DU LLB ENTRANCE EXAM

STUDY MATERIAL

KARANVEER KAMRA
Campus Law Centre
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi
______________________________________________
www.karanveerkamra.com

CONTENTS

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION,

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, CONTRACT
LAW, CRIMINAL LAW, FAMILY LAW, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE,
IMPORTANT TERMS IN LAW, INTERNATIONAL LAW, LAW OF TORT,
LEGAL APTITUDE, LEGAL KNOWLEDGE, PROPERTY LAW
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Administrative Law

 How administration (government) will use it’s powers

 Limitations on powers of administration (government)
 So that - government (administration) doesn’t misuses it’s powers

Laissez Faire - Allow to do it

i.e. minimum government interference

Fundamental principles of Administrative Law:

 Administration is transparent
 Administration is impartial
 Administration gives reasoned decisions
 Legality of administrative decision
 Effective review of administrative decision

Case - Keshavananda Bharti vs. State of Kerela

Rule of Law as basic structure of the Constitution - Supreme Court

 Rule of Law - No power is above law (not even UOI)

Note: When power and control lies with more than one centre, the opportunity for it to be
misused is reduced.

 Montesquieu’s Theory - Doctrine of Separation of Powers

Principles of Natural Justice:

 Audi Alteram Partem - Nobody should be condemned unheard

i.e. Rule of fair hearing

 Nemo Debet Esse Judex Propria Causa - No one shall be a judge in his own case
i.e. Rule against bias

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 Requirement of speaking reasonable order - Order is reasonable and given in writing

 Doctrine of Proportionality - Punishment awarded must be proportionate to misconduct

Precedents - Past judgments given by court

Doctrine of Stare Decisis - Common Law System

i.e. Principle to follow previous decisions of courts

Ratio Decidendi - Reason of decision i.e. Ground of decision

Obitor Dicta - By the way (judges saying informally)

Per Incuriam - Through lack of care

i.e. Judgment given by the court which is not relevant

Judicial Review - Power of courts (judiciary) to review statutes and government’s action
Note: Constitution is supreme law

Wednesbury’s Principle - Grounds of Judicial Review

 Misuse of power by government

 Non-application of mind on taking action by government
 When principle of Natural Justice is not followed - Judicial Review takes place
 Control of administration through various bodies
i.e. Application of Administrative Law on statutes and government by officers or bodies

Ombudsman - Officer of parliament to supervise administrative government functions

eg. CVC (Chief Vigilance Commission) - Lokpal and Lokayukta

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 Central Vigilance Commissioner - Inquire or Investigate complaint against any official

Note: Reference to inquire or investigate given by - Central Government

Appointed by - President

Recommendation of - PM; Home Affairs Minister; Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha

Term - 4 years or 65 years age

Functions - Anti Corruption (appointment of CBI)

Regulatory Agency

 Created by legislature
 To regulate functions of statutory bodies
eg. TRAI - Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

Statutory Body

 Created by act of parliament or state legislature

eg. RBI – Reserve Bank of India

Constitutional Body

 Mentioned in constitution
eg. Election Commission of India

Autonomous Bodies

 Self governing body - work on it’s own regulations

 Works outside the authority of the government
eg. CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 (Anti-Corruption)

 Lokpal - (union)
 Lokayukta – (state)

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 Lokpal

 Appointed by - President
 Recommendation of - PM, Leader of Opposition, CJI, Jurist
 Chairperson - CJI or ex. CJI or Jude of SC or Jurist with 25 years experience
 Members - 8 (maximum)

Procedure for inquiry by Lokpal

 Complaint is received
 Preliminary inquiry to check if there exists prima-facie facts
 Investigation done if prima-facie exists
 Departmental proceedings conducted
 Closure against proceeding and proceed against complaint

Administration Action

 Legislative Action (Rule Making)

 Quasi - Judicial Action
 Administrative Action
 Ministerial Action

Administrative Law
How government should work to maintain transparency in governance

Rule of Law - by Dicey (English Jurist)

 Law is Supreme
 Absence of arbitrariness (separation of power)
 Equality before law or equal protection of all classes

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 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

ADR – Alternative Dispute Resolution

─ Non-Adversarial technique
─ Speedier
─ Informal
─ Cheaper
─ Non-Conventional judicial procedure

Types of ADR

i.e. alternative methods to deliver justice

1. Arbitration

 2 parties choose Arbitrator to settle dispute

 Arbitrator – Qualified Expert (middle-man)
 Arbitrator acts as judge in informal way
 Final result by Arbitrators in Arbitration – Arbitral Award (binding on parties)
 Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

2. Tribunals

For specialized disputes

eg. Tax, Labour, etc.

 Tribunals – 42nd Amendment Act, 1976

 Articles – 323A and 323B

3. Mediation

2 parties appoint 3rd party (neutral party) to resolve disputes

 Result of Mediation – Binding

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4. Conciliation

Similar to Mediation

 Extra feature – Conciliator can suggest potential solutions to parties to resolve disputes

5. Lok Adalat

People’s Court

 Lok – People
 Adalat – Court
 No court-fee
 If case is already filed in regular court then fee will be refunded if dispute is settled in
Lok Adalat only
 Informal Court – Both parties can interact with judge
 Decision of Lok Adalat – Binding

6. Ombudsman

Representative of the government

 Ombudsman – Swedish, Danish, Norwegian ‘term’

 Ombudsman – Appointed by Legislature Executive Organization
 Duty – To investigate complaints and resolve them
 Ombundsman = CVO (chief vigilance officer)

Eg, Ombudsman in India – Lokpal and Lokayukta

 Lokpal and Lokayukta – Anti Corruption organizations

Lokpal and Lokayukta

 Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013

 Lokpal – Anti Corruption in Union
 Lokayukta – Anti Corruption in States

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 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

─ Supreme Law in India

─ Framework
─ Rules and Regulations how things will work
─ Fundamental Governing Document

Constitution constitutes structure, procedure, powers and duties of government institutions

Constitution contains fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens

Father of the Constitution - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

 Father of the Constitution

 Principal architect of the Constitution
 1st Minister of Law and Justice

Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950

India became 'Republic' on 26th January 1950

Note: In the Constitution, India is defined as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic

Preamble - An introduction to Constitution of India

Preamble of Constitution of India

 22 Parts
 395 Articles
 12 Schedules

The Constitution of India - Bare Act

CONSTITUTION

 Adopted on 26th November, 1949 (Enacted, Signed, Adopted)

 Commencement on 26th January, 1950
 Article 1 - India, that is Bharat
 Article 2 - Admit or establish new states

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 Domicile - Permanent Residence
 Citizenship of India - Both parents must be Indian
 Drafting Committee Chairman - BR Ambedkar (1st Law Minister)
 42th Amendment, 1976 - Added Secular and Socialist
 India is SSDR (Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic)

 LS = Lok Sabha
 RS = Rajya Sabha
 MLA = Member of Legislative Assembly
 MP = Member of Parliament
 HC = High Court
 SC = Supreme Court

 Part 7 (Article 238) - Repealed by 7th Amendment, 1956

 Original Constitution - 8 Schedules
 9th Schedule - 1st Amendment, 1951
 12th Schedule - 74th Amendment, 1992
 2nd Schedule - Salaries
 Service Tax - Taken by both Union & States
 Income Tax - Taken by Union
 10th Schedule - 22 Languages

 Doctrine of Double Jeopardy - Cannot be punished twice for the same crime
 Doctrine of Eclipse - No law can be made against Fundamental Rights
 Doctrine of Ministerial Responsibility - Ministers are responsible to people of India

 Article 14 - Equality before law (for both citizens and non-citizens)

 Article 15 - There should be no discrimination
 Article 16 - Equal opportunity in employment
 Article 17 - Untouchability should not be practiced
 Article 18 - No titles should be given (Except in field of Military and Education)
 Article 19 - Right to freedom (only for citizens)

 Right to Property as Fundamental Right - Deleted in 44th Amendment, 1978

 Right to Property as Constitutional Right - Article 300A
 Restrictions on Freedom of Speech - Established only according to law
 Ex Post Facto - Law not made at existing time i.e. Law made post an event

 Article 21 - Right to Life

 Self Incrimination - Can’t be made to witness against himself
 Article 21A - Right to Education (36th Amendment 2002) but started in 2010
 Article 22 - Protection against arrest

 Right to Property - Constitutional Right (Article 300A)

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 Directive Principles - Not Enforceable
 42nd Amendment, 1976 (Article 51A) - 11 Fundamental Duties

 Article 24 - Prohibition of employment of children

 Article 52 - President of India

 Election of President - Elected by MP, MLA and of UT (Delhi and Pondicherry)

 Voting of President - No. of votes from Parliament = No. of votes from all the States
 Population - 1971 Census (currently)
 Census frozen toll - 2016
 Re-election of President - Any number of times
 Re-elected President (only) - Rajendra Prasad (1st President)
 Removal of President - The only ground for impeachment is violation of constitution
 In case of death, resignation, removal of President - Election of President in 6 months
 Election of Vice-President - MP (elected and nominated)
 Removal of President - MP of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

 Removal of VP - MP of only Rajya Sabha

 Article 72 - President to grant pardon in certain cases
 Article 74 - Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
 Council of Ministers - Collectively responsible to Lok Sabha

 Attorney General of India - Right to appear in all courts in India

 Attorney General - Provide legal advice to the union

 Salary of President - Rs. 5,00,000

 Pension of ex-President - Rs. 75,000

 Election of both of Members of Parliament of RS and LS by Election Commission

 Costing Vote is Tie-Breaking vote
 MP absent for 60 days - House can declare that seat vacant

 MP can’t be arrested in Civil Cases:

- During session
- 40 days before session
- 40 days after session

 Salary of MP decided by Parliament

 Lok Sabha term - 5 years

 Rajya Sabha term - 6 years

 Collegium consist of CJI and 4 senior most Supreme Court judges

 99th Amendment 2014 - NJAC (National Judicial Appointment Commission)

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  2015 - NJAC stopped and Collegium System started again
 Ex-SC judge - Can’t work before any court or authority in India
 Appellate Jurisdiction - Appeal to Supreme Court (Article 132)

 Appeal can be made to Supreme Court (Article 134)

- If case involves substantial question of law
- If death sentence is given by High Court

 Article 134A - Certificate of appeal given by HC to make an appeal to the SC

 Article 136 - Special leave to appeal by Supreme Court
 Power to review judgments - Supreme Court
 Article 137 - Review judgments by Supreme Court
 Article 141 - Supreme Court decision is binding on all courts in India
 Article 143 - Advisory Jurisdiction
 Constitutional Bench - 5 Judges
 Article 129 - Supreme Court is a Court of Record

Note: All powers & functions of President (union) = All powers & functions of Governor (state)

 Council of Ministers - Collectively responsible to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly

 Advocate General - Appointed by Governor (gives advice to the state government)
 Executive (state) - Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers
 Governor - No power to appoint HC Judges without President
 Governor - No emergency power

 State Legislature (state) = Parliament (union)

 Governor (state) = President (union)
 Legislative Assembly (state) = Lok Sabha (union)
 Legislative Council (state) = Rajya Sabha (union)

 Members of Legislation Assembly (state)

- 500 (maximum)
- 60 (minimum)

 Legislative Council - Same functions and features like Rajya Sabha

- No dissolution
- 1/3rd members change every 2 years (total tenure - 6 years)
- Minimum age - 30 years

 Legislative Council - Members nominated by Governor (just like 12 in RS by President)

 Oath of State Legislature Member - Election Commission
 Governor - Joint Session of state
 Governor - Same functions and features like President

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Note: Legislative Council - in 6 states + JK i.e. 7 states

7 states - JUBKTAM
Jammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra

 Presiding Officer - Maintains quorum in the house while in session

 Member of LS, RS or State Legislature - Resignation given to speaker/chairman of house
 HC - Court of Record
 No. of HC Judges - Decided by President

 Advocates on Record (AOR) case - NJAC & Collegium System

 HC Judge - Resignation given to President

 HC Judge qualification
- Judicial office holder for 10 years
- Advocate in HC for 10 years

 Removal of HC Judge (procedure) = Removal of SC Judge (procedure)

i.e. order passed by President plus majority in Parliament

 Transfer of HC Judge - Done by President after consultation with CJI

 Additional Judges - Temporary Judges (for maximum 2 years)
 Acting Judges – Temporary

 Article 226 and Article 227 - Can’t be amended

 Article 226 - Power of HC to issue writs
 Article 227 - Power of superintendence of HC on all Courts

Note: Judge of HC salary - Consolidated fund of state

 Delhi is the only Union Territory with own HC

 6 Union Territories have HC in other states
 Appointment of District Judge - Done by Governor on consultation with HC

Note: Appointment of all SC and HC Judges - Done by President

 Emergency by President - Approval of Parliament required

 Emergency can be revoked on proclamation by simple majority in the house
 Emergency by President - Written recommendation by Cabinet Ministers required
 Article 352 - National Emergency i.e. for infinite time
 Article 356 - State Emergency i.e. President’s rule
 44th Amendment, 1978 - Article 20 and Article 21 (can’t be suspended in emergency)
 Article 360 - Financial Emergency i.e. reduction can be in salary of government officials
 Financial Emergency is declared by President

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  Constitution Amendment Bill can be introduced in any house either LS or RS
 Fundamental Duties (11) - Part 4A
 President - Bound by advice of Council of Ministers
 Part 14A - Tribunals

 42nd Amendment, 1976

- Added new Directive Principles
- a.k.a. Mini Constitution
- Empowered Parliament

 44th Amendment, 1978

- Right to Property - Constitutional Right
- Empowered President
- Article 20 and 21 (limited power of government on emergency)

 52nd Amendment, 1985

- Added 10th Schedule i.e. Anti-Defection

 61st Amendment, 1989

- Voting age reduced from 21 to 18

 69th Amendment, 1991

- Delhi received a special status

 77th Amendment, 1995

- Promotion to SC’s and ST’s (reservation)

 86th Amendment, 2002

- Article 21A (right to education)
- 11th Fundamental Duty for parents to give education to children

 91st Amendment, 2003

- Council of Ministers to be 15% of Lok Sabha
- Disqualified MP can’t be a minister

Note: 14 languages (initially) - 22 languages (now)

 97th Amendment, 2011

- Right to form Corporative Societies (fundamental right)

 100th Amendment, 2015

- Exchange disputed territories with Bangladesh

 India is divided into 5 zones i.e. North, East, South, West, Central

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 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

 Constitution of India – contains the principles to be followed by the state in the

governance of the country

 India – federal constitution

 Constitution of India – longest in world

395 articles
22 parts
12 schedules
101 amendments – till 2016

 BR Ambedkar – architect of the Indian constitution

 Indian Independence Act, 1947

 Drafting committee of Constituent Assembly – 29 August , 1947

 Adoption and Finalization of constitution – 26 November, 1947
 Came into force – 26 January, 1950

 26 January 1950 – Purna Swaraj declaraction

 Constitution of India replaced – Government of India Act, 1935

 Socialist & Secular (added) – 42nd Amendment (1976)

 42nd Amendment a.k.a. Mini Constitution

 Constitution of India follows – Parliamentary system of government

i.e. Executive is directly accountable to legislature

 Article 74 – There shall be a Prime Minister

 Article 52 – There shall be a President
 Article 63 – There shall be a Vice-President
 Article 32 – Supreme Court
 Article 226 – High Court

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 73rd Amendment – Panchayti Raj in Rural Areas
 74th Amendment – Municipality in Urban Areas
 Article 370 – J&K

Note: Abolition of Double Government – After 1857 revolt, British Crown took control of
India from British East India Company

 Indian Councils Act, 1861 – Restored legislative power taken away by Charter Act, 1833

 Indian Councils Act, 1909

Known as - Morley Minto Reforms

Allowed elections for Indians
Separate electorate for Muslims

 Government of India Act, 1919

After World War I - British Government opened doors for Indians

Introduction of Diarchy and Bicameralism

 Government of India Act, 1936

Separation of powers between Centre and States

 Indian Independence Act, 1947

Partition of India & Pakistan

 Chairman of Drafting Committee – BR Ambedkar

 BN Rau – 1st Indian Judge in International Court of Justice

 Chairman of Constituent Assembly – Rajendra Prasad

 Temporary Chairman (Provisional Chairman) – Sachidanand Sinha

 Deputy Chairman – Frank Anthony

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 Sources of Constitution

 USA

- Independence of Judiciary
- Supreme Court
- Powers of President
- Vice President as ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha
- President & Vice President
- Preamble
- Fundamental Rights

 Russia - Fundamental Duties

 France - Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

 Ireland - Directive Principles

Method of Election of President

 Electoral College
 Nomination of Members of Rajya Sabha by President

Independent India

 1st Governor General – Lord Mountbatten

 1st Indian Governor General – Rajagopalchari
 1st President – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
 1st Law Minister – BR Ambedkar
 1st Prime Minister – Jawahar Lal Nehru

Federal – Central Government and State Government

Note: Dual Citizenship – not allowed in India

– allowed in USA

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 Sources of Consititution of India

 Parliamentary System of Government – from UK

 Rule of Law – from UK
 Writs – from UK
 Federalism (Centre and State) – from Canada
 Advisory Jurisdiction – from Canada
 Concurrent List – from Australia
 Joint Session – from Australia
 Amendment of Constitution – from South Africa
 Emergency Provisions – from Germany
 Judiciary and Supreme Court – from USA

Schedules

1st Schedule – Territories of India i.e. any change to their borders and laws used to make
that change

2nd Schedule – Salaries of officials holding public offices i.e. Salaries of Judges, CAG,
etc.

3rd Schedule – Oaths

4th Schedule – Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha

5th Schedule – Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes

6th Schedule – Tribal Areas i.e. Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram

7th Schedule – Union, State and Concurrent List

8th Schedule – Official Languages

9th Schedule – Certain Acts & Regulations

10th Schedule – Anti Defection of MP’S

11th Schedule – Panchayats i.e. Rural Areas

12th Schedule – Municipalities i.e. Urban Areas

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 Article 368 – Amendment to Constitution

 Kesavananda Bharti vs. State of Kerala (1973) – Basic structure of constitution cannot be
changed

 42nd Amendment – 1976

Socialist and Secular added to Constitution

Mini Constitution
Swaran Singh Committee

 Union Executive – President, Vice President, Council of Ministers

 Article 74 – President acts on aid and advise of Council of Ministers including PM

 President – Eligibility:

35 years of age (minimum)

No office of Profit

Note: Vice President, Governor or Minister can fight for Presidential elections without
leaving their current post

 Term of President – 5 years

 Resignation of President – To Vice President and Vice President tells this to Speaker of
Lok Sabha

 Article 52 – There shall be President of India

 Power to enter into International Treaties and Agreement – Parliament

 Article 60 – Oath of President

By CJI or senior-most SC Judge

 Oath of President – To Preserve, Protect and Defend the Constitution

 Election of President – By Electoral College

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 Electoral College

 MP of LS and RS
 MLA of States and UT

Rajendra Prasad – 1st President

Won presidential election in 1952 and 1957 (longest term as president)

Zakir Hussain (3rd President) – Died in between

VV Giri (Vice President) – Acted as President

Note: Vice President – acts as President in absence of President

VV Giri – Resigned from Vice President

VV Giri – Only President to win elections as an independent candidate

Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy – Only President as unopposed candidate

 If no President – then VP as President

 If no VP – then CJI as President
 If no CJI – the senior most Supreme Court Judge as President

 Article 71 (1) – Supreme Court decision is final on disputes of election of President and
Vice President

 Executive Head and Executive Power – President

 Executive Power – Power remaining after deduction of Legislative and Judicial function

 Executive Powers of President:

Military Power
Supervisory Power
Financial Power
Administrative Power
Appointment Power
Emergency Power

Note: President enjoys powers on consultation with Parliament

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 Council of Ministers – Appointed by President with advice of PM
 President can remove – Council of Ministers, Governor, Attorney General
 Formal Head of Administration – President
 Executive action of Union in the name of – President
 Real Head of Administration – PM

Note: President – kind of Boss or Chairman of company

PM – kind of leader like CEO of company

CEO performs all functions in name of Chairman

i.e. PM performs all functions in name of President

 Disqualification or Removal of Ministers – only by President

 People who give resignation to President:

Vice President
Judge of SC and HC
CAG
UPSC Chairman
Election Commissioner

 Financial Statement is laid before both houses of Parliament by the President

 Administrative power of President:

Note: President is not the real head of administration but all officers of union shall
inform about affairs of union to the President

Official language of Administration

Administration of supply of water between two or more states
Power to sign contract on behalf of Union
Administration of Union-Territories
Reports and Statements are laid before Parliament by President

Note: Solicitor General – not appointed by President

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 Appointment by President with consultation with Council of Ministers:

PM
CJI
Judges of SC and HC
Attorney General
Chief Election commissioner
Chairman of UPSC
Chairman of Finance Commission

Solicitor General – not appointed by President

Solicitor General – appointed by Central Government

 Appointment by President – Extra Constitutional posts:

Vice Chancellor of Central University

Ambassador and High Commissioner (from names given by PM)
Central Vigilance Commissioner
Chairperson of NHRC
Member of Lokpal

 Diplomatic Power of President

President represents India in International Affairs

Power to sign Treaties with Foreign States (but, recognized by Parliament)

 Chief Election Commission

Function – Conduct free and fair elections

Term – 6 years or 65 years of age (maximum)
Resignation to – President
Oath – No

 UPSC Chairman

Function – Conduct exams and appointment of services

Appointed by – President
Term – 6 years or 65 years of age (maximum)
Salaray – Rs. 90,000
Oath – No
Resignation to – President

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 CAG

Function - To audit all expenditures from Consolidated Fund of India

Appointed by – President
Term – 6 years or 65 years of age (maximum)
Salaray – Rs. 90,000
Oath to – President
Resignation to – President

Note: Can’t hold any government post after retirement

 Emergency powers of President:

Articles – 352, 356, 360

Note: President can declare an emergency

 Article 352 – National Emergency

 Emergency declared by President – Emergency has to be passed by each house with

majority of total membership and not less than 2/3rd of majority of members present and
voting in each house within 1 month after proclamation

 Whole cabinet must agree to emergency and not only PM

 Proclamation of Emergency is revoked when – not less than 1/10th of total members of
Lok Sabha have given their intention to disapprove emergency

1. 1962 – China attacked India

2. 1971 – India Pakistan war
3. 1975 – Internal disturbances

 Article – 20 and 21 are not suspended during even emergency (Right to Life)

 Article 256 – State Emergency

President’s Rule

Note: President’s Rule – when state government cannot run the state then President’s
Rule is imposed

State Emergency – has to approved by both houses within 2 months

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 Article 360 – Financial Emergency

When a situation of financial stability occurs the financial emergency is imposed

Note: In India – Financial Emergency has never been imposed

During Financial Emergency – President can reduce salaries of Judges, Government

Employees, etc.

 Emergencies – 3

1. Article 352 – National Emergency (War or Political Instability)

2. Article 356 – State Emergency (President’s Rule)
3. Article 360 – Financial Emergency (Financial Instability)

 Legislative Powers of President

Summon both houses of Parliament

Power to dissolve Lok Sabha

Nominate 2 members to LS and 12 members to RS

Call joint-session of both houses of Parliament to resolve a deadlock

Sign bills passed by Parliament

Ordinance Power – Article 123

Ordinance – when either house is not in session

Note: Maximum gap between 2 sessions – 6 months

 Maximum life of Ordinance – 6 months and 6 weeks i.e. 7 ½ months

 When President sends back the bill for reconsideration then next time President has to
sign it whether the Parliament have made changes or not

s
 National Bills – Assent by President
 State Bills – Assent by Governor
 Constitution Amendment Bills - President has to pass it in 1st time only
 Money Bill – Can’t be sent back by President to the Parliament for reconsideration

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 Bills that require recommendation of President before introduction in Parliament:

Bill to change name and boundary of a state

Money Bill

 Pocket Veto

When the President neither sign nor return the Bill

Note: Pocket Veto – only applicable to Ordinary Bills

 Judicial powers of President

Disqualification of MP
Power to grant Pardon (Pardon – to remove punishment)
Reprieve – Temporary suspension of punishment
Commutation – Changing of punishment
Remission – Reduce punishment
Power of Judicial Review

 Impeachment of President

Voting for removal done by MP by not less than 2/3rd of total membership of each house

 Privileges of President and Governor

Not answerable to any court

Not answerable to any court for exercise and performance of any power and duty
No criminal proceedings
No arrest or imprisonment during their term in office

Note: Civil Proceedings – may take place against President and Governor

 Disputes related to election of President and Vice President

Decided by Supreme Court

 Prime Minister – Selected by President from the Majority Party

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 De Jure – In accordance with law
 De Facto – In fact

 De Jure (In accordance with law) – President has power to dismiss Ministers
 De Facto (In fact) – Power of dismissing ministers actually lies in hand of Prime Minister

Note: Ministers hold office during the pleasure of President

 Article 74 – President on aid and advise of Council of Ministers

 Ministers – not more than 15% of total members of LS

 Minister – has to become member of either house within 6 months

 Salaries of Ministers – 2nd Schedule

 Attorney General

1st Law Officer of Government

Hold office during pleasure of President

 CAG

Controls entire financial system of Union and States

Removal – address by both houses of Parliament on ground of proved misbehavior or

incapacity

Note: Qualification of CAG and Attorney General – same as of Judge of SC

 Union Executive – President, PM, Council of Ministers

 State Executive – Governor, CM, State Ministers

 Governor

Head of State Executive

Note: Amendment (1956) – Governor can be of two or more states

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 Governor

Appointed by President
35 years of age (minimum)
No office of profit
5 years term

 Powers of Governor

Executive action in name of Governor

CM is appointed by Governor
Other Ministers in State are appointed by Governor on advise of CM

Note: CM and other Ministers hold office during the Pleasure of Governor

 Advocate General

1st Law Officer of State

Appointed by Governor

 State Election Commissioner – Appointed by Governor

 Governor – Chancellor in Universities in States

 Vice-Chancellor – Appointed by Governor

 District Court Judge’s Promotions – Done by Governor

Note: Governor can dissolve Legislative Assembly

 Advise given to Governor by Ministers cannot be inquired into court but basis on which
advice given to Governor by Ministers can be reviewed by Judiciary

 Attorney General and Chief Election Commissioner

Appointed by – President

 Advocate General and State Election Commissioner

Appointed by – Governor

 Legislative Powers of Governor – same as that of Legislative Powers of President

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 Governor – State Legislature
 President – Parliament

 Just like President address 1st Session of Parliament – Governor also address 1st session
of State Legislative Assembly

 Governor – Elects 1 member from Anglo-Indian community to State Legislature

 Governor has to sign the Bill for sure the 2nd time after State Legislature sends again after
reconsiderations with or without changes

 Governor can reserve the Bill for consideration of President for important matters of Bill

 Article 213 – Ordinance by Governor

 Disqualification of members of State Legislature

Governor decides on consultation of Election Commissioner

 Governor lay down reports and statements before State Legislature

 Consolidated Fund of India – President (Union)

 Contingency Fund of State – Governor (State)

 Comptroller and Auditor General – Union (by President)

 State Auditor General – State (by Governor)

 Judicial Power of Governor

President consult Governor on appointment of Chief Justice of High Court of States

 Rajya Sabha – Members elected by MLA of States

 Lok Sabha – Members elected by people of India through voting i.e. general election

 Lok Sabha (seats)

Total – 552
States – 530
UT’s – 20
Anglo Indian (by President) – 2

 Rajya Sabha (seats)

Total – 250
States and UT’s – 238
Literature, Science, Art, Social Service (by President) – 12

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 Functions of Parliament

─ To make Laws
─ Financial control on Expenditure, Revenue, Taxes

 RS minimum age – 35 years

 LS minimum age – 25 years

 Disqualification of MP

Not a Citizen of India

Unsound Mind
Office of Profit

Note: Disqualification of MP - For 6 years plus punishment (of more than 2 years)

Punishment – 2 years
Disqualification (6+2) i.e. 8 years

 Decision taken by President is final on Disqualification of MP

 Disqualification of MP

Note: 10th Schedule – Grounds of Defection

If candidate joins another political party

If candidate backstabs his own political party
If independent candidate after winning elections joins any other political party
If nominated member of RS joins political party after 6 months of becoming member

Note: If 2/3rd of members of political party join another political party or form a new
party – then those members are not disqualified on defection

 Under 1st Schedule - Decision on ‘Disqualification Grounds of Defection’ by

Speaker of Lok Sabha or Chairman of Rajya Sabha is final

 If disqualified person is elected – High Court can declare election void and also an
election petition can be filed in the court by disqualified candidate

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 Rajya Sabha

No dissolution
Permanent body
1/3rd of its members retire after every 2 years

 Lok Sabha

Can be dissolved by President

5 years term
Can be extended during emergency

 3 Sessions

Budget Session – February to May

Monsoon Session – July to August
Winter Session – November to December

Note: gap between 2 sessions – maximum 6 months

 President:

─ Summon either house

─ Prorogue either house
─ Dissolve House of People (LS)

 Termination of house

Dissolution i.e. end of term

Prorogation i.e. to terminate the session

(done by President)

Adjournment i.e. to postpone the session to next date

(done by speaker of LS or Chairman of RS)

 Speaker of Lok Sabha

Can only vote to break the tie

 Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

Acts in absence of Speaker

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 Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Ex Officio – Vice President

 Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha

When Vice President (Chairman) is absent or acting as President

 Power, Privilege and Immunity of Members of Parliament and State Assembly

- Freedom of speech in Parliament

- No court proceedings against whatever said in Parliament
- No action against any member who does any act or vote in favour of anyone
under rules and regulations of Parliament

 Bill

1st Reading – Introduction of bill in LS or RS by Minister or Member

Government Bill – Introduced by Minister
Private Member Bill – Introduced by Member

Standing Committee (Permanent Committee) refer the bill for examination

2nd Reading – Consideration of bill (clause by clause)

(by – Select/Joint Committee)

3rd Reading – Agreements in support or rejection of bill

Bill – passed or not

Then, Bill goes to other house for same procedure

If no action on bill by either house for 6 months – President takes action

Note: President Abdul Kalam returned – Prevention of Disqualification Bill

Note: Amendment Bill, 2006 to Parliament with extra-points for reconsideration

Bill was passed again in parliament by majority and resent to President and finally
President gave his assent and signed the bill and the bill was passed

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 Joint Session for Bill

Because of disagreement between houses

If bill is reverted by either house
Either house has not passed the bill and time has elapsed more than 6 months

 Speaker of Lok Sabha – Officer of Joint Session

 Constitution Amendment Bill – No Joint Session

 1st Joint Session – Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1961

 Money Bill

Can be introduced in only Lok Sabha first

Regulation of Tax and borrowing of money by Government
Expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India

Note: Question on whether a bill is a money bill or not – decision of Speaker of Lok
Sabha is final

 Finance Bill

Money Bill + Other Matters = Finance Bill

Can be introduced in only Lok Sabha first

Note: Money Bill or Finance Bill – can’t be introduced in Rajya Sabha first

Introduced in LS only after recommendation of President

- After LS passes the money bill then it goes to RS for recommendation

- Bill is still passed whether LS accepts recommendations of RS or not
- If RS does not return back the bill even then the money bill is passed

Note: LS has more power on money bill than RS

 President – Presents annual financial statement before both houses of Parliament

 Budget is presented by – Finance Minister to Lok Sabha and then before Rajya Sabha

Note: Expenditure ‘charged’ on Consolidated Fund of India – no vote of Parliament is

required

Note: Other Expenditures – require vote of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Consolidated
Fund of India

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 Consolidated Fund of India

Revenues by government
Loans raised by government
Money received by government

Note: no amendment for any bill regarding Consolidated Fund of India

 1st General Election – 1951

 1st Lok Sabha – 1952
 1st Speaker of LS – Mavalankar
 1st Deputy Speaker of LS – Ayyangar
 16th Speaker of LS – Sumitra Mahajan

 Protem Speaker – When seat of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is vacant

Protem Speaker – Member of LS appointed by President

 Lok Sabha – 5 year

Note: extended 1 year at a time (infinite time until emergency)

 Quorum of LS – 1/10th (minimum) of total members to be present to conduct meeting

 Joint Session:

1. 1961 – Dowry Prohibition Bill

2. 1978 – Banking Service Commission Bill
3. 2002 – Prevention of Terrorism Bill

 Adjournment – Postpone the session for next date

 Sine Die – Postpone the session without next date
 Prorogation – Termination of session by President

Note: Prorogation may take place any time even during the session

 Dissolution – End of life of Lok Sabha

Note: After the Dissolution new-members of Lok Sabha are elected

Note: Dissolution can be done by President or on expiration of term after 5 years

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 Question Hour

11-12 PM
Asking and Answering the questions

Note: no Question Hour – during 1st Session of Lok Sabha

 President addresses both the houses during:

General Budget presented

Saturday/Sunday or Holiday

 Parliamentary Question

Asked by member of LS from concerned minister on matter of urgent public importance

Question asked to seek information on urgent matter

 Calling Attention

Done by a member to call attention of minister on matter of urgent public importance

Done with permission of Speaker of Lok Sabha

 Motion

Formal proposal made by member to house for purpose of decision of house on a matter

 Adjournment Motion

To adjourn current business of house to discuss a matter of urgent public importance

