VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI – 590 018

INNOVATION / ENTREPRENEURSHIP / SOCIETAL

INTERNSHIP REPORT
(21INT68)

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Submitted by
MANIKANTA GS
4UB21EI027

Internship Carried Out at

Abeyaantrix softlab, Davanagere, Karnataka-577005
on
Embedded IoT with Arduino

Internal Guide External Guide

Sri.S. Madhusudhan Rakesh K B
Associate Professor Trainer
UBDTCE, Davangere Abeyaantrix softlab, Davanagere

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

University B.D.T. College of Engineering
Davangere-577004
2023-24
 University B.D.T. College of Engineering
Davangere-577004

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Innovation / Entrepreneurship / Societal Internship

Report
(21INT68)” submitted by Mr. MANIKANTA GS (4UB21EI027), is a bonafide
student of University B.D.T. College of Engineering, Davangere, in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering of
the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2023-24. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The report of the Internship has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Internship prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of the Chairman

Sri.S. Madhusudhan Dr. Mallikarjun S. Holi

Associate Professor Professor and Chairman

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- INTERNAL VIVA

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1.

2.
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
Acknowledgement

I am highly obliged to take the opportunity to extend my thanks to my internship

guide, Sri.S.Madhusudhan, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering for giving advice and support.

The Internship opportunity I had with the ABEYAANTRIX SOFTLAB (OPC)

Pvt Ltd. was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I convey
my sincere gratitude to the Principal, Trainer, and other staff of Abeyaantrix Softlab (OPC) Pvt
Ltd, Davanagere for giving me the opportunity to embark on this internship and for the support.

I convey my sincere gratitude to Dr.Mallikarjun S.Holi, chairman of Department

of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering and Dr.D.P. Nagarajappa, Principal of
UBDTCE, for providing me the support and guidance during the period of my internship.

I would like to thank to Sri. Venkatesh Dixit C.Y, Sri. Kuberappa T.K and I
extend my thanks to all the Teaching and Non- Teaching staff members who have supported
directly or indirectly for completion of this work.

I would like to express my special thanks to my parents for supporting me from

day one till the completion of my internship.

MANIKANTA GS
Executive Summary

Abeyaantrix Softlab is a leading provider of software and embedded systems solutions

in Davangere, India. The company is committed to providing innovative and high-quality
solutions to its clients. Abeyaantrix Softlab's core values are innovation, integrity, customer
focus, and teamwork. The company's nature of activities includes software development,
embedded systems development, and IT consulting. Abeyaantrix Softlab follows a structured
process of work that includes requirement gathering, design, development, testing, and
deployment.

The company's type of output/products includes software applications, embedded

systems, and IT solutions.

Internship Activities

During the internship, I was involved in various activities related to Embedded IoT with
Arduino. These activities included:

• Setting up the Arduino development environment

• Learning the basics of Arduino programming
• Interfacing Arduino with various sensors and actuators
• Developing IoT applications using Arduino

The internship training at Abeyaantrix Softlab provided me with valuable hands-

on experience in Embedded IoT with Arduino. I gained a strong understanding of Arduino
programming and how to interface Arduino with various sensors and actuators. I also
developed several IoT applications using Arduino and deployed them to the cloud. The
internship training also helped me to develop my problem-solving and teamwork skills.

The internship at Abeyaantrix Softlab was a valuable learning experience. I gained

a strong foundation in Embedded IoT with Arduino and developed my problem-solving and
teamwork skills. I am grateful for the opportunity to have interned at Abeyaantrix Softlab and
would recommend the company to other students interested in learning about Embedded IoT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Contents Page No.

Internship Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Executive Summary iii

Table of Contents iv

1. About the Company / Organization 1-4

2. About the Department 5- 7

3. Learning Objectives / Internship Objectives 8

4. Tasks / Activities Performed 9- 35

5. Innovative Project work 36-43

6. Reflection Notes 44

7. Conclusion 45

References 45
1.About the Organization

1.1 Introduction

Figure 1.1: Company logo

Abeyaantrix Softlab is a leading provider of software and embedded systems

solutions in Davangere, India. Founded in 2018, the company has established itself as a trusted
partner for businesses seeking innovative and high-quality technology solutions. Abeyaantrix
Softlab's expertise spans a wide range of areas, including software development, embedded
systems development, IT consulting, and software training.

1.2 Company History and Core Values

Abeyaantrix Softlab's journey began with a vision to empower businesses through

technology. The company's founders, driven by a passion for innovation and a commitment to
excellence, have instilled a strong set of core values that guide the company's operations and
interactions with its clients.

These core values include:

• Innovation: Abeyaantrix Softlab continuously strives to develop and implement

cuttingedge technology solutions that address the evolving needs of its clients.

