Human Behavior and VICTIMOLOGY represses sexual and aggressive impulses in

childhood.
Chapter 1 Human Behavior
A. Human Behavior Defined Human 5. Humanistic- focuses on the subject’s
Behavior experience, freedom of choice and
motivation towards self- actualization.
It is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a
person adopts in order to fit society’s idea of C. Factors that Affect Human Behavior
right and wrong. It’s partly determined by
heredity and environment and modified Heredity- it is determined by genes. Genes
through learning. It is also the way human are segments of cell structures called
being act. chromosomes by which parents pass on
traits to their offspring.
Human Behavior also;
Is a sub-field of general psychology where Environment- consists of the conditions
criminal behavior is only, in part by which and factors that surround and influence on
phenomena psychologists choose to study. It individual.
may be defined as the study of criminal
behavior, the study of criminal conduct and Learning- is the process by which behavior
activities in an attempt to discover recurrent changes as a result of experience or practice.
patterns and to formulate rules about his
behavior. D. Motivation of Human Behavior

Social norms – rules that a group uses for The Needs Theory of Human Motivation
appropriate and inappropriate values, This theory states that, throughout the life,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors desires, wishes and drives, collectively
called needs, motive all. When not fulfilled,
B. Viewpoints in the Study of Human these needs place the individual under stress
Behavior and in order to relieve the tensions created,
one has to strive for appropriate
1.Neurological- emphasizes human actions satisfactions.
in relation to events taking place inside the
body, especially the brain and the nervous
system.

2. Behavioral- focuses on the external

activities that can be observed and
measured.

3. Cognitive- concerned with the way the

brain processes and transforms information
in various
ways.

4. Psychoanalytical- emphasizes
unconscious motives stemming from
These needs are arranged according to its Superego- The part of personality that
hierarchy, to wit: represents the morality of society as
presented by parents, teachers and others.
1. Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, air,
etc. Parts of the Superego
2. Safety needs: the need for freedom from
threat and danger 1. Conscience- part of the superego that
3. The Sense of Belonging and Love prevents a person from doing what is
Needs: the need for affiliation, belongings morally wrong.
and acceptance 2. Ego- Ideal- The part of superego that
4. Esteem Needs: the need for motivates a person to do what is morally
achievements, strength, competence, proper.
reputation and status or prestige Psychoanalytic Theory- Freud’s theory that
5. The Need for Self- Actualization: the unconscious forces act as determinants of
need for self-fulfillment to realize personality
potentialities to become what one is capable
of becoming.

2. The Psychodynamics of Human Causes of Human Behavior

Motivation Sensation- feeling or impression of stimulus
Visual- sight
Psychodynamics, which literally means Olfactory- smell
motivation to action, define human behavior Cutaneous- touch
in terms of the inner personality of the inner Auditory- hearing
self. The concept of subjective life and inner Gustatory- taste
forces within, called “mental personality”. Perception- knowledge of stimulus
It claimed that the mind has three levels by Awareness- psychological activity, it is
which its psychic forces operate, namely: accordance with the interpretation and
the Id, Ego and Superego. experience of objects of stimulus

Two Basic Types of Human Behavioral.

Id- pertains to the raw, unorganized, Inherited Behavior
inherited part of personality whose sole – behavioral response or reflex exhibited by
purpose is to reduce tension created by people due to their genetic endowment or
primitive drives related to hunger, sex, the process of natural selection.
aggression, and irrational impulses.
b. Learned Behavior
Ego- part of personality that provides a – involves cognitive adaptation that
buffer between the id and the outside world. enhances the human beings ability to cope
In contrast to the pleasure-seeking nature of with changes in the environment in ways
the id, the ego operates according to the which improve the changes for service.
reality principle, in which instinctual
energy’s restrained in order to maintain the Kinds of Behavior
safety of the individual and help integrate a. Overt or Covert Behavior
the person in society. Behavior that are outwardly manifested or
those that are directly observable are overt
behaviors. On the other hand, the covert social expectations because they go against
behaviors are behaviors that are hidden and the norms or standard behavior of society.
not visible to the naked eye.
b. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
Behavior is conscious when act are within The answer to these questions requires the
the level of awareness. It is unconscious study and understanding of the influences of
when acts are embedded in one’s sub – HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT.As cited
consciousness. by Tuason:
c. Simple or Complex Behavior
These are act categorized according to the Heredity (Biological Factors) This refers to
number of nervous involved in the process the genetic influences, those that are
of behaving. Simple behavior involves less explained by heredity, the characteristics of
number of neurons, while complex behavior a person acquired from birth transferred
involves more number of neurons, a from one generation to another. It explains
combination of simple behavior. that certain emotional aggression, our
d. Rational or Irrational Behavior intelligence, ability and potentials and our
There is rational behavior when a person physical appearance are inherited. It is the
acted with sanity or reason and there is primary basis of the idea concerning
irrational behavior when the person acted criminal behavior, the concept
with no apparent reason or exploitation. that“criminals are born”.