 No Confidence Motion

Government must always enjoy majority support in LS to remain in power

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 Zero hour

After the Question Hour

Start of Business – around 12 PM after Question Hour

 Starred Question

Oral answer desired by member for starred question

Starred question is denoted by – asterisk (*)

 Unstarred Question

Written answer required

Question without – asterisk (*)

 Breach of Privilege

When individual or authority attack or disgrace any member of the house

Note: Breach of Privilege is an offence

 Parliamentary Committees

To do work for the Parliament

1. Ad-Hoc Committees

For specific purpose

 Select Committee – for one house

 Joint Committee – for both houses

2. Standing Committee

Permanent Committee

 Business Advisory Committee

 Committee for Petitions

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 Committee on Estimates – 30 members

 Term – 1 year term

 Ministers not eligible
 Estimate the budget

Committee on Public Accounts – 15 members of LS and 7 members of RS

i.e. Total = 22 members (RS + LS)

 Ministers not eligible

 Term – 1 year
 Chairman – Member of Opposition
 Function – to audit expenditure by Government

Rajya Sabha

 Permanent Body
 No Dissolution
 1/3rd Members – retire every 2nd year
 Term – 6 years
 Quorum – 1/10th of total members – 25 members
 Total – 250 members
 Chairman – Vice President
 Election – Electoral College
 35 years age (minimum)

Note: After winning election VP has to vacate all other posts that he holds

Vice President

 No office of profit
 Term – 5 years
 Removal – only by members of Rajya Sabha
i.e. majority of Rajya Sabha and agreed by Lok Sabha

 Holds office even after expiration until new Vice President enters the office
(same for President)
 Because – there shall be a President and Vice President (always)

 VP acts as President in absence of President

 VP acting as President – have all powers, immunities, emoluments, allowances,
privileges of President
 VP – Chairman of RS

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 Deputing Chairman of Rajya Sabha

 Elected by members of RS
 Deputy Chairman – in absence of Chairman (VP)
 Vice Chairman – act in absence of Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Member of Raja Sabha

 Elected by MLA of State and UT

 30 years of age (minimum)
 Represent State/UT

Note: if Lok Sabha is dissolved – Rajya Sabha handles everything for the time being

 Money Bills – introduced in Lok Sabha

 Money Bills - not introduced in Rajya Sabha

State

1. Legislative Council – Vidhan Prishand

 Members – 1/3rd of Legislative Assembly (maximum) but not less than 40

 Elected by Municipalities, Governor and Legislative Assembly
 1/3 member retier after every 2nd year – (like RS)

2. Legislative Assembly – Vidhan Sabha

 Members – 500 (maximum)

 Members – 60 (minimum)

- Goa and Mizoram – 40

- Sikkim – 32 (minimum)
- Delhi – 70
- UP – (Maximum)

 Members – equal representation according to population (proportionate)

 Duration – 5 years
 Can be dissolved by – Governor
 Emergency – by President (can extend 1 year at a time)

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Note: Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – same powers and functions like – Lok Sabha

Note: Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – same powers and functions like – Rajya Sabha

Judiciary

 High Court - Original and Appellate Jurisdiction (state)

 Supreme Court – Apex Court (India)
 Chief Judicial Magistrate – Head of Criminal Court within Metropolitan
 Sessions Judge – District Judge
 Executive Magistrate – Maintain law and order (civil judge)
 Judicial Magistrate – Hear criminal cases (criminal judge)

Supreme Court

 Guardian of the Constitution

 Final Interpreter
 Guardian of Fundamentral Rights of People
 Date – 28th January 1950 (came into being)
 Replaced – Federal Court of India (in 1950)
 Total Judges = 31 (30+1)
 Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by – President

- SC Advocates on Record Association vs. Union of India – Second Judges Case

- SP Gupta vs. Union of India – Judges Transfer Case

 President + Collegium (CJI + 4 senior most Judges of SC)

 Collegium System – CJI consult name to appoint Judges with 4 Judges of SC

Note: if 2 disagree – name can’t be suggested to President (because – no plurality)

 2002 – National Judicial Commission

 2014 – NJAC (National Judicial Appointments Commission)

- 99th Amendment, 2014

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 2015 – NJAC invalid (unconstitutional)

 SC Advocates on Record vs. UOI – Collegium System (again)

 Qualification – SC Judge

5 years – HC Judge
10 years – HC Advocate
Distinguished Jurist in opinion of President

Note: Retirement – 65 years of age

 Impeachment – SC Judge

By – Special Majority of each house in Parliament

Grounds – Proved misbehavior or incapacity

Process – Special Majority of each house i.e. majority of total membership and majority
not less than 2/3rd of total members present and voting

- Address to remove Judge signed by both houses

- Address presented to President in same session

Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

1. Original Jurisdiction – Article 131

 State vs. State

 State vs. Union

Note: Private Citizen vs. State or Private Citizen vs. Union – not an original jurisdiction
of Supreme Court (under – Ordinary Courts)

2. Writ Jurisdiction – Article 32

 Writ Jurisdiction of SC – Fundamental Rights i.e. Article 32

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3. Appellate Jurisdiction – Highest Court of Appeal

 Cases involving – Interpretation of Constitution (Article 132)

 Cases involving – Substantial Question of Law (Article 133)
 Criminal Cases in which death sentence is given by HC

4. Advisory Jurisdiction – Article 143

 President can ask SC for advise

5. Review Jurisdiction – Article 137

 Power of SC to review judgments and orders made by it

6. Miscellaneous Jurisdiction

 Appeal to Supreme Court under – Representation of people Act, Advocates Act,

Contempt of Court Act, Terrorist Act, etc.

Chief Justice of India and SC Judges

 Appointed by – President (collegiums system)

 Oath by – President
 Resignation to – President
 Removable by – President (proved misbehavior or incapacity)

 Term – 65 years of age

Note: Supreme Court – Court of Record

Article 141 – Law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India

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 High Court

 24 High Courts in India

 Indian High Court Acts, 1861 – HC of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay
 1st HC – Calcutta HC
 Calcutta HC – earlier known as High Court of Judicature
 High Court of Judicature (Calcutta HC) – at Fort William
 1st Indian in Calcutta HC – Sambhunath Pandit

Appointment – HC Judge

 Appointment by – President
 Consultation with – CJI, Governor, CJ of HC and Collegium (HC and SC Judges)

Qualification – HC Judge

 10 years – Judicial Officer

 10 years – Advocate of HC for 10 years
 Term – 62 years
 Oath by – Governor

High Court

 Court of Record
 Writ Jurisdiction – Article 226

President

 Appointed by – Electoral College (MP and MLA) = LS + RS

 Term – 5 years
 Oath – to CJI or senior most SC Judge
 Removal – Impeachment
 Resignation – to Vice President

Vice President

 Appointed by – Electoral College (MP of RS)

 Term – 5 years
 Oath – to President
 Removal – by MP of Rajya Sabha
 Resignation – to President

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 Chief Justice of India

 Appointed by – President
 Term – 65 years of age
 Oath – to President
 Removal – by Parliament and order signed by President

SC Judge

 Appointment – President and Collegium

 Oath – to President
 Removal – same as CJI

CJ of High Court

 Appointment – President, Collegium and Governor

 Oath – to Governor
 Removal – Same as CJI
 Term – 62 years of age

HC Judges

 Appointment – President, Collegium, Governor and CJ of HC

 Oath – to Governor
 Term – 62 years of age
 Removal – same as CJI

CAG

 Appointed by – President
 Term – 6 years or 65 years of age
 Oath – to President
 Resignation – to President

Chief Election Commissioner

 Appointed by – President
 Term – 6 years or 65 years of age
 Oath – No
 Resignation – to President

UPSC Chairman

 Appointed by – President
 Resignation – to President
 Oath – No

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 Attorney General

 Appointed by – President
 Resignation – to President
 Oath – No

Note: oath taken by – President, VP, CJI, Judges, CAG

Note: no oath by – CEC, UPSC Chairman, Attorney General

Jurisdiction of HC

1. Territorial Jurisdiction – According to area

2. Original Jurisdiction – 1st time case
3. Appellate Jurisdiction – Appeal against a judgment in HC
4. Writ Jurisdiction – Article 226
5. Power of superintendence over all courts in state – Article 227

Note: Judge of HC – can’t practice in lower courts anywhere in India or any authority in
India after retirement (can only practice in SC and other HC)

Note: Judge of SC – can’t practice anywhere in India or in any authority after retirement

 Question on age of Judge – Decision by President is final (after consultation with CJI)

 HC – Court of Record
i.e. can punish for contempt of court

 Oath of HC Judge – to Governor

 Oath of SC Judge – to President

Note: removable of HC Judge = same as removal of SC judge

 Article 368 – Amendment to the Constitution

1. Recognition of new state or change in name of state – Simple Majority

2. Bill or Act – Special majority

i.e. majority of total members and 2/3rd of present and voting

3. Constitutional Amendments – Special Majority and ratification by Parliament

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 Note: Amendment – requires assent of President

 Salary of President and SC Judge from – Consolidated Fund of India

i.e. Charged – without permission from Parliament

Note: After appointment of Judges – Powers and Privileges can’t be reduced

 Official Languages

1. Union – Hindi in Devanagri Script

2. Parliament – English and Hindi
3. Supreme Court – English

30 www.karanveerkamra.com
 CONTRACT LAW

 Promisor - Person making the proposal

 Promisee - Person accepting the proposal
 Promise - Proposal when accepted becomes a promise

Note: Acceptance of proposal or acceptance of promise can be made orally or written

Social Agreements – Not legal agreements

eg. - Family matters

Consideration - When promisee does or promises to do something for promisor

 Agreement - Not legally enforceable by law

 Contract - Enforceable by law

Privity of Contract - 3rd person cannot sue any party in contract

i.e. Only parties under contract on sue each other

Competent Party - Competent to Contract

i.e. A person who can lawfully sign a contract

eg. Major; Sound Mind; Non-Defaulter

 Free Consent - Sign contract by own will

 Coercion - Force a person to come in contract by criminal ways
 Misrepresentation - Misleading someone and causing them to make mistake
intentionally

Coercion; Misrepresentation; Influence; Fraud; Mistake - Not by free consent (against the will)

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Note: When consideration is unlawful - agreement is void

Void Agreement - Which shouldn’t take place in the first place because of their unlawful nature

 Ignorance of Law - No excuse

 Ignorance of Fact - Can be an excuse

Valid Contract - Enforceable by law

Void Contract - Not enforceable by law because the contract itself is not legal from the
beginning
eg. Contract with minor (void contract)

 Ab intio - From beginning

 Voidable Contract - Contract declared to be void by the court when one party does
wrong to another party

Contingent Contract - Conditional Contract

i.e. if something happens only then contract is valid otherwise void or if something does not
happen only then contract is valid otherwise void

 Novation - When old contract is substituted by new contract

 Rescission - Cancellation of terms of contract
 Alteration - Modification of terms of contract

Quantium Meruit - On merit basis

i.e. As much a earned or in proportion to work done
eg. Injured party gets compensation according to work done by it

Quasi Contract - Partial Contract (does not come under contract or tort)

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Things to Remember:

 Contract - Agreement enforceable by law

 Void Contract - Not enforceable by law
 Voidable contract - Void at the option of one party

Minor and Guardian - Minor is considered major at 21 years of age with guardianship

Bailment - Temporary transfer of possession of property from bailer to bailee without transfer of
ownership

Note: All agreements are not contracts but all contracts are agreements

 Proposal plus Acceptance is Promise

 Promise from both sides is Agreement
 Proposal - When one party show willingness to do something and ask to obtain assent of
another party
 Acceptance - To accept proposal
 Consideration - Legal Bargaining (something in return for promise)

eg. Consideration

A gives Rs.10,000 to B
Rs. 10,000 - Promise

B - OK! I’ll give my phone in return for Rs.10,000

Phone - Consideration

 Consideration - Given at desire of promisor

 Consideration - Given by promisee

Free Consent - Free Consent is important in contract

Unlawful Act - Void

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Proposal when accepted - Becomes a promise

 Coercion - Committing or treating to commit an offence with intention of causing a

person to enter into agreement i.e. to threaten to make another sign agreement
 Undue Influence - To manipulate wrongly
 Fraud - To lie or not telling truth

Difference between - Fraud and Misrepresentation

 Fraud - Person knows the statement made by him is not true

 Misrepresentation - Person thinks statement made by him is true

Note: When there is no consideration in agreement - void agreement

Free Consent - Required most in agreement and contract

Betting - Void (not a contract)

i.e. When there is uncertainly – there is no agreement

Note: Parties must agree on same thing in same sense for a valid contract

Bonded Labour - Against law in India

i.e. No bond is valid for employment

Caveat Emptor - Buyer Beware

Note: Time is important in contract

Consenses ad idem - Parties must agree or disagree on same facts

i.e. if there is no Conseneus ad idem - contract is void

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Restraint - To stop someone from doing something

Vakalatnama - A document by which party authorizes the advocate to represent on their behalf

Note: An advocate under Vakalatnama could not sue his dient

Contract between A and B

 A made proposal to B
 B informs A that he has accepted the offer from his side
 Contract is valid between A and B

Contract:

 Void - Minor; Unsound Mind; Unlawful (illegal)

 Voidable - Fraud; Misrepresentation; Undue Influence; Coercion

Note: If no legal obligation - Then no agreement or contract

Discharge of Contract:

 By - Performance
 By - Impossibility (contracts end due to impossibility of performance)
 By - Agreement

Important Terms:

 Novation - New agreement

 Rescission - Cancellation of agreement
 Alteration - Modification of agreement

Breach of Contract:

Note: Remedy - Compensation

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Damages - Compensation

 Liquidated
 Unliquidated
 Quantum Meruit - According to proportion of work done i.e. compensation accordingly

Contract - Right in Personam

i.e. Against specific individual

Tort - Right in Rem

i.e. Against the world at large

Gratuitous Act - Done for free

Marriage of two unsound mind people - Valid with consent of guardians

Remember:

 Offer + Acceptance = Promise

 Promise + Consideration = Agreement
 Agreement (Enforceable by Law) = Contract

Note: All contracts are agreements. All agreements are not contracts.

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 CRIMINAL LAW

Types of WRONG according to Law

Less Serious:

 Civil Wrong
 Breach of Contract
 Matrimonial Wrongs

More Serious:

 Criminal Wrongs
 Murder
 Dowry Demand

Non Legal - Which are not punishable by Law:

 Moral Wrongs

Elements of Crime

 Mens Rea - State of Mind (guilty mind)

 Actus Reus - Act (illegal act)

Note: Crime always involves a Human Being

Mens Rea includes:

 Intention
 Knowledge

Injury can be caused to:

 Body
 Mind
 Reputation
 Property

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Battery

Intentionally touching another person in a harmful way without the consent of that person

Note: Battery – Not a crime. It's a tort.

Doli Incapax: A child below 7 years of age is not liable for any crime

Juvenile Justice Act, 2002: Applicable to children between 7-18 years of age

 Cognizable – Serious Crime

i.e. no arrest warrant required

 Non-Cognizable – Less Serious

i.e. arrest warrant required

 Crime = Preparation + Mens Rea + Actus Reus

 Crime – 4 stages:

1. Intention
2. Preparation
3. Attempt
4. Commission

 Bail – Person released after arrest

 Anticipatory Bail – Bail issued even before the person is arrested

Cognizance – Knowledge or Awareness

Note: All murders are culpable homicide. But, all culpable homicides are not murder.

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 Culpable Homicide is – Intention (to cause death)

It is a process – Section 299 (Indian Penal Code, 1860)

 Murder is – Action (to cause death)

It is an act – Section 300 (Indian Penal Code, 1860)

 Affray – To disturb public peace (by – 2 or more persons)

 Riot – Causing disturbance for a common object (by – 5 or more persons)

 Kidnapping – Taking minor away from lawful guardianship

- Kidnapping of Male – Below 16 years of age (minor)

- Kidnapping of Female – Below 18 years of age (minor)

 Abduction – To send or take away someone by force

- Any person
- Any age

Note: Intention is must in Abduction

 Dacoity – Robbery by 5 or more persons

 Robbery – Can be Theft or Extortion

 Bailable Offence – Bail granted by Police or Court

 Non Bailable Offence – Bail by Court

 Acquittal – Accused proved innocent in court after trial

 Discharged – Accused is discharged but can be re-arrested

i.e. Discharge is temporary

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 Compoundable Offence – Less Serious i.e. compromise allowed

- Non Cognizable

 Non Compoundable Offence – More Serious i.e. no compromise allowed

- Cognizable

 Unlawful Assembly – 5 or more persons

 Theft – Taking away a Movable Property

Intention for Theft – Dishonest

Note: Intention to take away dishonestly – even if nothing has been done actually
i.e. Theft

 Intention – Important in Criminal Law

 Theft – Any movable property being taken dishonestly amounts to Theft

eg. Ring is lying on a road and it is in nobody’s possession

- A person picks it and sells if – it’s not Theft but Misappropriation

Note: When dishonesty is not there – it’s not Theft

Note: Theft – Intention should be dishonest

Important things to remember:

 Act done in good faith (even illegal) – no offence

 Act done to prevent another harm – no offence

 Act causing death in private defense – no offence

Note: But private defense must be against serious assault – Rape, Kidnapping, Attempt to
Murder, etc.

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 Right to Life – It’s most important part of a human life

- Causing death in private defense against right to life is no offence

 Section 96 – Private Defense

 Sedition – To provoke someone against the government or an authority to rise violence

i.e. violence against government

Note: Punishment for Sedition – Life Imprisonment

 Rape of a girl below 16 years of age – Consent of victim doesn’t matter

i.e. with or without consent – it is Rape

 Difference between Theft and Robbery:

Note: Both include movable property

- No harm is caused to victim during Theft

- Danger is caused by accused to victim during Robbery

 Cheating – To cheat and take away someone’s property

 Juvenile – A child below 18 years of age

 Theft – Taking movable property dishonestly and no hurt is caused

 Robbery – Action of theft and by causing danger to victim

 Dacoity = Robbery + Battery (5 or more persons involved)

 Criminal Intimidation – Behavior to cause a person fear of harm

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 Bigamy – Offence of marrying someone else while still married

Note: Bigamy is a crime

 Polygamy – To have more than one wife or husband

Note: Polygamy is a custom

 Bigamy – Offence
 Polygamy – Not an offence in Muslim Law

 Theft

- Intending to take dishonesty

- Any movable property
- Out of possession of any person
- Without person’s consent
- Moves the property
- This amounts to – Theft

Note: Theft – crime against possession

 Extortion

- Intention (mens rea) to put a person in fear of harm or death

- To take any property or valuable security causing that fear

 Robbery

- Either Theft or Extortion

 Dacoity

- 5 or more people attempt to cause Robbery

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 FAMILY LAW

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

 Applicable to only Hindus

 Personal Laws

Sources - Ancient

 Shruti or Vedas
Shruti is to hear (passed orally over generations)

 Smritis or Dharamashtras
Smritis is that is remembered (collection of ancient writings on Hindu Law)

Note: Commentary - Work done to explain a particular Smriti

Sources - Modern

 Precedent - Article 141

 Article 141 - Law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts
 Legislation - Laws made by parliament on Hindu Marriage

eg. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

eg. Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

 Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Buddhist - Applicable

 Muslim, Christian, Jew, Parsi - Not Applicable

Note: Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - Not Applicable to Scheduled Tribes

Bigamy - Offence of having more than one spouse

 Punishable under Indian Penal Code

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 Bigamy is of 2 types:

 Polygamy - Male having more than 1 wife

 Polyandry - Female have more than 1 husband

Note: Polygamy - Not allowed for Hindu male

Note: Polygamy - Allowed for Muslim male

Polygamy - Muslim man can marry 4 different women

If - Hindu is married to a woman and converts to Islam and marries another woman

Then - Hindu man shall be punished for bigamy because he married again while still married to
a Hindu woman

Conditions for valid Marriage:

 Both parties - Sound mind, Free constant

 Age - Male 21 years, Female 18 years

Note: If minor - Marriage is valid but punishable upto 2 years or fine of Rs.1 Lakh

Note: Marriage of minor girl child - Ground for divorce

Prohibhition of Child Mariage Act, 2006

 Minor Girl Child - Marriage is invalid

Valid Marriage - Proper ceremony must take place

 Conjugal Rights - Rights of both husband/wife on each other after marriage

 Restitution of Conjugal Rights - Petition to restore the conjugal rights
 Annulment of Marriage - Petition cannot be filed for annulment of marriage in a valid
marriage

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 Note: Annulment in valid marriage - Not allowed

 Valid Marriage - Annulment is not possible

 Valid Marriage - Divorce is possible

Void Marriage - Invalid from the beginning

 Bigamy
 Prohibited Degree of Relationship
 Sapinda Relationship
 Non-Ceremonial Marriage
 Minor Marriage i.e. unlawful, forceful, sold, trafficked (void)

Voidable Marriage - Valid until declared by court

 Impotency
 Mental Disorder
 Insanity
 Force or Fraud
 Pregnant by someone else other than husband
 Child Marriage (can be annulled at age upto 18 years)

Dissolution of Marriage - Divorce

1. Mutual

 Living separately for more than 1 years

 Mutually agree to take divorce

2. Disease of either spouse

 Incurable, Communicable
 Unsound of Mind

3. Fault Grounds

 Adultery - Sex with someone else other than husband

 Cruelty – Extreme in nature
 Desertion - Not less than 2 years after date of application
 Conversion - Convert to other religion
 Renunciation - Cut off from the world

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 4. Constructive divorce

 Person has not heard about the spouse for 7 years or more of being alive

5. Grounds for wife only to file divorce

 Bigamy by husband
 Rape by husband
 No cohabitation for 1 year
 Marriage of a Girl before 15 years and she has filed divorce before attaining 18 years

Grounds for Divorce

 No cohabitation
 No conjugal rights
 Irretrievable breakdown of marriage
 Living separately for 1 year after judicial separation order

Note: In judicial separation it is not obligatory to cohabit together

Hindu Succession Act, 1956

 Ascendants - Ancestors of person (father, grandfather)

 Descendants - Off Springs of person (son, grandson)

 Collaterals - Maternal uncle and aunt, paternal uncle and aunt, cousins, brothers, sisters

 Agnate - Male relationship

 Cognate - Female relationship

 Intestate - Person who dies without making a will

 Half Blood - Same father but different mothers

 Uterine blood - Same mother but different fathers

 Escheat - Rule if no heir then property goes to government

 Coparcerner - Rightful people who have joint property of common ancestor

 Karta - Senior member of joint family who manages the property (male or female)

 Matriarchy - Women have power on property

 Patriarchy - Men have power on property

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 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

 For - Marriage and Divorce

Hindu Succession Act, 1956

 For - Succession of property

Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

 For - Adoption and Maintenance

Muslim Law:

 Dissolution of Marriage Act, 1939

Provide ground under which muslim women can obtain a decree for dissolution of
marriage

 The Muslim Women (protection of rights on divorce) Act, 1986

Provides grounds for maintenance/dower after divorce (during iddat period)

Special Marriage Act, 1954

 Inter-Religion marriages
 Do not require any rituals and ceremonies
eg. Hindu and Muslim marriage

Note: Hindu Succession Act, 1956 - Not applicable on Special Marriage Act, 1954

Note: Hindu Succession Act, 1956 - Only applicable on Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

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Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956

If - Male or Female want to adopt son or daughter

1. Male or Female should be of sound mind

2. If married then consent of spouse needed for adoption

Note: Father, Mother, Guardian - Can only give child for adoption

Requirement of child who is to be adopted:

 He/She should be Hindu only

 He/She is not already adopted
 Not married
 Age - Less than 15 years
 Adoption of son - Adoptive father or mother doesn’t have Hindu son already
 Adoption of daughter - Adoptive father or mother doesn’t have Hindu daughter already
 Difference of age between adoptive father and to be adopted daughter - 21 years
 Difference of age between adoptive mother and to be adopted son - 21 years
 Same child cannot be adopted by more than one person

MUSLIM LAW

 Shias - Believe in succession of Prophet’s family

 Sunni - Believe in elections out of votes

Primary sources of Muslim law:

 Quran i.e. Reading

 Traditions of Prophet - Hadith

 Ijma - Decisions made by Jurists (like - common law system)

 Qiyas - Decisions made upon written text (like - civil law system)

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 Waqf - Property dedicated to charitable purposes in Muslim Law

Mutawalli - Manager of Waqf

Essentials for Muslim marriage:

 Puberty is attained (before puberty - muslim marriage is not allowed)

 Sound mind - Both parties
 Shia - Man can’t marry non-muslim woman
 Sunni - Man can marry non-muslim woman but only - Kitabia i.e. Christians, Jews
 Proposal (Ijab) and Acceptance (Qubul) is must
 Proposal and Acceptance - In single meeting only
 Mulla - Present in marriage to recite verses

Iddat - Waiting period

i.e. Mourning period for women after death or divorce with husband

 Woman is prohibited from marrying during Iddat period

 Iddat period - 3 months
 If pregnant then till delivery or abortion
 If no sex between husband and wife - Then no Iddat period after divorce
 Iddat after death of husband - 4 months 10 days (or until delivery - which is longer)

Sahih - Regular marriage

Fasid - Irregular marriage

 Marriage with woman undergoing Iddat

 Marriage with 5th women
 Difference in religion of husband and wife

Batil - Void marriage

 Void Marriage - Not recognized by law at all

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Note: Irregular marriage (Sunni) = Void marriage (Shia)

i.e. Irregular marriage in Sunni Law is completely void in Shia Law

Talaq - Divorce

1. Talaq ul Sunnat - Approved form of talaq

 Ahsan - No sex during Iddat (woman is pure)

i.e. This is best form of talaq

Note: Tuhr - State of purity

 Hasan - 3 times said Talaq during Tuhr period (pure period)

2. Talaq ul Biddat - Disapproved form of Talaq

 3 times said Talaq - Immediate divorce

i.e. Triple Talaq - Unconstitutional (declared by - Allahabad High Court)

Case - Triple Talaq

Petition by - Shayara Bano

- Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan

3. Ila - Husband swears not to cohabit with wife during Iddat period

 Zihar - When husband compares his wife with his mother unlawfully

Note: Wife can refuse to husband to cohabit

 Khula - Wife can ask for divorce from husband

If husband accepts i.e. Khula (divorce at request of wife)

 Mubarat - Divorce by mutual agreement of wife and husband

 Lian - When husband accuses his wife with false charge of adultery

Note: Wife can sue husband and get divorce

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  Fasakh - Cancellation of marriage by Oazi

Note: Applicable before Muslim Marriage Dissolution Act

Used to be done by muslim woman to get divorce

Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939

Grounds for divorce for wife - Applicable for both Shia and Sunni

1. Absence of husband - for 4 years

Probation period - 6 months (court gives probation period)

i.e. if husband returns within 6 months - divorce is cancelled

2. Husband fails to maintain wife - for 2 years

3. Husband is in jail - for 7 or more than 7 years

4. Husband is impotent

5. Husband is cruel to wife - wife can file divorce

6. Husband suffering from non-curable disease

7. Wife married before 15 years of age - can file for divorce before becoming 18

Dower - Sum of money for compensation for wife after divorce

Note: Dower (Mehr) - To mark as a respect of wife from husband

1. Specified Dower - Specified in marriage contract

 Prompt Dower - Payable to wife immediately after marriage

 Deferred Dower - Payable to wife after divorce or death of husband

2. Proper Dower - Not specified in marriage contract

 Given according to customs

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Mohammad Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum

 Supreme Court - Reasonable maintenance to wife after divorce

 Result - Muslim Women (protection of rights on divorce) Act, 1986

Daniel Latifi v. Union of India

 Supreme Court - Muslim Women (protection of rights on divorce) Act, 1986

 Maintenance of wife after iddat period also which is reasonable and fair

Shariat Act, 1931

 Applicable on all muslins

Note: Khoja Muslims - Originally Hindu but following Islam

Jamait-ul-i-Hind - Greatest muslim religious body and muslim organization

Note: Hadith Muhammad Ali - Manual of Hadith

Things to remember in Hindu Law:

Full Blood - Two children having same father and mother

Half Blood - Two children having same father but different mothers

Uterine Blood - Two children having same mother but different fathers

Step Relation - Two children having different fathers and mothers

Note: No adoption is allowed when a person already have a son and a daughter (Hindu Law)

Marriage in Hindus not allowed:

 Within prohibited degree of relationship

 Sapinda relationship (blood relation)
 Within same gotra (endogamy)
 Inter-Caste marriages

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 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

 Triple Talaq : Talaq-ul-Biddat

 Bank - PCA (Prompt Corrective Action) High Bad Loans: IDBI Bank

 Zika: Declared End - Brazil

 ECI: Setup - "National Contact Centre" - Voter Query

 India's Proposal - WTO (World Trade Organization): Trade Agreement

 SASEC (2001) – South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation: South Asia

 SAGQ (South Asia Growth Quadrangle): India Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan (IBNB)
 SAGQ: 1996 - Sustainable Economic Development

 SASEC (Program Financer) - ADB (Asian Development Bank)

 SASEC : 7 Members - (IBNBMMS)

 8th Schedule : Unmentioned languages "Bhojpuri" and "Rajasthani"

 8th Schedule : 14 Languages – Initially (1950)

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 8th Schedule : 22 Languages – Presently (2018)
 8th Schedule : Sitakant Mahapatra Committee

 GST : Good and Services Tax

 GST Council Chairperson - Arun Jaitley (Finance Minister)
 GST Compensation State - 5 Years

 Rights of Persons With Disabilities and Protocol : "13 December 2006"

 India Signed - "1 October 2007"

 Child Labour : Cognizable offence

 Adolescent : Children "14 - 18" Yrs. (No Hazardous Occupation)

 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (2016) : Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board

 Karta : Head ( Hindu Undivided Family)

 Appropriation: Authorize Expenditure (Authorize Govt. To Spend Money)

 Rights of Child (India) - "11 December 1992"

 Child : Above "16 Yrs" - Adult (Able To Understand Consequences)

Apply: Criminal Procedure Code
 Upload FIR in Police Website : Youth Bar Association vs. UOI
 Maximum Time : 24 Hrs. (To - Upload Fir in Police Website)
 48 Hrs. (If - Connectivity Problem)
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 Police : State List - List 2, Schedule 7

 NPC - National Police Commission

 Criminal Defamation Law Not Unconstitutional : Subramanian Swamy vs. UOI

 Right To Life "Article 21"; Right To Reputation; Justice: Dipak Misra

 Justice: PC Pant

 Multiple Life Sentences Will Run Concurrently : Muthuramalingam vs. State

 SC: 14 Yrs. Rule On Aggregate Punishment Not Applicable To Sessions Court

 Entry Tax On Goods (Constitutional): Jindal Stainless Ltd. vs. Haryana

 Direction To Curb Female Feticide : Voluntary Health Assoc. vs. Punjab

 Spice-Jet Case : "People With Disabilities Right To Live With Dignity"

 Bench : AK Sikri; RK Agarwal

 No Liquor Shops Near National Highways : Tamil Nadu vs. Balu

 Bench : TS Thakur

 Urgent Need To Review Regulatory Mechanism For Legal Profession : Mahipal Singh
Rana vs. Uttar Pradesh

 Cauvery Dispute : Karnataka vs. Tamil Nadu

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 Supreme Court : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala

 CWDT - Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal

 Supreme Court Orders "NEET" : Sankalp Charitable Trust vs. UOI

 NEET - National Eligibility Entrance Test : Medical Exam "2 Phases"

 National Anthem Must in Theatres : Shyam Narayan Choksey vs. UOI

─ Bench : Dipak Misra; Amitava Roy
─ Abhiram Singh vs. Commachen (Dead)

 Case - "Religion Race Caste Not Allowed To Play Any Role in Voting" (1995)
─ Bench : "Seeking Votes On Hindutva (Not Corrupt Practice)"
─ Because Hindutva is Not Religion, Hindutva is Way of Life

 Fundamental Duty – 51A : Respect National Anthem and National Flag

─ Prevent - "Insult To Constitution and National Flag"
─ Punishment: Imprisonment - 3 Yrs.