Integrity: The company upholds the highest standards of ethical conduct and transparency in
all its dealings.
• Customer Focus: Abeyaantrix Softlab places its clients at the heart of its business,
prioritizing their needs and satisfaction.

• Teamwork: The company fosters a collaborative environment where employees work

together to achieve shared goals.

1.3 Major Milestones

Abeyaantrix Softlab has achieved significant milestones since its inception. Notable
achievements include:

• 2018: Establishment of Abeyaantrix Softlab with a focus on software development and

IT consulting.

• 2019: Expansion of services to include embedded systems development and software

training.

• 2020: Successful completion of major projects for clients across various industries.

• 2021: Recognition as a leading provider of software and embedded systems solutions

in Davangere.

• 2022: Expansion of team and establishment of a state-of-the-art development facility.

1.4 Organizational Structure

Abeyaantrix Softlab operates with a structured organizational framework that

ensures efficient management and collaboration. The company's key departments include:

• Software Development: Responsible for designing, developing, and testing software

applications.

• Embedded Systems Development: Focuses on creating embedded systems solutions for

various hardware platforms.

• IT Consulting: Provides expert advice and guidance on IT strategies and solutions.

• Software Training: Offers a range of training programs in software development and IT

skills.
• Administration: Manages the company's operations, finances, and human resources.

Each department is led by experienced professionals who oversee the work of their
respective teams. This structure ensures that projects are executed efficiently and that clients
receive the highest level of service.

1.5 Products and Services

Abeyaantrix Softlab offers a comprehensive suite of products and services to meet the
diverse needs of its clients:

Software Development:

• Custom software development

• Web application development

Embedded Systems Development:

• Embedded systems design and development

• Microcontroller programming

• Real-time operating systems

• Internet of Things (IoT) solutions

• Hardware interfacing Software Training:

• Programming language training

• IoT training

1.6 Company Operations

Abeyaantrix Softlab follows a structured and disciplined approach to project

management, ensuring that projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the highest
quality standards. The company's project management methodology typically involves the
following phases:

1. Requirement Gathering: Thoroughly understanding the client's needs and expectations.

2. Design: Creating detailed specifications and designs for the software solution.

3. Development: Implementing the software solution using appropriate programming

languages and tools.

4. Testing: Rigorously testing the software solution to identify and resolve any defects.

5. Deployment: Deploying the software solution to the client's environment.

6. Maintenance: Providing ongoing support and maintenance for the software solution.
Abeyaantrix Softlab utilizes project management tools and techniques to effectively manage
project schedules, track progress, and ensure that all stakeholders are kept informed.
2. About the Department

2.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) revolution has transformed the way we interact with
the physical world, enabling seamless connectivity and data exchange between everyday
objects and the internet. At the heart of this revolution lies embedded IoT, which integrates
computing and communication capabilities into physical devices. Arduino, a popular
opensource electronics platform, has emerged as a powerful tool for developing embedded IoT
applications.

2.2 Features of Arduino for Embedded IoT

Arduino's versatility and ease of use make it an ideal platform for embedded IoT
development. Key features include:

Fig 2.1: Features of Embedded IoT.

1. Open-source Hardware and Software: Arduino's open-source nature fosters

collaboration and innovation, allowing users to freely modify and adapt the hardware and
software to suit their needs.
2. Ease of Programming: Arduino's programming language is based on C++, but with a
simplified syntax that makes it accessible to beginners and experienced programmers alike.

3. Wide Range of Compatible Sensors and Actuators: Arduino supports a vast array of
sensors and actuators, enabling it to gather data from the physical world and control various
devices.

4. Extensive Community Support: Arduino boasts a vibrant online community of users

and developers, providing ample resources and support for troubleshooting and project
development.

2.3 Advantages of Using Arduino for Embedded IoT

Arduino offers several advantages for embedded IoT development:

1. Reduced Development Time: Arduino's simplicity and user-friendly programming

environment streamline the development process, allowing developers to quickly create
prototypes and test their ideas.

2. Cost-effectiveness: Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive, making them an

affordable solution for prototyping and small-scale deployments.

3. Scalability : Arduino's modular design and extensive library support enable developers
to scale their projects from simple prototypes to complex applications.

4. Flexibility: Arduino's versatility allows it to be used in a wide range of IoT applications,

from environmental monitoring to home automation.

2.4 Disadvantages of Using Arduino for Embedded IoT

While Arduino offers significant advantages for embedded IoT development, it also
has some limitations:

1. Processing Power: Arduino boards have limited processing power compared to more
advanced microcontrollers, which may restrict their use in computationally intensive
applications.
2. Memory Constraints: Arduino's memory capacity is relatively small, which may limit
the size and complexity of applications.