e. Voluntary or involuntary Behavior Environmental Factors

Voluntary behavior is an act done with full (Socio Cultural Influences) Family
volition or will such as when we Background It is a basic consideration
discriminate, decide, or choose; while because it is in the family whereby an
involuntary behaviors refer to the bodily individual first experiences how to relate
processes that function whether we are and interact with another. The family is said
awake or asleep. to be the cradle of personality development
as a result of either a close or harmonious
Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted relationship or apathogenic family
behavior) – the standard behavior, the structure:th d or maladjusted relations.
totality accepted behavior because they disturbed family, broken family, separated
follow the standard norms of society.
Understanding criminal behavior includes Pathogenic Family Structure – those
the idea of knowing what characterized a families associated with high frequency of
normal person from an abnormal one. A problems such as
normal person is characterized by: Efficient THE INADEQUATE FAMILY –
perception of reality, Self-knowledge, characterized by the inability to cope with
Ability to exercise voluntary control over his the ordinary problems of family living. It
behavior, Self-esteem and acceptance, lacks the resources, physical of
Productivity, Ability to form affectionate psychological, for meeting the demands of
relationship with others. family satisfaction.

AbnormalBehavior THE ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY – those that

(maladaptive/maladjusted behavior)- A espouses unacceptable values asa result of
group of behaviors that are deviant from the influence of parents to their children.
 Cardinal Traits –that are so basic that all
THE DISCORDANT/DISTURBED person’s activities relate to it. A powerful
FAMILY – characterized by non- and dominating behavioral disposition that
satisfaction of one or both parent from the provides the pivotal pointing person’s entire
relationship that may express feeling of life.
frustration. This is usually due to value
differences as common sources of conflict Central Traits –the core traits that
and dissatisfaction. characterize an individual’s personality.
They form the building blocks of our
THE DISRUPTED FAMILY – personalities.
characterized by incompleteness whether as Secondary Traits –these are in consistent
a result of death, divorce, separation or some to relatively superficial. Appearing certain
other circumstances. situations or under specific circumstances.

Childhood Trauma Kind of Traits by Goldberg (Big Five or

The experiences, which affect the feeling of Five Factor Theory)
security of a child undergoing
developmental processes. The development 1.Extraversion – This dimension contrasts
processes are being blocked sometimes by such traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative,
parental deprivation as a consequence of assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active.
parents or lack of adequate maturing at 2. Neuroticism – People high on
home because of parental rejection, neuroticism are prone to emotional
overprotection, restrictiveness, over instability.
permissiveness, and faulty discipline. 3. Conscientiousness – This factors
differentiates individuals who are
PERSONALITY dependable, organize, reliable, thorough,
Refers to the sum total of typing ways of hardworking.
acting, thinking and feeling that makes each 4. Agreeableness – this factors is composed
person unique. of a collection of traits that range from
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, compassion to antagonism towards others.
attitudes and trials that defines an 5. Openness to Experience – this factor
individual’s characteristics, behavior and contrasts individuals who are imaginative,
qualities. curious, broad-minded, and cultured with
those who are concrete-minded and
TRAIT APPROACH Trait theories attempt practical, and whose interests are narrow.
to learn and explain the traits that make up
personality, The differences between people Personal Traits by Eysenck
in terms of their personal characteristics. 1. Extrovert – It refers to a person that is
sociable, out-going, and active.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAITS 2. Introvert – It refers to a person that is
(Gordon Allport) withdraw, quiet, and introspective.
Common Traits shared by most member of 3. Emotionally Unstable – It is a trait that is
a particular culture being anxious, excitable, and easily
Individual Traits – person’s unique disturbed
individual qualities
Eysenck Theory
Criminality and antisocial behavior are both 3. William Healy- (Individual Delinquency,
positively and causally related to high levels 1916)
of psychoticism, extroversion and He claimed that crime is an expression of
neuroticism. the mental content of the individual.
Frustration of the individual causes
The theory says that is in extroverts and emotional discomfort, personality demands
possibly also in people high on the removal of pain and pain is eliminated by
psychoticism scale, biologically determined substitute behavior that is crime delinquency
low degree of arousal and arousability lead of the individual.
to impulsive, risk-taking and sensation- 4. Walter Bromberg(Crime and Mind,
seeking behavior that increase the level of 1946)
cortical (brain) arousal to a more acceptable He said that criminality is the result of
and enjoyable amount. emotional immaturity.

