MS

MS44 TH
LATE 15 CENTURY
romanesque / gothic, 15th century Medieval &
St. Antonius, Confessionale
St. Antoninus, Confessionale
154 x 103 (95 x 69) mm
154 x 103 (95 x 69) mm
Written in Italy, end of 15th century. Original
sewing
Written on three tawed,
in Italy, end slit
of 15straps,
th stained
century.

Early Modern
pink, laced through tunnels in the thickness
Original sewing on three tawed, slit straps,
of wooden boards into rectangular channels
kermes pink, laced through tunnels in the
on thickness
the outer of face.
wooden
Twisted,boards
tawed into of
coresrectan-
plain,
gularwound endbands
channels on their in channels.
laid outer All
face. Twisted,
supports
tawed pegged
in around
cores ofand
them. Endband
laid in grooves.
gypsum
plain, wound
All supports
used to fill
[?] endbands
linings pegged
in brownand

Manuscripts
Covered
calf.gypsum brown
[?]inused to fill
calf,inblind-tooled
around them. with BOOKBINDING TERMS,
a rope
Spineinterlace
lined withpanel border.
brown Tongued
calf, wantingmitre ex-
corner
cept turn-ins. Two catchplates
under endband tie-downs. on right
Covered MATERIALS, METHODS,
in brown
board, stubs ofcalf, blind-tooled
straps on left. Boards rope
with aworm-
interlace
eaten panel border.
and detached and most Cornerof theturn-in
cover
tongues.
wanting. Minor catches
Tworepairs to on lower board,
endleaves and AND MODELS
headband
stubs ofmade strapsca.on upper. Boards worm-
1976.
eaten and detached and most of the
(Description from Catalogue
cover wanting. of Medieval
Minor repairs and
to endleaves
Renaissance Manuscripts
and headband madein the
ca.Beinecke
1976. Rare Book
and Manuscript Library, Yale University, Volume I:
MSS 1-250, by Barbara Shailor)
bevel profile & lacing path—cross section
bevel profile & lacing path—cross section
spine edge
spine edge
board edge—channels and back cornering
board edge—tunnels and back cornering
very
slightvery
bevelslight
bevel
outside inside
outside slight cushion bevel inside
slight cushion bevel
28
 Binding steps
BASED ON STUDIES BY J.A. SZIRMAI
1. Determine placement of sewing stations; pierce quires with awl or sewing needle, or cut slits with
knife or chisel.
2. Sew onto alum-tawed straps (usually slit). Sewing could be herringbone pattern (typical for Eng-
lish Monastic bindings), single straight sewing, or packed straight sewing.
3. Prepare wooden boards by drilling tunnels through spine edge and chiselling/carving out tunnels
and channels for sewing supports; back-corner to accommodate endbands; shape boards (option-
al).
4. Lace ends of sewing supports through boards; secure with wooden pegs and trim off/sand excess.
5. Trim edges of text block flush with boards (probably using a drawknife or chisel).
6. Add tab linings for endbands (for Monastic bindings).
7. Work endbands through tab linings. Endbands could be herringbone or straight sewing on
double supports, possibly with colored thread (often blue); plain wound; or plain wound with
secondary sewing in colored linen or silk.
8. Line spine (often with “chamois” leather / alum-tawed): full lining; patch linings between sewing
supports; lining extending onto inside or outside of boards.
9. Cover boards with either alum-tawed skin (English Monastic bindings) or tanned brown leather
(lay binders) using starch paste.
10. Paste down parchment endleaves over turn-ins. Endleaf construction could vary, but the majority
were sewn with the textblock and were often the first and last leaves.
11. If covered with tanned leather, tool in blind.
12. Optional but likely for Monastic-style bindings: Add secondary cover (chemise or overcover).
13. Add fastenings and furnishings. Long-strap fastenings are predominant, but could also be Caro-
lingian-style edge-and-pin fastening).
(Szirmai 1999, 140-170)
26 27
Characteristics Medieval & Early Modern Manuscripts
WESTERN MEDIEVAL STIFF-BOARD BINDINGS CA. 1000-1250
BOOKBINDING TERMS,
MATERIALS, METHODS,
TEXT BLOCK AND MODELS
Parchment (thin, sheep)
Flush with boards
This booklet was compiled by the Special Collections
Conservation Unit of the Preservation Department of Yale
University Library. If you have any comments or questions,
Beinecke MS 481 Beinecke MS 688
please email Karen Jutzi at karen.jutzi@yale.edu.
A NOTE ON DATES & TERMINOLOGY:
SUPPORTS /
SEWING
Thick alum-tawed slit straps The terms ‘Carolingian’, ‘Romanesque’, and ‘Gothic’
Herringbone, straight or are used in this booklet to describe a method of board
packed attachment as recognized by J.A. Szirmai in The Ar-
Marston MS 93 Marston MS 262
chaeology of Medieval Bookbinding (Aldershot: Ashgate,
1999), and are often used by others to describe medi-
eval binding structures.
BOARDS While a convenient method of categorization, using
Thick the name of the historical period to describe a style
Oak, beech, or poplar of binding can be misleading. Many other styles of
Minimal or no shaping binding existed concurrently; it should not be as-
sumed that all bindings of a certain historical period
Same size as text block—
no squares were bound the same way. Furthermore, changes in
Beinecke MS 393 Beinecke MS 873 Beinecke MS 393 bookbinding did not happen overnight. Methods co-
existed; styles overlapped; older structures continued
to be used well into the next historical period.
LACING Many thanks to Professor Nicholas Pickwoad, Uni-
Through edge of boards versity College, London, for his helpful comments,
suggestions, and corrections on terminology.
Flat spine (not convex)
Sraight lacing path
­kaj 1/2015
Beinecke MS 393
Note: The manuscripts pictured are used for illustration purposes and may not date from time period indicated.
26 27
Parts of a medieval book Outside structure
LEFT BOARD*