3. Real-time Performance: Arduino's programming environment is not optimized for

realtime applications, which may require more specialized hardware and software.

2.5 Applications of Arduino for Embedded IoT

Arduino's versatility and ease of use make it suitable for a wide range of embedded IoT
applications, including:

1. Environmental Monitoring: Arduino can be used to collect data on environmental

parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air quality.

2. Smart Agriculture: Arduino can control irrigation systems, monitor soil conditions, and
automate agricultural tasks.

3. Home Automation: Arduino can be used to control lighting, appliances, and security
systems remotely.

4. Industrial Automation: Arduino can be used to monitor and control industrial

equipment, such as sensors, actuators, and motors.

5. Wearable Devices: Arduino can be used to develop wearable devices for fitness
tracking, health monitoring, and personalized notifications.
3. Internship Objectives

• Understand the fundamental concepts of embedded systems and their applications.

• Explore the evolution of IoT and its impact on various industries.

• Gain hands-on experience with Arduino microcontroller boards

• Learn the basics of Arduino programming, including C/C++ syntax and libraries

• Understand the different types of sensors and actuators used in IoT applications

• Connect various sensors and actuators to the Arduino board using appropriate
communication protocols

• Write Arduino code to read sensor data and control actuators

• Explore the different networking options for IoT devices, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

• Utilize debugging techniques to troubleshoot software and hardware issues

• Develop hands-on skills in Arduino programming, sensor interfacing, and networking

• Collaborate with team members to achieve common goals and overcome project
obstacles
4. Activities Performed

4.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

“An embedded system is combination of software and hardware, it is design to

perform a particular task and the task has to be completed in a given time”.

OR

We can say that it is “A combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed
in capability or programmable, that is designed to perform a dedicated (specific) function or
for specific within a larger system”.

SIGNIFICANCE :

Due to their compact size, low cost and simple design aspects made embedded
systems very popular and encroached into human lives and have become indispensable. They
are found everywhere from kitchen ware to space craft. To emphasize this idea here are some
illustrations.

Fig 4.1: Block Diagram of Embedded System

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Small Scale Embedded System

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

1. Small Scale Embedded System

• Small Scale Embedded Systems are designed using an 8-bit or 16-bit micro-
controller.

• They can be powered by a battery.

• The processor uses very less/limited resources of memory and processing speed.

• Mainly these systems does not act as an independent system they act as any
component of computer system but they did not compute and dedicated for a specific task.

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

• Medium Scale Embedded Systems are designed using an 16-bit or 32-bit micro-
controller.

• These medium Scale Embedded Systems are faster than that of small Scale Embedded
Systems.

• Integration of hardware and software is complex in these systems. Java, C, C++ are
the programming languages are used to develop medium scale embedded systems.
• Different type of software tools like compiler, debugger, simulator etc are used to
develop these type of systems.

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

• Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems are designed using multiple 32-bit or

64bit micro-controller.

• These systems are developed to perform large scale complex functions.

• These systems have high hardware and software complexities.

• We use both hardware and software components to design final systems or hardware
products.

4.2 Arduino

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware

and software.

It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a

microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.

Fig 4.2.1: Arduino UNO

FEATURES OF ARDUINO

The key features are −

• Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors
and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud
and many other actions.

• You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).

• Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can
simply use a USB cable.

• Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program.

TYPES OF ARDUINO :

1. Arduino Uno

2. Arduino Mega

3. Arduino Nano

4. LilyPad Arduino

5. Red Board

6. Arduino Due etc.

 Fig 4.2.2: Types of Arduino Board

Parts of ARDUINO UNO

Fig 4.2.3: Parts of Arduino UNO

We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino
board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding.
1.Power USB

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to
do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

2.Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).

3.Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

4.Crystal Oscillator

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

5.Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can
reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second,
you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

[Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)]

6.3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

7.5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

8.GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used
to ground your circuit.

9.Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.
10.Analog pins

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

11.Main microcontroller

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to
board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC
your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet.

12.ICSP pin

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.

Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

13.Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that
your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something
wrong with the connection.

14.TX and RX LEDs

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

15.Digital I/O

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The
pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

4.3 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE

• Arduino microcontrollers are programmed using the Arduino IDE (Integrated

Development Environment)

• Can be downloaded for free from http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

• Arduino programs, called “sketches”, are written in a programming language similar

to C and C++.

// put your setup code here, to run once:

SYNTAX

1.pinMode(portpins,FUNCTION); ex. pinMode(13,OUTPUT)

2.digitalWrite(portpins,FUNCTION); ex. digitalWrite(13,HIGH)/ (13,LOW);

3.digitalRead(portpins); ex. int value=digitalRead(2);

DIGITAL I/O FUNCTION REGISTERS

1.pinMode : A pin on arduino can be set as input or output by using pinMode function.