 Flag Code of India ( 2000) : Prevent Disrespect of National Flag

 “Equal Pay For Equal Work”- Punjab vs. Jagjit Singh

 Case - "Exploitative Enslavement" : Punjab vs. Jagjit Singh

─ Petitioner - Employee (Punjab)
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─ Defendant - Jagjit Singh

 Changes in Domestic Violence Act : Hiral Harsora vs. Kusum Harsora

 Case : Supreme-Court Struck Down Word "Adult Male" - Harsora vs. Harsora

 Shayara Bano vs. UOI

 Case - "Triple Talaq" Invalidated (2002): Shamim Ara

 Singur Land Project : Land Should be Given Back To Farmers in 12 Weeks

 NJAC "Unconstitutional" : Advocates On Record Assoc. vs. UOI

 Yakub Memon Midnight Hearing : Yakub Memon vs. Maharashtra

 Yakub Memon Hanged Till Death - On His "Birthday"

 Unwed Mother Can Become Sole Guardian of A Child : ABC vs. Delhi

 Mother can obtain "Birth Certificate" without Child's Father's Name

 Case - “Uphaar Cinema” : Sushil Ansal vs. CBI

 Award Compensation To Victim of Crime : Manohar Singh vs. Rajasthan

 Awarding Death Penalty Not Unconstitutional : Vikram Singh vs. UOI

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 States Cannot Unilaterally Grant Remission : UOI vs. Sriharan

 Case - "Rajiv Gandhi”: UOI. vs. Sriharan

 RBI Also Under RTI : RBI vs. Jayantilal Mistry

 Acid Attack Victims in Disability List : Parivartan Kendra vs. UOI

 India "Kulbushan Jadhav" : ICJ - 8 May 2017

 Case : Pakistan Violated - "Vienna Convention On Consular Relations" (1963)

 Un Refugee Convention also known as refugee convention(1951)

 Rights To People : Migrating because of Race, Religion, Nationality

 No Right To People : Migrating because of Environment Disaster

 SASEC - South Asia Sub Regional Economic Cooperation

─ SASEC : 7 Members - IBNBMMS
─ SASEC "Project" - Asian Development Bank

 SAARC Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, The Maldives,

Pakistan, Sri Lanka

 SAGQ "South Asia Growth Quadrangle" : 4 members IBNB (1996)

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 BIMSTEC (1997) : 7 Members
 BIMSTEC : 1st Meeting "National Security Chief of BIMSTEC" - Delhi (2017)

 BIMSTEC : 3rd Summit - Goa (2016)

 BIMSTEC : 4th Summit - Nepal (2017)
 BIMSTEC : "Leaders Retreat Outcome Document" - Against Terrorism
 BIMSTEC : "Cultural Industries Observatory" - Bhutan

 BRICS formed in 2009

 South-Africa joined BRICS – 2010
 BRICS : 1st Summit - Yekaterinburg (Russia)
 8th BRICS : Goa (2016)
 9th BRICS : Xiamen "China" (2017)
 Theme - "Building Responsive Inclusive Collective Solutions" (BRICS)

 CCIT - Comprehensive Convention On International Terrorism

 NDB - New Development Bank

 Nuclear Bomb : "USA detonated on Japan" (1945)

 NPT "Non Proliferation Treaty" : Objective - Prevent Spread of Nuclear Weapons

 NPT "Non Proliferation Treaty" : 1970

 Commonwealth (1949) : 52 Members

 2 new countries in Commonwealth : "Rwanda" and "Mozambique"
 Country left Commonwealth : Maldives

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 ICC "International Criminal Court" - 124 Members

 "Rome" Statute Established International Criminal Court

 Narrow Mandate ICC : Does not Investigate "US, UK, China, Russia, France"

 UNHRC "United Nations Human Rights Council" - Geneva (2006) : 47 Members

 Russia : "Lost Bid To Retain Seat" - UNHRC

 NAM "Non Aligned Movement"

 NAM : 17th Summit - Margarita (Venezuela)
 Vice-President "Hamid Ansari" Represented "India" - NAM
 NAM : 1961 - 120 Members
 NAM : 1st Summit -Belgrade (1961)
 NAM : Ideology - "Protection of Poor Nations Against Rich Nations"

 G-20 : 1999 - "19 Countries" and "European Union"

 G-20 established after "Financial Crisis"
 G-20 (2008) : 1st Summit
 G-20 - Hangzhou "China" : 11th Summit
 Theme - "Toward Innovative, Interconnected, Inclusive World Economy"

 Marrakesh Treaty : 29 September 2016 - 22 Countries

 Marrakesh Treaty - WIPO "World Intellectual Property Organization"
 Marrakesh Treaty - To Publish Work by Visually Impaired Person (Copyright)
 Marrakesh Treaty A.K.A "Books For Blind" Treaty

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 WIPO Administer - Marrakesh Treaty

 ABC "Accessible Books Consortium" : Library-To-Library Service

 ABC - Provide Books For Blind Around The World

 1st Country Ratified "Marrakesh Treaty" - India

 India Launched "Accessible India Campaign" - Sugama Bharat Abhiyan

 Setup - Sugama Pustakalaya

 World's Largest Telescope: "Fast" - China (500 Meters Dia.)

 Green Judge (Biodiversity) - Kuldip Singh

 ICELA vs. UOI : "Enacting of Law and Tolerating its Infringement is Worse than not
enacting Law at All" by Kuldip Singh

 Heritage Heroes Award - Bibhuti Lahkar "Ecologist" (Assam)

 Heritage Heroes Award by "International Union For Conservation of Nature"

 Manas Tiger Conservation - Bibhuti Lahkar

 IEA "International Energy Agency" : "Reliable - Affordable - Clean" Energy

 IEA ( Paris) : 29 Members

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 Estonia 29th Member : IEA

 India Member of IEA (International Energy Agency)

 OECD : Organization For Economic Co-Operation and Development (1974)

 IUCN "International Union For Conservation of Nature" (1948)

 IUNC: Only Environmental Organization -"Un" Observer Status

 Red Data Book by IUNC (International Union For Conservation of Nature)

 Cites Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species "Flora-Fauna"

 Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary - Bihar

 Russian Revolution - 1917

 Russian Revolution (100 Yrs.) - 2017

 Russian Revolution Leader - "Czar"

 February Revolution "Russia" - 1st Phase : Russian Revolution

 October Revolution : Russia

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 AIIB - "Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank"

 BBIN "Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal" Corridor

 CCIT "Comprehensive Convention On International Terrorism"

 United Nations Global Counter - Terrorism Strategy (2006)

 Gag Rule - Prohibits "Freedom of Speech"

 Global Gag Rule A.K.A Mexico City Policy

 Global Gag Rule Against Abortion Block Funding to "Ngo" Promoting Abortion

 Paris Climate Deal : India, 2 October 2016 (Gandhi B'day)

 UnPostal Administration Stamp - "Subbulakshmi" (Singer)

 CCAMLR - Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

 India of Member of CCAMLR
 World's Largest Marine Park : CCAMLR (Australia) - No Fishing Allowed

 OBOR - One Belt One Road (China)

 Marrakesh : City of Morocco

 Competitive Federalism centre competes with states and Vice-Versa

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 States Competes With Each-Other

 Right to Photocopy : "University of Oxford vs. Rameshwari Photocopy Services"

 Case : Delhi HC
 Rameshwari Photocopy Services "Authorized"; ensure affordable access to expensive
study material

 Inter-State River Water Dispute Bill 2017 : "Lok Sabha"

 Anti Defection Law : 1985

 Party : "To-Merge With Other Party" Condition : 2/3 Vote (Majority)

 CSR "Corporate Social Responsibility"

 CSR 5 Cr. Net Profit
 1000 Cr. Turn Over
 500 Cr. Net Worth
 CSR Objective - companies spend 2% on Development of Society

 FCRA “Foreign Contribution Regulation Act” (2010)

 FCRA : License of Ngo's gets cancelled (Corruption)

 PAC “Public Accounts Committee (1921)

 PAC - 15 Members; 12 (Lok Sabha) & 7 (Rajya Sabha)
 Chairman Member - "Opposition Party"

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 Function : Cross-Check Accounts
 Examine "CAG"

 Pre-Censorship To Regulate Media : "PIL" Public Interest Litigation - Rejected by

Supreme Court

 NBSA "News Broadcasting Standards Authority"

 NBSA : Regulate News Channels

 Press Council of India - Statutory Body

 Radio Channels : Follow "Programme and Advertisement Code"

 All India Radio : Follow "Programme and Advertisement Code"

 "Programme and Advertisement Code" : Under - Cable Television Network Act 1995

 ASCI "Advertising Standards Council of India" Guidelines Advertisements

 Failure To Place Ordinance Before Legislature is "Abuse of Power" : Krishna Kumar

Singh vs. Bihar

 Ordinance : Only When House is Not in Session

 Ordinance “Approval From Legislature" Mandatory

 Case - DC Wadhwa : "Repeated Re-Promulgation of Ordinance is Unconstitutional"

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 DCA "Department of Consumer Affairs" : Service Charge (Hotel) - Optional

 DSPE - Delhi Special Police Establishment Act : 1946

 CBI : Under - "DSPE"
 CBI : Word - Not Mentioned in "DSPE" Act

 Attorney General: Advice Govt. On Legal Matters

 Highest Legal officer in Country
 Not "Public Authority"

 J&K Parliament Can't Change Borders

 Citizens out of J&K, Can't Purchase Land

 Article 360 - Financial Emergency; All States Except "J&K"

 Article 51A(1) : Fundamental Duty - Respect "National Flag and National Anthem"

 National Song : Vande Matram in "Sanskrit"

 Vande Matram - 1st Time : "Indian National Congress" Session (1896)

 National Anthem : Jana Gana Mana in "Sanskrit Bengali"

 Jana Gana Mana - 1st Time : "Congress Convention” (1911)
 Jana Gana Mana : Translated in Hindi by Abid Ali

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 Fundamental Duties : Can't be made Compulsory
─ Not enforceable in Court
─ Only Direct Individuals To Become Better Citizen

 1st Judge - Contempt Proceeding : Justice Karnan (Calcutta HC)

 Article 129 : Supreme Court - Court of Record "Can Punish For Contempt"
 Supreme Court : Middle Income Group Scheme - Affordable Legal Services
 Scheme : "Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society" (MIG)
 Patron-In-Chief : CJI
 Ex-officio "Vice President" : Attorney General

 Article 39A : Opportunity to Justice Not Denied to Anyone Cos' of Disability

 Article 39A : Justice For All

 Inter-State River Water Dispute Bill 2017 : Introduce - "DRC"

 DRC - Dispute Resolution Committee

 20th Law Commission : Chairman - AP Shah

 21st Law Commission : Chairman - BS Chauhan

 AP Shah - Recommended : "Audio-Visual Recording of Court Proceedings"

 Supreme Court : CCTV Cameras "Without Audio" - Courtrooms

 Standing Committee: "Inter-State Council" met after 12 Yrs. to discuss power of

Governor.

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 Inter-State Council : Coordination Between "States" and "Union"

 Inter-State Council : Members

─ Chairman, Prime Minister
─ Chief Ministers of State
─ Chief Ministers of UT
─ Union Ministers "6"

 Role of Governor : Puncchi Commission

 Governor : "During Pleasure of President" - Must be Deleted

 NALSA - National Legal Services Authority : "Legal Services Authorities Act"

 NALSA : Objective - "Provide Free Legal Services To Weaker Sections"

 Lok Adalat (People's Court) - Alternative Dispute Resolution

 Lok Adalat : Mutual Settlement of Parties
 Speedy Settlement - Without Trial
 Lok Adalat : "Legal Services Authorities Act"

 Pre-Censorship of Films : PIL - Amol Palekar

 Pre-Censorship of Films : Shyam Benegal Committee

 Film Censorship : "Cinematograph Act" and "Cinematograph Rules"

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 "Film in Theatres Are Influential Media of Mass Communication" : Abbas vs. UOI

 CBFC - Central Board of Film Certification

─ U : "Universal"
─ A : "Adult"
─ U/A : "Universal" Under "Adult Supervision"

 PIL - Amol Palekar : Pre-Censorship of Films

 Pre-Censorship : Decided in Advance What May or May Not be Permitted

 Right To Access Internet : "Fundamental Right of Expression"

 Right To Access Internet : PIL - Sabu Mathew George

 PCPNDT : Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique "Sex Selection"

 Sex Selection - Prohibited

 Undeclared "Internet Access" - Human Right

 1st State : Internet As "Basic Right" - Kerala

 AFSPA - "Armed Forces Special Powers Act" : Arunachal Pradesh

 Isak-Muivah : National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Arunachal Pradesh)

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 Assam - Disturbed Area : Under - "AFSPA"

 Waqf Properties - GR Bhattacharya Commission

 Cauvery Water Issue : "Tamil Nadu" and "Karnataka"

 Supreme Court : Ordered "Karnataka" Release Water For 10 Days To "Tamil Nadu"

 "1924 Agreement" - Cauvery River Water Distribution : 4 States

 Vasco De Gama (Portuguese) : India - 1498

 Jahangir : Permission To British - Setup Factory (Surat)

 Battle of Plassey : British Defeated - Nawab of Bengal

 Battle of Buxar: British Defeated - Mir Qasim. (Joint - Military)

 Dual Govt. End Regulating Act 1773

 Father of 'Civil Service' - Cornwallis

 1st : Governor General - Bentinck

 Liberator of 'Press' - Metcalfe

 Doctrine of Lapse - Dalhousie

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 Lawrence : 'Established' High Court (Calcutta, Madras, Bombay)

 1st : High Court – Calcutta(1865)

 Father of 'Local Self Governance' - Ripon

 Indian University Act - Curzon

 Capital : Calcutta To Delhi (1911)

 Hindu 'Mahasabha' : Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

 Gandhi Return 'India' - 1915

 Gandhi Found 'Sabarmati Ashram' - 1916

 Jallianwala Bagh - 1919

 Non Cooperation Movement - 1920

 Poorna Swaraj Declaration - 1925

 Dandi March - 1930

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 Two Nation Theory - Jinnah

 Quit India Movement : 5 Yrs. - Before 'Independence'

 Quit India Movement - 1942

 1st Governor General Free India : Batten

 1st Governor General of Free India = Last Viceroy of British India

 1st Governor General - Bentinck

 1st 'Indian' Governor General - Rajagopalchari

 After Rajagopalchari No Governor General

 After Rajagopalchari - 'Yes' President and Prime Minister

 Indian National Congress : Founder - A.O. Hume (1885)

 Swadeshi Movement - 1905

 Swadeshi Movement : Lal Bal Pal

 Swaraj = Self Government

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 Swaraj - Dadabhai Naoroji

 Morley Minto : Muslim

 Morley Minto Reform - Separate Electorate For Muslim

 Father of Electorate - Morley Minto

 Swaraj is My Birth Right : Bal Gangadhar Tilak

 Rowlatt Act : Suspend Right of 'Habeas Corpus'

 Sardar Udham Singh : Kill General Dyer (Jallianwala Bagh)

 Simon Go Back

 Lahore - Poorna Swaraj

 Nehru - Poorna Swaraj

 Lahore Session Declare Poorna Swaraj(1929)

 Indian flag - 1929

 Jawaharlal Nehru Declare Poorna Swaraj

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 Dandi March = Salt Satyagraha

 Poona Pact : Gandhi - Ambedkar

 Poona Pact : Ambedkar -No Separate Electorate

 Idea of “Pakistan” - Muhammad Iqbal

 “Pakistan” name proposed by - Chaudhary Rahmat Ali

 Two Nation Theory - Jinnah

 Term “Post Dated Cheque” - Gandhi

 Slogan “Do or Die” - Gandhi

 Headquarter of Indian National Army - Rangoon

 Rani of Jhansi Brigade : Women Force

 Namdhari Movement : Bhai Balak Singh; Baba Ram Singh

 Founder of Indian Women Association - Annie

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 India as India and Pakistan - Mountbatten

 Mountbatten aka Batten

 Batten : 1st 'Governor General' of Free 'India'

 Mountbatten Plan : India to be Divided Into 'India and Pakistan'

 Boundary Commission Head - Radcliffe

 India-Pakistan Boundary - Radcliffe Line

 Gandhi aka Bapu

 Grand Old Man aka Dada (Dadabhai Naoroji)

 Rabindranath Tagore aka Gurudev

 Vallabhbhai Patel aka Iron Man

 Florence Nightingale aka Lady With Lamp

 Lala Lajpat Rai aka Lion of Punjab

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 Subash Chandra Bose aka Netaji

 Sarojini Naidu aka Nightingale of India

 Crematorium of Gandhi- Raj Ghat

 Crematorium of Rajiv Gandhi- Veer Bhumi

 Newspaper : Bengal Gazette - Hickey

 Newspaper : Kesari - Bal Gangadhar Tilak

 Newspaper : Vande Matram - Aurobindo Ghosh

 India Undivided (Book) - Rajendra Prasad

 Discovery of India (Book) - Jawaharlal Nehru

 Nobel Prize : Start - 1900

 Nobel Prize : Founder - Alfred Nobel

 Alfred Nobel: Death - 10 Dec.

24 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Nobel Prize : Date - 10 Dec. (International Human Rights Day)

 Grammy Award - Pt. Ravi Shankar

 Pulitzer: Prize for Journalism, Literature, Music.

 Magsaysay: Award for Social Service, Public Service.

 Man Book: Prize for Literature.

 Right Livelihood Award : 'Alternate' of Nobel Prize

 Oscar Award: India 'Nomination' - Mother India; Salaam Bombay; Lagaan.

 1st : Oscard Award 'India' - Bhanu Athaiya (Costume Design - Gandhi)

 Gandhi (Movie) : Bhanu Athaiya 'Costume Design'

 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna : Prize - INR 7.5 Lakh

 Father of Indian Cinema - Dadasaheb Phalke

 1st : Dadasaheb Phalke 'Award' - Devika Rani

 WAC - Western Air Command : Headquarter - Delhi

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 NDC - National Defence College : Headquarter - Delhi

 Olympic: Motto – Citius, Altius, Fortius.

 Olympic: Motto – faster, Higher, Stronger.

 Asian Games aka ASIAD

 1st : Asian Games - Delhi (1951)

 T20 : Venue - India (2016)

 T20 : West Indies vs. England (2016)

 T20 : Winner - West Indies (2016)

 T20 : Winner “Women” - West Indies (2016)

 UN : 24 Oct. 1945

 Original : Members - 51

 Current : Members - 193

26 www.karanveerkamra.com
 FIFA : 2018 - Russia

 ILO : 1919 - Geneva

 World Bank: 1944 - Washington D.C.

 IMF: 1945 - Washington D.C.

 UNICEF: 1945 - New York

 FAO: 1945 - Rome

 WHO: 1948 - Geneva

 WTO: 1995 - Geneva

 UN Women : 2010 - New York

 Common Wealth : Headquarter - London (England)

 ADB : Headquarter - Manila (Philippine)

 ASEAN : Headquarter - Jakarta (Indonesia)

 IOC - International Olympic Committee

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 IOC : Headquarter - (Switzerland)

 European Union : Headquarter - Brussels (Belgium)

 NATO : Headquarter - Brussels (Belgium)

 OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

 OPEC : Headquarter - Vienna (Austria)

 SAARC : Headquarter - Kathmandu (Nepal)

 WWF - World Wildlife Fund

 WWF: Headquarter - (Switzerland)

 WWF : Members - All The Countries

 Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh

 Kathakali - Kerala

 Bharatnatyam - Tamil Nadu

28 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Rasa Lila - Uttar Pradesh

 Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

 Study of Universe = Cosmology

 Formation of Galaxies and Stars = Big Bang Theory

 Biggest Satellite : Ganymede (Jupiter)

 Red Planet : Mars

 Blue Plant : Earth

 Green Planet : Uranus

 Brightest Planet : Venus

 Closest Star : Solar System - Proxima Centauri

 Red Dwarf : Proxima Centauri

 Coldest Plant : Neptune

 Morning Star : Venus

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 Evening Star : Venus

 Max. Satellite : Jupiter

 Fast Revolution : Mercury

 Slowest Revolution : Neptune

 Hottest Planet : Venus

 Fastest Rotation : Jupiter

 Slowest Rotation : Venus

 Earth's Twin : Venus

 Satellite : Atmosphere Like Earth - Titan

 Titan : Moon of 'Saturn'

 Largest Moon of 'Saturn' : Titan

 Inner Planet : Near To Sun

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 Outer Planet : Far From Sun

 Light Year : Unit of Distance

 Perihelion : Point - Earth Closest To Sun

 Aphelion : Point - Earth Farthest From Sun

 Earth constitutes: Crust, Mantle, and Core.

 Earth : Core - Iron (Solid)

 Rotation of Earth : Day and Night

 Revolution of Earth : Change of Seasons

 Days and Nights Are Equal : Equinox

 Date : Days and Nights Are Equal - 21 March and 23 September

 Date : Equinox - 21 March and 23 September

 Longest Day : 21 June

 Shortest Night : 22 December

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 Escape Velocity : 11.2 Km/s

 Tropic of Cancer : 23.5 Degree N

 Tropic of Capricorn : 23.5 Degree S

 India : Northern Hemisphere

 Greenwich Mean Time : GMT - 0 Degree

 Greenwich : Near - London

 1 Degree = 4 Minutes

 Moon Between 'Earth and Sun' : Solar Eclipse

 Earth Between 'Moon and Sun' : Lunar Eclipse

 Magnitude of Earthquake : Richter Scale

 Intensity of Earthquake : Seismograph

 Point Where Earthquake Originate : Focus

32 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Point Where We Feel Earthquake : Epicenter

 Point Above Focus On Earth's Surface : Epicenter

 Right of Fire : Pacific Ocean - Volcano

 Tsunami: Earthquake. Volcano. Underwater.

 Himalayas : Fold Mountains

 Largest : Mountain Range - Andes (South America)

 Highest : Mountain Peak - Mt. Everest (Nepal)

 Highest : Mountain Peak (India) - K2 (Godwin Austen)

 Max. in Air : Nitrogen - 78 %

 Nitrogen: Max. in Air - 78 %

 Greenhouse Gas - GHG

 Greenhouse Gas: Water Vapor, Methane, Ozone, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide.

 Atmospheric Pressure : Measure (Instrument) - Barometer

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 Hurricane = Tropical Cyclone

 Hurricane = Tropical Storm

 Longest : River - Nile

 Largest : River - Amazon

 Nile River : Origin - 'Victoria' Lake

 Amazon River : Origin - 'Andes' Mountain Range

 Panama Canal : 'Pacific Ocean' and 'Caribbean Sea'

 Panama Canal : Pacific - Caribbean

 Suez Canal : 'Mediterranean' Sea and 'Red' Sea

 Deepest : Point - Mariana Trench (Pacific Ocean)

 Bab El Mandeb (Strait) : 'Red' Sea and 'Arabian' Sea

 Caspian Sea - Asia

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 Lake Superior - Canada and USA

 Highest : Falls - Angel Falls (Venezuela)

 Largest : Desert - Sahara Desert (North Africa)

 Largest : Island - Greenland (Denmark)

 Max. Gold - China

 Max. Coffee - Brazil

 Largest Grassland - Steppe (Eurasia)

 India-Pakistan : Boundary - 24th Parallel

 India-China : Boundary - McMahon Line

 Pakistan-Afghanistan : Boundary - Durand Line

 USA-Canada : Boundary - 49th Parallel

 Highest : Point (Asia) - Mt. Everest

 Lowest : Point (Asia) - Dead Sea

35 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Highest : Point (Africa) - Mt. Kilimanjaro

 Lowest : Point (Africa) - Lake Assal

 Highest : Point (America) - Mt. McKinley

 Lowest : Point (America) - Death Valley

 India : Longest Boundary - Bangladesh

 India - Tropic of Cancer : 23.5 Degree (North)

 Andaman and Nicobar - Bay of Bengal (East)

 Lakshadweep - Arabian Sea (West)

 Highest : Peak (India) - K2

 Longest : Coastline - Gujarat

 Active : Volcano - Barren Island (Andaman Nicobar)

 Southern Most : Point - Indira Point

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 Southern Most : Tip - Kanyakumari

 Northern Most : Point - Indira Col

 Western Most : Point - Gujarat

 Eastern Most : Point - Arunachal Pradesh

 River : Delhi - Yamuna

 Highest : Falls (India) - Kunchikal (Karnataka)

 Salt Water : Lake - Chilika Lake (Odisha)

 Salt Water : Lake - Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan)

 Ganga : Origin - Gangotri

 Ganga : Mouth - Bay of Bengal

 Yamuna : Origin - Yamunotri

 Yamuna : Mouth - Ganga

 Indus : Origin - Mansarovar

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 Indus : Mouth - Arabian Sea

 Brahmaputra : Origin - Mansarovar

 Brahmaputra : Mouth - Bay of Bengal

 Kaveri : Origin - Western Ghats

 Kaveri : Mouth - Bay of Bengal

 Bhakra Nangal Project : Sutlej (River)

 Black Soil = Regular Soil

 Red Soil : Red - Iron

 India : Two-Third 'Population' - Agriculture

 Kharif - Rice

 Rabi - Wheat

 Metallic: Mineral - Iron. Gold.

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 Non-Metallic: Mineral - Coal. Petroleum.

 Radioactive: Mineral - Uranium.

 DMRC : 2002

 Delhi : Metro - 2002

 Longest : Highway - NH 44

 Golden Quadrilateral: Delhi; Mumbai; Chennai; Kolkata.

 NH 1 : Delhi - Amritsar

 Ozone : (Colorless)

 Kaziranga National Park - Assam

 Gir Forest - Gujarat

 Ghana Bird Sanctuary - Rajasthan

 Corbett National Park - Uttrakhand

 Sunderban Tiger Reserve - West Bengal

39 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Marrakech : Conference - Marrakech (Morocco)

 PPP - Purchasing Power Parity

 Primary Sector - Agriculture

 Secondary Sector - Manufacturing

 Tertiary Sector = Service Sector

 Tertiary Sector - Business

 Niti Ayog : 1st Jan. 2015

 National Planning Committee : Jawaharlal Nehru

 1st : 5 Yr. Plan : Based - 'Harrod Domar Model'

 1st : 5 Yr. Plan : 1951 - 1956

 12th : 5 Yr. Plan : 2012 - 2017

 HDI- Human Development Index

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 HDI: Founder - Mahbub Ul Haq (Pakistan)

 Direct Tax : Paid Directly To Govt. - Income Tax

 Indirect Tax: Paid To 3rd Party - Sales Tax. Vat

 3rd Party – Restaurant; Store.

 GST - Goods and Service Tax

 Father of Green Revolution (World) : William God

 Father of Green Revolution (India) : Swaminathan

 Blue Revolution : Fish

 White Revolution : Cattle

 Saffron Revolution : Sun (Solar Energy)

 PSE - Public Sector Enterprise

 Maharatna : Big PSE

 Navratna : Medium PSE

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 Miniratna : Small PSE

 1st : Bank - Bank of Hindustan

 Bhartiya Mahila Bank : Headquarter - Delhi

 RBI : 1 April 1935

 1st : RBI Governor - Osborne

 1st : RBI Governor (India) - Deshmukh

 Indradhanush 'Scheme' - Bank

 14th : Finance Commission - Y.V. Reddy

 Oldest : Stock Exchange - BSE

 IRDAI - Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India

 Balance of Trade : Difference - Import and Export

 Max. Population - Uttar Pradesh

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 Max. Literacy - Kerala

 Sex Ratio : 9 : 43

 Barter System = Exchange System

 Black Money = Undisclosed Money

 Dumping : Sell At Lower Price

 Inflation : Sell At Higher Price

 Newton : 1st Law - Body Maintain Initial State Unless External Force is Applied

 Newton : 2nd Law - Force is Directly Proportional To 'Mass' * 'Acceleration' (F = Ma)

 Newton : 3rd Law - Every Action Has Equal and Opposite Reaction

 Centripetal Force : Acts - Inward

 Centrifugal Force : Act - Outward

 Kinetic Energy = 1/2 mv2

 Potential Energy = mgh

43 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Power : Unit - Watt

 Power = Work/Time

 Acceleration Due To Gravity : g

 g = 9.8 m/s2

 Gravity: Max. - Poles

 Gravity : Min. - Equator

 Escape Velocity : (Earth) - 11.2 Km/s

 Escape Velocity : (Moon) - 2.4 Km/s

 Earth : Rotation - West To East

 Pressure = Force/Area

 Pressure : Measure 'Instrument' - Barometer

 Pressure : Decrease With Height

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 Pressure : Decrease With High-Altitude

 Body floats in liquid- (density)body < (density)liquid

 Latent Heat - Hidden Heat

 Infrasonic Waves : Less Than - 20 Hz

 Audible Waves : 20 Hz - 20000 Hz

 Ultrasonic Waves : More Than - 20000 Hz

 SONAR - Sound Navigation and Ranging

 Concave Mirror : Shaving Glass

 Convex Mirror : Car Rear-View Mirror

 VIBGYOR

 Blue Color of Sky : Scattering of Light

 Myopia : Short Sightedness - Can See Near Objects Clearly Only

 Hypermetropia : Long Sightedness - Can See Far Objects Clearly Only

45 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Presbyopia : Both - Cannot See Near and Far Objects Clearly

 Astigmatism : Cannot See Horizontal and Vertical Lines Clearly

 Charge : Unit - Coulomb

 Current : Unit - Ampere

 Resistance : Unit - Ohm

 Conductor - Allow Electricity To Pass

 Insulator - Don't Allow Electricity To Pass

 Reciprocal of Conductivity : Resistivity

 V = IR

 Current : Measure 'Instrument' - Ammeter

 Current : Unit - Ampere

 Potential Difference : Measure 'Instrument' - Voltmeter

46 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Potential Difference : Unit - Voltage

 Rays (Cathode and Anode) : Founder - Goldstein

 Radioactivity : Founder - Henry Curie and Pierre Curie

 Nuclear Fission : Split Into Two

 Nuclear Fusion : Combine To Form Single

 Hydrogen Bomb : Based On 'Nuclear Fusion'

 Coolant : Absorb Heat and Prevent Rise in Temperature

 LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

 MASER - Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

 Boiling Point - Temperature At Which Liquid Converts Into Vapor

 Melting Point - Temperature At Which Solid Converts Into Liquid

 Renewable Source : Sunlight

 Non-Renewable Source: Coal, Petroleum.

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 Fire Extinguisher : water-vapor surround fire and cut-off oxygen

 Pesticide : chemicals used to destroy organism which destroy crop

 Botany : Study of Plants

 Zoology : Study of Animals

 Scientist - Aristotle

 DNA – Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

 RNA - Ribo Nucleic Acid

 Night Blindness : Lack of Vitamin A

 Blood Clotting : Lack of Vitamin K

 Blood : Connective Tissue

 Adult Person : 5 - 6 Litre (Blood)

 Ph : 7 (neutral)

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 O: Give - Everyone
 O: Take - O (Only)

 A : Give - A and AB
 A : Take - O and A

 B : Give - B and AB
 B : Take - O and B

 AB : Give - AB
 AB : Take - Everyone

 Heart a.k.a Pacemaker

 Olfactory Function - Smell

 Cerebrum Function - Thinking

 Control : Function - Laughing

 Virus - Ebola

 Ecology : Relationship Between Organism and Environment

 Chlorofluorocarbon : Cause - Depletion of Ozone

49 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Insecticide - Endosulfan

 Endosulfan : Banned (All Over World)

 Chernobyl Disaster : Ukraine - 1986

 Chernobyl Disaster : Explosion of Nuclear Power Plant

 Clone - Identical 'Individual'

 1st : Clone - Dolly (Sheep)

 Largest : Mammal (Land) - Elephant

 Largest : Mammal (World) - Whale

 Largest : Flower (India) - Sapria

 Largest : Bone - Femur

 Largest : Tooth - Elephant

 Largest : Coral Reef - Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

 Largest : Egg - Ostrich

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 Largest : Cell (Body) - Neuron (Nerve Cell)

 Anatomy : Study of Animal

 Anthology : Study of Flower

 Apiculture : Honey Bee Keeping

 Cardiology : Study of Heart

 Cytology : Study of Cell

 Dermatology : Study of Skin

 Floriculture : Study of Flower

 Genetics : Study of Heredity

 Mycology : Study of Muscle

 Ornithology : Study of Bird

 Pisciculture : Study of Fish

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 Sericulture : Silk

 Serpentology : Study of Snake

 Virology : Study of Virus

 CPU - Central Processing Unit

 RAM - Random Access Memory

 ROM - Read Only Memory

 LAN - Local Area Network

 Spyware : Collect Information About User Without Permission

 Malware : Damage The Computer System

 Virus : Installed Without Knowledge and Multiply Itself

 Cryptography : Coding and Decoding

 Super Computer : India – Param

 1st : Country To Make Map - Mesopotamia (Greece)

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 1st : Space Shuttle - Columbia

 1st : Country To Give Voting Right To Women - New Zealand

 1st : Country To Appoint Lokpal - Sweden

 1st : Man To Climb Mt. Everest - Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary

 1st : Man To Go To Space - Yuri Gagarin (Russia)

 1st : Man To Walk Into Space - Alexei Leonov (Russia)

 1st : Man To Climb Mt. Everest Without Oxygen - Phu Dorji Sherpa

 1st : Woman President of A Country - Argentina

 1st : Woman Prime Minister of A Country - Sri Lanka

 1st : Woman To Cross Strait of Gibraltar - Arti Pradhan (India)

 1st : Woman To Cross Seven Seas - Bula Choudhary (India)

 Largest : Airport - King Fahad (Saudi Arabia)

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 Tallest : Building - Burj Khalifa (Dubai)

 Largest : Bay - Hudson Bay (Canada)

 Longest : Canal - Suez Canal (Mediterranean Sea - Red Sea)

 Longest : Epic - Mahabharata

 Largest : Island - Greenland (Greenland)

 Largest : Mosque - Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

 Largest : Delta - Sunderbans (India)

 Largest : Desert - Sahara (Africa)

 Largest : Lake - Caspian Sea

 Largest : Lake (Freshwater) - Lake Superior (USA - Canada)

 Largest : Coral Formation - Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

 Largest : Continent - Asia

 Smallest : Continent - Australia

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 Largest : Country (Population) - China

 Largest : Country (Area) - Russia

 Biggest : Dome - Gol Gumbaz (India)

 Highest : Dam - Bhakra Dam

 Largest : Democracy - India

 Most : Intelligent Animal - Chimpanzee

 Longest : Wall - Great Wall of China

 Highest : Mountain Range - Himalayas

 Longest : Mountain Range - Andes

 Highest : Waterfall - Angel Falls (Venezuela)

 Longest : Gulf - Gulf of Mexico

 Deepest and Biggest : Ocean - Pacific

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 Indian Ocean : Below - India

 Atlantic Ocean : Between - Europe and America

 Pacific Ocean : Between - America and Asia

 Bermuda Triangle - Atlantic Ocean

 Largest : Peninsula - Arabian Peninsula (Arabia)

 Largest : Archipelago - Indonesia

 Largest : River - Amazon

 Longest : River - Nile

 Longest : Swimming Course - English Channel

 Longest : Tunnel - Gotthard Tunnel

 Lightest : Gas - Hydrogen

 Lightest : Metal - Lithium

 Fastest : Bird - Falcon

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 Longest : Snake - King Cobra

 CAPITALS
─ Afghanistan - Kabul
─ Argentina - Buenos Aires
─ Australia - Canberra
─ Austria - Vienna
─ Bangladesh - Dhaka
─ Belgium - Brussels
─ Bhutan - Thimpu
─ Brazil - Brasilia
─ Canada - Ottawa
─ Chile - Santiago
─ China - Beijing
─ Colombia - Bogota
─ Denmark - Copenhagen
─ Egypt - Cairo
─ France - Paris
─ Germany - Berlin
─ Greece - Athens
─ Hungary - Budapest
─ Poland - Budapest
─ Iran - Tehran
─ Iraq - Baghdad
─ Ireland - Dublin
─ Israel - Jerusalem
─ Italy - Rome
─ Japan - Tokyo
─ Kenya - Nairobi
─ North Korea - Pyongyang
─ Kuwait - Kuwait City
─ South Korea - Seoul
─ Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
─ Maldives - Male
─ Mauritius - Port Louis
─ Myanmar - Naypyidaw
─ Nepal - Kathmandu
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─ Netherlands - Amsterdam
─ New Zealand - Wellington
─ Norway - Oslo
─ Pakistan - Islamabad
─ Philippines - Manila
─ Portugal - Lisbon
─ Qatar - Doha
─ Russia - Moscow
─ Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
─ Singapore - Singapore
─ South Africa - Pretoria
─ Spain - Madrid
─ Sri Lanka - Colombo
─ Sweden - Stockholm
─ Switzerland - Bern
─ Thailand - Bangkok
─ Turkey - Ankara
─ UK - London
─ USA - Washington D.C.
─ Venezuela - Caracas
─ Zimbabwe - Harare

 Blue Mountains : Nilgiri Hills

 City Beautiful : Chandigarh

 City of Magnificent Buildings: Washington D.C.