HEAD
CATCHPLATE

ENDBAND
BOSS
(HEADBAND)
EDGE
SEWING SUPPORT
RIGHT BOARD*
TIE-DOWN
ENDBAND
CATCHPLATE
ENDCAP TITLE WINDOW
HEAD
(FENESTRA)
SQUARE

STRAP CENTER PIECE

CATCHPLATE RAISED BAND

V LACING FORE EDGE

TURN-IN CLASP SPINE FORE EDGE

LEFT BOARD* RIGHT BOARD*

3-LINE* TOOLED IN BLIND

TEXTBLOCK

CORNER TONGUE

BOSS
SIDE PIN

SPINE STRAP
ENDBAND
(TAILBAND) CORNER PIECE
JOINT
Marston MS 287
CHAIN ATTACHMENT

TANNED LEATHER COVER with TAIL

TAIL
DIAPER-AND-CROSS CENTER PANEL

*’Left’ and ‘right’ instead of ‘upper/lower’ or ‘front/back’ are the terms Nicholas Pickwoad recommends (University of the Arts,
London; Ligatus.org.uk). These terms can be applied to books in both left-to-right and right-to-left written languages without
confusion. *Unless it can be determined which tool was actually used (e.g., creaser, straight-line pallet, fillet), Nicholas Pickwoad recommends the use of a
more generic description such as “3-line tool” (email to the author, 21 October 2014).
Drawings by Jane Greenfield from Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript
Library, Yale University, Volume I: MSS 1-250, by Barbara Shailor.

14 15
 ca. 1000-1250
Romanesque / Norman / Monastic
24
 Inside structure
HEAD

TURN-IN OF

Terminology
PRIMARY COVER

PEG

FORE EDGE
WOODEN
BOARD

CHANNEL ENDLEAF OF
MANUSCRIPT WASTE

POCKET SEWING
STATION

Osborn a56
TAWED THONG
CHEMISE OR OVERCOVER
HOLE (NOW TRIMMED)