What is Temperament Four Pillars of Human Development

Refers to the fundamental groundwork of Equity- Making equal access to
character, generally presumed to be opportunities available to everybody
biologically determined and existent early in Productivity- Continuity in the availability
life, inclusive of traits like emotional of opportunities.
reactiveness, energy level, reaction tempo Empowerment- Human labour
and motivation to explore. productivity or productivity in terms of
human work.
Four Types of Temperament
Melancholic- Sad, Gloomy Sustainability-To have the power to make
Choleric- Hot-Tempered, Irritable choices.
Phlegmatic- Sluggish, Calm
Sanguine- Cheerful, Hopeful

Psychological Studies in Relation to

Crime and Delinquency
1. August Aichorn- an advocate of the idea
that there was a distinction between manifest
and latent delinquency, and believed that
arrested development in youth was a
precursor to antisocial behavior. He also
believed that this situation was caused by
disturbances in early child-parent
relationships.
2. Cyril Burt (Young Delinquent, 1925)-
gives the theory of General Emotionality.
According to him many offenses can be
traced to either in excess or a deficiency of a
particular instinct which accounts for the
tendency of many criminals to be weak
willed or easily led.
 Anal Stage (18 months-3yrs)
in Freudian psychology, is the period of
human development occurring at about one
to three years of age.
Around this age, the child begins to toilet
train, which brings about the child's
fascination in the erogenous zone of the
anus. The erogenous zone is focused on the
Level Awareness bowel and bladder control

The Conscious Level- consist of sensation

and experience you are aware of given
moment of time.
The Preconscious Level- Domain is
something called “available memory”
The Unconscious Level- the deepest and
major stratum of the human mind and the
storehouse for primitive instinctual drives
plus emotion and memories that threatening
to the conscious mind.

Freud’s Model of Personality

Oral Stage (0-18 months)
During this time, an infant gets most of their
pleasure from their mouth. This is associated Phallic Stage (3-6)
with behaviors like eating and thumb- is primarily focused on identifying with the
sucking. Freud believed an infant can same-sex parent. Freud suggested that
develop oral fixation if their oral needs fixations at this point could lead to adult
aren't met. personalities that are overly vain,
exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. At
this stage, boys may develop what Freud
referred to as an Oedipus complex
 In his theory’s fifth and final psychosexual
stage, Freud believed the genital stage starts
at the onset of puberty and continues on into
adulthood.