 City of Palaces : Kolkata

 Forbidden City : Tibet

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 Gift of Nile : Egypt

 Holy Land : Palestine

 Island Continent : Australia

 Land of Cakes : Scotland

 Land of Maple : Canada

 Land of Midnight Sun : Norway

 Land of Rising Sun : Japan

 Spice Garden of India : Kerala

 India : Discovery - Vasco Da Gama (1498)

 America : Discovery - Christopher Columbus

 Planets : Discovery - Kepler

 Solar System : Discovery - Copernicus

 Mount Everest : Discovery - Edmund Hillary

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 White Paper : official Paper of Govt. - UK and India

 Seven Wonders : Taj Mahal (India)

 Lotus : Symbol - Culture

 Red Cross : Symbol - Hospital

 Red Flag : Symbol - Danger

 Black Flag : Symbol - Protest

 Blindfolded Woman Holding A Balance : Symbol - Justice

 One Skull On Two Bones Crossing Each Other : Symbol - Danger

 Wheel (Chakra) : Symbol - Progress

 Largest : Newspaper (India) - Times of India

 India : Parliament - Sansad

 UK : Parliament - Parliament

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 USA : Parliament - Congress

 Smallest : Country (Population) - Vatican City

 Smallest : Country (Area) - Vatican City

 Vatican City : Wall - Rome (Italy)

 Biggest : Religion - Christianity (2.2 Billion)

 India : Emblem – Lion Capital of Ashoka

 Constituent Assembly : Advisor - B.N. Rau

India

 1st : Newspaper - Bengal Gazette (Hickey)

 1st : International 'Call' - Mumbai To London

 1st : Silent Movie - Raja Harish Chandra (Dadasaheb Phalke)

 1st : Talkie Movie - Alam Ara

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 1st : Warship - Ins Vikrant

 1st : Satellite - Aryabhatta

 1st : Nuclear Reactor - Apsara

 1st : Lunar Mission - Chandrayaan (2008)

 1st : Mars Mission - Mars Orbital Mission (2013)

 1st : Asian Games - Delhi (1951)

 1st : Census - 1872

 1st : Biosphere Reserve - Nilgiri

 1st : National Park - Hailey National Park

 1st : Clone Animal - Samrupa

 1st : Governor General - Bentinck

 1st : Governor General 'Indian' - Rajagopalchari

 1st : Commander in Chief - K.M. Cariappa

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 1st : Field Marshal - Manekshaw

 1st : Indian To Go in Space - Rakesh Sharma

 1st : Indian To Climb Mt. Everest Without Oxygen - Sherpa Ang Dorje

 1st : NHRC Chairman - Rangnath Mishra

 1st : Nobel Prize 'Physics' - C.V. Raman

 1st : Nobel Prize 'Literature' - Rabindranath Tagore

 1st : Nobel Prize 'Economics' - Amartya Sen

 1st : Nobel Prize 'Medicine' - Dr. Har Govind Khorana

 1st : Bharat Ratna - Radhakrishnan. Rajagopalchari. Raman.

 1st : Bharat Ratna 'Posthumously' - Lal Bahadur Shastri

 1st : Jnanpith 'Award' - Sankara Kurup

 1st : Cross 'English Channel' - Mihir Sen

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 1st : ICJ Judge - B.N. Rau

 1st : Woman To Cilmb Mt. Everest - Bachendri Pal

 1st : Woman Cabinet Minister - Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

 1st : Woman Chairman of Un General Assembly - Vijay Laxmi Pandit

 1st : Woman President of India - Pratibha Patil

 1st : Woman Speaker of Lok Sabha - Meira Kumar

 1st : Woman Prime Minister of India - Indira Gandhi

 1st : Woman IAS officer - Anna George

 1st : Woman Chief Justice - Leela Seth

 1st : Woman Bharat Ratna - Indira Gandhi

 1st : Woman Nobel Prize - Mother Teresa

 1st : Actress in Rajya Sabha - Nargis Dutt

 1st : Woman Governor - Sarojini Naidu

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 1st : Woman Chief Minister - Sucheta Kriplani

India

 Longest : River - Ganga

 Longest : Canal - Indira Gandhi Canal

 Longest : Dam - Hirakud Dam

 Highest : Dam - Bhakra Dam

 Longest : Beach - Marina Beach

 Largest : Saline Water Lake - Chilika Lake

 Largest : Fresh Water Lake - Wular Lake

 Biggest : River Island - Majuli

 Highest : Waterfall - Kunchikal Falls

 Longest : Coastline - Gujarat

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 Longest : Sea Bridge - Bandra Worli (Sea Link)

 Longest : Road - Grand Trunk Road (Delhi - Kolkata)

 Largest : Desert - Thar Desert

 Largest : Delta - Sunderbans

 Largest : Zoo - Zoological Garden

 Highest : Award - Bharat Ratna

 Highest : Peak - K2 (Godwin Austen)

 Largest : Mosque - Jama Masjid

 Highest : Battlefield - Siachen Glacier

 The Three Musketeers (Book) - Alexandre Dumas

 Politics (Book) - Aristotle

 God of Small Things (Book) - Arundhati Roy

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 Time Machine (Book) - Herbert George Wells

 My Truth (Book) - Indira Gandhi

 Discovery of India (Book) - Jawaharlal Nehru

 Glimpses of World History (Book) - Jawaharlal Nehru

 Straight From Heart (Book) - Kapil Dev

 Das Capital (Book) - Karl Marx

 I Dare As I See (Book) - Kiran Bedi

 Inheritance of Loss (Book) - Kiran Desai

 My Experiments With Truth (Book) - Mahatma Gandhi

 Heart of India (Book) - Mark Tully

 Golden Threshold (Book) - Sarojini Naidu

 The Broken Wings (Book) - Sarojini Naidu

 Long Era of Darkness (Book) - Shashi Tharoor

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 Brief History of Time (Book) - Stephen Hawking

 All About Women (Book) - Taslima Nasreen

 Sachin Cricketer of The Century (Book) - Vimal Kumar

 Driven (Book) - Virat Kohli

 As You Like It (Book) - William Shakespeare

 The Test of My Life (Book) - Yuvraj Singh

 NRI Day - 9 Jan.

 Youth Day - 12 Jan.

 Swami Vivekananda: Birthday - 12 Jan.

 Army Day - 15 Jan.

 Girl Child Day - 24 Jan.

 Voters Day - 25 Jan.

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 Customs Day - 26 Jan.

 Republic Day - 26 Jan.

 Martyr's Day - 30 Jan.

 Wetland Day - 2 Feb.

 Cancer Day - 4 Feb.

 Science Day - 28 Feb.

 Women's Day - 8 March.

 International Human Rights Day - 15 March.

 Forest Day - 21 March.

 Water Day - 22 March.

 Meteorological Day - 23 March.

 TB Day - 24 March.

 Health Day - 7 April.

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 Earth Day - 22 April.

 Labour Day - 1 May.

 Press Freedom Day - 3 May.

 Red Cross Day - 8 May.

 Anti-Terrorism Day - 21 May.

 Environment Day - 5 June.

 Yoga Day - 21 June.

 International Youth Day - 12 August.

 Sports Day - 29 August.

 Dhyanchand Birthday - 29 August.

 Teacher's Day - 5 September.

 Radhakrishnan Birthday - 5 September.

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 Hindi Day - 14 September.

 International Peace Day - 21 September.

 Tourism Day - 27 September.

 Non-Violence Day - 2 October.

 Mahatma Gandhi Birthday - 2 October.

 Lal Bahadur Shastri Birthday - 2 October.

 International Teacher's Day - 5 October.

 Air Force Day - 8 October.

 UN Day - 24 October.

 Legal Services Day - 9 November.

 Children's Day - 14 November.

 Diabetes Day - 14 November.

 International Children's Day - 20 November.

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 Aids Day - 1 Dec.

 Advocates Day - 3 Dec.

 Rajendra Prasad Birthday - 3 Dec.

 Person with Disabilities Day - 3 Dec.

 Navy Day - 4 Dec.

 Flag Day - 7 Dec.

 International Human Rights Day - 10 Dec.

 Good Governance Day - 25 Dec.

 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Birthday - 25 Dec.

 Theory of 'Utilitarianism : Jeremy Bentham

 Term : International Law - Jeremy Bentham

 Father of 'International Law' : Hugo Grotius

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 Law 'Positive Morality' : John Austin

 The Idea of Justice (Book) - Amartya Sen

 Ignorance of Law Excuse No Man - John Seldon

 Justice Must Not Only be Done But Appear To be Done - Henry Cecil

 Litigation is A Game - Pollock

 Directive Principles Are Like Cheque Payable At Convenience - K.T. Shah

 Law Forbid Rich and Poor To Sleep Under Bridges - Anatole France

 Law is Reason Free From Passion - Aristotle

 Law is Cement of Society - Granville Williams

 Writing Law is Easy But Governing is Difficult - Leo Tolstoy

 If There Were No Bad People There Would be No Good Lawyers - Charles Dickens

 Oilpol : Prevention of Pollution of Sea by Oil

 Ramsar 'Convention' - Wetlands

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 Silk 'Road' : Iran - China

 Conference : Human Environment - (Stockholm)

 UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme

 UNEP : Founder - Maurice Strong

 UNEP : Headquarter - Nairobi (Kenya)

 Marpol : Marine Pollution

 Kyoto 'Protocol' : Greenhouse

 Delhi 'Summit' : 2002

 Earth 'Summit' : 1992 - Rio (Sustainable Development)

 NGT : 2010

 Custom Duties: Tax - Central Govt.

 Ad Valorem : According To Value

74 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Central Tax: Income Tax; Custom Duty; Corporate Tax.

 State Tax: Land Revenue; Agriculture; Land Tax; Vat; Alcohol; Road Tax; Toll Tax;
Luxury Tax; Entertainment Tax.

 Education : No Tax

 Non-Cooperation Movement : Start – 1920; End - 1922

 Viceroy : During "Non-Cooperation Movement" : Lord Chelmsford

 Andrews A.K.A Deenbandhu

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy : Against - "Sati Custom"

 Viceroy : Repealed "Vernacular Press Act" - Lord Lytton

 Vernacular - Local Language

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Founder - "Mahratha" & "Kesari" Newspaper

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Founder - "Kesari" Newspaper

 Yakshagana "Art Form" - Karnataka

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 Budhha : Born - "Lumbini"

 Sunga "Dynasty" : After - "Maurya" Dynasty

 1st : Buddhist Council - "Rajgriha"

 Ibn Batuta "Traveller" : During - "Mohd. Bin Tughlaq"

 Ibn Batuta Born - "Morocco"

 Ibn Batuta Book - "Rihala"

 Indica (Book) by - "Megasthenes"

 Chera Kingdom : Kerala

 Gregorian Calendar : We Follow "Gregorian Calendar"

 Saka Calendar : official Calendar - "India"

 India : "Saka Calendar"

 Difference: "Saka Calendar" and "Gregorian Calendar" - 78 Yrs.

 Fahien : Visited India During - "Chandragupta 2"

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 Khajurao Temples : Built by - "Chandelas"

 Chambal "River" - Rajasthan

 Tungabhadra "River" - Karnataka

 Beas "River" - Himachal

 Kishenganga "River" - J&K

 Teesta "River" - Sikkim

 Nanda Devi "Peak" : Uttrakhand

 Satpura Range : "Rajpipla" + "Maikal" + "Mahadeo" - Hills

 Krishna "River" - Vijaywada "City"

 Largest Sugarcane Producer "India" - Uttar Pradesh

 Planet : Without "Natural Satellite" – Mercury; Venus

 Cotopaxi "Volcano" : Andes "Mountain" - Ecuador

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 Ring of Fire : Area "Pacific Ocean" where Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur

 Nagarjuna Sagar Dam : Krishna "River"

 Krishna "River" : South-India

 Largest Riverine Island : "Majuli" Island

 Majuli "Island" : Brahmaputra (Assam)

 Riverine Island District : Majuli "Island"

 Indian Standard Time : 82.5 East "Longitude"

 GST = UTC

 Silent Valley "National Park" : Kerala

 Indian Astronomical Observatory : Ladakh

 Constituent Assembly : Prepare "Constitution"

 Constituent Assembly : President - Rajendra Prasad

 Chairman "Drafting Committee" - B.R. Ambedkar
 Advisor : B.N. Rau

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 1st President : Rajendra Prasad

 1st Law-Minister : B.R. Ambedkar

 1st Indian-Judge "ICJ" : B.N. Rau

 Public Accounts Committee : 22 Members (15 Loksabha + 7 Rajyasabha)

 Supreme Court : Started - 28 January 1950

 Constitution of India: From - Govt. of India Act 1935

 Emergency : 352 - 356 - 360

 42nd Amendment 1976 : "Socialist" and "Secular" - Mini Constitution

 Fundamental Duties : "Swaran Singh" Committee

 official-Language "Union of India" - Article 343

 official-Language "Union of India" : "Hindi" and "English"

 Amendment - Article 368

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 Uniform Civil Code : "Article 44" - Part 4

 Fundamental Duties : "Article 51a" - Part 4a

 Legislative Council "Vidhan Parishad" : 7 States

 Nominated "Members" : President - Rajya Sabha : 12

 Nominated "Members" : Governor - Legislative Council "Vidhan Parishad" : 1/6

 Election Commission of India : Article 324

 Vijaya 'Bank' : Agreement - 'Piaggio'

 Finland : 'Capital' - Helsinki

 Australian : 'Overseas Citizen of India' - Shaun Tait

 E-Commerce 'Company' : Member 'ASCI' - Paytm

 Theatre 'Day' : 27 March

 NHB - 'National Housing Bank' : Headquarter - 'Delhi'

 Young Women U-19 : 'Badminton' - Purva Barve

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 1000 'Matches' : Tennis - 'Rafael Nadal'

 Santosh 'Trophy' : West Bengal

 Santosh 'Trophy' - (Football)

 Kenya : 'Capital' - Nairobi

 USA : Organization - 'American Hindu Coalition'

 BIMSTEC : Meeting 'National Security Advisor' - India

 WHO : 'Disability' - Blindness

 Best-Water Ngo - ISKCON

 Unnati : 'Credit Card' - SBI

 USA : 'Export' India - 'Natural Gas'

 Regal Cinema - Closed

 Leadership 'Conference' : Human-Right - 'Vanita Gupta'

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 B.S. Chauhan 'Law-Commission' : Report - 'Hate Speech'

 Gurdev Singh Badal - 'Dead'

 Bandra-Worli 'Sea Link' : Swim - 'Gauri Singh'

 Online 'Film' Certification-System : E-Cinepramaan

 IOL : 'Supply' Oil - Nepal

 Ananya 'Branch' : Syndicate 'Bank'

 World Hockey League - Odisha

 World Cup 'Hockey' - Odisha

 Cannabis - Marijuana : 'Medicine' – Argentina

 PERU- 'Peace Education Reconciliation Unit' : Sri Lanka

 Noble 'Literature' : Bob Dylan

 NATO : 29th 'Member' - Montenegro

 Deodhar 'Trophy' : Tamil Nadu

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 Animal Welfare 'Board' : Chairman - 'Sharad Singh Negi'

 DRDO : 'Chairman' - Christopher

 AAI - 'Airport Authority of India' : Headquarter - 'Delhi'

 Home of Brave (Book) : Nitin Gokhale Chatterji

 Home of Brave (Book) : 'Rashtriya Rifles'

 ICC 'Award' : India

 Best 'Small-Bank' : Karur Vysya 'Bank'

 India : 'No' Vote (Un - General Assembly) - 'Nuclear Disarmament'

 Environment 'Education' Congress : Vancouver (Canada)

 Truecaller : 'Truecaller Pay' - Axis 'Bank'

 WFP - 'World Food Programme' : David Beasley

 WFP: 'Rome'

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 Australia : 'Cyclone' - Debbie

 Elvan Abeylegesse - 'Turkey'

 Grandmaster : 'Srinath Narayanan'

 E-Billing 'System' : Indian Air Force

 Hari Om Award : Neena Shrivastava

 Atlantic Council 'Think-Tank' : Member - 'Anil Ambani'

 Pakistan : Border 'Fence' - Afghanistan

 Pakistan-Afghanistan : 'Border' - Durand 'Line'

 China : 'Martial Art' - Tai Chi

 Netherland = Holland

 Netherland : 'Capital' - Amsterdam

 Vikram Limaye : Member of BCCI

 Laadli Award : Ngo - 'Population First'

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 Great Firewall - 'China'

 Wi-Fi 'Hotspot' : Railwire Saathi

 IPO : GIC - 'General Insurance Corporation'

 Pravasi Bhartiya 'Great-Britain' : (Award) - Priti Patel

 India's 'Ambassador' : UK - 'Yashvardhan Sinha'

 Emerging Artist 'Glenfiddich' : (Award) - Sitaram Swain

 Lionel Messi : 'Ban' (Insulting Referee) - 4 'Matches'

 PSU 'Dainik Bhaskar' : (Award) - Airport Authority of India

 Amazon : 'Buy' - Souq.Com

 Soft-Drink 'Company' : Train 'Vendor' - Coca Cola

 Bs-3 : 'Ban' - 1st April

 Bs-4 : 'Start' - 1st April

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 8-11 'Demonetization' : (Digital and Paperless) A/C - Kotak Mahindra 'System'

 Traffic - 'Mobile App.' : E-Challan ; M-Parivahan

 Pmay-G 'Scheme' : 100 Lakh 'Houses'

 Nagaland : 'Chief Minister' - Liezietsu

 Axis Bank : 'CEO' - Shikha Sharma

 Central Vigilance Commissioner : 'Chowdary'

 'Montblanc' : Ambassador - 'Ab De Villiers'

 Mascot : 'Bhoorsingh - Barasingha' - Kanha National Park

 Metal Mining : Banned in 'El Salvador'

 IRDAI : 'Penalty' - ICICI Prudential

 Player of Year : 'Hockey' – Sunil

 Uruguay Round Negotiations : WTO

 Uruguay Round Negotiations : 'Result' - WTO

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 WTO : 1995 - Geneva

 GATT (Old) - WTO (New)

 WTO - GATT : Marrakech Agreement

 WTO : After Every 2 Years

 Last WTO 'Meeting' - 2015 : Nairobi (Kenya)

 Nairobi Package : WTO

 Nairobi Package - Aim To Benefit Poor Nations

 Doha Development Round : WTO

 India : Join 'WTO' - 1995

 Trips : WTO

 Trips - (Agreement)

 WTO : 'Not' Part of UN

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 President's Rule : 356

 Emergency : 352 - May be Revoked by Either 'President' or 'Parliament'

 Emergency : 356 - Only Revoked by 'President' On Advise of Council-Ministers

 President's Rule : Governor - Acts On Behalf of President

 Council of Ministers (Union) : Collectively Responsible To Lok Sabha

 Council of Ministers (State) : Collectively Responsible To Vidhan Sabha

 De Jure Head - President

 De Facto Head - Prime Minister

 De Jure Head - Governor

 De Facto Head - Chief Minister

 During : President's Rule - Vidhan Sabha is 'Dissolved' or 'Suspended'

 J&K : Emergency 356 - Governor's Rule

 Bommai vs. UOI : President’s Rule

 Rameshwar Prasad vs. UOI : President's Rule

88 www.karanveerkamra.com
 President's Rule : 2016 - Uttrakhand

 Composite Floor Test : To Check 'Majority' of Leading Party in House

 Anti Defection : 10th Schedule - 52nd Amendment

 Defection : voluntary resignation from party; disobey directives of party; don't vote on
any issue important to party

 NITI : 1 January 2015

 NITI : Vice Chairman - Arvind Panagariya

 Arvind Panagariya : Members

- World Bank
- ADB
- IMF
- WTO
- UNCTAD

 UNCTAD - United Nations Conference of Trade and Development

 NITI : Ex officio - 4 'Union Ministers'

 Article 124 : Judiciary - NJAC

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 Appointment of Judges : 'President' Always Consult - CJI

 Special Reference Case = 3 Judges Case : NJAC

 NJAC : CJI
 2 'Senior Most' Judges
 Law Minister
 2 'Eminent' Personalities

 Advocates On Record vs. UOI : NJAC 'Unconstitutional'

 PIL : 'Introduced' by - P.N. Bhagwati

 P.N. Bhagwati - Ex. CJI : (Dead)

 LBA : Land Boundary Agreement - 'India' and 'Bangladesh'

 India Bangladesh : Boundary - Chitmahals

 India Bangladesh : Boundary - Dahala Khagrabari

 Delimitation : Fixing Limits of Territories

 Delimitation : Fixing Boundaries of Territories

 Article 24 : Children Below 14 Yrs. - No Hazardous Work

90 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Article 21A : Education 6-14 Yrs. - Fundamental Right

 POSCO: Below 18 Yrs.

 Juvenile: Below 18 Yrs.

 Juvenile: 16-18 Yrs. - Heinous offence : Can be Tried As Adults

 Convention : Rights of Child - 1992 (India)

 Joint Parliamentary Committee : 'Land Acquisition'

 Joint Parliamentary Committee : 20 - Lok Sabha; 10 - Rajya Sabha

 Real Estate Act : Complaint - 60 Days

 World Bank : Ease of Doing Business 'Index'

 Rajya Sabha : Pass - Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Bill '2016'

 IPC - 1860

 Section 121: Wage or Attempt - War With Govt. of India

 Section 124A: Sedition - Hatred against Govt. of India

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 Hindu Succession Act - 2005 : 'Daughter' Have Right in Property

 Section 228A : Disclosure of Identity 'Victim of Rape' : offence

 Lily Thomas vs. UOI : Representation of People Act - Unconstitutional

 Lily Thomas vs. UOI : Convicted MP or MLA Continue in office - (Wrong)

 Shreya Singhal : Section 66A - Information Technology Act

 Polluter Pays: Principle - Ban 'Diesel Cars' 10 Yrs.

 Highest No. of Displaced People by Conflict - Assam

 First Organic State - Assam

 100 % Education - Kerala

 Gender Education Compulsory - Telangana

 Alcohol banned in
- Bihar
- Gujrat
- Nagaland
- Mizoram

 4th State : Alcohol 'Ban' - Bihar

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 Total Primary Education : Kannur

 Digital State : Kerala

 Typhoon : 'Nona' - Philippines

 Typhoon : 'Nina' - Philippines

 Typhoon : 'Melor' - Philipines

 Silk Road : Iran - China

 Zika Virus : Mosquito - Aedes Aegypti (Daytime)

 Mother Teresa : Saint of Roman Catholic Church - Cannonisation (Process)

 1st : White Tiger Safari - Mukundpur (Madhya Pradesh)

 Supercomputer : Param Kanchenjunga

 Venus : Longest - Day and Night (Fastest - Revolution)

 Jupiter : Shortest - Day and Night (Slowest - Revolution)

 Time: Sunlight To Reach 'Earth' - 8 Min. 16 Sec. (496 Sec.)

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 Time: Moonlight To Reach 'Earth' - 1.3 Sec.

 Smallest : Satellite - Deimos (Mars)

 Biggest : Satellite - Ganymede (Jupiter)

 Tropic of Cancer : India - 9 'States'

 Tropic of Cancer : India – Gujarat; Rajasthan; Madhya Pradesh; Chhattisgarh; Jharkhand;

West Bengal; Tripura; Mizoram

 Tropic of Cancer : Neighbor 'India'

- Bangladesh
- China
- Myanmar

 1st - GMT : Line 'Cross' - 5 (States)

- MP, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, AP, UP

 India: No. of States 'Touch Foreign Countries' - 17

 India: No. of Countries 'Touch foreign countries' - 7

 Ruler of 'Mewar' - Maharana Pratap

 Net Neutrality : Founder - Tim Wu

94 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Whatsapp Founder - Jan Koum

 Article 21 : 'According To Procedure Established by Law'

 Article 21 : A.K. Gopalan vs. Madras

 According To Procedure Established by Law : A.K. Gopalan vs. Madras

 Golak Nath vs. Punjab : Fundamental Rights Cannot be Amended

 Kesavnanda vs. Kerala : Fundamental Rights Can be Amended

 Basic Structure of Constitution Can't be Amended

 Kesavnanda vs. Kerala : 13 Judges

 Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain : Judicial Review

 Maneka Gandhi vs. UOI : Procedure Established by Law - Just Fair Reasonable

 Minerva Mills vs. UOI : Basic Structure Doctrine

 Transgender : Nalsa vs. UOI

95 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Under-Trial Prisoners : Hussainara Khatoon vs. Bihar

 Women 'Workplace' : Vishaka vs. Rajasthan

 Juvenile in Jail : Sheela Barse vs. UOI

 Bonded Labour : Bandhu Mukti Morcha vs. UOI

 Absolute Liability (Environmental Pollution) : M.C. Mehta vs. UOI

 Custodial Violence : Nilabati Behera vs. Odhisha

 Right of Arrested Person : D.K. Basu vs. West Bengal

 Mandamus : Vineet Narain vs. UOI

 Mobile : Internet 'Access' - Freedom of Speech

 Save Life Foundation vs. UOI : People Who Save in Accident - 'Not' Harassed

 People Who Save and Help Victim in Accident : Good Samaritan

 Lottery : Case - Kerala

 Child Born From Rape Has Right Over Assaulter's Property : Allahabad HC
96 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Minimum 'Educational Qualification' : Panchayat - Haryana

 Cinema 'Censor' : Shyam Bengal 'Committee'

 Sit : Black Money - M.B. Shah

 Delhi : Traffic 'Violation' - Radhakrishnan 'Committee'

 Yoga 'Education' : Nagendra 'Committee'

 MCI - Medical Council of India

 Medical Council of India : Lodha 'Committee'

 BCCI : Lodha ' Committee'

 IPL Scandal : Lodha 'Committee'

 PACL : Pearls Agrotech Coroporation Ltd. - Lodha 'Committee'

 7th : Pay Commission : A.K. Mathur

 Empowered Committee On Film Certification : Mukul Mudgal 'Committee'

97 www.karanveerkamra.com
 No State Government Can Order Suspension of Film : Mukul Mudgal

 FSLRC : Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission - B.N. Srikrishna

 Center-State Relation : Sarkaria 'Commission'

 Provide Result in Text With Audio For PWD : App. - Gyansetu

 ITU World Telecom Event : Award - Gyansetu

 National Film Awards : 'Given' by - President

 Narendra Modi : 9th - Most 'Powerful'

 National League For Democracy : Leader - Aung Saan Suu Kyi (Myanmar)

 Kingdom For His Love (Book) : Vani Mahesh; Shinie Antony

 Sleeping On Jupiter : Anuradha Roy

 The Drowned Detective (Book) : Neil Patrick

 The Crying Game (Show) : Neil Patrick

 Chief Information Commissioner : R.K. Mathur

98 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Central Administrative Tribunal : Permod Kohli

 NASSCOM : Chairman - Gurnani

 Consumer Disputes Redressal : D.K. Jain

 NHRC : H.L. Dattu

 GST 'Committee' : State 'Finance Ministers' - Amit Mitra

 UNHCR : Filipo Grandi

 SAWEN : South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network

 SAWEN : Member - India

 My Biosphere My Future : Campaign - UNESCO

 SARTTAC : South Asia Regional Training and Technical Assistance Center

 UN 'Security Council' : Against - North Korea

 Atomic Energy Agency : Vienna (Austria)

99 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Human Environment : Conference - Stockholm

 UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

 UNEP : Founder - Maurice Strong

 UNEP : Headquarter - Nairobi (Kenya)

 United Nations Conference On Human Environment : 'Result' - UNEP

 Earth 'Summit' : Rio - 1992

 UN Conference On Environment and Development = Earth 'Summit'

 Term : 'Sustainable Development' - Earth 'Summit'

 Convention On Climate Change : Stabilize 'Greenhouse Gas'

 UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change

 UNFCCC : 'Result' - Kyoto Protocol

 Kyoto Protocol : 'Climate' - 1997

 World 'Summit' : Sustainable Development - Johannesburg

100 www.karanveerkamra.com
 TERI : Tata Energy Research Institute - (Old)

 TERI : The Energy and Resource Institute - (New)

 Delhi 'Summit' : Organized by - TERI

 Paris 'Agreement': Objective - Limit Temp. Below 2'c; Temp. Increase Limit 1.5'c

 NGT : 'National Green Tribunal' Act - 2010

 NGT : Headquarter - Delhi

 NGT : Chairman - Retired 'Chief Justice' of High Court; Judge of Supreme Court

 1st Country : Environment Protection 'State Goal' in Constitution - India

 Article 48A : Forest and Wildlife

 Article 51A (G) : Fundamental Duty - Protect 'Forest and Wildlife'

 Acid Rain : Due To Emission of - Sulphur Dioxide; Nitrogen Oxides

 Public Trust Doctrine : Founder - 'Roman' Empire

 Public Trust Doctrine : Air Sea Water Forest - Not 'Private Ownership'
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 Sexual Harassment : Only 'Protect' - Women

 Stalking : Only 'Protect' - Women

 Acid Attack : 'Protect' - Men and Women (Both)

 Section 370 : Human Trafficking

 Article 370 : J&K

 Section 375 : Rape

 Section 376A : Death Due To Rape

 Aruna Shanbaug : Case - 'Rape' by Sweeper (Hospital)

 Passive Euthanasia : Case - Aruna Shanbaug

 Free Medical Treatment 'Acid-Attack Victim' : Case - Laxmi vs. UOI

 Central Vigilance Commissioner : K.V. Chowdary

 Central Vigilance Commissioner : 'Appointed' by - President

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 Lokpal = Ombudsman

 Lokpal 'Bill' : Introduction - 1968

 Lokpal 'Bill' : Passed - 2013

 Lokpal 'Bill' : President's Assent - 1 Jan. 2014

 Paying For Sex : Ban - France

 Supermarket Food Waste : Ban - France

 Polygamy : Mandatory - Eritrea

 Sexual Assault On Men : Crime - China

 Affidavit - Written Statement Under Oath Which is Sworn To be True

 Ratio Decidendi - Principles Laid Down in A Judgment

 Obiter Dicta - Remarks of Judge

 Per Incurium - Decision Given by Court I.E. Contrary To Law

 Per Incurium - Wrong Decision by Court

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 Contempt of Court - Disobey Court

 Sacrilege - offence of Breaking Divine Idol

 Putsch - Attempt To Overthrow The Govt.