TAIL

16 17
 Table of Contents
MATERIALS OF MEDIEVAL & EARLY MODERN BOOKBINDING
Wood 8
Leather 9
Alum-tawed skin 10
Parchment & vellum 11
TERMINOLOGY
Parts of a medieval book 14
Outside structure 15
Inside structure 16
Bindery tools & equipment 17
Board Attachment Styles 18
Sewing & Supports 20
EARLY MEDIEVAL STIFF-BOARD BINDINGS
Characteristics 22
Binding Steps 23
Binding Model 24
MONASTIC & ROMANESQUE STIFF-BOARD BINDINGS
Characteristics 26
Binding Steps 27
MS 4 28
LATE MEDIEVAL STIFF-BOARD BINDINGS
Characteristics 30
Binding Steps 31
MS 84—girdle book 33
LIMP BINDINGS
MS 610—limp parchment (laced case) 36
MS 649—limp parchment (longstitch) 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39
24
 Bindery tools
FROM THE BOOK OF TRADES
BY JOST AMMAN & HANS SACHS (1568)

Though a depiction of a Renaissance bindery, many of these tools were also used in the Middle Ages.

ROLLS SPOOLS OF THREAD

for tooling leather covers for sewing text block,
endbands, and tying up

TYING-UP BOARDS
GIMLET to help adhere cover
for boring leather to raised bands
lacing holes as leather dries
in covers

SEWING FRAME CABINET-MAKER’S AXE

to hold sewing for shaping boards
supports taut
RASPS
for shaping boards
UNSEWN QUIRES

FINISHED BOOK with

fitted CLASPS

LYING PRESSES
for holding book while PLOUGH
sewing endbands,
for trimming text block
ploughing, tooling

BOW-SAW

BEATING HAMMER DRAWKNIFE PLANE

to compress (paper) text block for trimming text block for shaping boards
& reduce swell

16 17
 Binding steps
BASED ON SZIRMAI’S STUDY OF THE BINDINGS AT ST. GALL
1. Prepare boards first: determine placement of sewing stations; make tunnels and channels to
attach sewing supports; chisel recesses for fastenings.
2. Lace through vegetable-fiber supports to upper board.
3. Prepare quires for sewing by cutting 3-6mm slits into spine folds at predetermined sewing sta-
tions (slits were common on insular manuscripts; pierced holes common on continental—often
French).
4. Sew quires to supports, using a herringbone pattern, beginning with first quire.
5. After last quire is sewn, lace supports through lower board and secure by twisting and pegging;
trim excess with chisel.
6. Reinforce board attachment with board stabilizers* (generally first leaf of the first quire & last
leaf of last quire).
7. Trim edges of text block flush with boards (probably using a drawknife).
8. Sew endbands through tab lining.
9. Construct strap(s) using same material as book covering.
10. Dampen and paste out covering leather (commonly chamois / reversed alum-awed); ad-
here to boards (usually not spine); turn in. Turn-ins will be on top of pastedowns (or ‘board
stabilizers’)—a characteristic of Carolingian bindings.
11. Sew perimeter of tab endbands to adhere tab lining to cover tab.
12. Cut slit for strap and feed strap through.
13. Attach strap(s) to recess(es) in cover with iron or brass nails through thickness of board.
14. Attach pin(s) to edge of lower board.
*”Pasting the outermost endleaf/guard to the boards before covering to stabilize the boards on the joints
has led Chris [Clarkson] and I to call them ‘board stabilisers’.” Nicholas Pickwoad, email to K. Jutzi, 21
October 2014.
(Szirmai 1999, 99-139)
22 23
Board Attachment Styles Parchment & Vellum
There are three major stiff-board attachment The terms parchment & vellum are often used inter-
styles common in the Middle Ages, roughly changeably, but historically parchment was made
correlating to the early, middle and late medi- from split sheepskin, while vellum (from the Old
eval periods. French velin, from vel, veel “calf”) was made from
calfskin.
Early medieval bindings with wooden boards CAROLINGIAN Type I* (EARLY)
are often referred to as Carolingian. They The same initial steps of tanning and tawing were
can be identified by sewing supports of thin, 4 followed, to de-hair and clean the skin. After a
vegetable-fiber cords, which enter the edges of Thick square boards final washing, the skin was stretched on a frame
a thick, square board and are looped through (no shaping) and scraped with a crescent-shaped knife called a
angular channels. The boards would most lunarium to remove additional flesh. The stretched
likely have been covered by a tawed skin, skin was left to dry, after which it was thinned fur-
which often extended into tabs on either end ther by sanding.
1
of the flat spine. The endbands were sewn
through the tabs, strengthening the overall Thin vegetable-fiber cord Parchment and vellum are very sensitive to mois-
binding structure. ture and fluctuations in humidity levels. The clasps
and wooden boards of medieval bindings served to
Romanasque bindings are easily identifiable by compress and restrain the parchment during these
their thick, squarish wooden boards, flat spine, Cord looped fluctuations.
through board
thick alum-tawed supports (typically flat
before sewing
straps, with a slit down the middle), and entry begins
of the supports through the edge of the board.
Monastic Romanesque bindings also would
have had endband tabs, were usually covered
in tawed skin, and likely would have had a 2
chemise or overcover—a secondary cover Lacing enters 3
edge of board
which extended past the boards to protect the Angled lacing path
edges of the text block(see p. 16). There was Scraping
also second type of Romanesque binding with
Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger
similar sewing supports and lacing paths, but Zwölfbrüderstiftungen.
covered in tanned skin and blind-tooled (see
MS 4 on page 28); these were probably done Amb. 317.2° Folio 34 verso (Mendel I)
Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg
by lay binders outside the monastery.
1 SUPPORT THIN VEG. FIBER CORD TAWED SKIN TAWED SKIN OR VEG. FIBER CORD
Gothic (late medieval) bindings are identi-
fied by their shaped boards (often covered
2 ENTRY EDGE EDGE SURFACE
in tanned skin), rounded spine, an increased
number of visible, raised bands, and metal
fastenings and furnishings. These bindings 3 PATH ANGLED STRAIGHT VARIED
were sewn on supports of alum-tawed skin or
on vegetable-fiber cords (See Sewing & Sup- 4 BOARD THICK; NO SHAPING THICK; MINIMAL SHAPING; BACK-CORNERED THINNER; SHAPED
ports, p. 20, for examples). In Gothic bindings,
the supports were laced through the exterior
face of the board, not the edge. This tended to
pull the spine into a natural round, which was *this is a ‘Type I’ style board attachment, See Szirmai 111-113 for
often made more pronounced with backing Types II-IV.
hammers and reinforced with hide glue and
linings on the spine.