2.digitalWrite: It provides Logic HIGH and LOW signals on percticular pin on Arduino.
3.digitalRead: The status of the arduino pin can be read through this registeR

CODE STRUCTURE :

void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
void loop()
{
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

Parts of the IDE main screen

4.4 EXAMPLE PROGRAMS

4.4.1.Light-emitting diode(LED) INTERFACING

Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of
light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Program : WAP to Blink an LED, turn ON for 1 sec, turn OFF for 1sec after every two
second.

4.4.2.SWITCH INTERFACING

Here we will explore how to interface LED and Switch with Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno has
14 digital I/O Pins which will be referred as GPIO.

Now It’s time to learn how to configure Arduino Pin to INPUT Mode. Let’s add button switch
to our previous project and turn LED ON/OFF using Switch. In this example project we have
to connect LED to PIN 13 of Arduino. The Switch will be connected to PIN 7 of Arduino.
Make sure while connecting switch we will have to use pull up resistor of value
1K to 10K. The reason is because it’s an active low pin. Here is a circuit connection we need
to do before uploading the sketch.

4.4.3.LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
 The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its
screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to
be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD.

4.4.4. DC MOTOR INTERFACING

A DC motor (Direct Current motor) is the most common type of motor. DC motors
normally have just two leads, one positive and one negative. If you connect these two leads
directly to a battery, the motor will rotate. If you switch the leads, the motor will rotate in the
opposite direction.

Warning − Do not drive the motor directly from Arduino board pins. This may damage the
board. Use a driver Circuit or an IC.

Without changing the leads connection, the direction of rotation of motors and speed can also
be controlled using ARDUINO UNO board. the presence of L293D IC makes DC motor
interface easy.

4.4.5. RELAY INTERFACING

Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used

to switch ON and OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small current we can
switch ON the relay which allows much larger current to flow. A relay is a good example of
controlling the AC (alternate current) devices, using a much smaller DC current. Commonly
used Relay is Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) Relay, it has five terminals as below:

Controlling a relay module with the Arduino is as simple as controlling any other output.
4.4.6. ARDUINO INTERFACING IR SENSOR:

An IR sensor is an electronic instrument that scans IR signals in specific frequency

ranges defined by standards and converts them to electric signals on its output pin (typically
called signal pin). The IR signals are mainly used for transmitting commands over the air on
short distances (typically few meters) like what you’ve already worked with on TV remote
controls or other similar electronic devices.

IR Sensor Module:

IR Sensor module is used with Arduino to detect infrared radiations that are not visible to the
human eye. It is mostly used for robot obstacle avoidance, obstacle avoidance car, line count
and black and white line tracking.

IR Sensor Module Pins:

1.+5v Source: IR sensor Module require +5v to work perfectly.

2.Ground: In order to get operation from IR Sensor module we need to provide ground to the
sensor module.

3.OUT Pin: OUT pin is important pin it is used to connect sensor with microcontroller‘s input
or output port.(A0 or D0)
Interfacing IR sensor with Arduino:

4.4.7.ARDUINO INTERFACING LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 sensor uses the basic principle of a diode ,where as the temperature increases,
the voltage across a diode increases at a known rate.By precisely amplifying the voltage
change, it is easy to generate an analog signal that is directly proportional to temperature.

4.4.8.ARDUINO INTERFACING ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a frequency too high for humans
to hear. They then wait for the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the
time required. This is similar to how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to return
after hitting an object
4.4.9. Sampling and Holding:

An analog signal continuously changes with time, in order to measure the signal we
have to keep it steady for a short duration so that it can be sampled. We could measure the
signal repeatedly and very fast, and then find out the right time scale. or we could measure the
signal at different timings and then average it. Or preferably we can hold the signal for a specific
duration and then digitize the signal and sample the value. This is done by a sample and hold
circuit. For, at least the time required for digitization, it keeps the value stable.

Figure shows the circuit for sampling and holding of a signal.

Sampling and holding circuit

We keep the switch normally open, and when we want to find a measurement, we close the
switch momentarily.
4.5 IoT- Internet Of Things.

4.5.1. What is IoT?

Internet of Things(IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called "things" that

are embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that allows these objects to
collect and exchange data.

4.5.2. History of IOT

•1970- The actual idea of connected devices was proposed

•1990- John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet

•1995- Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M

•1999- The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G which
became widely accepted

•2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian, Boston Globe, and
Scientific American

•2005-UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report on this
topic.

