1. Decide if you need to give a reference in the following cases.
(a) Y (N)
(b) Y
(c) Y
(d) N
(e) Y
(f) Y (N)
2. Study the following paragraph from an article titled ‘The mobile revolution’ in the journal
‘Development Quarterly’ (Issue 34 pages 85–97, 2009) by K. Hoffman. p. 87.
According to recent estimates there are at least 4 billion mobile phones in the world, and the majority of these are owned by
people in the developing world. Ownership in the developed world reached saturation level by 2007, so countries such as
China, India and Brazil now account for most of the growth. In the poorest countries, with weak transport networks and
unreliable postal services, access to telecommunications is a vital tool for starting or developing a business, since it provides
access to wider markets. Studies have shown that when household incomes rise, more money is spent on mobile phones than
any other item.
Summary
Hoffman (2009) stresses the critical importance of mobile phones in the developing world in the growth of small
businesses.
Quotation
According to Hoffman, mobile phone ownership compensates for the weaknesses of infrastructure in the developing
world: ‘In the poorest countries, with weak transport networks and unreliable postal services, access to
telecommunications is a vital tool for starting or developing a business, since it provides access to wider markets’ (2009:
87).
Summary and quotation
Hoffman points out that most of the growth in mobile phone ownership now takes place in the developing world, where it
has become crucial for establishing a business: ‘. . . access to telecommunications is a vital tool for starting or developing a
business, since it provides access to wider markets’ (2009: 87).
3. Read the next paragraph of the same article, also on p. 87.
In such countries the effect of phone ownership on GDP growth is much stronger than in the developed world, because the
ability to make calls is being offered for the first time, rather than as an alternative to existing landlines. As a result, mobile
phone operators have emerged in Africa, India and other parts of Asia that are larger and more flexible than Western
companies, and which have grown by catering for poorer customers, being therefore well-placed to expand downmarket. In
addition Chinese phone makers have successfully challenged the established Western companies in terms of quality as well
as innovation. A further trend is the provision of services via the mobile network which offer access to information about
topics such as healthcare or agriculture.
Write a summary of the main point, including a citation.
Hoffman (2009) highlights the significant role of mobile phone ownership in driving GDP growth in the developing world,
particularly in regions with limited telecommunications infrastructure.
Introduce a quotation to show the key point, referring to the source.
Hoffman states, “In such countries the effect of phone ownership on GDP growth is much stronger than in the
developed world”, emphasizing the significant contribution of mobile phones to economic development in regions
with limited telecommunications infrastructure. (Hoffman 2009: 87)
Combine summary and quotation, again acknowledging the source.
Hoffman (2009), referring to developing countries, highlights: "In such countries, the effect of telephone ownership on GDP
growth is much stronger than in developed countries", emphasizing the importance of mobile phones for economic
development in regions with limited infrastructure. (Hoffman 2009:87)
4. Study the reference list below, from an essay on the effects of age on second language learning, and
answer the following questions.
Find an example of:
(i) a book by one author
Dörnyei, Z. (2009) The Psychology of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(ii) a journal article
Bialystock, E. (1997) ‘The structure of age: In search of barriers to second language acquisition’. Second Language Research
13 (2) 116-37.
Larson-Hall, J. (2008) ‘Weighing the benefits of studying a foreign language ata younger starting age in a minimal input
situation’. Second Language. Research 24 (1) 35-63.
(iii) a chapter in an edited book
Flege, J. (1999) ‘Age of learning and second language speech’ in Birdsong, D.(ed.) Second Language Acquisition and the
Critical Period Hypothesis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 101-32.
(iv) an authored undated website article
Myles, F. (nd) ‘Second language acquisition (SLA) research: its significance for learning and teaching issues’. Subject Centre
for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies. www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/421. Accessed 1 May 2010.
(v) an anonymous webpage
The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition (nd) What is SLA?’ http://hw.ac.uk/langWWW/icsla/icsla.htm#SLA.
Accessed 6 May 2010.
(vi) a book by two authors
Gass, S. and Selinker, L. (2001) Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. London: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
What are the main differences in the way these sources are referenced?
(i) Book by one author: Dörnyei, Z. (2009) The Psychology of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.): This reference includes the author’s last name, initial(s), year of publication, title of the book, place of publication,
and publisher.
(ii) Journal article: (Bialystock, E. (1997) ‘The structure of age: In search of barriers to second language acquisition’. Second
Language Research 13 (2) 116-37.): This reference includes the author’s last name, initial(s), year of publication, title of
the article, title of the journal, volume number, issue number, and page range.
(iii) Chapter in an edited book: (Flege, J. (1999) ‘Age of learning and second language speech’ in Birdsong, D.(ed.) Second
Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 101-32.): This reference
includes the author’s last name, initial(s), year of publication, title of the chapter, editor’s last name, initial(s), title of the
book, place of publication, publisher, and page range.