 Estoppel - Stop Someone To Change The Previous Statement

 Confession - To Admit Guilty of Crime

 Cess - Temporary Tax Levied To Obtain Revenue

 Palimony : Financial Settlement in Dispute of Live-in Partners

 De Facto - in Fact

 Ex officio - by Virtue of office

 Colorable Legislation - Can't be Done Directly Can't be Done Indirectly

 Sine Die - Indefinitely

 Gram Nyayalaya - Affordable Access To Justice At Doorstep

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 Ex Aquo Et Bono - in Equity and Good Conscience

 Ex Aquo Et Bono - in Justice and Good Faith

 ADR : Alternate Dispute Redressal - Lok Adalat

- Arbitration
- Mediation
- Conciliation

 Lok Adalat : People's Court

 Lok Adalat : Doesn't - Non Compoundable offence (Serious offence)

 Rebuttal - To Repel by Counter Proof

 Rebuttal - Contradict

 Rebuttal - Counter Evidence

 Equity - Justice

 Equity - Fair and Right

 Restitution - Restoration

 Restitution - Restoration To Its Original State

105 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Restitution - Compensation

 Perjury - Lying Under Oath

 Mutiny - Rebel
 Mutiny - Revolt
 Mutiny - Strike
 Mutiny - Putsch

 Probation - Temporary

 Parole - Release of Prisoner Before Completion of Sentence On Condition

 Furlough - Release of Prisoner For A Period of Time

 Ad Valorem - According To Value

 Blind 'Valley' : Karst Region

 Soul of 'Indian Constitution' : Right To Constitutional Remedies

 Soul of 'Indian Constitution' : Article 32 - Constitutional Remedies

 Swang 'Dance' : Rajasthan

 Rouff 'Dance' : Jammu Kashmir

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 Rasa Leela 'Dance' : Uttar Pradesh

 Sattriya 'Dance' : Assam

 Bharatnatyam 'Dance' : Tamil Nadu

 Kathakali 'Dance' : Kerala

 Kuchipudi 'Dance' : Andhra Pradesh

 Attorney General : 'Constitutional' Post

 India - Srilanka : 'Boundary' - Palk Strait

 India : 1st Longest 'Boundary' - Bangladesh

 India : 2nd Longest 'Boundary' - China

 India - Nepal : 'Boundary' - Unrestricted Movement of Goods and People

 Gandhi : 1st Time 'Fast Unto Death' - Against 'Separate Communal Electorate'

 1st Time 'Press Censorship' : Done by - Lord Wellesley

107 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Closed Economy : Neither Export Nor Import

 Agriculture : State 'List'

 Money Market : RBI and Banks

 Capital Market : SEBI

 MALABAR : India - USA - Japan

 VARUNA : India - France

 KONKAN : India - UK

 INDRA : India - Russia

 SIMBEX : India - Singapore

 MITRA SHAKTI : India - Sri Lanka

 HAND IN HAND : India - China

 Gandhi : Surrender 'Title' - Kaiser E Hind

 Gandhi : 'Title' - Kaiser E Hind

108 www.karanveerkamra.com
 Chernobyl Disaster : 'Reason' - Radioactive Waste (Gas Leakage)

 Stainless Steel : 'Hardness' Reason - Carbon

 1st : Largest : Steel 'Producer' - China

 2nd : Largest : Steel 'Producer' – India

 Longest River in World - Nile

 Largest River in World - Amazon

 Longest River in India - Ganga

 Longest Rivers Flowing Through India : "Indus" and "Brahmaputra"

 But - Mostly Flowing Outside India

 Longest River in India - Ganga

 Indus : India-Pakistan

 River in Delhi - Yamuna

 Red Fort : Shahjahan

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 Highest Mountain in World - Mt. Everest

 Highest Mountain in India - K2 (Godwin Austen)

 India : Sex Ratio : 1000 Males - 940 Females

 Largest State - Rajasthan

 Smallest State - Goa

 Largest City - Mumbai

 National Motto - Satyameva Jayate

 Highest Point in World - Mt. Everest

 Highest Point in India - K2 (Godwin Austen) : Karakoram Range

 National Bird - Peacock

 National Flower - Lotus
 National Tree - Banyan Tree
 National River - Ganga
 National Aquatic Animal - Dolphin
 National Animal - Tiger
 National Heritage Animal - Elephant
 National Fruit - Mango

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 India : 29 States - 7 Union Territories

 1st Governor-General of India : Warren Hastings

 1st Governor-General of Independent-India : Mountbatten

 1st Indian-Governor-General of India : Rajagopalchari

 Governor-General : Till "26 January 1950"

 After "26 January 1950" : President

 1st Army Chief – KM Cariappa

 1st Field Marshall - Manekshaw

 1st Speaker of Lok Sabha - Mavalankar

 1st President - Rajendra Prasad

 1st Vice-President - Radhakrishnan

 1st Prime-Minister - Nehru

 1st RBI Governor - Sir Osborne Smith

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 1st Non-Congress Prime-Minister - Morarji Desai

 1st Indian To Go To Space - Rakesh Sharma

 1st Person To Go To Space - Yuri Gagarin (Russia)

 1st Person To Go To Moon - Neil Armstrong (USA)

 1st Woman IAS - Anna George

 Youngest Bharat Ratna - Sachin Tendulkar

 1st Indian To Cross English Channel - Mihir Sen

 1st Woman To Cross English Channel - Arati Saha

 Raman Magsaysay Award - Vinoba Bhave

 Nobel Prize Winner : Literature - Rabindra Nath Tagore

 Nobel Prize Winner : Physics - CV Raman

 1st Woman Chief Minister - Sucheta Kriplani

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 1st Chief Election Commissioner - Sukumar Sen

 1st India in ICJ - Nagendra Singh

 Foreign Winner of Bharat Ratna - Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

 1st CJI - HJ Kania

 1st Woman DGP - Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya

 1st Indian Surgeon : Heart Transplant - Dr. Venugopal

 1st Surgeon (World) : Heart Transplant - Christian Bernard

 1st Woman Nobel-Prize - Mother Teresa

 1st Governor - Sarojini Naidu

 1st Woman Teacher - Savitribai Phule

 1st National Human Rights Commission : Chairman - Ranganath Mishra

 Indian Who Won Grammy Award - Pandit Ravi Shankar

 1st Indian Member of British Parliament - Dada Bhai Naoroji

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 1st Indian To Climb Mount Everest - Avtar Singh Cheema

 1st Indian-Woman To Climb Mount Everest - Bachendri Pal

 "Vyas-Samman" Award : Ramvilas Sharma

 Mountaineer Who Climbed Everest 8 Times - Sherpa

 Indian Managing-Director : World Bank - Gautam Kaji

 Actress : "Padma-Shri" Award - Nargis Dutt

 1st Woman Chief-Justice High-Court : Leila Seth (Himachal-Pradesh HC)

 1st Woman IPS : Kiran Bedi

 1st Woman Supreme-Court Judge : Fathima Beevi

 Nishan-E-Pakistan : Morarji Desai

 Magsaysay : Vinoba Bhave

 1st Indian Miss-Word : Reita Faria

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 1st Indian Miss-Universe : Sushmita Sen

 1st Place To Get Electricity in India : Darjeeling

 1st Sound Film : Alam Ara

 1st Color Film : Kisan Kanya

 "Dadasaheb Phalke" Award : Devika Rani

 1st Newspaper : Bengal Gazette

 1st Satellite : Aryabhatta - 1975

 1st Man To Climb Mt. Everest : Tenzing Norgay

 1st Indian-Man To Climb Mt. Everest : Avtar Singh Cheema

 1st Woman To Climb Mt. Everest : Junko Tabei

 1st Indian-Woman To Climb Mt. Everest : Bachendri Pal

 1st State : 100 % Literacy Rate - Kerala

 1st Woman External-Affairs Minister : Indira Gandhi

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 Highest Mountain in World : Mt. Everest

 Highest Mountain in India : K2 (Godwin Austen)

 Highest Dam in India : Tehri Dam (Uttrakhand)

 Highest Waterfall in World : Angel Falls (Venezuela)

 Highest Waterfall in India : Kunchikal Falls (Karnataka)

 Highest Gateway in India : Buland Darwaza (Uttar Pradesh)

 Highest Award in India : Bharat Ratna

 Highest Battlefield in World : Siachen Glacier

 Highest Battlefield in India : Siachen Glacier

 Most Populated State in India : Uttar Pradesh

 Least Populated State in India : Sikkim

 Largest State in India : Rajasthan

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 Smallest State in India : Goa

 Largest Zoo in India : Zoological Gardens (Kolkata)

 Largest Desert in India : Thar Desert (Rajasthan)

 Largest Jail in India : Tihar Jail (Delhi)

 Largest Stadium in India : Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata)

 Largest Library in India : National Library (Kolkata)

 Longest River in India : Ganga

 Longest Coastline in India : Gujarat

 Longest Tunnel in India : Chenani-Nashri (Jammu - Srinagar)

 Longest National Highway : Nh-7 (Varanasi - Kanyakumari)

 Longest Dam in India : Hirakud Dam (Odisha)

 Highest Dam in India : Tehri Dam (Uttrakhand)

 Bhakra-Nangal Dam : Himachal Pradesh

117 www.karanveerkamra.com
 1st Woman President India : Pratibha Patil

 1st Woman PM India : Indira Gandhi

 1st Woman Union-Minister India : Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

 1st Woman Speaker of Lok-Sabha : Meira Kumar

 1st Woman Governor of India : Sarojini Naidu

 1st Woman Cm in India : Suchetra Kriplani

 1st Woman Nobel-Prize India : Mother Teresa

 1st Woman Chief-Justice of State : Leila State (Himachal Pradesh)

 1st Woman Supreme-Court Judge : Fathima Beevi

 1st Woman Judge in India : Anna Chandy

 1st Woman Lawyer in India : Cornelia Sorabji

 1st Woman DGP : Kanchan Choudhary Bhattacharya

118 www.karanveerkamra.com
 1st Woman IPS : Kiran Bedi

 1st Woman IAS : Anna George

 1st Woman Chairperson of SBI : Arundhati Bhattacharya

 1st Indian Woman To Climb Mt. Everest : Bachendri Pal

 1st Indian Woman in Space : Kalpana Chawla

 1st Booker Prize : Arundhati Roy

 "Maurya Dynasty"

 Ashoka : Born - 300 BC (Pataliputra)

 Died - 200 BC (Pataliputra)

 "Maurya Dynasty" : Founder - Chandragupta

 "Ashoka" Was Grandson of "Chandragupta"

 Chanakya : A.K.A - "Kautilya" and "Vishnugupta"

Book - "Arthashastra"

 Arthashastra (Book) – Chanakya

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 Akbar : Born – 1542; Died – 1605

 Birbal : Appointed by "Akbar"

Appointed As "Poet" and "Singer"

 Gupta Empire : A.K.A - "Golden Age of India"

 Only Woman Ruler of Delhi - "Razia Sultan"

 Birth - "Guru Nanak Dev" - 1469 : 1st Guru

 Vasco Da Gama (Portuguese) : India - 1497

 "Mughal Empire" : Founder - Babur

 "Jehangir" Was Son of "Akbar"

 "British" Came To India - 1612

 "Aurangzeb" Was Son of "Shahjahan"

 "Guru Gobind Singh" - 10th Guru

 Battle of Plassey : Robert Clive vs. Mir Jafar

Robert Clive - "Winner"

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 "Burma" Became - Province of India : 1885

 "Indian National Congress" : 1885

 "Bengal" Divided - Hindu and Muslim : 1905

 "World War 1" : 1914

 "Gandhi" Returned India : 1915

 "Jallianwala Bagh Massacre" : 1919

 "Bhagat Singh" : Shaheed - 23 March 1931

 "World War 2" - 1939

 "Quit India Movement": 1942; 5 Yrs. Before Independence - 1947

 "Gandhi" : Dead - 30 January 1948

 "Constitution of India" : Signed - 26 November 1949

Started - 26 January 2950

 Father of Nation - Mahatma Gandhi

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 Iron Man of India - Vallabhbhai Patel

 Lokmanya - Bal Gangadhar Tilak

 Nightingale of India - Sarojini Naidu

 Shaheed-E-Azam - Bhagat Singh

 Grand Old Man of India - Dadabhai Naoroji

 Missile Man of India - APJ Abdul Kalam

 Missile Woman of India - Tessy Thomas

 Gurudev - Rabindranath Tagore

 Chachaji - Jawaharlal Nehru

 Netaji - Subhash Chandra Bose

 Father of Indian Nuclear Programme - Homi Bhabha

 Father of Indian Space Programme - Vikram Sarabhai

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 Father of Indian Cinema - Dadasaheb Phalke

 Father of Indian Constitution - Ambedkar

 Father of Green Revolution of India - Swaminathan

 Lion of Punjab - Ranjit Singh

 Napoleon of India - Samudragupta

 Man of Peace - Lal Bahadur Shastri

 Mahamana - Madan Mohan Malaviya

 Hockey Wizard - Dhyan Chand

 Little Master - Sachin Tendulkar

 Flying Sikh - Milkha Singh

 Only Active Volcano : Barren Island (Andaman Nicobar)

 Only Floating Lake : Loktak Lake (Manipur)

 Only River Island : Majuli (Assam)

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 Only President Elected Unopposed : Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

 Youngest President : Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

 Youngest Prime-Minister : Rajiv Gandhi

 "India Gate" and "Rashtrapati Bhavan" : Designer - Edwin Lutyens

 Edwin Lutyens : "India Gate" and "Rashtrapati Bhavan"

 Ashok Chakra - 24 Spokes

 Ashok Chakra : Represents - Laws of Dharma

 Flag of India : "Saffron" - Courage and Sacrifice

"White" - Truth Peace Purity
"Green" - Prosperity

 Highest Post office in World : Hikkim (Himachal Pradesh)

 Largest Forest Area in India : Madhya Pradesh

 Longest River in India - Ganga

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 Widest River in India - Brahmaputra

 Acting Prime-Minister : Gulzarilal Nanda

 Acting President : Giri; Hidayatullah; Jatti

 1st Bank : India - "Bank of Hindustan"

 9th Schedule : Certain Provisions For Certain Classes

 Panchayati Raj : Ashok Mehta Committee

 Decentralization System : Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

 Indian Fiscal Policy : Chelliah Committee

 1st Backward Class Commission : Kalekar Commission

 Education : Kothari Commission

 Socially Educationally Backward Class : Mandal Commission

 Corruption in Defense : Phukan Commission

 Muslim : Sachar Committee

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 Centre State Relation : Sarkaria Commission

 Kaziranga National Park - Assam

 Manas National Park - Assam

 Khangchendzonga National Park - Sikkim

 Ranthambore National Park - Rajasthan

 Keoladeo National Park - Rajasthan

 Gir National Park - Gujarat

 Sultanpur National Park - Haryana

 Kanha National Park - Madhya Pradesh

 Corbett National Park - Uttrakhand

 Nandadevi National Park - Uttrakhand

 Sundarbans National Park - West Bengal

 Anamudi National Park - Kerala

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 Eravikulam National Park - Kerala

 Nokrek National Park - Meghalaya

 Great Himalayan National Park - Himachal Pradesh

 Bay of Bengal - East

 Arabian Sea - West

 Major Rivers : "Indus - Ganga - Brahmaputra"

 Ganga : Flow - "West" To "East"

 Ganga : Enter - "Bangladesh"
 Ganga : End - "Bay of Bengal"

 Brahmaputra : End - "Bay of Bengal"

 Kaveri : End - "Bay of Bengal"

 Punjab : "Punj" + "Ab" = 5 Rivers

 Indus : "Tributaries" : 5 Rivers

B-S-C-R-J
Beas - Sutlej - Chenab - Ravi - Jhelum

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 Rivers : End "Bay of Bengal" : Ganga
 Brahmaputra
 Kaveri

 Rivers : End "Arabian Sea" : Narmada

 Sabarmati
 Tapti

 Rivers : End "Bangaldesh" : Brahmaputra

 Ganga

 Rivers : End "Pakistan" : Indus "B-S-C-R-J"

 Origin of "Ganga" : Gangotri (Uttrakhand)

 Origin of "Ganga" A.K.A Gaumukh

 Benefit of GST : Overall Reduction in Price For Consumer

Reduction in Multiplicity of Taxes
No - Double Taxation
Uniform Rate of Tax
Decrease - 'Black' Money
Free Flow of Goods and Services - No 'Checkpoint'

 Drafting of 'GST' - CBEC

 Procedure : GST Network - Submit Registration Application

- File Returns
- Make Tax Payments

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 Benefit of GST :
Make in India
Ease of doing business
Benefit to consumers

 CBEC and GST : Project - Saksham

 GSTN - Goods and Services Tax Network

 GSTN : Pvt. Company of Govt.

 GST : Training - NACEN

 NACEN - National Academy of Customs Excise and Narcotics

 State 'Tax': Vat; Central Sales Tax; Luxury Tax; Entertainment Tax;
Entry Tax; Lottery Tax; Gambling Tax; Land Revenue

 Union 'Tax': Excise Duty; Service Tax

 GST : 122 Amendment - Bill

 GST : 101 Amendment - Act

 GST : Article
- 269 A
- 246A

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 - 279 A

 GST : Schedule - 7 : 'Union List' and 'State List'

 Opinio Juris Sive Necessities - Psychological Feeling That One is Legally Obliged To
Follow

 Security Council : Resolutions - Binding

 1st : International Organization - International Telecommunication Union

 International Telecommunication Union = International Telegraph Union

 Treaty of Versailles : 'End' - World War 1

 Treaty of Versailles : 'Result' - League of Nations

 United Nations : 'Term' - Franklin Roosevelt

 International Law : 'Term' - Jeremy Bentham

 Private International Law = Conflict of Laws

 Public International Law = Law of Peace

 Obiter Dicta = Irrelevant Remark by Judge

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 Ratio Dicta = Relevant Remark by Judge

 Tort : French 'Word'

 Father of Modern India : Jawaharlal Nehru

 Father of Modern India : Nehru

 Discovery of India (Book) - Nehru

 Glimpse of World History (Book) - Nehru

 An Autobiography (Book) : Nehru

 Davis Cup : Tennis

 Thomas Cup : Badminton

 Let's Go Dutch : To Divide The Bill Equally

 Let's Go Dutch : Pooling (Equal Share of Everyone)

 Equator : Divide Earth Equally - Horizontal

 Equator : Divide - 'Northern Hemisphere' and 'Southern Hemisphere'

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 Prime Meridian : Divide Earth Equally - Vertical

 Prime Meridian : Divide - 'Western Hemisphere' and 'Eastern Hemisphere'

 Largest : Electricity Generation 'India' - NTPC

 NTPC - National Power Thermal Corporation

 Largest : Steel Plant 'India' - Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)

 Project Tiger : 1973

 Largest : Single FDI 'India' - POSCO (Pohang Steel Company)

 Mauritius : 'Location' - Africa (Continent)

 Fastest Animal : Cheetah

 Cheetah : Speed - 120 Km/Hr

 National : Animal 'India' - Tiger (New)

 National : Animal 'India' - Lion (Old)

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 Only Country With 'Tiger and 'Lion' - India

 Cheetah : Extinct - India

 Economics : Study of Production Consumption and Transfer of Wealth

 General Theory of Employment Interest and Money : John Keynes

 GDP : Standard of Living

 Health : Life Expectancy

 Planned Economy For India (Book) - Visvesvaraya

 Nation Building '5 Yr. Plan For Provinces' (Book) - Visvesvaraya

 Reconstructing India (Book) - Visvesvaraya

 Blueprint of Planning in India : Visvesvaraya

 Laissez Faire : When Govt. Doesn't Interfere

 1st : 5 Yr. Plan - 1951 To 1956

 1st : 5 Yr. Plan - Harrod Domar 'Model'

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 2nd : 5 Yr. Plan - Mahalanobis 'Model'

 Mahalanobis 'Model' - Heavy Industries Can Lead Growth of Indian Economy

 12th : 5 Yr. Plan - 2012 To 2017

 Tax : India - 'Direct' and 'Indirect'

 Direct Tax : Essential - Progressive

 Progressive : More Income - More Tax

 Progressive : Less Income - Less Tax

 Direct Tax: Eg. - Income Tax. Wealth Tax. Property Tax.

 Indirect Tax : Non Essential - Regressive

 Regressive : More Income - Less Tax

 Regressive : Less Income - More Tax

 Indirect Tax. : Eg. - Service Tax. Vat.

 Ganga A.K.A Padma (Bangladesh)

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 Ganga (India) = Padma (Bangladesh)

 Largest : Cold Desert 'World' - Gobi

 Largest : Cold Desert 'India' - Ladakh

 India : Longest 'Boundary' - Bangladesh

 India : Shortest 'Boundary' - Afghanistan

 India - Bangladesh : (Boundary) - International Border

 Bangladesh A.K.A East Pakistan

 Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman A.K.A Bang Bandhu

 Father : Bangladesh - Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman

 Ganga of South : Godavari 'River'

 Ashoka : Maurya 'Dynasty'

 Longest : Railway 'Platform' - Gorakhpur

 Danube 'River' - Vienna (Austria)

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 Thames 'River' - London (England)

 Hudson 'River' - USA

 Darling 'River' - Sydney (Australia)

 Mt. Everest A.K.A Sagarmatha (Nepal)

 Largest : Landlock 'Country' - Kazakhsthan

 Milk Day: 26 Nov.

 I Too Had A Dream (Book) : Verghese Kurien

 White Revolution : Cattle (Milk)

 Father : White Revolution - Verghese Kurien

 Largest : Milk 'Producer' - India

 AMUL - Anand Milk Union Limited

 Longest : Train 'Distance' - Vivek 'Express'

Dibrugarh To Kanyakumari

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 Law Commission: Every 3 Yr.

 21st : Law Commission - 2015 To 2018

 21st : Law Commission - B.S. Chauhan

 1st : Law Commission - M.C. Setalvad

 1st : Attorney General - M.C. Setalvad

 Freedom Trophy : Cricket - 'India' and 'South Africa'

 Long Walk To Freedom (Book) - Nelson Mandela

 Foreigner : 'Bharat Ratna' Award - Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Nelson Mandela

 Madan Mohan Malviya A.K.A Mahamanya

 Life On My Terms (Book) - Sharad Pawar

 Anglo India : Father - European

 Dadar and Nagra Haveli : Silvasa

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 NDB Bank = BRICS Bank

 NDB Bank : Chairman - K.V. Kamath

 AIIB - Beijing (China)

 Max. : LS Seats - Uttar Pradesh

 IMF : Head - Always 'European'

 World Bank : President - Always 'American'

 OPEC : Headquarter - Vienna (Austria)

 Organic 'State' - No Chemical. No Pesticide.

 Sikkim : Not Part - 7 Sisters

 Lakshadweep : Kerala HC

 Andaman Nicobar : Kolkata HC

 Puducherry : Chennai HC

 Daman and Diu : Mumbai HC

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 India 'Flag' : Producer - Karnataka Khadi Gramudyog Samyukta Sangh (Kkgss)

 Kkgss - Hubli (Karnataka)

 Diclofinac 'Pain Killer' : Ban

 Padma Bhushan - Padma Shri - Ashok Chakra: Awards - 26 Jan.

 Interpol : Headquarter - Lyon (France)

 Interpol : Head - Jurgen Stock

 IOC : Head - Thomas Back

 IOC - International Olympic Committee

 Red Cross : Headquarter - Geneva

 WHO : Headquarter - Geneva

 Zika 'Virus' : End - Brazil

 15th : Census - 2011

 Teachers Day - 5 September

 Literacy Day - 8 September

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 International Teachers Day - 5 October

 UNHRC : Head - Filipo Grandi

 UNHRC : Headquarter - New York

 Great Divide : Line 'Population' - 1921

 After : 1921 - Continuous Increase in Population

 Largest : Port - Jawaharlal Nehru 'Port' (Maharashtra)

 Largest Coastline 'World' - Canada

 Largest Coastline 'India' - Gujarat

 Largest : South American 'Country' - Brazil

 Largest : African 'Country' - Algeria

 Myanmar : Part 'India' - 1937

 Myanmar A.K.A Burma

 Freedom 251 - Ringing Bells Pvt. Ltd.

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 VC: Du - Yogesh Tyagi

 Chancellor: Du - Mohd. Hamid Ansari

 Central Universities : 46

 Fastest : Test Century - Brendon McCollum

 Incredible India : Brand Ambassador - Narendra Modi

 Dynamite 'Bomb' : Founder - Alfred Nobel

 Anti-Corruption Day: 9 Dec.

 Human Rights Day: 10 Dec.

 1st : NHRC 'Chairman' - Ranganath Misra

 Largest : Spice 'Producer' - India

 Largest : Milk 'Producer' - India

 Bhoodan Movement : 'Land' - Vinoba Bhave

 1st : Magsaysay 'Award' - Vinoba Bhave

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 Sericulture - Silk

 Max. : Silk 'India' - Karnataka

 Max. : Coffee 'India' - Karnataka

 Father : Green Revolution 'India' - Swaminathan

 Father : Green Revolution 'World' - Norman Borlaug

 Largest : Production and Consumption 'Wheat' - Uttar Pradesh

 Round Revolution - Potato

 Fiber Revolution - Cotton

 White Revolution - Milk

 Pink Revolution - Sea Food

 Red Revolution - Meat

 Silver Revolution - Eggs

 Golden Revolution - Honey

 Yellow Revolution - Oil

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 Patricide : Killing One's Father

 Uxoricide : Killing One's Wife

 Indigo Revolt : 1859

 Vernacular Press Act : Lord Lytton

 Father : Local Self Government : Lord Ripon

 Purna Swaraj : 1929 (Lahore Session)

 1st Time : Flag 'Host' - 1929

 Civil Disobedience Movement : 1930

 Dandi March : 1930 (Salt)

 The Great Depression : Stock Market 'Crash'

 The Great Depression : 1929 - 1939

 During 'Dandi March' : Viceroy - Lord Irwin

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 Communal Award = McDonald Award : Separate Communal Electorates

 Peacock Throne : 'Build' by - Shah Jahan

 Dual Govt. - Bengal

 Battle of Panipat : 1526 - 1556 - 1761

 Badshahnama : Shah Jahan

 Alamgirnama : Aurangzeb

 Ibn Battuta : 'Traveller' - Morocco

 Morocco : Capital - Rabat

 COBE - Cosmic Background Explorer (Satellite)

 Sun : 'Core' - Corona

 Sun : Outer Most 'Layer' - Photosphere

 Sun 'Black Spots' : Photosphere

 6 'Planets' : Rotation - West To East

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 Venus : Rotation - East To West (Opposite)

 Uranus : Rotation - North To South

 Greenhouse 'Gas': Water Vapor. Methane. Carbon Dioxide.

 Greenhouse 'Gas': Max. - Water Vapor

 Earth - Venus : Twin 'Planets'

 For : Quick Justice - Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum

 Strict Liability : Ryland's vs. Fletcher

 Student is Minor and Stationary is Requirement, So Contrast is Enforceable.

 Travel agent suffered loss of Rs. 80,000 because of no delivery of his car so car service
centre is liable to pay special damages and upto Rs. 80,000.

 Actus Reus - Act

 Mens Rea - Intention

 Actus Non Facit Nisi Mens Sit Rea - Act Does Not Make Guilty Until Mind is Guilty

 Ad Hoc - Specific Purpose

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 Amicus Curiae - Friend of Court

 Alibi - Elsewhere

 Audi Alteram Partem - Nobody Should be Condemned Unheard

 Bona Fide - Good Faith

 Mala Fide - Bad Faith

 Parliament Has Power To Amend Constitution : Golaknath vs. Punjab

 Can't Change Basic Structure of Constitution : Keshavananda Bharti vs. Kerala

 Non-Cooperation Movement : Start - 1920
End - 1922

 Viceroy : During "Non-Cooperation Movement" : Lord Chelmsford

 Andrews A.K.A Deenbandhu

 Deenbandhu : "Andrews"

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy : Against - "Sati Custom"

 Viceroy : Repealed "Vernacular Press Act" - Lord Lytton

 Vernacular - Local Language

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 Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Founder - "Mahratha" & "Kesari" Newspaper

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Founder - "Kesari" Newspaper

 Yakshagana "Art Form" - Karnataka

 Budhha : Born - "Lumbini"

 Sunga "Dynasty" : After - "Maurya" Dynasty

 1st : Buddhist Council - "Rajgriha"

 Ibn Batuta "Traveller": During - "Mohd. Bin Tughlaq"

 Ibn Batuta : Born - "Morocco"

 Ibn Batuta : Book - "Rihala"

 Indica (Book) : by - "Megasthenes"

 Chera Kingdom : Kerala

 Gregorian Calendar : We Follow "Gregorian Calendar"

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 Saka Calendar : official Calendar - "India"

 India : "Saka Calendar"

 Difference: "Saka Calendar" and "Gregorian Calendar" - 78 Yrs.

 Fahien : Visited India During - "Chandragupta 2"

 Khajurao Temples : Built by - "Chandelas"

 Chambal "River" - Rajasthan

 Tungabhadra "River" - Karnataka

 Beas "River" - Himachal

 Kishenganga "River" - J&K

 Teesta "River" - Sikkim

 Nanda Devi "Peak" : Uttrakhand

 Satpura Range : "Rajpipla" + "Maikal" + "Mahadeo" - Hills

 Krishna "River" - Vijaywada "City"

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 Largest Sugarcane Producer "India" - Uttar Pradesh

 Planet : Without "Natural Satellite" – Mercury; Venus

 Cotopaxi "Volcano" : Andes "Mountain" - Ecuador

 Ring of Fire : Area "Pacific Ocean" - Where Earthquakes and Volcanoes Occur

 Nagarjuna Sagar Dam : Krishna "River"

 Krishna "River" : South-India

 Largest Riverine Island : "Majuli" Island

 Majuli "Island" : Brahmaputra (Assam)

 Riverine Island District : Majuli "Island"

 Indian Standard Time : 82.5 East "Longitude"

 GST = UTC

 Silent Valley "National Park" : Kerala

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 Indian Astronomical Observatory : Ladakh

 Constituent Assembly : Prepare "Constitution"

 Constituent Assembly : President - Rajendra Prasad

 Chairman "Drafting Committee" - B.R. Ambedkar
 Advisor : B.N. Rau

 1st President : Rajendra Prasad

 1st Law-Minister : B.R. Ambedkar

 1st Indian-Judge "ICJ" : B.N. Rau

 Public Accounts Committee : 22 Members (15 Loksabha + 7 Rajyasabha)

 Supreme Court : Started - 28 January 1950

 Constitution of India: From - Govt. of India Act 1935

 Emergency : 352 - 356 - 360

 42nd Amendment 1976 : "Socialist" and "Secular" - Mini Constitution

 Fundamental Duties : "Swaran Singh" Committee

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 official-Language "Union of India" - Article 343

 official-Language "Union of India" : "Hindi" and "English"

 Amendment - Article 368

 Uniform Civil Code : "Article 44" - Part 4

 Fundamental Duties : "Article 51a" - Part 4a

 Legislative Council "Vidhan Parishad" : 7 States

 Nominated "Members" : President - Rajya Sabha : 12

 Nominated "Members" : Governor - Legislative Council "Vidhan Parishad" : 1/6

 Election Commission of India : Article 324

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 IMPORTANT TERMS IN LAW

Law - Administration of justice by certain rules

Civilization - Stage of human social development and a process by which society reaches an
advanced stage

Judge - Person to decide on a case

Jury - Body of people who are judge

Juris - People of body of people dealing with law

Jurist - Person who is expert in law or who is a lawyer or judge

Jurisdiction - Legal power to make decisions and judgements which is kind of authority, control
or power to hear the case

Jurisprudence - Defined as theory and philosophy of law eg. Indian Jurisprudence, American
Jurisprudence

Lawyer - General term for people who give legal advice

Advocate - Lawyer who practise law in court

Attorney - Lawyer who reperesent clients in court

Solicitor - Professional who provide legal advice to clients

Barrister - Advocate who practise in higher courts

Litigation - The process of taking legal action or can be defined as a legal proceeding in court

Litigator - Litigator represents plaintiffs or defendants in court and manages all litigation
process

Plaintiff - A person who brings case against defendant in court

Defendant - A person who is accused in court or defined as a person who defend itself from
plaintiff in court

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Abduction - Wrongfully taking away or detaining any person by force or fraud

Absconding - To run away from legal proceedings

Accomplice - Companion in crime

Adjudication - Formal judgment or decision of court

Admonition - Warning

Ad Hoc - For specific purpose

Adverse Possession - To possess someone else’s property as its own

Affidavit - Sworn written statement

Affray - Fighting in public place which disturbs peace

Aid - To assist (physically)

Abet - To assist (mentally)

Alibi - Appeal that accused was somewhere else when the crime was committed

Alimony - Financial support from husband to wife after divorce

Amicus Curiae - Friend of court (witness)

Animus - Intention

A Posteriori - Agreement derived from post event (later)

A Priori - Agreement derived from prior event (earlier)

Arguendo - Just to continue agreement even if its not logical

Audi Alteram Partem - No one should be condemned unheard

Bail - A person granted bail undertakes to pay a specified sum to the court if he fails to appear on
the date set by the court

Bailiff - Officer of court

Bailment - Bailor transfer goods to Bailee for particular purpose

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Beneficiary - One who benefits from will

Bigamy - Offence of marrying again even having living husband/wife

Bona Fide - Good Faith

Capital Punishment - Death Punishment

Caveat - Notice or Warning (be aware)

Caveat Emptor - Beware Buyer

Caveat Venditor - Beware Vendor (seller)

Clemency - Mercy (pardon)

Conjugal Rights - Marital Rights

Consensus ad idem - Consent on same thing in same sense (imporatant in valid contract)

Coram non judice - Legal proceeding without judge

Corpus - Body

Delicti - Crime

Corpus Juris - Body of Law

Gentgium - Law of Nations

Conspiracy - Agreement between 2 or more people to commit crime

Contempt of Court - Disobedience of Court (offence)

Counterfeit - False (fake)

Coup - To overthrow government (takeover)

De Facto - In fact (according to fact)

eg. Prime Minister is de facto head of government

De Jure - According to legal right

eg. President is de jure head of state

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Delinquency - Minor Crime

Demagogue - A leader who gains support by manipulating people

De minimus non curat lex - Minimal things require no legal action

Discharge of Contract - Termination of contractual obligation

Duress - Threat (violence or pressure)

Note: Contract obtained under duress is voidable

Estoppel - To stop someone from changing his previous statement

Ex Officio - By virtue of holding an office

Ex Parte - Favouring one party over another

Ex Post Facto - Law made after specific crime

Civil Law - Retrospective application

i.e. can make past act illegal on basis of new law made

Criminal law - Prospective application

i.e. past act is not illegal on basis of new law made

Extradition - To handover the accused from one state to another

eg. Pakistani commit crime in India so India demand extradition of accused from Pakistan

Factum - Fact

Fiduciary Relationship - Relationship based on trust and faith

Flagrante Delicto - To be caught red handed

i.e. caught while committing crime

Genocide - Mass Killing

eg. Mass Killing of Jews by Hitler

Gratuitous - Done with gratitude (done for free)

Habeas Corpus - That you have the body

Homicide - Act of killing

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Horse Trading - Bargaining in politics
i.e. between political parties or politicians

Hostile - Opposed (opposition)

Hostile Witness - Witness who is unwilling to tell the truth

Hypothecation - Using property as security for loan

Note: No legal transfer of ownership

Ignorantia juris non excusat - Ignorance of law is not an excuse

Impeachment - Removing the President or CJI for disoyalilty or incapability (done in

parliament)

In absentia - In absence of court (legal proceeding in private place under camera)

In curia - Legal proceeding in court

Ipso Facto - By fact itself

Injunction - Order by court to do or not to do something

In personam - Right against specific person

In rem - Right against the world (people in general)

Interim - Temporary

Interlocutory - During legal proceedings

Intestate - To die without making a will

Inter vivos - During lifetime

eg. Transfer of property between 2 living person

Intra - Within

Intra vires - Within power (legal authority)

Judicial Immunity - Immunity for judge or magistrate to exercise within his/her jurisdiction

Juror - Member of Jury

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Jury - Panel of Judges

Jus - Law or Right

Kickback - Illegal Commission (bribe)

Lis pendens - Suit pending

Liquidator - Person appointed to wind up the company

Litigant - Party

Litigation - Legal action by litigant

Locus Standi - Right of a party to appear in court

Mala Fide - In bad faith (dishonest)

Bona Fide - In good faith

Malice - Wrong Intention (bad intention0

i.e. Desire to harm someone

Mens Rea - Guilty Mind

Mitigation - Reduction

Modus Operandi - Manner of Operation (behaviour analysis of accused)

Modus Vivendi - Manner of Living

Moot - Trial Court

Mortgage - Property as security for loan (mortgager and mortgagee)

Mandamus - We command
i.e. To command government authority or official to perform its duty

Negotiable Instrument - Document that constitutes an obligation to pay a sum of money

eg. Cheque, Demand Draft, Promissory Notes

Nemo debet bis vexari - No person can be punished twice for same act

Next Friend - A person who represents another person who cannot do it himself

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Novation - New contract replacing old contract

Nemo dat quod non habet - No one gives what he does not have
eg. X purchased stolen car from Y so X does not have any legal claim on stolen car

Obiter Dictum - Informal statement made by judge

Ratio Decidendi - Reason for Decision

Ombudsman - An official who investigates complaints by public against government

departments

Palimony - Maintenance from husband to wife after divorce or separation

Parole - Release of prisoner from prison on a condition

Per incuriam - By negligence

Perjury - Offence of giving false statement or evidence

Persona non grata - A person non welcomed (unacceptable person)

Plea Bargaining - Plead guilty in favour of bargain

Piracy- Against ships in high seas and also aircrafts

Polygraphy - Lie detecting test

Power of Attorney - Power given to someone else to act on behalf

Precedent - Past Judgment

Privity - Relationship between 2 people

Privity of Contract - Relationship between parties in contract (to sue one another)

Probate - Legal acceptance that a document is valid

Pro Bono - A case for public good which is done for free

Prorogue - End of session

Note: By - President or Governor

Provocation - To provoke someone

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Proxy - Somebody acts for someone else

Pendente Lite - Pending Litigation

Per se - By itself

Oui facit per alium facit per se - He who acts through another does the act himself
eg. Vicarious Liability

Facit - To act

Quid Pro Quo - Equal exchange for goods or services

Quo Warranto - B what authority?