•2008- The Internet of Things was born

•2011- Gartner, the market research company, include "The Internet of Things" technology in
their research

4.5.3. How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture).
However, the key concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts
with the device themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which
securely communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from
all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to
devices.
4.5.4. IoT − Key Features:

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below − • AI
− IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can
mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and
your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

• Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT

networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can
exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small
networks between its system devices.

• Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable
of real-world integration.

• Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens

through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.

• Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability,
and versatility.
4.5.5. IoT – Advantages:

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of
some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −

•Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant
flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this
to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.

•Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology.

IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.

•Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial
insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of
resources.

•Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design
for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

4.5.6. IoT − Disadvantages

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −

• Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users
exposed to various kinds of attackers.

• Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.

• Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

• Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily
with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.
• Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle.

4.5.7. Challenges of IoT:

At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:

• Insufficient testing and updating

• Concern regarding data security and privacy

• Software complexity

• Data volumes and interpretation

• Integration with AI and automation

• Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult

• Interaction and short-range communication

4.5.8. Types of Communication in IoT:

1.Human To Machine(H2M)

Triggers on behalf of Human Signal Or message

Responds back by means of text or voice

Ex: bio-metric attendance system and Facial Recognition in phones

2.Machine To Human(M2H)

Triggers respective/irrespective of any user input(text messages) Output messages in the form
of color code or voice ex: Fire alarm, Traffic light

3.Machine To Machine(M2M)

Interactions takes place by automating data or programs

Machine level instructions are required to communicate(bytecodes)

4.Human To Human(H2H)
4.5.9. IoT Architecture

There is not such a unique or standard consensus on the Internet of Things (IoT)
architecture which is universally defined. The IoT architecture differs from their functional area
and their solutions. However, the IoT architecture technology mainly consists of four major
components:

4.5.9.1. Components of IoT Architecture

o Sensors/Devices o Gateways and Networks o Cloud/Management Service

Layer o

Application Layer

4.5.10. IoT Standards:

Besides protocols, there are many standards that we can use for IoT solutions. One of
the most important choices to make is how to connect our devices to the Internet.
4.5.11. Network Types

There are wired and wireless network types. Let’s start with an illustration of different
network types and the distance they cover:

4.5.11.1. Nano Network

A nano network is a set of small devices (a few hundred nanometers or a few

micrometers) that can perform only simple tasks. These devices could be sensors, actuators, or
data storage or computing devices. Nano networks allow new applications in fields such as
environmental research, military technology, and the biomedical field. IEEE created the
P1906.1 workgroup to develop a common framework for nano-scale and molecular
communication.

4.5.11.2. Body Area Network (BAN)

BAN is a wireless network for devices near or inside the body. BAN devices include
wearable technology such as smartwatches or earbuds but also devices inside the body such as
implants. This network type is also known as a wireless body area network (WBAN), body
sensor network (BSN), or medical body area network (MBAN). The latest standard for WBANs
is IEEE 802.15.6.

4.5.11.3. Personal Area Network (PAN)

A PAN is a network that connects devices within a person’s workspace. This includes
devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets. We can use a PAN for connectivity between
these devices or connect to another network type (LAN or WAN) where one device becomes
the gateway for all other devices. PAN networks can be wired (for example USB) or wireless.
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN that uses short-distance low-power
wireless technology. For example, Bluetooth or Zigbee. A WPAN covers anywhere between a
few centimeters to a few meters.

4.5.11.4. Local Area Network (LAN)

The LAN is the network type we are all familiar with. It’s a network that covers a limited
area like an office building. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies on the
LAN.
4.5.11.5. Campus Area Network (CAN)

A CAN is a network that covers multiple LANs in a smaller geographical area like a
university. The range of a CAN is about 1 to 5 kilometers.

4.5.11.6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

The MAN is a larger network that covers the size of a metropolitan area. MANs connect
multiple LANs in a city into a larger network. The MAN can offer a connection for all these
LANs to a WAN. We use technologies like Metro Ethernet here.

4.5.11.7. Radio Access Network (RAN)

A RAN uses radio access technology. RANs have been in use since the beginning of
cellular technology. This network uses a base station and antennas to cover a region. This
includes 3G, 4G, and 5G network connections.

4.5.11.8. Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN network provides connectivity between LANs that are kilometers apart. For IoT
we also have Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN). These are low-bandwidth networks
designed for long-range communication, with battery-powered devices in mind.

LoRaWAN is an example of a LPWAN.

5. Communication Protocols Used by IoT:

We can boil down the wireless communication protocols into the following 6 standards:

•Satellite

•Wi-Fi

•Radio Frequency (RF)

•RFID

•Bluetooth

•NFC
 In the following paragraphs, we will provide a brief overview and illustration of
each of the Internet of Things communication techniques, their pros and cons, and their
smartphone compatibilities.