10
18 11
19
Characteristics
WESTERN MEDIEVAL STIFF-BOARD BINDINGS CA. 800-900
TEXT BLOCK
Parchment
Flush with boards
MS 481.108 folio 1R Beinecke MS 331

Materials
SUPPORTS /
SEWING
Thin, double cords of
vegetable fiber (flax, hemp)
Raised
Herringbone pattern
Beinecke MS 224 Marston MS 243
BOARDS
Thick
Predominantly oak
(also beech, poplar)
Little to no shaping
Same size as text block
Beinecke MS 393 Beinecke MS 688 Beinecke MS 393
LACING
Through edge of boards
Upper board laced
before sewing
Flat spine (not convex)
Szirmai Archaeology,105 Beinecke MS 84
Note: The manuscripts pictured are used for illustration purposes and may not date from time period indicated.
22 23
Alum-tawed skin
Also called white-tawed or whittawed skin.

The process of tawing skin began with the same

steps as tanning leather or making parchment: the
skin was soaked in lime, scraped over a beam of
wood with a blunt knife, bated or puered or bran- ROMANESQUE (MIDDLE) GOTHIC (LATE)
drenched, and washed again. The skin was now
ready to be tawed. 4 4
Thick square boards Thinner boards,
A tawing paste made with water, alum, salt, egg heavily shaped
(minimal shaping, if any);
yolk, and flour was mechanically worked into the back-bevelling
wet, dehaired pelt. Once the paste solution was ab-
sorbed by the skin, it was hung up to dry for several
weeks (this was called “crusting”). 1
Thick alum-tawed skin
Once dry, the skin was stiff and inflexible. The final (flat slit-strap)
step was staking (as portrayed on the right), which
1
softened the skin and left it brilliantly white and
stretchy. Thinner alum-tawed skin;
thick vegetable-fiber cords
(later)

2 2
Lacing enters 3 Lacing enters top 3
edge of board of board
Straight lacing path Lacing paths vary
Staking
Note skins hung up to dry in background.
Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger
Zwölfbrüderstiftungen

Amb. 317b.2° (Mendel II)

SUPPORT Stadtbibliothek
THIN VEG. FIBER CORD Nürnberg TAWED SKIN TAWED SKIN OR VEG. FIBER CORD