Quasi Judicial - Partly Judicial

eg. Tribunals

Question Hour - To list the points to be discussed in Zero Hour

Quorum - Minimum number of members required for a meeting to take place

Referendum - To vote on a particular question to come to a decision

Repudiate - Refuse to accept

Rescind - To cancel

Res ipsa loquitor - Things speaks for itself

eg. In negligence case (tort)

Res Judicata – A case already decided cannot be tried again

i.e. A party can not sue another party on same case in a different court

Respondent Superior - Superior is responsible

eg. Master and Servant relationship

Restraint of Marriage - Prevent from marrying

Note: Restraint of Marriage - Void (against public policy)

Restraint of Trade - Prevent from doing business

Note: Restraint of Trade - Void

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Revocation of an Offer - Withdrawal of an offer by offerer but only before the ofference has
been accepted

Misdemeanor - Minor Crime

eg. Theft

Felony - Major Crime

eg. Rape, Murder

Sabotage - Damage to property by political or military activities

Sedition - To provoke against government (offence)

Sine Die - To terminate a proceeding without next date

Slander - Defamation (to ears)

Note: Slander - Spoken (not permanent)

Starred Question - Oral answer required

Unstarred Question - Written answer required

Stare Decisis - Following principle of precedents

Status Quo - Existing state

Status Quo Ante - Previously existing state

Sub Judice - Under Judge

Sub Silentio - Under Silence

Subpoena - Summon (order by judge to appear in court)

Subrogation - Substitution

Suo Motu - Act on its own

Tenancy - Possession of land as tenant

Tortfeasor - One who commits tort

Tortuous - Wrongful nature

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Ubi jus ibi remidium - Where there is wrong there is remedy

Vires - Powers

Ultra vires - Beyond powers (out of jurisdiction)

Unliquidated Damages - Not fixed from beginning (according to situation)

Vandalism - Damage to property

Vexatious - To annoy

Void - No legal affect (invalid from beginning)

Voidable - Valid initially but can be ended afterwards due to fraud practices

Volenti non fit injuria - Voluntary injury

i.e. Injury caused voluntarily

Veto – Special power

Whip - Official of political party appointed to ensure attendance and proper voting in parliament

White Paper - Policy statement by government for matter of public importance (official paper)

Zero Hour - After question hour

Note: Zero Hour starts at 12 pm

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 INTERNATIONAL LAW

 Public International Law – Law of Nations

 Private International Law – Conflict of Laws

 Father of International Law

- Hugo Grotius (Dutch Jurist)

 De Jure Belli Ac Pacis – The Law of War and Peace

- Book by Hugo Grotius

 Term ‘International Law’ by – Jeremy Bentham

 Definition of ‘International Law’ by – Oppenheim

 Prize Law – Capture of ships and cargo in war time

Note: After – Indo Pak (1971) war

 Sources of International Law

1. Sources recognized by International Court of Justice

─ International Conventions

o General – law making treaties

eg. United Nations Charter

o Particular – specific treaties

i.e. Treaty contract between 2 states

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 Ratification – After signing the treaty it needs to be confirmed by the parliament of
the states according to their constituent procedures

Note: Ratification – confirming treaties according to constitution

Accession – Signing and Ratification of treaties is accession

Reservation in Treaty – Modifications made in the treaty by either state

Pacta Sunt Servanda – Performed in good faith

i.e. Treaties signed must be respected

Jus Cogens – Body of general rules of law that observe the essence of legal system

Rebus Sic Stantibus – Treaty’s binding so long as there is no vital change in the
situation which negatively affects either party

Note: International customs – by Kopelman

Opinio Juris Sive Necessities – Feeling that we are legally obliged to be bound by
customary practice

i.e. You are obliged to respect customs of other nations

─ General Principles:

o Res Judicata – Judgment given is final and same party cannot sue another party
for same case again

o Estoppel – To stop a party from raising right/claim by changing statement

o Equity – Based on reasonableness and fairness

Judicial Decisions – by Jurists

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2. Modern Sources of International Law

─ Security Council Resolutions (United Nations)

─ ILC Draft Code

Note: ILC – International Law Commission

International Law Commission – ILC

o Established – 1948

o by – United Nations

o 34 members – Elected by General Assembly after nomination by member states

─ ILC Draft Code – Subsidiary Source of International Law

─ Law of Sea

o Territorial Sea – upto 12 nautical miles

o Contiguous Zone – upto 24 nautical miles
o Continental Shelf – upto 200 to 350 nautical miles
o Exclusive Economic Zone (EEC) – upto 200 nautical miles
o High Seas – beyond all above 4 i.e. for everyone

─ Hot Pursuit

Done by only military warships or aircrafts

Note: Hot Pursuit ceases when foreign ship enters another Territorial Sea

─ International Seabed Authority

o Headquarter – Kingston, Jamaica

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─ United Nations

o 26 June 1945 – UN Charter signed by 50 countries

o Poland – signed at last i.e. 50 + Poland = 51 countries

o 24 October 1945 – UN came into existence officially

o Permanent Members of Security Council (United Nations) – 5

i.e. USA, UK, Russia, France, China

o Official Languages of UN – 6
i.e. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish

o UN Day – 24 October

o Newest Member of UN – Sweden

o Non Member Observer of UN – Palestine

─ Rio + 20

o UN Conference on Sustainable Development

o Earth Summit

o Rio de Janerio, Brazil (2012)

o Document – The Future We Want

─ 1st UN Session - London (January, 1946)

─ 1st UN Secretary General - Trygve Lie (Norway)

─ UN Headquarters - New York, US

─ UN Flag - Adopted on 20 October 1947

─ UN Flag - White Emblem on Light Blue background

─ Working Languages of UN – 2
i.e. English and French

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─ 1st International Organization - International Telecommunication Union (1865)

─ Permanent Court of Arbitration - International Disputes

Note: League of Nations, 1919 (old) – United Nations, 1945 (new)

League of Nations (1919)

o Started after 1st World War

o Couldn’t stop 2nd World War
o League of Nations – Ended

United Nations (1945)

 Started after 2nd World War

Note: UN Secretary General – Chief Administrative Officer

Functions and Role of UN (United Nations)

1. International Peace and Security – Primary responsibility of UN Security Council

2. Humanity – Deliver Humanitarian Aid
3. Promote – Sustainable Development
4. Uphold – International Law

UN Charter

Signed on – 26 June 1945 (San Francisco)

Started from – 24 October 1945

 Chapter 1 (UN Charter) – Purposes and Principles

Article 1 – Purposes of United Nations

 Maintain International Peace and Security

 Friendly relations among nations

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 Article 2 – UN members shall act in accordance with principles of United Nations

Principle – Sovereign equality of members

Note: non-members of UN must act in accordance with these principles too

Article 1 – Purposes of UN (Chapter 1)

Article 2 – Principles of UN (Chapter 1)

 Chapter 2 – Membership

 Chapter 3 – Organs of UN

i.e. General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship
Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat

─ General Assembly

o 193 members
o Main organ of United Nations
o President – Miroslav Lajčák
o Session – 72nd General Assembly

─ Security Council

o Responsibility to maintain peace and security

o 15 members
o 5 permanent members – China, France, Russia, UK, USA
o 10 non permanent members – Elected by General Assembly for 2 years each
o Majority – 9 votes (out of 15)
o Important decisions – If negative vote of any one of permanent members then no
decision i.e. Veto
o Appointment of Secretary General – Security Council gives recommendation to
General Assembly
o Appointment of new members to UN – Security Council gives recommendation
to General Assembly to add new members to UN
o Voting in important decisions – Total 9 votes including positive votes of all 5
permanent members

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 Chapter 5 – Security Council

─ Composition
─ Functions and Powers
─ Voting

 ECOSOC – Economic and Social Council

o 54 members

o Economic growth of developing countries, human rights, fight against poverty

and under development

o ECOSOC coordinates the work of other UN agencies like – WHO, UNICEF,

UNESCO, UNHCR, UNDP

 Trusteeship Council

o To supervise administration of Trust Territories

Note: Trust Territories – former colonies or dependent territories

o UN formally suspended operation of Trusteeship Council because all Trust

Territories had become independent by 1994

 International Court of Justice

o 15 Judges
o Term – 9 years
o Elected by – General Assembly and Security Council

o Official Languages – English and French

o Functions:
- Settle disputes between states
- Opinion on legal questions to UN Organs

Note: Doesn’t settle disputes between individuals

o Permanent Court of International Justice – old name of ICJ

o Headquarters of ICJ – Peace palace, The Hague, Netherlands

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─ Statue of International Court of Justice (ICJ)

o Article 1 – ICJ is principal judicial organ of UN

o 15 Judges – each from different country

 Secretariat

o Head – Secretary General

o Appointed by – General Assembly on recommendation of Security Council

o Term of Secretary General – 5 years

o Function – Responsible for implementing decisions taken by various organs of

UN to maintain International Peace and Security

o Secretary General – Antonio Guterres (Portugal)

Note: To do the right thing we need to earn the right to do the right thing –
Antonio Gueterres

World Bank – (remove poverty)

IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IMF – International Monetary Fund (economic growth and balance of payments)

WHO – World Health Organization (highest possible health)

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(declare cultural and heritage sites)

ILO – International Labour Organization (abolition of forced labour)

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization (fight hunger)

IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development

IMO – International Maritime Organization (shipping regulation)

WMO – World Meteorological Organization

(international exchange of meteorological data)

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 WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization

UNWTO – World Tourism Organization (sustainable tourism)

UNDP – United Nations Development Program

UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund (birth of children is safe)

UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(international trade i.e. main driver of development)

UNRWA – United Nations Relief and Works Agency

(for – palestine refugees)

UN Women – (gender equality and women empowerment)

UN Habitat – (human settlement and human shelter)

WTO – World Trade Organization (solve trade problems and negotiate trade)

 Human Rights

o Abraham Lincoln (US President) – 1st to ban slavery

o Henry Dunant – Founder of Red Cross

 UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights

o 10 December 1948 – signed in Paris by UN General Assembly

o All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
(fundamental rights of humans - justice for all of us)

 International Bill of Human Rights = UDHR + International Covenants

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 HRC – Human Rights Council

o Headquarters – Geneva
o 47 members (elected by majority of General Assembly)
o Term – 3 years (for each member)
o Functions – Human Rights

 International Criminal Court

o Governed by – Rome Statute

o Independent Institution
o ICC is not a part of UN
o Headquarters – Hague, Netherlands
o 4 organs of ICC – President, Judicial Division, Office of Prosecutor; Registry
o Proprio Motu – ICC Prosecutor can initiate investigations
o Rome Statute – Founding Treaty of ICC

o Jurisdictions of ICC (International Criminal Court)

- Genocide – mass killing
- Crimes against humanity
- Killing or Torture of persons
- Destroying – religious buildings
- Crime of Aggression – against independence of another state

 International Trade Law

o GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1948)

o WTO – new name of GATT (1955)
o GATT – included in WTO (1994)

o Goal of GATT – to make trade easier

o WTO – replaced GATT (1 January 1995)
o WTO Headquarters – Geneva
o 1st WTO Conference – Singapore

Note: WTO Conference – after every 2 years

 TRIPS – Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights

o Administered by WTO (World Trade Organization)

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 BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

o Term BRICS coined by – Jim O’Neill

o Initially – BRIC
i.e. South Africa – non member

o 1st full meeting – Yekaterinburg, Russia (2009)

o South Africa became member in – 2010

 New Development Bank (NDB)

o Headquarters – Shanghai, China

o 1st NDB branch – Johannesburg, South Africa

o 1st President of NDB – KV Kamath (India)

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 LAW OF TORT

Tort – Wrong

 Intentional or Accidental - Civil Wrong

 Cause injury/harm to another person - Person may ask for compensation for damages
 Tort - Unliquidated Damages i.e. damages not decided initially
 Compensation - money or some other liability

eg. Physical Injury, Mental Injury, Defamation, Nuisance, Property Damage, Trespass,
Negligence, etc.

 Tort – Injury or Harm caused to a person in which compensation was not initially decided
because it was not already expected like in a contract where compensation is initially
decided

Tort and Crime – Assault, Defamation, Negligence, Conspiracy, Nuisance, Mischief,

Theft

Tort and Breach of Contract – Any one party of the two parties breaks the contract and
compensation is given to other party on basis of situation

 Right in Rem - Right/Duties of person towards the world instead of a specific individual

 Right in Personam - Right/Duties of person towards the specific individual instead of

the world (opposite of - Right in Rem)

 Law of Torts – Deals with Legal Injuries

i.e. violation of legal right

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 Sources of Tort Law

 Based on Common Law System i.e. Precedent (past judicial decisions)

Inuria Sine Damno - Person has suffered legal injury without actual damage

i.e. Violation of legal right

Note: Person has suffered loss (must)

Asbhy vs. White (case) - Officer refused to take vote of a person but that candidate won
so there was no actual loss by refusal of vote but person suffered legal injury
i.e. It’s a Tort

Damnum Sine Injuria - If no violation of legal right then person is not actionable

i.e. Person has suffered damage but without any legal injury therefore no tort

Note: Violation of legal right must take place in Tort

Negligence - Person fails to take care

Defamation - There is no physical damage

Defense in Torts

1. Volenti Non Fit Injuria – Harm is done voluntarily on the plaintiff which he/she has
agreed upon (no tort)

eg. Footballer gets injured by another footballer in match

(no tort – because both agreed voluntarily before the match)

Note: Rescue Operations – exception to Volenti Non Fit Injuria

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2. Plaintiff the Wrong Doer – Plaintiff trespasses a property and gets injured due to a dog

 Plaintiff gets compensation – if no board of ‘Beware of Dogs’ was put outside

 Plaintiff gets no compensation – if board of ‘Beware of Dogs’ was put outside

i.e. mistake of plaintiff (no tort)

3. Inevitable Accident – Accident which can’t be prevented (no tort)

4. Act of God – Natural forces of extreme nature without human intervention (no tort)

5. Private Defense – Self Defense (no tort)

6. Doctors have to perform dangerous operation to save life even though there are chances
that operation might not be successful (no tort)

7. Honest Mistake – (no tort)

8. Action by Statutory Authority – (no tort)

Kinds of Torts

1. Intentional

 Trespass on Person

o Battery – Defendant touches Plaintiff to cause harm

o Assault – Defendant try to bring Plaintiff in fear with intention of causing harm
o False Imprisonment – Defendant locks the Plaintiff in a room intentionally
i.e. Plaintiff is locked (imprisoned) in an area unlawfully

 Trespass on Property

o Trespass to land unlawfully i.e. cross or damage the property

o Trespass to chattels (movable property) unlawfully
i.e. damage or misuse movable property and decrease its value

eg. Defendant damages Plaintiff’s car

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 Other

o Nuisance – interference with property/person

o Defamation – injury to reputation

(third person i.e. other than defamed person must know about it)

o Libel – Injury to reputation in form of writing or picture

i.e. Libel – addressed to eye

o Slander – Injury to reputation in form of spoken words or gestures

i.e. Slander – addressed to ear

 Absolute Privileges – Parliamentary proceedings and Judicial proceedings

(no defamation – no tort)

 Qualified Privileges – Statement made in Judicial orders

(no defamation – no tort)

2. Negligence i.e failure to take care that resulted in loss

 Duty of care not performed by Defendant

 Breach of duty of care done by Defendant
 Harmed caused to Plaintiff

 General Rule – Proof of Negligence

i.e. lie heavily on Plaintiff that Defendant was negligent

 Special Cases – Burden of proof lie on Defendant to prove his innocence

i.e. Res Ipsa Loquitor – thing speaks for itself

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3. No Fault Liability

 Vicarious Liability – Liability of one person for the act done by another

 Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se – Principal is liable for the wrong act of his Agent
i.e. Respondent Superior – Master is liable for the act of his Servant

 Strict Liability – Carelessness performed by an object or animal of the Defendant

eg. Dog bites a person – Master of the dog is liable

Case – Rylands vs. Fletcher (by – Justice Blackburn)

Decision – Person who has anything that causes mischief then on prima-facie owner of
that thing which caused damage is liable

 Absolute Liability – Enterprise (factory) causes health problems

eg. Toxic gases released by an enterprise/factory affect people and cause health problems
then enterprise is liable for compensation to affected people

 Case – Rylands vs. Fertilizer

Decision – Deep Pocket Theory
i.e. larger the enterprise then greater the compensation amount accordingly

Tort

─ Not a breach of contract

─ Not a breach of trust

Note: many torts have been codified

eg. Consumer Protection Act; Minimum Wages Act; Motor Vehicle Accident Act

Elements of Tort

Act/Commission must result in Legal Injury i.e. violation of legal right

Note: legal injury does not constitute actual damage but only legal damage

─ Injuria Sine Damno i.e. legal injury without actual damage

─ Damnum Sine Injuria i.e. damages without legal injury

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 Defamation - Damaging the reputation of a person in eyes of others

 Libel - Permanent (written)

 Slander - Temporary (spoken)

Essentials for Defamation:

 Statement must be defamatory

 Statement must refer to plaintiff
 Statement must be published

Negligence - Breach of duty to take care

Requirements for Negligence:

 There should be a duty to take care

 Breach of duty
 Result in actual damage/harm

Res Ipsa Loquitur - Thing speaks for itself

Note: Burden of proof is on defendant

No Fault Liability:

 Vicarious Liability (more defenses)

Master and Servant
Principal and Agent
Partners and Contract

 Strict Liability (less defenses)

 Absolute Liability (no defense)

Note: Absolute Liability - not against individual but only against enterprise

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 LEGAL APTITUDE

 What is Law?

- Rules / Regulations / Principle

- Administration of Justice
- Recognized by State

System of rules which are recognized by a country to regulate actions of its citizens and it
may impose penalties on breaking law

 Difference between Law and Rules

Law is made by government and is recognized and has to be followed by all

Rules can be made by anybody and people may or may not follow them

TERMS

 Law - Administration of justice by certain rules

 Civilization - Stage of human social development
Process by which society reaches on advanced stage
 Judge - Person to decide on a case
 Jury - Body of people who are judge

 Juries - People or body dealing with law

 Jurist - Expert in law/ Lawyer or judge
 Jurisdiction - Legal power to make decisions and judgment

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 Jurisprudence - Theory and philosophy of law
- Indian Jurisprudence
- American Jurisprudence
 Lawyer - General term for people who give legal advice
 Advocate - Lawyer who practice law in court
 Attorney - Lawyer who represent clients in court
 Solicitor - Professional who provide legal advice to clients
 Barrister - Advocate who practice in higher court
 Litigation - The process of taking legal action
- A legal proceeding in court
 Litigator - litigator is stereotype attorney
- Represent plaintiffs and defendants in court
- Manage all litigation process
 Plaintiff - A person who brings case against defendant in
court (accuser)
 Defendant - A person who is accused in court
- A person who defends itself from plaintiff in court
(accused)
 Lawsuit - Claim or dispute brought by plaintiff against
defendant in court
- Lawsuit is filed by lawyer in court
- Lawsuit is case
 Moot Court - Imaginary court for students to practice
 Adjourn - Postpone resuming it later
 Testify - Give evidence as a witness
 Oath - A promise
 Testimony - Evidence or proof of something
- False testimony or true testimony
 Perjury - Crime of telling a lie under oath
- Crime of telling lie when promised to tell the truth

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  Tort - A wrongful act that results injury to another
person and the injured party in entitled to compensation
 Guilty - Responsible of crime
 Guilty of mind - Criminal intention or knowledge that on act is
wrong
 Mens Rea - Person’s awareness that his action is wrong and has Guilty
mind then crime has taken place
 Actus Reus - Criminal act which is a result of mens rea

 Actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea

- The act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty

 Culpable - Deserving for blame of a crime

 Murder - One person kills another person directly on the spot
 Culpable Homicide - One person die because of another person
- directly or indirectly
- One person die because of another person on the spot or after some time

 All murders are culpable homicide

 But, all culpable homicides are not murders

 Culpable Homicide amounting to murder

- One person die because of another person directly and on the spot or after some time

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 Culpable Homicide amounting to murder is Murder
Intention - Yes
Death - Yes
Degree of certainty of death - Most certain

 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder

- One person dies because of another person indirectly

 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder is not murder

Intention - Yes
Death - Yes
Degree of certainty of death - Not so much

 Suspect - Person with a doubt of crime

 Accused - Person who goes through trial

may found guilty for sure (or may not)
- Person proved in court to have committed
a crime (Charge for crime trial)

 Convicted - person who goes through trial and proved

- may only (not) found guilty
(declare to be guilty) proved guilty by court

 Acknowledgement - Acceptance of the official that the person

signing the document has signed by his own will

 Adjournment - Postponement of court session

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 Adjudicate - To act as a judge and make a formal judgment

 Doctrine - Legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules,

procedural steps in common law system through which
judgments can be determined in a case

 Adjective Law - Procedural law which deals with procedure

 Administrative Law - Related to government

 Civil Law - Non criminal law

 Depose - To testify or to give evidence under oath in

written statement

 Contract - Agreement between two or more parties

 Felony - A serious crime like rape, murder

 Misdemeanor - A less serious crime like theft

It is a less serious crime than felony

 Prime Facie - A case where on first look facts themselves

prove the case
 Punitive Damages - Damages awarded more than compensatory damages to the
victim to punish the defendant
 Statute - A written law passed by legislative body

 Contempt - The offence of being disobedient or disrespectful to

person or authority

 Contempt of court - Behavior that disobeys or disrespects the court

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  Prosecute - To conduct legal proceedings

 International Law - Body of rules which governs and conduct the

relations of states (countries) with each other

LAW OF INDIA

 Government - Diarchy
 Union Government
 State Government

 Legislature - Bicameral
 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
 Vidhan Sabha & Vidhan Parishad

 Law
 International law - Law between nations
 Public International Law - Law between international organizations
 Private International Law - law between private citizens of different
countries
 National Law - Law applicable within the nation
 Public National Law - Law between individuals and states
 Private national Law - Law between individuals only

 Public Law
Constitutional Law
Administrative Law
Criminal Law

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 Criminal Law
IPC - Indian Penal Code (1860)
IEA - Indian Evidence Act (1872)
CrPC - Code of criminal procedure (1973)

 Criminal Law
IPC - 1860
IEA - 1872
CrPC - 1973

 Private law
Civil Law
Family Law
Contract Law
Law of Torts

 Civil Law
Civil Procedure Code - CPC (1908)

 Contemporary Law
Latest Judgment or latest updates
Supreme Court Judgments
New laws enacted
New legal events

 John Salmond - Judge of New Zealand

 Salmond’s theory of law

- Body of principles recognized and applied by stats in administration of justice

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  Father of International Law - Hugo Grotius
 Term International Law turned by - Jeremy Bentham

 National Law - Law applicable within state

Legislature
Judiciary
Executive

 Sources of Law
Legislation - main source of law (parliament)
Constitution - Constitution of India
Customs or usage - from behavior of people
Precedents - from earlier events or actions
Personal laws - from needs of particular persons

 Substantive Law
- Determines how members of society are to behave
- Substantive law defines rights and responsibilities in civilian
- Substantive law defines crimes and punishments in criminal law
- Substantive law defines how facts in the case will be handled and how crime will be
charged
- Substantive law is related to facts of the case i.e. substance
Rights; Duties; Obligations; Facts of case (IPC)

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 Adjective Law
- Procedure of Case
- Adjective law is procedural law
- Process through which a case will go through
- Determines how a proceeding concerning enforcement of substantive law will occur
- Procedure of Case (CRPC)

 Common Law System

- Supreme Court judgment or verdict is followed by all courts in India
- Decision on individual cases have effect on future cases

 Civil Law system

- Laws made by parliament are applied on all citizens of India
- Primary source of law

 Indian Penal Code - IPC(1860)

- Substantive law
- IPC - Criminal Code of India

 Ranbir Penal Code - RPC

- Jammu & Kashmir
- IPC is not applicable in J & K under article 370

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  Fundamental Rights
- Rights given by constitution to every Indian citizen
- 6 Fundamental Rights
1) Right to equality
2) Right to freedom
3) Right against exploitation
4) Right to freedom of religion
5) Cultural and educational rights
6) Right to constitutional remedies

 Article 32
- Right to approach Supreme Court against violation of fundamental rights
- Article 32 - Right to constitutional remedies
- Part 3 - Fundamental Rights

Note: Article 32 - Heart and soul of constitution

OR
Right to Constitutional Remedies - Heart and Soul (32)

JUDICIARY

 Hierarchy of Judiciary in India

 Supreme Court
 High Court
 District/Session Court
 Judicial Magistrate (Class 1)
 Judicial Magistrate (Class 2)

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 Supreme Court
 1 - Supreme Court of India
 Apex Court i.e. Highest Court

 High Courts
 24 - High Courts in India
 Jurisdiction over state and union territory
 Original Jurisdiction - Power of High Court to hear the case for the 1st time i.e.
original case
 Civil Jurisdiction and Criminal Jurisdiction

Note: Jurisdiction - Power to make legal judgments

 District / Session Courts

 6 - District / Sessions Court in Delhi
 District Courts and sessions courts are same
 District Court - Civil matters (District Judge)
 Sessions Court - Criminal matters (Sessions Judge)

 Judicial Magistrate - First Class

 Court of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
 Criminal Court - 2nd lowest in India
 Judicial Magistrate (1st Class) - can’t pass sentence of imprisonment more than 3
years or fine more than Rs5000 or both

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 Judicial Magistrate - Second Class
 Court of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
 Criminal Court - Lowest in India
 Judicial Magistrate (2nd Class) - can’t pass sentence of imprisonment more than 1
year or fine more than Rs5000 or both

 Judicial Magistrate - Power to pass judgment on a case i.e. related to Judiciary

 Executive Magistrate - Maintains law and order i.e. don’t have power on criminal
matters

Note: In India, there is integrated system of justice i.e.all the systems are combined
together in order to work as single system

 Session - Criminal case

 District - Civil case
 IPC - Section 498A[Women (Special Power)]

 Police cannot interfere in civil matters

 Police can only interfere in criminal matters

 Jurisdiction
- Power or authority of Judge to hear the case and try the case -

1) Original Jurisdiction
2) Appellate Jurisdiction
3) Advisory Jurisdiction
4) Writ Jurisdiction

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 Supreme Court has 4 Jurisdictions

1. Original Jurisdiction
- Original Jurisdiction means that certain cases can originate (appear) in Supreme Court
only

 Centre vs. State

 State vs. State
 Violation of fundamental rights

2. Appellate Jurisdiction
- Appellate Jurisdiction means that appeals against judgments in lower courts can be made
in Supreme Court
- Supreme Court is highest court of appeal

 Appeals in constitutional cases

 Appeals in civil cases
 Appeals in criminal cases

3. Advisory Jurisdiction
- Advisory Jurisdiction means that the president can seek the Supreme Courts advice on
legal matters
- Advisory Jurisdiction - Article 143

 Supreme Court is a court of record

 Court of record - common law system
i.e. A court whose proceeding are recorded and available as evidence of
fact in similar cases in future

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 4. Writ Jurisdictions
- Writ Jurisdiction means that Supreme Court can issue a writ in case of violation
fundamental rights

 Article 32 - Supreme Court can issue writ in case of violation of fundamental rights

Note: Supreme Court has Jurisdiction in J & K also

High Court has larger Writ Jurisdiction than Supreme Court

TYPES OF WRIT

1. Mandamus - we command

 To give order or issue a command

 Mandamus is issued when public authority, public office does not perform its
duty or perform its duty illegally which results in violation of legal right of the
citizen
 Mandamus is issued to command public authority or public officer to perform its
duty legally
 Mandamus can’t be issued against President and Governor

2. Certiorari - To be certified

 To Quash the order passed by judicial, quasi-judicial and tribunal authority

 Certiorari is issued when judicial or quasi-judicial exceeds its jurisdictions or
incorrectly performs its jurisdiction
 Order is Quashed

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3. Prohibition - The act of stopping something

 To prohibit judicial or quasi-judicial from proceeding a case whose it has no

jurisdiction to try the case
 Prohibition is issued before the proceeding

4. Quo Warranto - What is your authority

 To prevent a person from holding a public office to which he is not entitled

 Quo warranto is issued to un-official or un-qualified person to remove him from
the seat or office which does not belong to him
 Quo Warranto is issued to remove a person from holding public office which does
not belong to him

5. Habeas Corpus - You may have the body

 To release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison or

private custody
 Habeas corpus is issued to produce body of citizen who is detained illegally and
wrongfully
 Habeas corpus can be filed before court by any individual i.e. a petition
 Habeas corpus is issued to physically produce the person before court whose
detention is questioned

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  Res Judicata is not applicable in Habeas corpus
 Res Judicata - If a case of a person is decided in one court then he can’t go to another
court for same person and case

 Res Judicata
- A matter that has been decided by a court then the same matter of same person cannot go
to another court
- If a dispute is decided between 2 parties in one court then same party cannot see another
party on same dispute in another court

