ASSIGNMENT NO 2

Course Title:

Theories of Personality

Submitted To:

Ma'am Fatima Iqbal

Submitted By:

Group # 03

(BS-VI {Section B})

Hijab Shabir 1910152049

Nadia Jabeen 1910152054

Iqra Tahir 1910152056

Ammara Abid 1910152058

Tayyaba Javed 1910152059

Aiman Tahir Abbasi 1910152078

Rimsha Mehtab 1910152080

Q. Compare and contrast the concepts of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis.

Aaron Beck:
Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in
the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is widely regarded as the
father of cognitive therapy, and his pioneering theories are widely used in the treatment of
clinical depression. Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety
including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Beck Scale for
Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories.
Aaron T. Beck, MD, is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive
Therapy and Research, and University Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the
University of Pennsylvania and the director of the Psychopathology Research Unit (PRU), which
is the parent organization of the Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Suicide.
Father of Cognitive Therapy:
Aaron Beck is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Beck developed cognitive therapy with
the belief that a person's experiences result in cognitions or thoughts. These cognitions are
connected with schemas, which are core beliefs developed from early life, to create our view of
the world and determine our emotional states and behaviors. Beck believed disorders are
maintained by negative attitudes and distorted thinking.
Beck developed cognitive therapy in the early 1960s as a psychiatrist at the University of
Pennsylvania. He had previously studied and practiced psychoanalysis. A researcher and
scientist at heart, Beck designed and carried out a number of experiments to test psychoanalytic
concepts of depression. Fully expecting research would validate these fundamental precepts, he
was surprised to find the opposite. This research led him to begin to look for other ways of
conceptualizing depression.
Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Dr. Martin Seligman to refine his own
cognitive techniques and exercises and later work on learned helplessness.
Cognitive Behavior Theory:
According to Beck,
“If beliefs do not change, there is no improvement. If beliefs change, symptoms change. Beliefs
function as little operational units.”
It means that one’s thoughts and beliefs (schema) affect one’s behavior and subsequent actions.
He believed that dysfunctional behavior is caused due to dysfunctional thinking, and that
thinking is shaped by our beliefs. Our beliefs decide the course of our actions. Beck was
convinced of positive results if patients could be persuaded to think constructively and forsake
negative thinking.
On the basis of this theory, a therapy was devised that could effectively treat a variety of
disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy is beneficial for treating several psychological,
psychiatric and medical disorders. Patients with psychological disorders like uncontrollable
anger and compulsive gambling can be treated with this therapy.
Psychiatric problems like depression, substance abuse, personality disorders, etc., can also be
dealt with it. Though most health problems are treated using medications, some of them having a
psychological component like obesity, pre-menstrual syndrome, chronic pain etc., are also
addressed using this therapy. This article covers the use of this therapy for one of the most
common psychiatric problems, which is depression.
Cognitive Approach to Depression:
Behavioral theorists suggest that depression results from faulty and irrational psychological
perception, causing distorted learning and reasoning. This depressive cognition could be a result
of traumatic experience or incapability of adaptive coping skills. Depressive people have a
negative perception or belief about themselves and their environment. More the severity of one’s
negative thoughts more is the severity of depression symptoms.
Three Mechanisms Responsible for Depression:
Beck (1967) identified three mechanisms that he thought were responsible for depression:
1. The cognitive triad (of negative automatic thinking
2. Negative self-schemas
3. Errors in Logic (i.e., faulty information processing)
1. The Cognitive Triad:
The cognitive triads are three forms of negative (i.e., helpless and critical) thinking that are
typical of individuals with depression: namely negative thoughts about the self, the world and the
future. These thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred
spontaneously.
As these three components interact, they interfere with normal cognitive processing, leading to
impairments in perception, memory and problem solving with the person becoming obsessed
with negative thoughts.