Freud believed that with the start of puberty

comes a reawakened, active libido and
sexual attraction. Freud theorized that as
opposed to the phallic stage, which was
focused on self-pleasure, the pleasure during
the genital stage is focused on heterosexual
pleasure. Freud believed that the proper
expression of sexual instinct was through
heterosexual relationships and sexual
intercourse. By extension, if fixation or
conflict developed during this or an earlier
Oedipus Complex- This refer to an instance stage, Freud thought perversions might
where in boys build up a warm and loving develop, preventing those sexual
relationship with mothers ( mommy’s boy) relationships. Someone fixated on the oral
stage, for example, would find more
Electra Complex- This refers to an pleasure in kissing and oral sex than through
occasion where in girls experience an intercourse.
intense emotional attachment for their
fathers ( daddy’s girl)
Dan's analyses the nature of people in
Latency Stage (6-11yrs) terms of four assumptions.
Freud described the time between when Individual Differences
children are six through puberty as the latent Behavior is the result of interaction between
period, when the id is suppressed by the ego. individual characteristics and the
He characterized this stage as the child characteristics of the environment in which
relating to the community by adopting the behavior occurs. Each person has a
values, developing social skills, and forming unique combination of characteristics. Some
relationships with people outside the of these characteristics are present from
immediate family. The ego and superego birth; others develop over time. These can
play a significant role in this phase, directing be called as inherited and learned
sexual energy towards different outlets. characteristics. Although there are some
Hobbies, school activities, and learning all inherited.
take center stage. Freud believed that this is No two people are alike.
when children develop the strongest Men differs from women - qualitative
relationships with others of the same sex, differences; andphysical differences•
focus their energies on these friendships, People differ from day-to-day activities.
and acquire new knowledge and
experiences. A Whole Person
When an employee works in an
Genital stage organisation, the organisation takes care of
that person by making him effective, as a Soul- the rational, emotional and volitional
worker and as a person. faculties in man, conceived of as forming an
entity distinct from, often existing
Caused Behavior (Motivation) independently of his body; the emotional
People's behavior is need based. By faculty of man distinguished from intellect.
fulfilling these needs he is motivated
positively and there occurs effective
performance. So the management in the CHAPTER II
organization has to take care of these needs Frustration in Human Behavior
in order to have an effective performance.
The management can show them how Frustration refers to the situation which
certain actions will increase their need blocks the individual’s motivated behavior.
fulfillment and if not; how it decreases their Sustained frustration maybe characterized
need fulfillment. by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Value of the Person (Human Dignity) Three Basic Forms of Conflict

People have to be treated with respect and as 1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict- occurs
individuals and they can not be treated like when an individual moves closer to a
machines as how scientific management use seemingly desirable object, only to have the
to treat them. By recognising them and potentially negative consequences of
treating them with uniqueness the value of contacting that object push back against the
the person gets increased. By this we can closing behavior.
understand how the concept of treating 2. Approach-Approach Conflict- This is a
human beings from machines to human conflict resulting from the necessity of
capitals have evolved. choosing between two desirable alternatives.
There are usually two desirable things
Psychology and Criminal Behavior wanted, but only one option can be chosen.
Psychology –The science that studies 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict- This form
behavior and mental processes. It is the of conflict involves two undesirable or
totality or sum of all actions, attitudes, unattractive alternatives where a person has
thoughts, mental states of a person or group to decide of choosing one of the undesirable
of persons, it is the science dealing with the things.
mind of human being including animal
behavior. Coping Mechanism, It is defined as the
way people react to frustration. People differ
Three Faculties of Man in the way they react to frustration. This
Will- the power of conscious deliberate could be attributed to individual differences
actions; the faculty by which the rational and the way people prepared in the
minds makes choice of its ends of action, developmental task they faced during the
and directs energies in carrying out its early stages of their life.
determinations.
Frustration Tolerance It is the ability to
Intellect-the faculty of power of perception withstand frustration without developing
or thought; or power of understanding. inadequate modes of response such as being
emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming
neurotic, or becoming aggressive.
 towards life both in the personal and
Broad Reactions to Frustration professional aspect.
Fight– is manifested by fighting the
problem in a constructive and direct way by Use of Defense Mechanism– is the most
means of breaking down the obstacles tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a
preventing the person reaching his goals. man’s last result when a person attempts to
Flight– it can be manifested by sulking, overcome fear from an anticipated situation
retreating, becoming indifferent and giving or event.
up
Defense Mechanism– is an unconscious
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration psychological process that serves as safety
Direct approach- can be seen among valve that provides relief from emotional
people who handle their problems in a very conflict and anxiety.
objective way. They identify first the Common Defense Mechanisms
problem, look for the most practical and Displacement- strong emotion, such as
handy way to solve it, and proceeded with anger, is displaced onto another person or
the constructive manner of utilizing the object as the recipient of said emotion
solution which will produce the best results. (anger), rather than being focused on the
person or object which originally was the
Detour- when an individual realizes that in cause of said emotion.
finding for the right solution of the problem,
he always end up with a negative outcome Rationalization- is the defense mechanism
or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or that enables individuals to justify their
change direction first and find out if the behavior to themselves and others by
solution or remedy is there. making excuses or formulating fictitious,
Substitution- most of time are resulted to in socially approved arguments to convince
handling frustration when an original plan themselves and others that their behavior is
intended tosolve the problem did not logical and acceptable
produce the intended result, thus the most
practical way to face the problem, is to look Compensation- is the psychological defense
for most possible or alternative means. mechanism through which people attempt to
Withdrawal or retreat- is corresponding to overcome the anxiety associated with
running away from the problem or flight feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one
which to some is the safest way. is of personality or body image, by
Developing feeling of inferiority- comes concentrating on another area where they
when a person is unable to hold on to any can excel.
solution which gives a positive result. Being
discourage to go on working for a way to Projection - manifest feelings and ideas
handle a frustration could result to which are unacceptable to the ego or the
diminishing self-confidence, until the time superego and are projected onto others so
when inferiority complex sets in. that they seem to have these feelings or
ideas, which free the individual from the
Aggression- is a negative outcome of a guilt and anxiety associated with them.
person's inability to handle frustration Reaction formation- is defined as the
rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior development of a trait or traits which are the
can be observed in one's negative attitudes opposite of tendencies that we do not want
to recognize. The person is motivated to act unacceptable are diverted into personally
in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite and socially accepted channels. It is a
way. Consequently, he is able to keep his positive and constructive
urges and impulses under control. mechanism for defending against own
unacceptable impulses and needs.
Denial– when a person uses this, he refuses
to recognize and deal with reality because of BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
strong inner needs.
PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER
Repression– is unconscious process A disorder in which the physical illness is
whereby unacceptable urges or painful considered to be highly associated with
traumatic experiences are completely emotional factors. The individual may not
prevented from entering consciousness. perceive that his emotional state is
contributing to his physical illness.
Suppression- which is sometimes confused
with that of repression, is a conscious NEUROSIS
activity by which an individual attempts to Neurosis is a class of functional mental
forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and disorders involving distress but neither
experiences by pushing them out of his delusions nor hallucinations, whereby
mind. behavior is not outside socially acceptable
norms. The distinguishing feature of
Identification- an individual seeks to neurosis is a sustained characteristic of
overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, showing anxiety, fear, endless troubles that
loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the carries significant aspects of the individual’s
characteristics of someone who is important life.
to him. An example is a child who identifies
with his parents who are seen as models of ANXIETY DISORDERS
intelligence, strength and competence Anxiety disorders are blanket terms
covering several different forms of abnormal
Substitution- through this defense and pathological fear and anxiety. People
mechanism, the individual seeks to experience excessive levels of the kind of
overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety negative emotions that we identify as being
by achieving alternate goals and nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious.
gratifications. These terms all refer to anxiety.