(iv) Authored undated website article: (Myles, F. (nd) ‘Second language acquisition (SLA) research: its significance for
learning and teaching issues’. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies.
www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/421. Accessed 1 May 2010.): This reference includes the author’s last name, initial(s),
indication of undated publication (nd), title of the article, website name, URL, and date accessed.
(v) Anonymous webpage: (The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition (nd) What is SLA?’
http://hw.ac.uk/langWWW/icsla/icsla.htm#SLA. Accessed 6 May 2010.): This reference includes the organization’s
name, indication of undated publication (nd), title of the webpage, URL, and date accessed.
(vi) Book by two authors: (Gass, S. and Selinker, L. (2001) Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. London:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.): This reference includes the last names and initial(s) of both authors, year of publication,
title of the book, place of publication, and publisher.
When are italics used?
Italics are typically used for titles of longer works such as books, journals, and websites. For example, "The Psychology of
Second Language Acquisition" is italicized because it's the title of a book, while the title of the journal article "Second
Language Research" is also italicized.
How are capital letters used in titles?
Capital letters in titles follow specific conventions:
- In book titles, the first letter of each main word is capitalized, and articles, conjunctions, and prepositions are typically
lowercase unless they are the first word in the title or part of a hyphenated word.
- In journal article titles, only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, with the rest of the title in
lowercase.
- In webpage titles, capitalization may vary depending on the specific style guide or formatting preference, but generally, the
first letter of the first word is capitalized, along with proper nouns, while the rest of the title is in lowercase.
How is a source with no given author listed?
3. A source with no given author is typically listed by the organization or publication responsible for the content. For example,
"The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition" is listed as the author for the anonymous webpage
reference. If no author or organization is provided, the title of the work may be used as the starting point for the reference
entry.
Write citations for summaries from each of the sources.
(i) Bialystock, 1997
(ii) Dörnyei, 2009
(iii) Flege, 1999
(iv) Gass and Selinker, 2001
(v) Larson-Hall, 2008
(vi) Myles, nd
(vii) The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition, nd
5. Write a list of references for an essay that uses the journal articles shown below.
Gosden, H. (1998). An aspect of holistic modeling in academic writing: Propositional clusters as a heuristic for theme control.
Journal of Second Language Writing, 7, 19-41.
Ivanič, R. & Camps, D. (2001). I am how I sound: Voice as self-representation in L2 writing. Journal of Second Language
Writing, 10, 3-33.
Ramanathan, V. & Atkinson, D. (1999). Individualism, academic writing and ESL writers. Journal of Second Language
Writing, 8, 45-75.
Salverda, R. (2002). Multilingualism in metropolitan London. English Today, 18, 17-24.
6. Write a list of references for an essay from the information given below.
1. We don't know who wrote this newspaper article. It was in the Guardian newspaper on Saturday
November 6th this year. The title is: Divorced couple fight for frozen embryos. It is on page 18.
2. Someone called Andy Gillett wrote this web page, which is very useful, and he worked at the University of
Hertfordshire. It was published on May 6th this year. The title is: Using English for Academic purposes.
The URL is http://www.uefap.com/ and I copied some information from it for this exercise on Sunday November
7th at 11.00 at night.
3. This was published in 1991 in Oxford and is a book by Professor John Sinclair. The tritle of the book is: Corpus,
concordance and collocation and the publisher was Oxford University press.
4. This small book is called: learning purpose and language use. It was written by Henry George Widdowson and
published in 1983. Like all his books it was published in Oxford by Oxford University Press.
5. This newspaper article was written by Jane Martinson in New York. The title of the article is: Microsoft faces
defining moment, and it was in the Guardian on page 10 on Saturday November 6th, 1999.
6. This book, like many dictionaries, does not say who wrote it. The title is: Collins COBUILD English
language dictionary and it was published in 1987 by HarperCollins in London.
7. An article in the journal: Applied linguistics. It was written in 1985 by E Bialystock and M Sharwood-Smith. The
title of the article is: Interlanguage is not a state of mind: An evaluation of the construct for second- language
acquisition. It was published in volume 6 and it is from page 101 to page 117.
8. An article in a collection of articles edited by John Lyons. The title of the article is: the study of language
acquisition, and it was written by Robin Campbell and Roger Wales. It was on pages 242 to 260. The book of
articles was called: new horizons in linguistics and it was published in 1970 by Penguin in London.
9. An article by Robert Cooper called: What do we learn when we learn a language? It was published in 1970 in
the journal TESOL Quarterly. It is on pages 303-314 in volume 4.
10. A very important book written in 1965 byW F Mackey. It was called: Language teaching analysis. It was
published in London by Longman.
11. A book written by Noam Chomsky, who was professor of linguistics at MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts. It was
written in 1965 and the title of the book is: Aspects of the theory of syntax. It was published by his own university.
12. A book by Lyle F Bachman and Adrian S Palmer written in 1996. The title is: Language testing in practice. It is
published by Oxford University Press in Oxford.
Bachman, L. F. & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice. Oxford University Press.