2. Negative Self-Schemas:
Beck believed that depression prone individuals develop a negative self-schema. They possess a
set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are essentially negative and pessimistic.
Beck claimed that negative schemas may be acquired in childhood as a result of a traumatic
event. Experiences that might contribute to negative schemas include:
• Death of a parent or sibling.
• Parental rejection, criticism, overprotection, neglect or abuse.
• Bullying at school or exclusion from peer group.
People with negative self-schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and
they tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring equally relevant
information.
3. Cognitive Distortions:
Beck (1967) identifies a number of illogical thinking processes (i.e., distortions of thought
processes). These illogical thought patterns are self-defeating, and can cause great anxiety or
depression for the individual.
The Three Basic Principles of CBT:
1. Core beliefs:
Our core beliefs are informed by our childhood experiences. They are deeply rooted in how we
view ourselves, our environment, and the future, along with our beliefs about these factors.
2. Dysfunctional assumptions:
Humans tend to hold onto the negative more easily than the positive. However, these cognitive
distortions are irrational thought patterns that distort our perceptions of reality.
3. Automatic negative thoughts:
Automatic negative thoughts are involuntary negative perceptions of reality that occur out of
habit. They can be difficult to recognize since they are brief and cause negative emotions.
“If you can change how you think about a situation or how you respond to a situation, then you
can change how you feel in a situation,” Kristel Roper, LMFT, LPCC, explains. “This can be a
powerful tool, as it’s difficult (if not impossible) to just turn your feelings on or off.”
It’s also important to understand that we all have distorted thoughts at times. These are known
as cognitive distortions. Examples of cognitive distortions include:
• All-or-nothing thinking, such as thinking that you’re a failure for making one mistake,
• “should” statements, or believing that you should never make mistakes,
• Overgeneralization, which is the belief that you’ll always get it wrong or those things,
will never get better.
It’s important to understand that we do not have to believe our thoughts. We have a choice in
how we respond to our thoughts, and, with practice, we can learn to challenge these thoughts and
respond in kinder, more realistic, and more helpful ways, Roper adds.
Example: Reframing Automatic Negative Thoughts:
Scenario 1: Someone passes you in the hallway and does not say hello. You think: They don’t
like me. “In this scenario, you might feel sad or disappointed, and then as a result, perhaps you
avoid that person at work or frequently think about what you might do to get them to like you,”
Kaufman explains.
Scenario 2: Someone passes you in the hallway and does not say hello. You think: They must be
busy today. “This may cause you to feel neutral or unfazed, and then as a result, you don’t give it
another thought and move on with your day,” says Kaufman. “Or, perhaps you feel compassion
toward the person and offer to help them with their work.”
Albert Ellis:
Albert Ellis was born in 1913 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ellis'
family relocated to New York City when he was 4 years old,
and he has lived there ever since. Ellis believed that his
upbringing had little to do with his decision to pursue a career
in psychology later in life, but there were some very dramatic
events that shaped the man he was. When his father was at
home, he didn't always give his kids his whole attention
because he was a travelling salesman. Ellis saw his father very
little following his parents' divorce. His mother was not much
more caring; she did little for the kids and frequently left them
at home alone.
After starting his studies at Columbia University's Teachers
College in the clinical psychology department, Ellis switched to
finish his studies there and earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1947. At the Karen Horney
Institute for Psychoanalysis, he also started his psychoanalytic training that year. Dr. Charles
Hulbeck, who had undergone analysis by Hermann Rorschach, served as his training analyst.
Ellis was a successful psychoanalyst, but many of his patients couldn't afford to come as
frequently as traditional psychoanalytic theory recommended. Curiously, Ellis observed that
patients who came in less frequently seemed to do better in therapy, especially when time
constraints forced Ellis to be more proactive in therapy. He persisted in using this active-