ENTRY EDGE EDGE SURFACE

PATH ANGLED STRAIGHT VARIED

BOARD THICK; NO SHAPING THICK; MINIMAL SHAPING; BACK-CORNERED THINNER; SHAPED

10
18 19
11
Wood
ca. 800-900
Carolingian / Anglo-Saxon
Planks cut radially
Quartered
Quarter-cut
Wood for book cover
Boards for bookbinding were traditionally quartered (sawn, cleft, or split). The growth rings in
quartered wood run mostly perpendicular to the surface of the board, which makes the wood less
likely to warp or shrink from moisture or changes in humidity.
The process was to cut, cleft or split the log lengthwise into four wedged-shaped pieces. The
wedges were then tipped on their points and the boards were sawn, cleft or split along the axis (see
illustration above).
In England, the predominant wood used in bookbinding was oak, although beech was also used.
Beech was common in Italy and Germany. Oak and beech were the most common woods used on
the Continent, but birch, lime, chestnut, maple, poplar, plane, pinewood and walnut have all been
used at one time or another (Szirmai 1999, 103, 151, 216).
Quarter-cut and quarter-sawn illustrations courtesy of Introduction to Manuscript Studies (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007)
by Raymond Clemens & Timothy Graham.
20
8 9
 Sewing & Supports Leather
MOST COMMONLY USED FOR MEDIEVAL & EARLY MODERN BINDINGS
The process of making leather is called tan-
ning. The word derives from the use of tan-
nins—from the Medieval Latin tannare (“tan,
dye, a tawny color”) and tannum (“crushed
oak bark”), probably from the Celtic word
tann (“oak tree”). Tannins were traditionally
derived from crushed oak bark.

The skin was soaked in water, then placed

CHANGEOVER STATION
in a solution of lime. This loosened the hair
and other bits, which could then be scraped
off over a beam of wood with a blunt knife.
SINGLE STRAIGHT SEWING — SLIT STRAP The liming process also swelled and loos-
ened the fiber structure (Vest 2000, 16-17).
The skin side was scraped to clean it and
level it out. The grain side was scraped with
PACKED HERRINGBONE SEWING—DOUBLE STRAP
a knife to remove any remaining hair, lime,
ALUM-TAWED SKIN grease or dirt, then trimmed of unwanted
pieces. The scraping process was called
PACKED STRAIGHT SEWING—TWISTED THONG “scudding.”

The skin might then be “bated” (immersed

in warm water and dog dung) or “puered”
SINGLE STRAIGHT SEWING*—SINGLE STRAP (which used bird droppings instead of dog
dung), which, after another round of scud-
ding, produced a very smooth grain. “Bran
PACKED STRAIGHT SEWING—SINGLE CORD drenching” was sometimes used instead of bating/puering: the
Scudding
skin was soaked in a warm solution of barley or rye and stale
beer or urine, which neutralized any remaining lime in addition Note bindings in cupboard,
SINGLE HERRINGBONE SEWING—DOUBLE CORDS to softening the skin (Burns 2011). and the tub used to soak skins.
Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger
VEGETABLE FIBER CORDS After another washing, the hide could either be tanned, tawed, Zwölfbrüderstiftungen.
or made into parchment.
CHANGEOVER STATION Amb. 317b.2° Folio 77 recto (Mendel II)
The tanning process began by soaking the hides in the tanning Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg
solution (in England, crushed oak bark and water). This was
done in pits. The skins were constantly moved around in the
pits to ensure the tannins (and thus the color) spread evenly.
The hides would then be layered with ground oak bark, the pits
were filled with a weak tanning solution, and the hides were
left for up to a year (Burns).

At the end of the tanning process, the hides were rinsed,

smoothed, and left in a dark place to dry slowly. The leather
was then staked (the flesh side was stretched and pulled over a
blunt metal or wooden edge—see Alum-tawed skin illustration),
*1-hole station, with thread wrapping around the support. Flat supports like these were more commonly sewn on 2-hole stations, where the shaved to the desired thickness, and greases were applied to
thread emerges from the quire, crosses the support, and re-enters the quire through a second hole. make it supple.

20 9