]

BIM is seen to be closely related to Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) where the primary motive is
to bring the teams together early on in the project.[118] A full implementation of BIM also requires
the project teams to collaborate from the inception stage and formulate model sharing and
ownership contract documents.

The American Institute of Architects has defined BIM as "a model-based technology linked with a
database of project information",[3] and this reflects the general reliance on database technology as
the foundation. In the future, structured text documents such as specifications may be able to be
searched and linked to regional, national, and international standards.

Africa

Nigeria
BIM has the potential to play a vital role in the Nigerian AEC sector. In addition to its potential
clarity and transparency, it may help promote standardization across the industry. For instance,
Utiome[119] suggests that, in conceptualizing a BIM-based knowledge transfer framework from
industrialized economies to urban construction projects in developing nations, generic BIM objects
can benefit from rich building information within specification parameters in product libraries,
and used for efficient, streamlined design and construction. Similarly, an assessment of the current
'state of the art' by Kori[120] found that medium and large firms were leading the adoption of BIM
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in the industry. Smaller firms were less advanced with respect to process and policy adherence.
There has been little adoption of BIM in the built environment due to construction industry
resistance to changes or new ways of doing things. The industry is still working with conventional
2D CAD systems in services and structural designs, although production could be in 3D systems.
There is virtually no utilisation of 4D and 5D systems.

BIM Africa Initiative, primarily based in Nigeria, is a non-profit institute advocating the adoption
of BIM across Africa.[121] Since 2018, it has been engaging with professionals and the government
towards the digital transformation of the built industry.[122][123] Produced annually by its research
and development committee, the African BIM Report gives an overview of BIM adoption across the
African continent.[124]

South Africa
The South African BIM Institute, established in May 2015, aims to enable technical experts to
discuss digital construction solutions that can be adopted by professionals working within the
construction sector. Its initial task was to promote the SA BIM Protocol.[125]

There are no mandated or national best practice BIM standards or protocols in South Africa.
Organisations implement company-specific BIM standards and protocols at best (there are
isolated examples of cross-industry alliances).

Oceania

Australia
In February 2016, Infrastructure Australia recommended: "Governments should make the use of
Building Information Modelling (BIM) mandatory for the design of large-scale complex
infrastructure projects. In support of a mandatory rollout, the Australian Government should
commission the Australasian Procurement and Construction Council, working with industry, to
develop appropriate guidance around the adoption and use of BIM; and common standards and
protocols to be applied when using BIM".[126]

New Zealand
In 2015, many projects in the rebuilding of Christchurch were being assembled in detail on a
computer using BIM well before workers set foot on the site. The New Zealand government started
a BIM acceleration committee, as part of a productivity partnership with the goal of 20 per cent
more efficiency in the construction industry by 2020.[127] Today, BIM use is still not mandated in
the country while several challenges have been identified for its implementation in the
country.[128] However, members of the AEC industry and academia have developed a national BIM
handbook providing definitions, case studies and templates.[129]

Purposes or dimensionality

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Some purposes or uses of BIM may be described as 'dimensions'. However, there is little consensus
on definitions beyond 5D. Some organisations dismiss the term; for example, the UK Institution of
Structural Engineers does not recommend using nD modelling terms beyond 4D, adding "cost (5D)
is not really a 'dimension'."[130][131]

3D
3D BIM, an acronym for three-dimensional building information modeling, refers to the graphical
representation of an asset's geometric design, augmented by information describing attributes of
individual components. 3D BIM work may be undertaken by professional disciplines such as
architectural, structural, and MEP,[132][133] and the use of 3D models enhances coordination and
collaboration between disciplines. A 3D virtual model can also be created by creating a point cloud
of the building or facility using laser scanning technology.[134][135]

4D
4D BIM, an acronym for 4-dimensional building information
modeling, refers to the intelligent linking of individual 3D CAD
components or assemblies with time- or scheduling-related
information.[35][136] The term 4D refers to the fourth
dimension: time, i.e. 3D plus time.[36]

4D modelling enables project participants (architects,

4D BIM Construction Simulation
designers, contractors, clients) to plan, sequence the physical
activities, visualise the critical path of a series of events,
mitigate the risks, report and monitor progress of activities through the lifetime of the
project.[137][138][139] 4D BIM enables a sequence of events to be depicted visually on a time line
that has been populated by a 3D model, augmenting traditional Gantt charts and critical path
(CPM) schedules often used in project management.[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147] Construction
sequences can be reviewed as a series of problems using 4D BIM, enabling users to explore
options, manage solutions and optimize results.