directive method of therapy, and by the middle of the 1950s, he had created rational emotive
behaviour therapy to the point that he had written his first articles and had started outlining the
method at conferences for professionals.
Ellis spent the remainder of his professional life working to make rational emotive behaviour
therapy a powerful tool in psychotherapy. Ellis was named first by Canadian psychologists in a
1991 survey ranking the "Most Influential Psychotherapist," while American psychologists
placed him second to Carl Rogers but ahead of third-place Sigmund Freud (Ellis, 1994, 2005;
Yankura & Dryden, 1994).
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy:
Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He suggested that human
beings are “sign-, symbol-, and language-creating.” Human beings engage in evaluative thinking
using four interrelated processes: perception, movement thinking and emotion. REBT focused on
beliefs about events that led to negative thoughts and self-defeating behaviors in a person.
Rational emotive behavior therapy was developed because Ellis was disillusioned with
psychoanalysis and did not think it worked for everyone.
When an individual has become trapped by unhealthy belief systems and the corresponding self-
defeating behavior patterns that accompany them, the potential need for psychotherapy arises.
The therapy that Ellis developed has come to be known as rational emotive behavior therapy, or
REBT (the name went through several permutations over Ellis’ career, and he finally settled on
REBT). The primary task of the therapist using REBT is to challenge the client’s irrational
beliefs and, in so doing, to help the client change their belief systems.
In essence, when the client believes that it would be catastrophic for a certain negative outcome
to occur, the therapist tries to help them by disputing the irrational belief with questions such as:
“Why would a certain outcome be catastrophic?” While trying to dispute the irrational beliefs,
the therapist also searches for underlying philosophies that support the irrational belief system,
philosophies that can then also be disputed. In addition to the cognitive aspect of REBT, the
therapist often encourages the client to act against their irrational fears. If the client is willing,
they have the opportunity to experience anxiety-ridden situations without the catastrophic
consequences they have feared (although the help of the therapist may prove necessary along the
way). Throughout this process, REBT does not intend to ignore the person’s feelings. However,
when a client is suffering from unhealthy and self-defeating feelings, such as anxiety, depression,
or anger, REBT can help to minimize those unhealthy feelings.
In addition, REBT encourages healthy, positive emotions, and recognizes that sometimes a
strong negative response, such as sadness or grief, to a tragic activating event may be healthy or
constructive. When utilized effectively, REBT offered what Ellis believed was a better, deeper,
and more enduring therapy, which could achieve those results in a fairly brief amount of time
(Ellis, 1962, 1973, 1994, 1995, 1996). Ellis also believed that REBT was applicable to a wider
range of clients than any other psychotherapy.First and foremost, Ellis focused on practical
applications of psychotherapy, and he considered his approach to be humanistic in its emphasis
on the whole person. He acknowledged that REBT shared important elements with the
approaches of other classic theorists who had emphasized the value of individuals, including
Alfred Adler, Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Karen Horney
(Ellis, 1973, 1995). Ellis’ discussion of the practice of REBT seems to focus on what Horney
addressed in her concepts of neurotic needs and the tyranny of should.
REBT is considered to be the original form of cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT) which is based
on the theory that human thoughts and beliefs shape behaviors. Ellis used cognitive behavior
therapy to create REBT and the ABC model.
The ABCDE Model:
The ABC model is a method used to analyze the process by which a person has developed
irrational beliefs. The steps in the ABC model are:
A: Activating event
B: Belief
C: Consequences (response)
This model describes how external events are cognitively processed and evaluated creating
beliefs that cause consequences. For example, if a negative event occurs, and a rational belief is
made, a healthy negative emotion will be the response. If a negative event occurs and an
irrational belief is made, an unhealthy negative emotion will be the response.
ABCDE Model:
The ABC model is also called the ABCDE model. In the ABCDE model, disputation (D) and
effective response (E) are added to create a positive change in behavior.