5.1. Satellite

Satellite communications enable cell phone communication from a phone to the next
antenna of about 10 to 15 miles. They are called GSM, GPRS, CDMA, GPRS, 2G / GSM, 3G,
4G / LTE, EDGE and others based on connectivity speed.

In Internet of Things language, this form of communication is mostly referred to as “M2M”

(Machine-to-Machine) because it allows devices such as a phone to send and receive data
through the cell network.

Pros and Cons of Satellite Communication Pros:

Stable connection Universal compatibility Cons:

No direct communication from smartphone to device (It has to go through satellite) High
monthly cost

High power consumption

5.2. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that utilizes the IEEE 802.11 standard
through 2.4GhZ UHF and 5GhZ ISM frequencies. Wi-Fi provides Internet access to devices
that are within the range (about 66 feet from access point).

Pros and Cons of Wi-Fi Pros:

Universal smartphone compatibility Affordable

Well protected and controlled

Cons:

Relatively high power usage Instability and inconsistency of Wi-Fi

5.3. Radio Frequency (RF)

Radio frequency communications are probably the easiest form of communications

between devices. Protocols like ZigBee or ZWave use a low-power RF radio embedded or
retrofitted into electronic devices and systems.

Z-Wave’s range is approximately 100 ft (30 m). The radio frequency band used is
specific to its country. For example, Europe has a 868.42 MHz SRD Band, a 900 MHz ISM or

908.42 MHz band (United States), a 916 MHz in Israel, 919.82 MHz in Hong Kong,

921.42 MHz in the regions of Australia/New Zealand) and 865.2 Mhz in India.

ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. However, its low power consumption limits
transmission distances to a range of 10 to 100 meters.

Pros and Cons of RF Pros:

Low energy and simplicity for its technology is not dependent on the new functionality of
phones

Cons:

Radio frequency technology is not used by smartphones and without a central hub to connect
the RF devices to the internet, the devices cannot be connected

5.4. RFID

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to

identify objects. Usually you would install an active reader, or reading tags that contain a stored
information mostly authentication replies. Experts call that an Active Reader Passive Tag
(ARPT) system. Short range RFID is about 10cm, but long range can go up to 200m. What
many do not know is that Léon Theremin invented the RFID as an espionage tool for the Soviet
Union in 1945.

An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator
signal from the active reader. Bands RFID runs on: 120–150 kHz (10cm), 3.56 MHz (10cm-
1m), 433 MHz (1-100m), 865-868 MHz (Europe), 902-928 MHz (North America) (1-12m).

Pros and Cons of RFID Pros:

Does not require power

Established and widely used technology Cons:

Highly insecure Ongoing cost per card

Tags need to be present as identifier and be handed over before Not compatible with
smartphones

5.5. Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
(using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz). If you
look at the frequencies it is actually the same as WiFi such that these two technologies seem
very similar. However they have different uses.The 3 different styles of Bluetooth technology
that are commonly talked about are:

Bluetooth: Remember the days where you associate Bluetooth as a battery drainer and black
hole? Such Bluetooth are a heyday relic of a mobile past marked by bulky cell phone. Such
Bluetooth technology are battery draining, insecure and are often complicated to pair.

BLE (Bluetooth 4.0, Bluetooth Low Energy): Originally introduced by Nokia and presently
used by all major operating systems such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry, OS X,
Linux and Windows 8, BLE uses fast, low energy usage while maintaining the communication
range.

iBeacon: It is the trademark for a simplified communication technique based on Bluetooth

technology that Apple uses. What it actually is: a Bluetooth 4.0 sender that transmits an ID
called UUID, which is recognized by your iPhone. This simplifies the implementation effort
many vendors would previously face. Moreover, even non-technically trained consumers can
easily use iBeacons like Estimote.com or other alternatives. Although, different on a technical
level, iBeacon technology can be compared to NFC on an abstract level.

5.6. Near Field Communication (NFC)

Near-field communication uses electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas

located within each other’s near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates
within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56

MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s.
NFC involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power
a passive target (an unpowered chip called a “tag”). This enables NFC targets to take very
simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or battery-less cards. NFC peerto-peer
communication is possible provided both devices are powered.

6. IoT Applications:
 5. Innovative Project Work:
“ARDUINO HOME AUTOMATION USING BLUETOOTH”

5.1Brief Introduction

This project is one of the important Arduino Projects. Arduino based home
automation using Bluetooth project helps the user to control any electronic device using Device
Control app on their Android Smartphone. The android app sends commands to the controller
– Arduino, through wireless communication, namely, Bluetooth. The Arduino is connected to
the main PCB which has five relays as shown in the block diagram. These relays can be
connected to different electronic devices. As per the block diagram, Device 1 – Buzzer, Device
2- Fan, Device 3 – Lights.