As an advanced construction management technique, it has been used by project delivery teams
working on larger projects.[148][149][150] 4D BIM has traditionally been used for higher end projects
due to the associated costs, but technologies are now emerging that allow the process to be used by
laymen or to drive processes such as manufacture.[151][152][153][2][154]

5D
5D BIM, an acronym for 5-dimensional building information modeling refers to the intelligent
linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with time schedule (4D BIM) constraints[139]
and then with cost-related information.[155] 5D models enable participants to visualise
construction progress and related costs over time.[137][156] This BIM-centric project management
technique has potential to improve management and delivery of projects of any size or
complexity.[157]

In June 2016, McKinsey & Company identified 5D BIM technology as one of five big ideas poised
to disrupt construction. It defined 5D BIM as "a five-dimensional representation of the physical
and functional characteristics of any project. It considers a project’s time schedule and cost in

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addition to the standard spatial design parameters in 3-D."[158]

6D
6D BIM, an acronym for 6-dimensional building information modeling, is sometimes used to
refer to the intelligent linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with all aspects of project
life-cycle management information.[159][160][161] However, there is less consensus about the
definition of 6D BIM; it is also sometimes used to cover use of BIM for sustainability purposes.[131]

In the project life cycle context, a 6D model is usually delivered to the owner when a construction
project is finished. The "As-Built" BIM model is populated with relevant building component
information such as product data and details, maintenance/operation manuals, cut sheet
specifications, photos, warranty data, web links to product online sources, manufacturer
information and contacts, etc. This database is made accessible to the users/owners through a
customized proprietary web-based environment. This is intended to aid facilities managers in the
operation and maintenance of the facility.[162]

The term is less commonly used in the UK and has been replaced with reference to the Asset
Information Requirements (AIR) and an Asset Information Model (AIM) as specified in BS EN ISO
19650-3:2020.[163]

See also
Data model
Design computing
Digital twin (the physical manifestation instrumented and connected to the model)
BCF
IFC
GIS
Digital Building Logbook
Lean construction
List of BIM software
Macro BIM
OpenStreetMap
Pre-fire planning
System information modelling
Whole Building Design Guide
Facility management (or Building management)
Building automation (and Building management systems)

Notes
a. In October 2022, the UK BIM Alliance rebranded as 'nima'.[106]

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Further reading
Kensek, Karen (2014). Building Information Modeling, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-71774-8
Kensek, Karen and Noble, Douglas (2014). Building Information Modeling: BIM in Current and
Future Practice, Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-76630-9
Eastman, Chuck; Teicholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011). 'BIM Handbook: A
Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and
Contractors (2 ed.). John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-54137-1.
Lévy, François (2011). BIM in Small-Scale Sustainable Design, Wiley. ISBN 978-0470590898
Weygant, Robert S. (2011) BIM Content Development: Standards, Strategies, and Best
Practices, Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-58357-9
Hardin, Brad (2009). Martin Viveros (ed.). BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools,
Methods and Workflows. Sybex. ISBN 978-0-470-40235-1.
Smith, Dana K. and Tardif, Michael (2009). Building Information Modeling: A Strategic
Implementation Guide for Architects, Engineers, Constructors, and Real Estate Asset
Managers, Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-25003-7
Underwood, Jason, and Isikdag, Umit (2009). Handbook of Research on Building Information
Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies, Information Science
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60566-928-1
Krygiel, Eddy and Nies, Brad (2008). Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building
Information Modeling, Sybex. ISBN 978-0-470-23960-5
Kymmell, Willem (2008). Information Modeling (https://builtinbim.com/Building): Planning and
Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations, McGraw-Hill Professional.
ISBN 978-0-07-149453-3

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04/07/2024, 09:57 Building information modeling - Wikipedia

Jernigan, Finith (2007). BIG BIM little bim. 4Site Press. ISBN 978-0-9795699-0-6.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_information_modeling&oldid=1232541136"

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