A activating event the event that occurs to or around the person

the event causes the person to have either a rational or irrational

B Beliefs
belief

consequences or if the belief is rational, a healthy response is elicited; if the belief

C
response is irrational, an unhealthy response is elicited

if an irrational belief is held, the belief can be disputed and turned

D disputation of belief
into a rational belief

effective or new the new response elicited is positive since the irrational belief has
E
effective response been turned into a rational belief
 Comparison of the Concepts of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
Some Points of Similarities between Beck and Ellis:
Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Beck's version of cognitive
therapy share a common purpose; both Beck and Ellis set out to improve the human condition,
and to do so in a rational, empirical manner.
Both argue that our belief systems underlie behavior, and agree somewhat on how the Shoulds
and Musts have underlying roots, which can and should be changed through cognitive strategies.
They differ however in technique and style, and to the attention given to emotions. They
basically are very close to each other's beliefs about beliefs, and differ mostly in technique and
style, more than in perspective."
What about core beliefs? How do they handle these?
Beck's underlying beliefs are more about self-worth than are Ellis': I must do well. You must
treat me well. The world must be okay. Beck said that beliefs need to be evaluated by looking at
distortions on the surface, such as "nobody respects me, my family hates me", etc., and then
"work your way down" to the underlying core beliefs such as "I am worthless" and then, as Ellis
does also, ask "What is the evidence?" for that core belief. Ellis said "I might do that, but I might
say 'What is the underlying belief?' and go right to 'Why must you be loved and approved of by
everybody?' I try to show, in the whole session, there's always a reason for the belief." In other
words, Beck and Ellis differ somewhat on the nature of the disturbing beliefs and the underlying
beliefs that drive behavior. Thus, different techniques and styles are used in the process of belief
identification and change.
Ellis in a Nutshell:
In terms of dysfunctional beliefs, Ellis concluded, "Everything boils down to 3 things":
1. I must do well
2. You must treat me well
3. The world must be easy.
Beck: There is a large body of empirical evidence supporting his theory of cognitive behavior,
which essentially says that the cause of dysfunctional behavior is dysfunctional thinking, and that
thinking processes are shaped by underlying beliefs. Situations are interpreted according to basic
beliefs and acted on accordingly. "If beliefs do not change," he said, "there is no improvement. If
beliefs change, symptoms change. Beliefs function as little operational units". He is very excited
about new studies which demonstrate the effectiveness of persuading patients to abandon self-
destructive beliefs, which serve to maintain dependent and avoidant behavior in particular, even
among what are typically seen as very difficult disorders.
Like Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck also turned his back on psychoanalytical techniques.
Psychodynamic theory saw depression along motivational-affective considerations, in other
words, as misdirected anger, or swallowed anger, or "bottled up anger". In his session work,
Beck found that his clients reported their feelings of depression in ways differing from these
psychoanalytical conceptualities of depression.
Like Ellis, Beck found his clients illustrated evidence of irrational thinking that he called
systematic distortions. The basic premise of Beck's Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy concerns
these distortions, and follows the philosophy of Epictetus: It is not a thing that makes us
unhappy, but how we view things that make us unhappy. Therefore, if we avoid struggling to
change things, and instead change our own interpretations of things, we change how we feel and
how we act in the future.
Beck's Cognitive Theory

• Cognitive restructuring
• Collaborative empiricism
• Attention to emotions
• Development of an effective helping relationship
Some Points of Difference between Beck and Ellis:
Beck seems to give more focus to emotions. Beck's therapy seeks to uncover instances where
distorted, illogical thoughts and images lead to unwanted or unproductive emotions. He says un-
productive emotions, because these emotions can be either good or bad, for either can lead to
unproductive behaviors.
Ellis agrees with Beck about the nature of the importance of beliefs, but gives less direct
attention to emotions, as well as differs in technique and style. In an interview of Ellis and beck,
Ellis reiterated his 3 basic tenets:
1. People don't just get disturbed by events, but by the perception.
2. No matter when you developed your belief, you still believe it.
3. There is no way but work and practice the rest of your damn life
Differences between REBT & Cognitive Therapy:

• Albert Ellis views the therapist as a teacher and does not think that a warm personal
relationship with a client is essential. In contrast, Beck stresses the quality of the
therapeutic relationship.
• REBT is often highly directive, persuasive and confrontive. Beck places more emphasis
on the client discovering misconceptions for themselves.
• REBT uses different methods depending on the personality of the client, in Beck’s
cognitive therapy, the method is based upon the particular disorder.
Placing Ellis and Beck in Context:
Cognitive Therapy:
In one sense, Ellis and Beck do not belong in a book about personality theory. They are not
known for their theoretical contributions to our understanding of personality development. In
another sense, they are among the most important theorists covered, since the practical
application of cognitive theories to psychotherapy has had a dramatic influence on the
effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating psychological disorders. Freud, as well as most of the
other well-known psychodynamic theorists, began conducting therapy first and later developed
theoretical perspectives which helped to explain what they saw in their patients and what worked
in therapy. Similarly, Ellis and Beck focused on the development of their therapeutic approaches,
and to a large extent, their theoretical perspective is inferred from the techniques they use in
therapy.
In addition, one could argue that the cognitive therapies of Ellis and Beck stand at the pinnacle of
the behavioral and cognitive theories of personality that have been so influential in American
psychology. Beck’s Cognitive therapy rests on the principle of collaborative empiricism (Hollon
& Beck, 2000). Cognitive therapy theorizes that clients have automatic thoughts and that these
thoughts are incorrect beliefs, therefore, they create maladaptive behaviors (Wenzel, Brown, &
Beck, 2009). A cognitive therapist would teach their clients how to think more like a scientist by
showing them that their beliefs are not necessarily facts. Meaning, client would collect data from
their issues, their behaviors, and their consequences, and pseudo-empirically test their possibly
irrational beliefs. Within this process, the hope is that the automatic thoughts will be addressed
and corrected.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy:
Albert Ellis’s basic treatment model is rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). The
theoretical basis of Ellis’s model is that individuals routinely cope with life issues by
reconstructing their beliefs, affect, and behaviors in adaptation to the problem (Ellis, 2000).
While this psychological process seems like a positive way to adapt in regards to an issue, many
individuals inevitably construct poor beliefs and behave in a repetitive and maladaptive manner.
Meaning, that not only does the problem still exist in one way or another, but that the behavior,
or more specifically the schematic agenda, created by this poor cognitive process only adds to a
schema that is poorly built. In this regard, the future result of the next problem will be dealt with
poorly all over again due to a lack of introspection of the past consequences or possibly simply
due to a lack of individual skills.
Additionally, REBT considers that most individuals bring about problems for themselves by
creating personal imperatives (Ellis, 2000). These personal imperatives involve internal
statements that include: I will perform well to gain others’ approval, my life should be trouble-
free and enjoyable, and everyone should treat me well (Ellis, 2005). In this manner, when these
expectations (demands) are not met, individuals create their own affective misery. In response to
this, therapists using REBT are expected to use a more directive manner than when using a
psychodynamic approach, for example. Clients are shown how to acknowledge and then dispute
within themselves their irrational beliefs. In addition, therapists not only give the clients
unconditional acceptance, but the therapist must give themself Unconditional Self-Acceptance
(aka USA) (Ellis, 2005).
Conclusion:
Though, Beck’s Cognitive therapy is somewhat different than Ellis’s Rational Emotive-Behavior
Therapy (REBT). While they both have their basis in the processes of cognition and how those
thoughts motivate behavior, one could argue that REBT uses the influence of logic reasoning to
change the client’s schema (Hollon & Beck, 2000). Also, Beck’s Cognitive therapy differs from
REBT because there is an emphasis in the testing of beliefs in-vivo from an empirical point of
view.
As evidence of their significance, Beck received an Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research
Award in 2006. Often called the American Nobel Prize (some seventy recipients have gone on to
win a Nobel Prize), in the 60 years that the Lasker prizes have been awarded, Beck is the first
psychotherapist to be honored. This award is a testament both to the respect that cognitive
psychotherapy has earned in the medical community and to Beck for the honor he has earned
amongst many ground-breaking psychotherapists.
Although cognitive therapies may seem highly specialized, both Ellis and Beck drew upon many
different areas of psychology and psychiatry, as well as Eastern philosophies, while developing
their techniques. Their psychoanalytic training exposed them to the directive approach of Adler,
and to Horney’s emphasis on the neurotic needs (which can be viewed as a neurotic belief or a
type of automatic thought).
 COMPARISON TABLE

ALBERT ELLIS AARON BECK

Albert Ellis views the counselor like a teacher and In contrast, Beck stresses the quality of the
doesn’t believe that a hot personal relationship therapeutic relationships.
having a client is important.
Beck places more emphasis on the client
REBT is often highly directive, persuasive and discovering misconceptions for themselves.
confronted. REBT uses different methods Beck’s cognitive therapy, the method is based
depending on the personality of the client. upon the particular disorder.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form
type of cognitive therapy first used by Albert Ellis of talking therapy which can be used to treat
which focuses on resolving emotional and people with a wide range of mental health
behavioral problems. The goal of the therapy is to problems’ is based on the idea that how we
change irrational beliefs to more rational ones. think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and
REBT encourages a person to identify their how we act (behavior) all interact together.
general and irrational beliefs (e.g., I must be Specifically, our thoughts determine our
perfect") and subsequently persuades the person to feelings and our behavior.
challenge these false beliefs through reality testing.