5.2Objectives

By utilizing various sensors and actuators connected to Arduino boards, homeowners

can automate tasks such as controlling lights, temperature, security systems, and more with
just a few lines of code. This flexibility makes it an ideal choice for DIY enthusiasts looking
to enhance their living spaces with smart technology.

5.3 Block Diagram

Figure 5.3.1: Block Diagram

5.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 5.4.1: Block Diagram

The circuit diagram of the Arduino Home automation using Bluetooth is quite simple.
The control pins of HC-05 Bluetooth Module RX and TX pins of the module will be connected
with the UART pins of Arduino UNO. Arduino Uno has a single UART interface found on pin
0 (RX0) and pin 1 (TX0). The relay module for Arduino is one of the most powerful
applications for Arduino as it can be used to control both A.C and D.C devices by simply
controlling the relay by giving 5V. A relay is basically a switch which is operated electrically
by an electromagnet. A relay can be used to control high voltage electronic devices such
as motors as well as low voltage electronic devices such as a light bulb or a fan. We will be
using the 4 relay Arduino module in our home automation project. External 5 volt to JD
VCC.Ground to ground.IN1 to Pin 3.IN2 to Pin 4.IN3 to Pin5.VCC to Arduino 5v. Connect one
end of all bulbs to the normally open terminal of relays. One end of 220VAC to all common
terminals of relay and other ends with other terminals of the light lamps.
16×2 LCD Arduino

Arduino connections with

D4 – D7 Pin 10,11,12,13
16×2 LCD

Enable Pin 9 We are using the following

connections as described below.
RS Pin 8 Refer to the schematic diagram to
have a clearer idea of the
RW GND
connections.

VEE 10k POT (Middle Leg)

VSS GND

VCC +5V

LED+ +5V

LED- GND

5.5 Working Principle

Throughout this guide, we will use an android smartphone that will connect to our
Arduino development board. So, make sure you have an android phone at hand. We will also
use a Bluetooth terminal application to pair the two devices together.

Go to the Play Store and download the application by the name: S2 Terminal.
Open the application and connect to the Bluetooth module. Write the specified commands
and send it. Bluetooth module receives them and the Arduino performs the operation,
displays the status on the LCD, and sends a message back to the mobile. For demonstration
purposes, we will use different devices like: Bulb, Fan and Socket. The table below shows the
commands that we will send by our mobile on the Bluetooth application and the response that
will be received.
Command sent by mobile Message received by a mobile

All on All ON

All off All OFF

Bulb on Bulb on

Bulb off Bulb off

Fan on Fan on

Fan off Fan off

Socket on Socket on

Socket off Socket off

5.5.1. CODE

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> pinMode(green, OUTPUT);

LiquidCrystal lcd(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13); pinMode(tx, OUTPUT);
#define white 3 pinMode(rx, INPUT);
#define blue 4 digitalWrite(white, HIGH);
#define green 5 digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);
digitalWrite(green, HIGH);
int tx = 1; lcd.begin(16, 2);
int rx = 0; lcd.clear();
lcd.print("MICROCONTROLLERS ");
char inSerial[15]; lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" LAB ");
void setup() { delay(2000);
Serial.begin(9600); lcd.clear();
pinMode(white, OUTPUT); lcd.print("HOME AUTOMATION ");
pinMode(blue, OUTPUT); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("USING BLUETOOTH"); void Check_Protocol(char inStr[]) {
delay(2000); int i = 0;
lcd.clear(); int m = 0;
lcd.print("1. Bulb 1 WHITE"); Serial.println(inStr);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); if (!strcmp(inStr, "all on"))
lcd.print("2. Bulb 2 BLUE"); {
delay(2000); digitalWrite(white, LOW);
lcd.clear(); digitalWrite(blue, LOW);
lcd.print("3. Bulb 3 GREEN"); digitalWrite(green, LOW);
delay(2000); Serial.println("ALL ON");
lcd.clear(); lcd.setCursor(4, 1);
lcd.print("Bulb 1 2 3 "); lcd.print("ON ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.setCursor(8, 1);
lcd.print(" OFF OFF OFF"); lcd.print("ON ");
lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
} lcd.print("ON ");
for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
void loop() { inStr[m] = 0;
int i = 0; }
int m = 0; i = 0;
delay(500); }
if (Serial.available() > 0) { if (!strcmp(inStr, "all off")) {
while (Serial.available() > 0) { digitalWrite(white, HIGH);
inSerial[i] = Serial.read(); digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);
i++; digitalWrite(green, HIGH);
} Serial.println("ALL OFF");
inSerial[i] = '\0'; lcd.setCursor(4, 1);
Check_Protocol(inSerial); lcd.print("OFF ");
} lcd.setCursor(8, 1);
} lcd.print("OFF ");
lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
lcd.print("OFF "); for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) { inStr[m] = 0;
inStr[m] = 0; }
} i = 0;
i = 0; }
}
if (!strcmp(inStr, "white on")) { if (!strcmp(inStr, "blue off")) {
digitalWrite(white, LOW);
Serial.println("White ON"); digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(4, 1); Serial.println("Blue OFF");
lcd.print("ON "); lcd.setCursor(8, 1);
for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) { lcd.print("OFF ");
inStr[m] = 0; for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
} inStr[m] = 0;
i = 0; }
} i = 0;
if (!strcmp(inStr, "white off")) { }
digitalWrite(white, HIGH); if (!strcmp(inStr, "green on")) {
Serial.println("White OFF");
lcd.setCursor(4, 1); digitalWrite(green, LOW);
lcd.print("OFF "); Serial.println("Green ON");
for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) { lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
inStr[m] = 0; lcd.print("ON ");
} for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
i = 0; inStr[m] = 0;
} }
i = 0;
if (!strcmp(inStr, "blue on")) }
{ if (!strcmp(inStr, "green off"))
{
digitalWrite(blue, LOW); digitalWrite(green, HIGH);
Serial.println("Blue ON"); Serial.println("Green OFF");
lcd.setCursor(8, 1); lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
lcd.print("ON "); lcd.print("OFF ");
 for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
inStr[m] = 0;
}
i = 0;
}