Note - Res Judicata is not applicable in Habeas Corpus because, it is a matter of life

So, if a writ of Habeas corpus is not issued by High court to produce the person in court
who is unlawfully detained, then same petition by same person can be filled in another
court or supreme court to issue the writ of Habeas corpus because, it is the matter of life

 Habeas Corpus - Present the victim to court

 Habeas Corpus is not suspended during even emergency

 Companies Act 2013

- Every company is a body-corporate but everybody - corporate is not a company because

it is not registered in companies Act

 Person - animal; legal entity

 Individual - human beings

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 International Law
- Law of nations
- Law of peace

 Father of International Law - Hugo Grotius

 International Law found by - Jeremy Bentham

 Subjects of International Law

- States (Countries)
- International Organizations
- Individuals of different countries

 Sources of International Law

1. International Conventions
 Treaty, Agreement, Convents, fact
 UN Charter

2. International customs as evidence of general practice accepted as law

 Psychological Boundations
 Pacta Sunt Servanda - Treaties signed must be respected

3. General principles recognized by civilized nations

4. Writings of highly qualified publicists or judicial decisions as secondary source

 1; 2; 3 - Primary Source

5. Modern Sources
 Security Council Resolutions (non-binding)

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Note: International Law - International Court of Justice

 National Law

 Subjects of National Law

 Persons - Natural and Artificial

 Sources of national Law

1. Constitution of India

2. Legislature

 Centre
 State

3. Precedence
 Common law system

4. Customs
A practice that is being followed by many

 Uniformity
 Psychological feeling that one is legally obliged to follow general practice

5. Personal Laws

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 Law of Sea

1. Territorial Waters - 12 nautical miles

 Coastal States excursuses sovereignty over tutorial water

2. Contiguous Zone - 24 nautical miles

 Apply law on customs, taxation, immigration, pollution
 Hot Pursuit area

3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EFZ) - 200 nautical miles

 Exploring, Exploiting, Conserving and Managing natural resources
 Foreign nations have freedom of navigation and over flight

4. Continental Shelf - Between 200 and 350 nautical miles

 Extra land in water
 Right to extract minerals from continental shift

5. High Seas - Beyond all four above

 Right of all the nations
 Does not belong to particular anyone

1 Arvid Pado - Father of Law of Sea

 Contributed to birth of modern law of sea

2 United Nations convention on Law of the Sea

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 3 Hot Pursuit
 Exercised by Navy-warships or Military-aircrafts and ceases as soon as ship
enters tutorial water of another country
 Continuous
 Done by warship/aircrafts
 Can’t enter territorial water i.e. sovereign area

Note: International Seabed Authority - ISA

 United Nations

 Effective - 24 October 1945

 Foundational Treaty
 Location - United States
 Original member states – 51
 Now - 193

 United Nations Charter

# Preamble
 2 Principal Parts

1 Maintenance of peace and security and international security and respect for human
rights
2 Governments of peoples for United Nations have agreed to charter it is the 1st
international document regarding human rights

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  Chapter 1 - Purposes and Principles

(1) Article1 - Purposes of United Nations

 To maintain International peace and security
 To develop friendly relations among nations
 To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems

(2) Article 2 - Principles of United Nations

 Principle of sovereign equality of all members
 All members shall refrain in their international
 Relations from threat or use of force against members
 Members shall settle disputes by peaceful means
 5 principal organs of United Nations

1. General Assembly
 To maintain peace and security
 To inform Security Council and receive report from security council
 Budgeting (voting - 2/3 of majority)

2. Security Council
 To maintain security
 15 members - 10 non-permanent; 5 permanent
 General Decision - 9 votes required
 Veto Power - 5 votes of permanent members

3. Economic and Social Council

 54 members
 Function - Human Rights

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 4. International Court of Justice
 Principal judicial organ of UN
 15 members; quorum - 9 Judges
 Term length - 9 years
 The Hague, Netherlands

5. Trusteeship council
 International peace and security on trust territories
 Trust territories - Territories taken from nations defeated at end of
world war - 2
 Trust Territories have now attained self-government or independence

Note: ICC - International Criminal Court

 Non UN body
 The Hague, Netherlands
 War crimes
 Genocide
 Violation of Humanitarian laws

 Supreme Court and High Court

 Constitution of India
 Constitution from the people of India, for the people of India
 Union Judiciary
 Supreme Court - Highest Court of appeal

 Hierarchy - Integrated system of Judiciary

 32 - Supreme Court
 226 - High Court

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  Heart and soul of constitution - Article 32
 Violation of fundamental rights

 Supreme Court and High Court proceedings are conducted only in English
 Supreme Court - 31(30+1) = Judges

 Article 21 - Right to life

 Article 141 - decree by SC shall be followed by all

 Single Bench - 1 Judge

 Divisional Bench - 1 or more Judges
 Constitutional Bench - 5 or 6 Judges
 Order - Given by court to do something
 Decree - Decree is what court orders a party to do
 Judgment - Reason given by judges as to why decree was given
 Tribunal - Tribunal is any person or institution with authority to judge
claim, case or dispute
Lie outside hierarchy of courts

 Tribunal Court
 Efficient and Independent
 Deal with matters requiring specialized knowledge
 Provide speedy resolution of disputes

 Difference between Court of Tribunal

 Court work on IPC, IEA and CrPC
 Tribunal work on Acts
eg. National Green Tribunal, Company Law Tribunal

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  SLP (Special Leave Petition)
 SLP is filed to appeal in SC when injustice is given by HC
 SLP is filed by a party to appeal in Supreme Court
against the judgment given by the High Court

 Article 136
 Power of the Supreme Court to may grant special leave to appeal in Supreme
Court after checking SLP by the party or the Supreme Court may not grant special
leave to appeal

 Certificate of Appeal - Certificate of Appeal given by High Court to appeal in

Supreme Court when question of Law is involved

 Question of Law – (Substantial Question of Law) : It is a certificate given by

High Court to the party to appeal to Supreme Court where itself cannot decide the
case

So, substantial question of Law is decided by the Supreme Court i.e. highest court
in India

 Substantial question of Law - Article 134A

(Certificate to move from High Court to Supreme Court)

 PIL - Public Interest Litigation

 For social justice
 For public benefit

 PIL is for non-profit and for interest of public

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  PIL is a type of a writ
But, PIL is filed for public interest and writ is filed for self interest

 PIL is filed by an individual for the interest of public

 PIL is writ
 All writs are not PIL

 Petition
- A petition is filed seeking issuance of a write from High Court or Supreme Court
- Petition is signed by many people

 Executive Head in India - President

 Real Executive Head in India - Prime Minister

Note: Prime Minister - Government Head

 Notwithstanding - in spite of; Despite; Regardless

 Article 131-Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

 Only Supreme Court has powers to try some cases

 Between Government of India and State

 Between two or, more states

Note: Article 131 - Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

 Article 143 - Advisory Jurisdiction

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  Power of President to consult Supreme Court

 Court of Record - Proceedings are recorded and used as facts for next similar cases

Note: Supreme Court (only) and (not) High Court - Court of Record
i.e. evidence of one case is of value for next similar case

 Article 129 - Supreme Court is court of record

 Article 137 - Review of Judgment or order by Supreme Court
 Article 141 - Law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts

 Collegium System
 Process through transfer and appointment of Judges takes place
 Decision is taken by a Collegium

 Collegium (related to Supreme Court)

 CJI + 4 senior most Judges of Supreme Court

 Collegium (related to High Court)

 CJI + 4 senior most Judges of Supreme Court + 3 members of concerned High
Court (including Chief Justice of High Court)

 NJAC (National Judicial Appointments Commission)

 Responsible for, appointment and transfer of Judges

 99th Amendment - NJAC Act

 NJAC would consist of - CJI (Chairperson - Ex Officio); 2 SC Judges; Law
Minister; 2 Persons

 NJAC (National Judicial Appointments Commission)

 Responsible for appointment and transfer of Judges

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  99th Amendment - NJAC Act (Constitution)
 Passed by Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Note: NJAC is cancelled

 Collegium system replace NJAC

 Collegium will appoint and transfer judges and not NJAC
 NJAC was cancelled on 2015
 Collegium system started again
 Collegium system is transfer and appointment of Judges

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  Qualification to become Supreme Court Judge
1. 5 years Judge in High Court
2. 10 years advocate in High Court
3. Or, Distinguished Jurist in eyes of President

 Appointing authority of Judge - Removing authority

 Writ Jurisdiction - Only Jurisdiction where High Court is more powerful than
Supreme Court
 Article 226 - Power of HC to issue writs

Note: Writ - extraordinary judgment in extraordinary situations

 Qualification to become High Court Judge

1. 5 years of Judge in District/Session Court
2. 10 years of advocate in District/Session Court

Note: Leila Seth - 1st Woman chief - Justice of High Court

 Maximum age for HC Judge - 62 years

 Maximum age for SC Judge - 65 years

 Article 227 - Power of superintendence over all courts by High Court

 High Court of a state has superintendence over all district/session courts and tribunal
within the state
 High Court has provisional jurisdiction
 High Court does not have appellate jurisdiction

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Note: Appellate - To appeal for error in jurisdiction

 Article 32 - Heart and soul of constitution

Protection against violation of fundamental rights

 Constitution of India
 395 Articles
 22 Parts
 12 Schedules

 GST ( Goods and Service tax)

 Chairman of GST Council - Arun Jaitley

 Difference between order, Decree, Judgment

 Order - Given by court to do something

(No 2nd appeal)

 Decree - Rights and obligations determined by a winning party

(2nd Appeal is allowed)

 Judgment - Reason given by Judges to why decree was given

Note: High Court and Supreme Court are body-corporate so, they can buy property on
their name

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CRIMINAL LAW

 Elements of Crime

Human Being
Mens Rea - state of mind
Actus Reus - act of doing something
Injury

1. Human Being
Living Human being

2. Mens Rea
Intention; Knowledge; Awareness; Dishonest; Negligence; Fraudulent; Rashness; Reason
to believe

3. Actus Reus
Act; Series of Act; Omission (not doing something which you are supposed to do)

4. Injury
Body; Mind; Property; Human-Being

 Section 375 - Rape

 Section 376 (1) - Rape
 Section 376(2) - Rape

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  Section 376 - Punishment for Rape
 Section 376A - Death by Rape
 Section 376B - Rape by husband during separation
 Section 376C - Rape by person in authority
 Section 376D - Gang Rape
 Section 376E - Rape by repeat offenders

 Section 509 - word, gesture or act intended to insult the

modesty of a woman

RIGHTS

 Fundamental Rights
 Constitutional Rights
 Legal Rights

 Article 32 - Violation of Fundamental Rights (Supreme Court)

 Article 226 - Violation of Constitutional Rights (High Courts)

Note: All Fundamental Rights are Constitution Rights but, all Constitutional Rights are
not Fundamental Rights

 Legal Rights - Specific rights given by acts

(arms act, patent act, etc)

 Article 13 - Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the

fundamental rights

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 No law shall be made to take away fundamental rights for the citizens

 Fundamental Rights - from USA

 Fundamental Duties - from Russia

 Article 14 - Equality before Law

 Article 14 permits reasonable classification because all persons are not similarly situated
However, it prohibits class legislation

 Article 14 - Equality before law &

Equal protection of law

 No discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, six, place of birth

 Equality before law - No one is above the law

 No discrimination on basis of birth, position, gender or personal attributes

i.e. everyone is equal in eyes of law
 No discrimination and everyone is equal before law

 Equal Protection of Law - Equal opportunities by law

 Equal opportunities provided by law to all those who are in similar positions
i.e. Because all persons are not in same position or situations law can treat different
persons differently

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Note: Court decides whether Equality before Law or Equal Protection of Law is applied

 Equality before Law - Everyone is equal before law and no

discrimination on basis of gender, cast, etc

 Equal protection of Law - Everyone is treated fairly Rich people and

poor people are treated accordingly

 Equality before Law - Negative discrimination

 Equal Protection of Law - Positive discrimination

 Article 16 - No discrimination in public employment

 Article 19 - Freedom of speech

 Article 20 - protection in respect of conviction of offences

 Article 21 - Protection of life and personal liberty

 Article 20 and Article 21

Article 20 and Article 21 can’t be suspended during even emergency

 Article 22 - Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

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 Article 21(A) - Right to Education
(Compulsory education of children from age 6-14)

 Article 21 - Protection of life and personal property

 Article 21 - Right to life (Human Dignity)

 Adultery - Sexual intercourse between a married person and

a person who is not their spouse

 Adultery - Women have more power than men in case of

adultery

 Section 25 (Indian Evidence Act)

 Confession or statement to police officer not valid in court

 Section 26 (Indian Evidence Act)

 Confession or statement by accused in public custody is not valid against him in court
or cannot be proved against him

 Section 25 and Section 26 (Indian Evidence Act (1872))

 Statement given in Police Station is not valid in court

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  Section 27 (Indian Evidence Act (1872))
 Statement given in Police Station is valid in court provided a fact in relation with the
statement is discovered and proved

 Preventive Detention Arrest

- Preventive Detention arrest is done beforehand to prevent possible commitment of crime
It is done on grounds of suspicion that some wrong action or some crime may be done by
the person concerned

 Punitive Detention Arrest - Punitive Detention Arrest is done for

already committed crime

Note:

Secularism - Equal treatment of all religions in India

Secularism - No religion preference

 Governance of State (state i.e. country)

 Article 39A - Equal justice and free legal aid to all
 Article 44 - Uniform civil code for citizens
 Article 48A - Protection and improvement of
environment
 Article 50 - Separation of Judiciary from
executive
 Article 51 - Promotion of International Peace &
Security
 Article 51A - Fundamental Duties

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 How Bill becomes a law
 Bill is an idea which is proposed in the parliament for discussions on it to make it a law

 Bill is a draft of the proposed law

 Type of Bills
1 Government Bill - Proposed by a Minister
(i.e. Minister of current government)
2 Private Member Bill - Proposed by Non-Minister or any
Member of Parliament
3 Money Bill - Proposed in Lok Sahba only
4 Non Money Bill - Proposed by Minister or Member of
Parliament in either House

Note: None Money Bill - Ordinary Bill or Constitutional

Amendment Bill

 Even before introduction of Bill in Parliament, there may be lot of debate on introduction
of Bill

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 How Bill Become a law

1. Draft of bill is prepared

2. Discussion takes place about the bill in the Parliament

3. Committees are formed for discussion and recommendation on the bill that is given to the
House
Committees are known as Miniature Legislatures

4. Voting on the bill in the House takes place

5. After the Bill is passed in one House, it is sent to the other House where same procedure
is followed

6. When a bill is passed in both Houses, it is sent to the President

President signs the bill and it becomes a law

 Jan Lokpal Bill

 Draft of anti-corruption bill

 Lokpal
 An independent body that would investigate corruption cases, complete the investigation
within one year and do trial of case to finish over in next one year

 ‘Lokpal’ coined by - Singhvi

 Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

 Lokpal Act
 Anti - Corruption act of Indian Parliament
 Lokpal - Anti Corruption at Centre
 Lokayuktas - Anti Corruption at State
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Note: Jan Lokpal Bill proposes to improvement to Lokpal and Lokayuktas

 IAC - Indian Against Corruption (2011)

By Anna Hazare

 IAC - Anti Corruption Movement in India

 Difference between Minister and Member of Parliament

 All Ministers are Member of Parliament but all Member of Parliament are not Minister

 Ministers are Member of parliament from ruling party who are selected by Prime
Minister to run various department of government

 Amendments
 42nd Amendment - Fundamental Duties
 44th Amendment - Right to Property
 73rd Amendment - Introduction of election in Panchayats
 99th Amendment - National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC)
st
 101 Amendment - Goods and Services Tax (GST)

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RULES OF LAW

 (Country) state is not governed by a ruler or elected representatives of the people but
by the law constitution is the supreme power in India
 Legislative and Executive derive authority from the constitution But, nobody is above
the constitution or law India is governed by rule of law

 Article 14 - Equality before law

 Article 14 - Rule of law

 Article 39A - Equal Justice and true legal Aid

 Article 44 - Uniform Civil Code for citizens

 Article 123 - Power of President to promulgate ordinances

during recess of Parliament

 Article 52 - President of India

 Article 72 - Power of President to grant pardons

 Article 74 - Council of Ministers to aid and advise president

 Article 124 - Establishment of Supreme Court

 Article 123 - NJAC

 Article 60 - Oath of President

 Article 69 - Oath by Vice President

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  Schedule 3 ( Oath by )
 Ministers
 MP and MLA
 Judges
 CAG
 Everyone except president and Vice President

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Post Salary Appointed/Elected Oath Resignation To
by Administration
President 1,50,000 Electoral College CJI or Senior-most Vice President *
Consisting of MP’s SC Judge Impeachment (only
& MLA’s MP’s)
Vice President 1,25,000 Electoral College President President
Consisting of MP’s
Ministers President President only
Supreme Court 90,000 President President/on his president (65 years)
Judge (Collegium) behalf
High Court 80,000 President Governor/on his President (62 years)
Judge (recommendation) behalf
CAG 90,000 President President President (6 years or
65 years)
CJI 1,00,000 President President/parliament President/Parliament
Governor 1,10,000 President Chief Justice of President
High Court
Chief Election 90,000 President (6 years No Oath President
Commissioner or 65)
Attorney President No Oath President
General

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  4th Pillar of State - Press and Media

 Vice president
 Chairman of Rajya Sabha
 President in absence of President

 Parliament
 President
 Council of States
 House of people

 Council of States - Rajya Sabha (Upper House)

Total - 250
238 - Elected by MLA’s of each state
12 - Elected by President (Science, Art, Literature, etc)

 House of People - Lok Sabha (Lower House)

Total - 552
2 - Anglo Indians (Relating to both UK and India)

 Attorney General - Public Prosecutor representing Govt. of India

 Attorney General - Defend Union of India

 Schedule 10
 Disqualification on ground of defection

 Antidefection
 Winners or elected candidates can’t change political party

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  Bicameral - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha

 Federal - Centre & State

 Preamble - Part of the constitution

 Article 61 - Impeachment of President

 Article 74 - Council of Minister to aid and advise President

 Article 72 - Power of President to grant pardons

 Article 123 - Ordinance by President during recess

 Article 213 - Ordinance by Governor during recess

 Article 124 - Establishment of Supreme Court

 Article 143 - Power of President to consult Supreme Court

 Article 141 - Law declared by SC binding on all courts

 Article 124 - Appointment of SC Judges

 Article 143 - Advisory Jurisdiction

 Article 141 - SC Judgment are binding on all courts

 Article 136 - Special Leave to appeal by SC

 Article 137 - Review of Judgments by SC

 Article 361 - Protection of President and Governor

 Article 368 - Power of Parliament to amend the constitution

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  Hierarchy
 Supreme Court - Apex Court
 High Court - State Level

 Subordinate courts and Tribunals

 Subordinate Court - Judicial Officers only

 Tribunals - Judicial Officers and expert on specific matters
(other members)

 Tribunals - Special courts for specific matters

Taxation Tribunal, Cyber Crime Tribunal

 If the matter is not solved in Tribunal, case goes to High Court

 Preamble
 S - Sovereign
 S - Socialist
 S - Secular
 D - Democratic
 R - Republic

 Constitutionalism
 To follow the constitution

 People appointed by president for statutory post

 CVC - Central Vigilance commissioner
 Lokpal - Anti Corruption Authority
 Ambassador - Representative of a Country
 Vice Chancellor of Central University

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  Statutory Post
 Not mentioned in the Constitution
 Mentioned in Acts

FUNCTIONS OF PRESIDENT

 Executive
 Chief commander of Defense Forces
 Appointment of constitutional posts
 Oaths
 Removal
 All other executive function

 Legislature
 Article 123 - Power of President for ordinance during
recess

 Judiciary
 Article 72 - power of president to grant pardons
 Article 74 - Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President

 President
 Article 74 – Aid and Advise of Council of Ministers
(Cabinet Ministers; Union Ministers)

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  Contract
 Legal agreement between 2 or more parties that is enforceable by law

 Terms

1. Pardon - forgiveness (or merit basis)

2. Reprieve - to give relief or to suspend
3. Respite - Postpone (on mercy)
4. Remission - to reduce punishment reduction of sentence
5. Commutation - When sentence is changed from one form to another

Note: President - On aid and advice of Council of Ministers (Home Ministry)

 Article 14 - Article 18
 Rule of law : From UK

 Administrative Law
 Administrative law governs the activities of administrative agencies of the
government

 Administrative Law - Branch of Public law

 Principles of Natural Justice (unbiased)

1. Nemo Esse Judex in Propria Causa - Nobody can be a judge in his own case
2. Audi Alteram Partem - Nobody should be condemned unheard
3. Speaking order in most - Order is always written and reasonable

 Sources of Constitution
 Government of India Act, 1919
 Government of India Act, 1935
 Constitution of India

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  Diarchy - Dual Government (Central Govt. and State Govt.)

 Bicameral - 2 Houses (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha)

 Preamble - Blueprint of our constitution (From USA)

 Fundamental Rights - Human Rights (6)

 Fundamental Duties - Article 51A (11)

 Constitution of India
 Judiciary & Executive - USA
 Rule of Law - UK
 Preamble - USA
 Parliamentary System - UK
 Amendment of Constitution - South Africa
 Emergency Provisions - Germany
 Directive Principles - Ireland

APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES

 1981 - Primary of Executive

 SP Gupta vs. Union of India
 Supreme Court gave primary to president in appointment of Judges

 1987 - Law Commission presented 121st Report

 New forum for judicial appointments

 1993 - Collegium System

 Advocate on Record Association vs. Union of India
 Collegium + President - Appointment of SC Judges
 Collegium = CJI + 4 Senior-most Judges

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 1999 - Consultation with plurality of Judges
 Collgium = 4 ; 4 - 2 agree & 2 disagree

 CJI will not recommend the name to President

 2002 - NJAC
 NJAC - National Judicial Appointments Commission
 Function - Appointment of Judges

 2014 - NJAC established

 99 Amendment
th
- NJAC established
 2014 Act, NJAC established

 2015 - NJAC Closed

 After NJAC Closed - Collegium system resumed
 Collegium system - Appointment of Judges

 Jurisdiction of SC is less than HC

 Jurisdiction - Authority

 Jurisdiction (Authority)
 Territorial
 Subject matter - Original; Appellate; Review; Advisory
 Pecuniary - Relating to money

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Note: Parliament can enlarge jurisdiction of Supreme Court by making a law

 Supreme Court’s - Appellate Jurisdiction

 Appeal to Supreme Court
 Substantial Case - Case involves substantial question of law
 Civil Case
 Criminal Case
 In any case - SPL (Special Leave to appeal)

 Qualification of SC Judge - Article 124(3)

 Jurisprudence - Knowledge of Law

 Jurist - Expert in Law

(Jurist is recognized & distinguished)

 Removal of Judges
 Grounds - Proved misbehavior or incapacity

 Process
 Address to remove Judge is passed by each house of parliament
 Address is supported by special majority i.e. majority of the total membership of that
House of majority of not less than two-thinks of the members of that house present
and voting
 Address for removal of Judge of presented to President, and President removes the
Judge

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 Article 124 (5)
 Procedure for presentation of an address and for investigation and proof of misbehavior
or incapacity of Judge

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 Writ
 A formal, written order issued by the court, which is to be obeyed by the
individual/authority to whom it is address
 Supreme Court issued write for the enforcement of fundamental rights

 PIL - Public Interest Litigation

 None-profit and for public benefit
 A writ PIL is filed by an individual in the interest of public

 PIL is a writ But, all writs are not PIL

 Petition
 Petition is signed by many
 A petition seeking issuance of a writ is known as writ petition

 Article 20 - Protection in respect for conviction for offences

 Article 20 protect right of people accused of crime
 Article 20 is a fundamental right which can be suspended even during emergency under
article 359

 Article 22 - Protection against arrest and detention in certain

cases

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JUDICIARY

 Article 125 - Salaries, etc of Judges

Article 125 - Once a Judge is appointed, salaries and

perks can’t be reduced

 Article 124 (7 ) - No person who has held office as Judge of

Supreme Court shall act in any court or before any
authority within territory of India

 SC Judge - 65 years

 HC Judge - 62 years

 Article 129 - Supreme Court is Court of Record,

 Article 124A - NJAC (Removed)

 Article 220 - Restriction on practice after becoming a

Permanent Judge

 Article 217(3) - Question raised about age of Judge of High

shall be decided by the President

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 Writs
 Constitutional Remedy - Violation of Fundamental Rights
 Command
 Prerogative - Habeas corpus; certiorari,
Mandamus; Quo Warranto; Prohibition

 Article 32 - Issued for Fundamental Rights

(Supreme Court)

 Article 226 - Issue for Fundamental and legal rights

(High Court)

 Mandamus
 To give order or issue a command to individual or authority when an individual or
authority does not perform its function or illegally performs it

 Certiorari
 Issue to judicial and quasi - judicial authority when it exceeds its jurisdiction

 Prohibition
 Issued to judicial and quasi-judicial authority prohibit its wrong proceeding from taking
place

 Quo Warranto
 To stop illegal selection of candidates

 Habeas Corpus
 For missing people to produce the body of citizen when court orders it
 Res Judicata is not applicable here

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Note: If High Court rejects petition - cannot approach Supreme Court for writs

 If a person approach High Court under Article 226, then for the same case that person
cannot approach Supreme Court under Article 32

 Res Judicata
 If a dispute is decided between 2 parties then same party cannot sue another party on
same dispute in another court

 President

 Executive Power
 Head of defense
 Appointment of power to executive members
 Sign international treaty

 Legislative Powers
 Supervisory power
 Can order for joint session of Parliament
 Financial powers - all money matters are with President

 Judicial Powers
 Appointment of Judges
 Appointment of CJI
 Disqualification of Member of Parliament is done by President

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  Indian Parliament

 President
 House of People - Lok Sabha
 Council of States - Rajya Sabha

 House of People - Lok Sabha

 Total - 552
 States - 530
 Union Territories - 20
 Anglo Indian - 2

 Session of Parliament
 Budge Session - February to May
 Monsoon Session - July to August
 Winter Session - November to December

Note: President - president is a part of Parliament But, not the members of Parliament

 No disqualification for president and Vice-President

 Control of Parliament - President

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  Lok Sabha - Lower House
Speaker - Elected by Member of Lok Sabha
Deputy Speaker - Elected

Speaker is impartial after appointment

 Rajya Sabha - Upper House

Chairman - Ex Officio
Deputy Chairman - Elected

Chairman is ex officio i.e. Vice President

 1st Session of Parliament - Budget Session

 1st Session - Lok Sabha (February to May)
 President attends 1st Session or Session immediately after election

Note: Oath of President - To protect the constitution of India

 Appointment and removal of chairman of Rajya Sabha (Vice President) is different from
rest members of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

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 Article 74 - President acts on aid and advice of Council of Ministers

 Qualification of Member of Parliament

 30 years of age for Rajya Sabha
 25 years of age for Lok Sabha

 Representation of People’s act, 1951

 Rules and Regulations to conduct elections
 Statutory

 Disqualifications of Member of parliament

 Candidate for MP cannot hold office of profit before and after elections

 Disqualification of Member of Parliament

 Constitutional - Article 102
 Statutory - Representation of People’s act, 1951
 Defection - 10th Schedule

 Lok Sabha - No leader of opposition in Lok Sabha

 Because, no opposition with more than 10% seats in Lok Sabha

 Rajya Sabha - Ghulam Nabi Azad

 Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha

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  Lokpal - Anti Corruption Authority
 Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

 NITI aayog - Replaced - Planning Commission

 NITI Aayog - National Institution for Transforming India
 Function - To transform India through participation of state
governments and central government together
 Chairman - Prime Minister (Ex officio)

 Disqualification of MP’s
 Done by President on advice of Election Commission

 Privileges of MP’s
 Freedom of speech in Parliament
 No action can be taken in court against MP on his speech or debate in parliament during
discussion

 Election Petition
 Filed before High Court of Particular state
 Election Petition is filled after disqualified
 candidate is elected with majority

Note: Disputes related to election of President & Vice-President are solved in Supreme
Court

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 Functions of the Parliament

1. Legislation - Bill becomes Act in Parliament

2. Deliberation & Discussions - Discussions amongst MP’s for Public Importance

3. Control of Executive - Executive is responsible to Parliament

4. Control of Public Finance

5. Removal of High Official

6. Amendment to the constitution

 Legislative Process of Parliament

 Bill becomes Law in Parliament
 Bill becomes Law in 3 stages

Committee
 Committee is formed in Parliament in either House of the Parliament to discuss bills

1. Standing Committee
 Permanent

2. Select Committee
 Interim or Temporary
 Found for a particular purpose

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 3. Committee Estimates
 Formed to estimate how to spend budget
 Committee Estimates - Largest committee in Parliament

 Joint Session
 Session of both Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha together
 Called by only President
 Chairman of Joint Session - Speaker of Lok Sabha

 Assent of President
 President can send the bill back for revision only once and after he has sign it only
 Can’t send it again for revision

Note: Guardian of Constitution - Supreme Court

 Legislative process of Parliament

 To make a bill into act i.e. Law

 Types of Bills
1. Ordinary Bills - Statutory Matters & Constitutional Matters

2. Money Bills

3. Finance Bills - Money Matters & Other Matters

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  Money Bill & Finance Bill
 Can’t be introduced in Rajya Sabha
 Only introduced in Lok Sabha

 Decision of Speaker of Lok Sabha is final whether it is a money bill or not

 Money Bills
 Regulation of taxes
 Regulation of borrowing money
 Expenditure of money by government

Note: Consolidated Fund of India - Money in reserve of Government of India

 Annual Financial Statement

 Laid down before both houses
 Presented by – President
 Presented in - Lok Sabha

 Budget is presented by Finance Minister in Lok Sabha

 Expenditure from consolidated Fund of India

1. Charged Expenditure
 Salary for President, Salary for CJI etc
 No voting is done for charged expenditure

2. Other Expenditure
 To spend permission is taken from President
 Consolidated Fund of India
 Consists of -
Revenues received by Government of India
All the loans taken by Government

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  Appropriation Bill

1 Money Bill
 Authorizes the government to spend money

2 Finance Bill
 Changes to taxes, duties, etc

 Article 368 - Power of Parliament to amend the constitution

 GST
 Amendment 122 (Bill) - Draft
 Amendment 101 (Bill becomes Act) - Passed in Parliament

 Executive Power
 Other than Legislative Power & Judicial Power

 Executive Powers - Prime Minister (Government)

 Kesavananda Bharati Case

 Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala
 Article 368 - Power of Parliament to amend Constitution

 Kesavananda Bharati Case

 Basic structure doctrine limits the power of Parliament that fundamental parts of our
constitutions cannot be amended
i.e. parliament cannot amend basic structure of our constitution

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  Basic Structure Doctrine - It is a principle that constitution of India in certain basic
features that cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments by the Parliament

 Basic structure Doctrine was established in Kesavananda Bharati Case

 India - Largest democracy in the world

 Supreme Court - Most powerful in India

Note: Justice, Equity and good conscience

Muslim Law

 Primary Sources
 Quran - Holy Book
 Hadith - Collection of sayings of prophet Muhammad
Whatever Prophet Muhammad practiced is written in
Hadith and Muslims follow it

 Secondary Sources
 Legislation - Personal; Secular

 Polygamy - Practice of having more than one wife or husband

at the same time

 Bigamy - Crime or offence of marrying someone while

already married to another person

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  Polyandry - Woman has more than one husband

 Triple Talaq - Man says ‘Talaq’ world 3 times to divorce here

wife

 Polygamy - Shayara Bano vs. Union of India (2017)

(Pending in Supreme Court)

 Triple Talaq - Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan

(High Court of Allahabad)

Note: Polygamy - Allowed in Muslim law

 Polyandry - Not allowed in Muslim Law

 Nikah - A Muslim Marriage (Arabic word)

 Conditions / Essentials of Muslim Marriage

1. Parties must be competent
By age and by soundness of mind

2. There must be an offer by a Party i.e. IJAB and offer must be accepted by other party
i.e. Qubul in the same meeting
(not necessarily in the same place eg. on internet)

3. Acceptance must be free consent of the parties

4. Both the parties must be muslim

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  Shia & Sunni
 Shia - Muslim can only marry muslim

 Sunni - Muslim man can marry non-muslim woman

 Woman - Kitabia (Jesus/Christians only who believe in
divine book)

Note: Shia - witness not required for marriage

- 2 witnesses are required at time of divorce

Note: Sunni - 2 witnesses are required for marriage

- witness not required for divorce

 Muslim man can marry 4 women

 Muslim man can have 4 wives at one time

 Sharia Law - Islamic Law / Muslim Law

 Also known as - Shariat

 Prophet Muhammad
 Born in Mecca (Holy City)
 Born in Mecca and Died in Medina

 Resting place of Muhammad - Medina

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  Dower - Mehr
 Specified
 Proper

 CrPC 125
 Order for maintenance of Wives, Children and Parents

 Danial Latifi vs. Union of India

 Reasonable maintenance of woman during iddat and after iddat period for her survival

Mehr - Paid by groom to bride

 Payment in the form of money or possession paid or promised to be paid by the groom to
the bride at the time of marriage

 Mehr is written in the document which is signed during marriage

Note: Dower - English translation of Mehr

 Purposes of Mehr
 As a mark of respect for the bride
 For her maintenance in case of death of husband or divorce
 To prevent pronouncement of Talaq by husband