Fantasy- this is resulted to whenever Forms of Anxiety

unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives A. Phobias This is an intense,
do not materialize. unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety
is focused so intensely on some
Regression– a person reverts to a pattern of objects or situations that the
feeling, thinking or behavior which was individual is acutely uncomfortable
appropriate to an earlier stage of around it and will often go to great
development. pain to avoid it.
B. TYPES OF PHOBIAS
Sublimation– is the process by which
instinctual drives which consciously
Acrophobia - high places 6. Pyromania
Agoraphobia - open spaces and – the impulse to set things on fire
market places 7. Suicidal mania
Malgophobia - pain –the impulse to takes one’s life
Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and
lightning
Gynophobia – fear of dogs
Hematophobia - blood
Mysophobia - contamination or
germsMonophobia - being
alone Nyctophobia - darkness
Ochlophobia - crowds
Hydrophobia - water
Pathophobia - disease
Pyrophobia - fire
Zoophobia - animals or some
particular animals

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

1. Obsession – This is an anxiety

provoking thought that will not go
away. Thoughts and impulses which
occurring the person’s mind despite
attempts to keep them out. They
seem uncontrollable, as if they do
not belong to the individual's mind.
2. Compulsion – It is an urge
wherein a person is compelled to
perform some actions against his free
will and with duress as a result of
external factors. This is an
irresistible urge to engage in certain
pattern of behavior.

Some examples of Compulsion

1. Arithmomania
the impulse to count everything
2. Dipsomania
–the impulse to drink liquor
3. Homicidal mania
– the impulse to kill
4. Kleptomania
– the impulse to steal
5. Megalomania
– the impulse for fame or power