The Ellis Model The Beck Model

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT) model theory
founded in 1955 by Albert Ellis and has the
says that our emotions and behavior are
longest history of any of the cognitive behavior
influenced by the way we think and by how
therapies. This book has focused on using Ellis’s
make sense of the world. Our interpretations
model because of its philosophical basis, and we
and assumptions developed from personal
have found that this resonates well with our
experience often conflict with the real world.
students and clients. At heart of REBT is the
Beck encouraged his patients to focus their
theory it is not the event, but the belief or view you
attention on their ‘automatic thoughts’. Clients
hold about the event, that triggers emotional,
are helped to test their assumptions and views
cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptoms.
of the world in order to check if they fit with
reality. When clients learn that their
perceptions and interpretations are distorted or
unhelpful, they then work at correcting them

Testing Assumptions Philosophical Basis

In Ellis’s model the client’s assumptions are Beck’s model is based on the treatment of the
assumed to be true and are not immediately put to symptom and is protocol driven. Beck’s CT
a reality test. In Beck’s model the client’s model is more cautious and aims for some
assumptions are tested for validity first. The reason kind of improvement and return to normal
for this is that REBT theory states that a client’s functioning, symptom relief or symptom
assumptions are a consequence of holding management but offers a variety of problem-
unhealthy beliefs, so these assumptions are solving techniques. On the negative side, this
assumed to be true in order to ‘cut to the chase’ approach misses the chance to offer people a
and identify the unhealthy beliefs. It deals with the robust philosophy that is trans-diagnostic and
questions of ‘what if’ and ‘non acceptance’ at the one that is based on acceptance with tools to
outset. help clients become their own therapists when
faced with different problems in the future.

Philosophic

REBT addresses the philosophic basis of The distorted cognitions (the focus of CBT),
emotional disturbance. REBT looks at the which makes emotional disturbance powerful.
underlying reason you jump to this conclusion. Going the CBT route of avoiding mind-
REBT posits three core demands fueling cognitive reading proves to be significantly more
distortions and underlying emotional limited.
disturbance:create anxiety, depression, guilt, anger,
resentment, procrastination, and addictions.

Secondary disturbance

REBT highlights the significance of secondary Most CBT ignores secondary disturbance. For
disturbance. Disturbing yourself about your example, you feel anxious about appearing
disturbance is often the major factor in life-long anxious when requesting the date. You are
(endogenous) depression, severe anxiety, and worrying about worrying.
panic attacks.

Unconditional Self-Acceptance (USA)

REBT presents an elegant solution to the self- Most CBT therapists focus on bolstering their
esteem problem. It teaches unconditional self- clients’ self-esteem by reinforcing some of
acceptance (USA) rather than any type of self- their positive qualities. This strategy has many
rating. pitfalls including having low self-esteem when
you do poorly, making invidious comparisons
to others, avoiding risk-taking, smug-
complacency, and preoccupation with
proving, rather than enjoying, yourself.

Helpful negative emotions

REBT is unique among CBT therapies in CBT therapies are intense sadness, deep
differentiating between self-destructive. Anxiety, sorrow, great concern, and regret instances.
depression, and anger are examples of REBT.

All anger inappropriate

REBT maintains all anger has a commanding and CBT views some anger as healthy and
condemning, dictatorial, philosophic core. REBT appropriate. CBT also teaches assertiveness; it
teaches individuals effective assertiveness, fails to uproot the philosophic root of anger.
problem-solving, and other appropriate alternatives
to anger.

Critical Evaluation

Rational emotive behavior therapists have cited Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-
many studies in support of this approach. Most analyses investigating the effectiveness of
early studies were conducted on people with Beck’s cognitive therapy and concluded that
experimentally induced anxieties or non-clinical about 80% of adults benefited from the
problems such as mild fear of snakes (Kendall & therapy. It was also found that the therapy was
Kris, 1983). However, a number of recent studies more successful than drug therapy and had a
have been done on actual clinical subjects and lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition
have also found that rational emotive behavior that depression has a cognitive basis. This
therapy (REBT) is often helpful suggests that knowledge of the cognitive
explanation can improve the quality of
people’s lives.
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