 Iddat - waiting period by woman for 4 months 10 days

 Waiting period after death of husband or divorce during which she may not marry
another man
 4 months 10 days

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Note: Mehr is paid during marriage or Iddat

 Mehr is paid during Iddat, after divorce or death of husband

 Mehr is paid for a lifetime or a reasonable amount to woman for her survival

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 Lok Sabha
 Popular House
 Member of Lok Sabha are chosen directly by people

 1st Lok Sabha - 1952

 1st Session of Lok Sabha - 1952
 1st polling of votes - 1951
 1st election – 1951
 1st speaker of Lok Sabha – Mavalankar
 No confidence motion/ Motion of no-confidence
 A statement or vote that thou are no political party in the majority so nobody is fit to hold
a position of responsible government
 Dissolve of Lok Sabha
 Dissolution of Lok Sabha

 1975 - Emergency
For - 21 months
By - Indira Gandhi
Reason - Social, Economic and Political crisis

 Quorum
 minimum number of number to be present to conduct the assembly of the House to
discuss the business or any issue in the House
 At least 1/10 of total numbers must be present in the House to constitute a meeting
 Article 100 (3) - Quorum of House

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  Joint Session
 Called by - President
 Chairperson - Speaker of Lok Sabha

Note:
President - Can’t vote in Join Session
Speaker of Lok Sabha - Vote to break the tie

 Joint Session
 Except money bill & Constitution Bill for Amendment, other bills can be introduced in
Joint Session

Functions of Joint Session -

 To break the tie
 When one house pass the bill and other house rejects the bill
 For mutual changes in the bill
 To solve disagreement on Amendments
 2/ 6 months have been elapsed and other house has not passed the bill

Note: Last Joint Session of Parliament - 2002 (3rd)

Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002

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  Adjournment - Postponement (Temporary or Permanent)

 Sine Die - Termination of House without next date to

resume being given

 Prorogation - To end session of Parliament by another

made by the President

 Dissolution - End of Life of Lok Sabha

Note: Adjournment is temporary & Prorogation is permanent to end session of

Parliament

 Question Hour - 1st hour before every sitting of House is

available for asking and answering questions
 Question Hour - 11am to 12pm (1 Hour)

 President attends session

 1st day of 1st session every year
 1st day of 1st session of newly elected government

 Parliamentary Question - Used by Members of Parliament to ensure

Government is accountable to parliament for
matters of Public Importance

 Calling Attention - Member of parliament can take permission

of speaker to call the attention of a Minister to
matter of urgent Public importance

 Motion - A formal proposal to do something

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  Motion is filled in any House of parliament to discuss a matter

 Adjournment Motion - To set aside normal matter to discuss urgent matter

 No confidence motion - Statement that no party is in majority and position

of government to fulfill its responsibility is unfit

 Zero Hour - Zero Hours is the time immediately followed by

Question Hour
Zero Hour start at 12pm
It starts discussion of Business in the House

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES

 Ad-hoc Committee
 Temporary
 Special matters

 Select Committee - for particular house

 Joint Committee - Common to both houses

 Standing Committee
 Permanent
 General Matters

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  Estimates Committee
 36 members of Lok Sabha in Estimates Committee
 Largest committee of Parliament - Estimates Committee

 Function
 To regulate functions of Ministers

Note - Minister is never a member of standing committee

 Public Accounts Committee

 15 members from Lok Sabha; 7 members from Rajya Sabha
 Leader - Member of opposition

 Function
 To oversee finances of the country and review audit reports, appropriations from
consolidated fund of India

 Part 3 - Fundamental Rights

 Article 12 - Definition

 State
 government
 Legislature / Parliament
 Local Authority - Municipalities; Panchayats
 Any Authority - Public Sector Undertakings
Nationalized Banks; Government Companies
Sports Authority of India
Airport Authority of India

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Note : BCCI - Private Body

 Article 13 - Laws inconsistent that void fundamental rights of a citizen

No Valid law can be unconstitutional in India

 Article 14 - Equality before law or equal protection of

law
- No law can be arbitrary or unreasonable

 Dicey’s concept of Rule of law

(i) Law is supreme - No person is above law
(ii) Equal subjection of all classes (equality before law)
(iii) Protection of personal liberties

 Equality before law

 Equals should be treated equally
 Unequal’s can’t be treated equally
 There should be reasonable classification

 Equality before Law - (-ve)

 Equal Protection of Law - (+ve)

 Equal Protection of Law

 To protect weaker section against rich or strong per their survival
eg. Article 15 & Article 16

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  Article 15
 Prohibition of discrimination on sex, religion, caste, real or place
 Reservation in educational institutions for - SC/ST/OBC
 Protection laws for women and children - 15(3)

Note: Child Labour (Protection & Regulation) Act, 2016

 Child below 14 years can’t be employed
 Child b/w 14-18 years can’t be employed for hazardous activities - Article 24

 Article 16 - Equal opportunity in Public Employment

 Reservation in jobs for - SC/ST/OBC
 Reservation in promotion - SC/ST only

 Article 24 - Prohibition of employment of children in

factories

 Part 3 - Fundamental Right

 Article 17 - Abolition of untouchability

 Untouchability should not be practiced

 Article 16 - Equal opportunities in Public Employment

 Article 16(1) - Equal opportunity for all citizens in matters of employment
 Article 16(2) - No discrimination on basis of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex

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Note: Article related to educational initiative - Article 15
Article related to equal employment - Article 16

 Article 17 - Untouchability
 Abolished
 Forbidden
 Punishable offence

 Article 18 - Abolition of Titles

 Titles are disallowed
 Titles are not given by government except for Academic and Military destination
eg. Sir, Lord etc (Not allowed)

 Article 19 - Freedom of Speech - Article 19(2)

 Reasonable restrictions may be imposed on freedom of Speech
(i) Against sovereignty and integrity of India
(ii) For security of state
(iii) Friendly relations with foreign states
(iv) Public order, relations or morality
(v) In relation to contempt of court
(vi) Declamation
(vii) Incitement of an offence - (to provoke others)

 Restriction on hatred speech

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  Article 20 - Protection in respect of conviction of offences
(i) Protection against ex post facto laws
(Having retrospective effect)
 No person shall be convicted of an offence under any law which was not an
offence at the commission of that act

(ii) Protection against double Jeopardy

 No person shall be punished for the same offence for doing the act, twice

(iii) Right against self - incrimination

 No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against
himself


Ques. Article 20 protects rights of -

(i) Offenders
(ii) Accused
(iii) Person who are convicted of an offence
(iv) All of the above (Answer)

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Offence

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  Wrongs
 Civil - against individual
 Criminal - against society

 Source of Law
 Legislation
 Precedents
 Customs
 Justice or good ethics - responsibility

 Torts
 Law
 Uncodified
 Unliquidated

 Contract
 Terms - agreed by parties
 Codified
 Remedy - liquidated

 When Torts and Contract overlap - remedies lie in both

(have to choose any 1)

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  Trust & Torts
 Trust
 Codified
 Terms
 Property

 Torts
 Uncodified
 Law
 Property, Body, Reputation

 Torts
 Civil Wrong
 Not a breach of contract
 Not a breach of trust

 Wrongs
 Criminal
 Civil - Tort; Contract; Trust (overlapping)

 Difference (Torts and Tort)

 Torts - Civil wrong; trust into categories
 Tort - every civil wrong; can’t be put in categories

Note: Torts - Pigeon - Hole Theory

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CONSTITUTION

 Emergency – 352; 356; 360

 Article 352 - Grave Emergency

 (Resolution by 2/3rd majority; to revoke - Simple Majority

 Article 356 - Failure of constitutional machinery in a state

 (Resolution within 2 months by simple majority)

 Article 360 - Financial Emergency

 (Never effected - and can only be revoked by President)
 352 - war; External Aggression; Armed Rebellion
 1962 - China war
 1965 - Pakistan war (1968)
 1971 - Pakistan war (1975)

INTERNAL DISTURBANCE

 42nd 1976

 44th 1978 - (Armed Rebellion)

 Emergency - Imposed by President on writing from the cabinet

ministers

 Preserve; Protect; Defend - Constitution by President

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Note: Article 19 (only) - Suspended during Emergency (After passing law)

 Article 32 & 226 - Revoked during emergency

 Article 20 & 21 - never revoked during even emergency

Note: Presidents rule 1977

 Article 352 - Infinite time emergency ( 6 months)

 Article 356 - Emergency {3 years (6+6+1 conditions eg. Punjab)}
 Article 360 - infinite time emergency

EMERGENCY

 352 - National
 By - President only after written recommendation from cabinet (approved - special
majority of Parliament)
 Must be approved by Parliament - in 1 month
 Extended up to - 6 months (infinite time)
 44th Amendment, 1978

 356 - State
 (President’s rule)
 42nd amendment 1876

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 360 - Financial Emergencies
 1962 - China war
 1971 - Pakistan war
 1975 - Internal disturbance (Indira Gandhi)

 Emergency 352
 Approval - Special majority of both houses of Parliament
 Revoked or expiry - 1 months if not approved by Parliament

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IPR

 Patent - 14 years
 Trademarks - 20 years
 Copyright - 60 years

 Hindu marriage act, 1955

 7 years - not being heard for 7 years (presumed - dead)
(ground for divorce)

 Irretrievable Breakdown of marriage

 Husband & wife don’t want to live anymore together
 They simply can’t get along
 Irretrievable breakdown of marriage - ‘No fault’ divorce

 Desertion - for continuous 2 years

 Desertion - 2 years Ground fro - divorce

 No ‘Conjugal Right’ for 1 year after decree by court - divorce (irretrievable breakdown)
 After 1 year divorce
(1 year after - decree by court)

 Law definition - By Salmond

 Stare Decisis - Precedent (past decision)

 Ex aquo at bono - Right & Good (Equity & good conscience)

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 Meaning - Court must decide cases according to what is right and
good (just and fair)

 ICJ (World Court)

 President - Ronny Abraham
 VP - Abdul Yusuf

 Arvid Pardon (Malta) - Father of Law of sea (International Sea Bed Authority)

 ICC (International Criminal Court)

 NOT a member of UN

 Triple Talaq - Allahabad HC

(BMMA - Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan)

 Polygamy - Share Bano (case)

 Iddat - counting / waiting

 Death - 4 months 10 days

 Divorce - 3 monthly periods (3 menstrual cycles)

 maintenance even after ‘Iddat’ - Danial Latifi (case)

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 Tortfeasor - A person who commits a tort

 Tort - wrongful act leading to legal liability

 Legal injury or loss/harm - must in ‘Tort’

 ‘Violation of legal right’ - compulsory in ‘tort’

 Profits a pendre - Benefits arising out of land

 Res Nullius - Property which belongs to no one originally

(fish from pond) by possession

 Adverse Possession - 12 years

 During dispute - no transfer of property (lis pendence)

 Gift - no consideration
 Donor & Donee - living

 Property
 Corporeal - Tangible (movable, immovable)
 Incorporeal - Intangible (encumbrances, IPR)

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  Encumbrances
 Encumbrance is a claim against a property by a party that is not the owner
 Encumbrances prevent the property owner from exercising full enjoyment on property

eg. A - Property owner

B - Tenant

 A has limited control over his own property while B is paying the felt rent

 Encumbrances - Kind of limitation; restriction; kurden etc

 Encumbrances - restriction on rights of property

 Lien - claim / right

 Lien - claim / right to hold property of another
person until that person has paid the amount
(debt)

 Servitude - Limited use

eg. limited use on piece of land

 Hypothecation
 Kind of security taken for giving a loan
eg. Bank holds papers of ‘Bikes’ until full amount is paid back

 Borrower gives an asset (eg. - papers of bike) as a security against loan, but the bike is
with him only When, he pays back full amount to Bank, bank will give bike papers to
him If, borrower can’t repay to bank, bank will take the bike

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 Right to redemption - Mortgager
 (take property back after repayment)

 Right to foreclosure - mortgager

 (sell property if mortgager fail to repay)

 Muslim - can transfer only 1/3rd property to outsider (by - will)

 Coparcener - equal share in property (daughter too)

 If already a son/daughter - can’t adopt son/daughter but guardianship is allowed

 Sapinda
 5 - father’s side
 3 - mother’s side

 Endogamy - Marrying in same gotra or community

 Exogamy - Marrying outside the community (different community)

 Doli Incapex - Child below 7 years NOT liable (for crime)

 Agreement enforceable by one party and ‘not by’ not by the other - voidable
 Agreement not enforceable by law - void
 Agreement - must contain ‘intention to enter into a legal obligation’

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  Post consideration - no consideration
 Coercion; undue influence; misrepresentation; fraud - voidable

 Mistake void ab initio

 Coercion - to make someone sign by force or threat

 Torts - Right in rem; Common Law (Precedents)

 Contract - Right in personam ; Civil law

 Injuria sine Damnum - tort

 Injuria con Damnum - tort
 Damnum sine injuria - No tort

 Actionable per se - no proof required

Because it is clearly seen

eg. Assault, Battery

 Proof of damage required

eg. Negligence

 Trespass - movable; immovable; body

 Tribunals - Quasi Judicial

 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - ‘only’ Hindus (both)

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 Void marriage - Bigamous; sapinda; Prohibited degree of
relationship; without common & customary rites

 Voidable Marriage - from one party

 Constructive Divorce - When one party behaves in offensive manner with

innocent party (intentional)

 Constructive Divorce - not heard for 7 years

 Judicial Separation - Conjugal rights suspended

 Husband & wife can’t cohabit

 Husband and wife live separately during judicial separation
 If court satisfied after Judicial separation Divorce

 Contingent contract - conditional contract

 Breach of contract - remedy compensation

 Chattel - movable property

 Nuisance - unlawful interference

 Strict Liability
 Relyands vs. Fletcher - By Justice “Blackburn”
 exceptions possible by showing reasonable care

 Absolute liability
 against - company; enterprise
 No exception - enterprise is completely liable

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 Pecuniary - money matters (relating to money)

 Pleading - Statement containing cause of action or defense

- grievances caused & reliefs wanted

 Plaintiff - files ‘Plaint’

 Plain - contains ‘Pleadings’

 Written statement - by Defendant

 Ex-park - walk over (one sided)

 Arbitration - Binding (by-law)
 Mediation - NOT binding (informal)

 Conciliation - Same as ‘Mediation’

But, ‘Conciliator’ plays active role here

 Lok Adalat - fast track courts

 Alternative dispute redressed
 People’s court

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 Quran - Holy Book

 Hadith - Traditions of Prophet Mohd. (Sunni)

 ‘Ijma’ & “Qiyas’ - Muslim Law

 Nikah - union of sexes

 Shariat Law - Muslim Law

 Shia - ‘Muslim man’ can marry only ‘Muslim Woman’

(old thinking - only believe in Prophet’s family)

 Sunni - ‘Muslim man’ can marry ‘Kitabia’ (new thinking)

 Ijab & Qubul - Proposed & acceptance (same meeting)

 No ‘Qazi’ required in muslim marriage

 No ceremony required in muslim marriage

 Witness for marriage

 Shia - No
 Sunny - Yes (2 witness)

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 Divorce by mutual consent - Khula
(invitation for divorce from ‘wife’ side)

 Mubarat - divorce by mutual consent

(by both parties)

 Tuhr - period of purity

 Ashan – pure (talaq by husband)

 Talaq ul Biddat - Triple Talaq

 Hasan - (Talaq)

 Ila - Husband refuses conjugal right to wife

 Zihar - Husband compares wife with another

woman within prohibited degree of relationship

 Mehr - Dower
 Specified - pre determined
 Proper - reasonable amount (accordingly)

 Section 125 CrPC - Maintenance to wife, children & parents

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 LEGAL KNOWLEDGE

International Law
Term coined by - Jeremy Bentham (18th Century)
Relations b/w States a.k.a Law of Nations

Prize Law
Regulates practices of capture of ships and cargo in wartime
Established after - India & Pakistan war (1971)

Private International Law

Between the Foreign Individuals
Enforced by – Municipal Courts

Municipal Law
Between the State and Citizens - National Law

Administrative Law
How the (administration) government will perform it's functions
Administrative Law - Droid Administrative (France)

Criminal Law
To maintain order and peace in society - Public Law
Punishments - Indian Penal Code, 1860

Private Law
Society is regulated by this - Civil Law
Personal Law

Eg. of Private Law

 Hindu Marriage act, 1955

 Transfer of Property Act, 1882 - Transfer of Immovable Property
 Sales of Goods Act, 1930 - Deals with Movable Property
 Indian Contract Act, 1872 - Agreement enforceable by law is Contract
 Law of Tort - There is no contract in Law of Tort

Law of Tort
Remedies for Civil Wrongs - Unliquidated Damages

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Condified – Written
Uncodified – Unwritten

Things to Remember

 2 Courts - Civil & Criminal

 Misdemeanour - Less serious crime
 Complainant - Person who files complaint
 Civil Wrong - Solved by monetary compensation
 Criminal Wrong - Punishment is given
 Civil Procedure Code, 1908 - CPC
 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Cr.PC
 Civil Case - Person can’t be arrested at time of enquiry
 Criminal Case - Accused can be arrested during or before trial or prosecution
 Decree - Final adjudication that includes legal consequences
 Order - Final by Judge
 Judgment - Statement given by judge on grounds of decree of order
 Res Ipsa Loquitor - Burden on defendant to prove his innocense
 Only case in Criminal Wrongs where accused is assumed guilty - Dowry Death
 Rest all Criminal Wrongs - Accused is assumed innocent unless proven guilty
 Tribunals - Ouasi Judicial Administrative Agencies eg. Nyaya Panchayats
 Court - Created by Statutes
 Judicial Magistrate & Session Judge - Criminal Cases
 Executive Magistrate & Civil Judge - Civil Cases
 Tribunals - Quasi Judicial Bodies

CAT - Central Administrative Tribunal

To resolve disputes of central government employees

Chairman of CAT - ex. CJI or Sr. High Court Judge

 Chairman for allotment in Central Administrative Tribunal - Judge of Supreme Court

Mens Rea + Actus Reus = Crime

When both 'Mens Rea' and 'Actus Reus' are present - Crime has happened

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4 Stages of Crime:

 Intention
 Preparation
 Attempt
 Commission

Actus non facit reum, nisi means sit rea - Act does not make one guilty unless the mind is
guilty too

Note: Injury can be caused to a person on - Body, Mind, Reputation, Property

Statutes in Criminal Law:

 Indian Penal Code, 1860 - List of Crimes

 Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 - Procedure for investigation and trial
 Indian Evidence Act, 1872 - Kind of Evidence allowed in court

Note: 1st Law Commission of India - under Thomas Macaulay (President)

General Exceptions under Indian Penal Code:

i.e. Crime is not punishable under certain cases

 Child under 7 years of age (Doli Incapax)

 Child 7 - 12 years with immaturity
 Person of unsound mind
 Person intoxicated against the will
 Private Defense - should not be more harm than it is necessary

Section 304 (IPC) - culpable homicide not amounting to murder

 Less Degree to cause death - Section 299

 High Degree to cause death - Section 300

Note: Culpable Homicide - intention of causing death

i.e. not amounting to murder or amounting to murder

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Section 304A (IPC) - non culpable homicide
i.e. no intention of causing death or death caused by negligence

 Punishment for causing death by negligence - upto 2 years or fine or both

Example: Driving under influence of alcohol

 Section 304A - non culpable homicide i.e. driving without alcohol but causes death due
to negligence
(zero intention to kill)
 Section 304 - culpable homicide not amounting to murder i.e. driving negligently under
influence of alcohol also aware mistake can happen and causes death
(no intention to kill but broke the law by consuming alcohol while driving)
i.e. knowledge of mistake can happen
 Section 300 - culpable homicide amounting to murder i.e. want to kill directly by car
with intention
(murder )

Section 304B (IPC) - Dowry Death i.e. Constructive Homicide

 Death of woman within seven years of marriage outside normal circumstances

 Death due to husband or any relative of husband

Wrongful Restraint - To abstruct any person from proceeding in any direction i.e. to stop a
person illegally

Wrongful Confinement - Wrongful restraining any person by setting a limit from preventing
him/her to cross it

Assault - Physical gesture indicating criminal force

Kidnapping - Taking away a minor from lawful guardianship without consent of guardian

 Male below 16 years of age

 Female below 18 years age
 Person of unsound mind of any age

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Robbery - Theft or Extortion or Both
i.e in a robbery there is either theft or extortion

Dacoity - When 5 or more people commence robbery together

Dishonest Misappropriation of Property - Converts property of another to self property

dishonestly
Note: property in dishonest misappropriation - movable property

Mischief - Intention to cause harm or destruction to a person or property

Forgery - To make false evidence or document (fraud)

Note: Forgery is done to claim false title eg. on property

Mental Harassment - Criminal Intimidation

Criminal Intimidation - To threaten another person to cause injury to him/her

i.e. intention to cause alarm to that person (mental harassment)

Defamation - Against reputation of a person

Note: Defamation can be caused by words (spoken or written) or by visible representation

Criminal Conspiracy - Agree to do illegal act by two or more person

.
Attempt to commit offence: Punishment - Half the imprisonment provided for that offence

Abetment - Supporting the illegal act intentionally

eg. Abetment to Suicide (offence)

Constructive Liability - Acts done by several persons with common intention

Note: Section 34 (IPC) - Common Intention

Common Criminal Intention - All persons involved are equally liable/punished as if done by
one person alone

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Offences by Unlawful Assembly

 Unlawful Assembly - Assembly of 5 or more persons to commit an offence (common

object)
 Rioting - Unlawful Assembly gives rise to riots

Riots - Force or violence used by unlawful assembly is an offence (Section 146)

Note: All members of Unlawful Assembly present at the time of offence are guilty

Public Nuisance - Causing injury, danger or annoyance to public

Affray - When 2 or more persons fight in public and disturb public peace (fighting in public)

Bigamy - Offence of marrying again even having husband/wife

Note: Bigamy Marriage - Void

Punishment for Bigamy - Term upto 7 years plus fine

Adultery - Sexual intercourse with wife of another man

Note: In case of Adultery - Wife is also punishable

Wife - Adultor i.e. having sex with someone else even having husband

Women Cruelty - Drive the women to commit suicide

Note: Women Cruelty can be caused by husband or any relative of husband

Section 498A (IPC) - Cause injury to women (mental or physical)

 Danger to her life

 Harassment for property

Punishment for Women Cruelty - Term upto 3 years plus fine

Outraging modesty of woman - Shocking the sense of decency of a woman

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Hurt - Hurt amounts to serious body pain (Section 319, Indian Penal Code)

Kinds of Hurt:

 Damage either eye

 Damage either ear
 Dislocate any joint
 Destruction of any joint
 Damage hand or face
 Fracture of bone
 Dislocate any tooth

Note: Hurt - Any hurt when victim is in pain for more than 20 days i.e. unable to follow normal
schedule

Acid Attack - Section 326A, Indian Penal Code

Note: Acid Attack - added to IPC after amendment, 2013

Punishment for Acid Attack - Not less than 10 years/life sentence plus medical expenses

Sexual Harassment - Committed by man on a woman

Acts included in Sexual Harrasment:

 Unwanted physical contact

 Demand or request for sexual favours
 Showing porn to women against her will
 Making sexual remarks

Voyeurism - Watching or capturing the image of a naked women without her consent

Note: Sharing the images to third persons without the consent of women is also an offence of
Voyeurism

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Trafficking - Purpose is exploitation of a person

Stages of Trafficking:

 Recruit
 Transport
 Hide from police
 Transfer
 Received by a person

Note: Consent of victim does not matter in trafficking

Section 375 (IPC) - Definition of Rape

Section 376 (IPC) - Punishment for Rape

Rape - Penetrates penis or any body part or any material into private parts of woman

Circumstances:

 Without her consent (against her will)

 With her consent when another person is put in fear in front of her
 She believes him to be her husband but man is not lawfully married to her
 Intoxicated or of unsound mind
 With or without consent below 18 years of age
 Can not communicate

Note: Sexual Intercourse between man and his wife of age 15 years or above - Not a Rape

 Punishment for Rape - 7 years upto life sentence (14 years)

 Punishment for Rape - Minimum 10 years
For - Repeaters ; Government Officials; Employer; Army; Police; Hospital Staff; etc.
 Punishment for Rape causing death - Minimum 20 years or life sentence (until death)
 Punishment for Gang Rape - Minimum 20 years
 Punishment for Repeat Offenders - Imprisonment for life until death

Note: Rape - (Amendment) Act, 2013 (after - Nirbhaya Case)

Cr.PC 1973 - Procedure for investigation and trial

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Substantive Law - Defines rights, duties, liabilities and obligation of citizens

eg. Elements that define murder in a case

Procedural Law - Steps to be taken in enforcing legal rights

i.e. Procedure how rights and duties are enforced

eg. All persons involved in a case are treated fairly and equally at all times during trial

Bailable Offence - Right of accused to obtain bail by police or court

Bailable Offence - (minor offences)

Non-Bailable Offence - Right to obtain bail is not given to accused i.e. bail can only be granted
by court
Non-Bailable Offence - (major offences)

Cognizable Offence - Police can arrest and investigate without warrant from court
Cognizable Offence - (serious offences)

Non-Cognizable Offence - Police must get warrant from magistrate to arrest and investigate
Non-Cognizable Offence - (less serious offences)

Compoundable Offence - Proceedings may be dropped after settlement between victim and
accused (no court permission required)

Non-Compoundable Offence - Proceedings may not be dropped even after settlement between
victim and accused (only after permission of court)

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Stages for prosecution of offence:

 Registration of FIR
 Investigation starts by investigating agency
 Accused is presented in front of magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest
 Accused appeals for bail in court
 After investigation - police report/charge-sheet is filed
 On prima-facie (i.e. 1st evidence) - if no offence then accused is discharged or further
investigation takes place
 Trial begins after this
 Public Prosecutor and Defence Attorney present their arguments
 Accused is either acquitted or convicted

If accused is convicted then judgment and sentence is passed by court

Note: Accused who is convicted has right to appeal in appellate court

Plea Bargaining - Accused pleads guilty in exchange of reduced sentence

 Applicable in offences where punishment is upto 7 years

 Not Applicable in offences related against women or child (14 years of age)

Civil Procedure Code, 1908

 Plaint - Filed by plaintiff

 Plaint - Consist of statements of claim made by plaintiff
 Suit - Plaint accepted by the court is a suit
 Suit must be accompanied with affidavit
 Affidavit - Declaration of facts signed by officer
 Plaintiff - suit is filed by plaintiff against defendant
 Summon - Court issues summon to defendant on basis of suit filed by plaintiff
 Court issues summon to defendant to present himself before the court
 Written Statement - Filed by defendant in reply to plaint filed by plaintiff

Injunction - Order given by court to do something or not to do something (instruction)

 To Do something (mandatory injunction)

 Not To Do something (prohibitory injunction)

Injuction:

 In favour of plaintiff
 Against the defendant

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Status Quo - Existing Condition

Dismissed Case:

 Plaintiff is absent in court

 Defendant is absent in court

Dismissed Case:

 Plaintiff is absent in court

 Defendant is present in court

Ex Parte:

 Plaintiff is present in court

 Defendant is absent in court

Res Subjudice - A suit is already filed for a case so another suit between same parties on same
matter will not proceed in court

Judgment - Statement by judge giving reasons why particular order/decree was passed

Decree - Rights of both the parties ordered by judge in a case

Order - Final order by judge

Decree Holder - Person in whose favour decree is passed (winner of case)

Judgment Debtor - Person against whom decree is passed (loser of case)

2 models of legal system in world:

 Adversarial System
 Inquisitorial System

Adversarial System - Judge; Lawyers; Evidence; Parties i.e. Common Law System

eg. US; UK; Australia; India

Inquisitorial System - Judge (decision maker); Facts i.e. Civil Law System

eg. Roman Law; Napoleonic Code

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 PROPERTY LAW

Corporeal Property - Physical in nature (tangible property)

a.k.a Res Corporales

eg. Land, House, Money, Jewellery

Incorporeal Property - No physical in nature (intangible property)

a.ka. Res Incorporales

e.g. Intellectual Property - Copyright, Patent, Trade Mark, Geographical Indicators

Note: Incorporeal Property - existence is not visible (intangible)

i.e. Non-Materialistic

 Patents - Exclusive right over an invention

 Trademark - Exclusive right over a distinguishable mark
 Copyright - Exclusive right over literature
 Geographical Indicators - Specialty of a particular location (eg.- Saree, Laddu, Shoes,
etc.)

Movable Property
a.k.a Chattel

eg. Phone, Car, etc.

Immovable Property
Note: Profits a pendre - Benefits arising out of lands (e.g. rent)

eg. House, Building - Things attached to Earth

Note: Timber Tree & Grass - Movable Property

Because - They are grown to be cut

Encumbrances - Encumbrances prevent owner from exercising some rights with regard to his
own property

eg. Lease (rent), Securities, Trust

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Important Terms:

 Lease - Rent
 Lesser (transferor) - Who gives on lease
 Lessee (transferee) - Who takes on lease
 Servitude - Right for limited use of land (right to cross someone else's land)
 Securities - Given in exchange for money (for loan)
 Mortgage - Loan in exchange of immovable property
 Mortgagor (transferor) - Takes loan
 Mortgagee (transferee) - Gives loan
 Right of Redemption - Right of mortgagor to get his property back after payment of loan
in specified time
 Right of Foreclosure - Right of mortgagee to sell the property if mortgagor does not
repay loan in specified time
 Pledge - Take money in exchange of movable property
 Pawner - Who gives movable property for loan
 Pawnee - Who takes movable property and gives loan

 Lien - Right of possession i.e. Right to retain

Note: Lien does not include right of ownership
i.e. Finder of goods has right to retain the goods until the owner gives him compensation
for the trouble

 Hypothecation - Charge or Rent for any movable property whether existing or future
eg. Booking amount for cars or property

 Charge - Right of a person who gives loan to receive payment

 Trust - Between trustee and beneficiary

Note: Trustee is not the owner of the property
i.e. Trustee only uses the property for the benefit of the beneficiary

Acquisition of Property

 Inter Vivos - During life time

i.e. Transfer of property during life of property holder (owner)

Possession - To take hold of property

Note: Possession is prime facie evidence of title of ownership of the property

 Possession through operation of law

 Possession through succession (legal heir)

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Res Nullius - Property which belongs to no one
Note: Person who takes possession of that property first it belongs to him

eg. 1st person to catch fish belongs to him

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisitions, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Act, 2013:
Land Acquisition Act, 2013

 Replaced - Land Acquisition Act, 1894

 Compensation (rural areas) - 4 times of market value
 Compensation (urban areas) - 2 times of market value

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016

 Came into effect on - 1 May 2016

 Response time to settle dispute - 60 days time

Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest

Rights) Act, 2006

 Rights of forest people over developmental activities

Adverse Possession - If non owner of property holds the property for 12 years without
interruption of the owner then that person becomes owner of that property and the real owner
losses his right

Transfer of Property Act, 1982

 Transfer of Property - Only living person can give property to another person in present
or in future

Note: Living Person - Companies or Individuals

Right to Property - Constitutional Right

 Before 44th Amendment, 1978: Right to Property - Fundamental Right

 After 44th Amendment, 1978: Right to Property - Constitutional Right

Note: Right to Property - Article 300A, Constitution of India

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Lis Pendens - Pending legal action

Pendente Lite Nihil Innovetur - During litigation nothing should be changed

i.e. During the dispute property cannot be transferred

Note: Registration is required for transfer of immovable property of value Rs.100 or more by a
registered document

Gift - Transfer of ownership

Note: No money is involved in gift

 For - Immovable or Movable property

 Done voluntarily without consideration
 Donor - Person making transfer as gift (should be living)
 Donee - Person who receives the gift

Note: If donee dies before acceptance - gift is void

 Gift cannot be future property - Only existing property can be a gift

 Gift must be registered and attested by 2 witnesses

Succession on Death

 Intestate - Succession of legal heirs to property

i.e. Property goes to legal heir
 If no legal heir - Property goes to government
i.e. Escheat

Note: Hindu Succession Act, 1956 does not apply to Special Marriage Act, 1954 for succession
of property

Note: Indian Succession Act, 1925 is applicable to Special Marriage Act, 1954 for succession of
property

Intestate - When person dies without making a will then property is transferred to legal heir
automatically

Testamentary - When person has written a will before death then property is given according to
the will

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Things to Remember:

 Inter Vivos - Transfer of property between living persons

 Succession - Transfer of property to legal heir
 Escheat - When a person does not have any legal heir the property goes to government

Intestate

 When a person dies without making a will property is transferred according to law
 For Hindus - Hindu Succession Act, 1956
 For Muslims - Shariat Law

Testamentary

 When a property is transferred according to execution of will of the deceased person

Note: Partition of Property is only applicable in Hindus

Hindu Joint Family

 Karta - Head of the family (male or female)

 Coparcener - Person who shares equal rights with others in a joint property (blood
relationship)
Note: Daughter also has a right in property
 Ascendants - Ancestors
 Descendants - Offsprings
 Collaterals - Parallel relationships from a common ancestor
i.e. Collaterals are brothers or sisters having a common ancestor

Legal Relations (Hindus):

 By - Blood
 By - Aadoption
 By - Marriage

Legal Relations (Muslim):

 By - Consanguinity
 By - Birth
 By - Fosterage

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