else {
for (m = 0; m < 11; m++) {
inStr[m] = 0;
}
i = 0;

}
}

5.6 Snapshot of Project

5.7. Result:
The devices are successfully worked. All the devices are turned on and turned
off with app. Then the individually devices are operated and the data of condition of the
devices are displayed on lcd screen.

5.8. Conclusion:
In today's era, technology can enhance human life. Technology is evolving
decade by decade. Automation was a science fiction earlier but not today. By combining
latest technology with home, we can build an awesome home. With the Arduino uno and
Windows 10, we can build a home automation system that is capable of operating home
devices automatically
6. Reflection Notes Technical Outcomes:

• Embedded Systems and IoT: I gained a comprehensive understanding of embedded

systems and their applications, including microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and interfacing
techniques. I also explored the evolution of IoT and its impact on various industries,
familiarizing myself with the different components of an IoT system and the challenges
involved in developing and implementing IoT solutions.

• Arduino Hardware and Programming: I acquired hands-on experience with Arduino

microcontroller boards, learning the basics of Arduino programming, including C/C++ syntax
and libraries. I understood the different types of sensors and actuators used in IoT applications
and how to connect them to the Arduino board using appropriate communication protocols.

• Networking and Communication for IoT: I explored the different networking options
for IoT devices, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet, and implemented networking protocols
for data transmission between Arduino and other devices. I also gained knowledge of cloud
connectivity and data storage for IoT applications.

• IoT Security and Privacy: I learned about the security challenges and vulnerabilities in
IoT systems and implemented security measures to protect IoT devices and data from
unauthorized access and cyberattacks. I also understood the importance of data privacy and
ethical considerations in IoT applications.

• IoT Application Development: I designed and developed IoT applications for various
realworld scenarios, utilizing Arduino libraries and frameworks for rapid prototyping and
development. I applied problem-solving skills to address common challenges in IoT
development, such as data acquisition, processing, and visualization.
7. Conclusion.

The primary objective of an internship study is to gather a real-life working

experience and put their theoretical knowledge in practice. This Internship experience provided
valuable insights into the world of Embedded Systems and IoT. Through hands-on work with
various tools and technologies I was able to understand the potential benefits of IoT in various
industries. Embedded Systems and IoT can lead to significant improvements in efficiency,
productivity and cost savings.

Overall, this Internship has been a valuable learning experience, providing

me with practical skills and knowledge in Embedded Systems and IoT. My internship study
was a complete useful experience. This experience brought out my strength and also the area I
need to make up. It added more confidence to my professional approach built a strong positive
attitude.
 STUDENT INFORMATION

Name of the Student : MANIKANTA GS

USN 4UB21EI027

Date of Birth 02 OCTOBER 2002

Permanent Address Manikanta GS

C/O Shivashankar,
110, Vithlapur,
Bidarahalli post
Mundargi taluk Gadag district

Official Mobile Number 8861741804

Official E-mail ID nanimanikanta79@gmail.com