Bialystock, E. & Sharwood-Smith, M. (1985). Interlanguage is not a state of mind: An evaluation of the construct for second-
language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 6, 101-117.
Campbell, R. & Wales, R. (1970). The study of language acquisition. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New horizons in linguistics (pp. 242-
260). London: Penguin.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.
COBUILD English language dictionary. (1991). HarperCollins.
Cooper, R. L. (1970). What do we learn when we learn a language? TESOL Quarterly, 4, 303-314.
Divorced couple fight for frozen embryos. (1999, November 6th). The Guardian, p. 18.
Gillett, A. (2005, May 6th). Using English for academic purposes. http://www.uefap.com/
Mackey, W. F. (1965). Language teaching analysis. Longman.
Martinson, J. (1999, November 6th). Micosoft faces defining moment. The Guardian, p. 10.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance and collocation. Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1983). Learning purpose and language use. Oxford University Press.
7. There is one mistake in every entry. Correct them and check your answers.
Belcher, D. D. (1989). How professors initiate non-native speakers into their disciplinary discourse
communities. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 1,207-225.
Brett, P. (1994). A genre analysis of the results sections of sociology articles. English for Specific Purposes, 13, 47- 59.
Bridgeman, B., & Carlson, S. B. (1984) Survey of academic writing tasks. Written Communication, 1, 247-
280.
Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. Hodder and Stoughton.
Clyne, M. (1983). Culture and discourse structure. In Smith L.E. (L.E. Smith) (Ed.), Readings in English as an
international language (pp. 163-167). Prentice Hall.
M. Clyne (Clyne, M.) (1987). Discourse structures and discourse expectations: Implications for Anglo-German academic
communication in English. In L. E. Smith (Ed.), Discourse across cultures: Strategies in world Englishes (pp. 73-
83). London: Prentice Hall.
Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. Hutchinson. (було не за алфавітом)
Dudley-Evans, A. (1984). "(A preliminary investigation of the writing of dissertation titles)". In G. James (Ed.), The ESP
classroom: Methodology, materials and expectations (pp. 40-46). University of Exeter.
Dudley-Evans, A. (1986). Genre analysis: an investigation of the introductions and discourse sections of MSc
dissertations. In M. Coulthard (Ed.), Talking about text (pp. 128-145). Birmingham: English Language Research,
Birmingham University.
Grellet, F. (1981). Developing Reading Skills. Cambridge University Press.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & K. B. Courter (Courter, K. B.) (1984). Research matters. Newbury House.
Hopkins, A. & Dudley-Evans, T. (1988). A genre-based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and
dissertations. English for Specific Purposes, 7, 113-121.
Hopkins, A. (1989). Perspectives. Longman.
Horowitz, D. (1986). Essay examination prompts and the teaching of academic writing. English for Specific
Purposes, 5, 107-120.
Horowitz, D. (1986). What professors actually want: Academic tasks for the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 445-
462.
Horowitz, D. (1989). The undergraduate research paper: Where research and writing meet. System, 17, 347-357.
Houghton, D. (1984). Overseas students writing essays in English: Learning the rules of the game. In James, G. (G. James)
(ed.), The ESP classroom: Methodology, materials, expectations (pp. 47-57). Exeter University Press.
Howe, Pat. (P.)(1983). Answering examination question. Collins.
Hyland, K. (1990). A genre description of argumentative essays. RELC Journal, 21, 66-78.
Ivanic, R. & Roach, D. (1990). Academic writing, power and disguise. In R. Clark, N. Fairclough, R. Ivanic, N.
McLeod, J. Thomas, & P. Meara (Eds.), Language and power (pp. 103-121). BAAL and CILT.
Jin, L. & Cortazzi, M. (1993). Cultural orientation and academic language use. In D. Gradol, L. Thompson, & M. Byram
(Eds.), Language and culture (pp. 84-97). BAAL and Multilingual Matters.
Jordan, R. R. (1988). The introductory paragraph in economics essays and examinations. In P. Robinson (Ed.),
Academic writing - Process and product (ELT Documents 129, pp. 63-66). Modern English
Publications/British Council.
Jordan, R. R. (1989). English for academic purposes (EAP). Language Teaching, 22, 150-
164
Jordan, R. R. (1990). Academic writing course (new ed.). Nelson.
Kachru, Y. (1995). Contrastive rhetoric in world Englishes. English Today, 11(1), 21-31.
Kachru, Y. (1996). Kachru revisits contrasts. English Today, 12(1), 41-44.
Kaldor. S., Herriman, M., & Rochecouste, J. (1994). Academic writing in English by non-native speakers - the interface
of grammar and discourse. In R. Khoo (Ed.), LSP: Problems and prospects (pp. 114-126). SEAMEO Regional
Language Centre.
Kaplan, R. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20.
King, P. (1989). The uncommon core: Some discourse features of student writing. System, 17, 13-20.
Kinnell, M. (Ed.). (1990). The learning experience of overseas students. Open University Press.
Leki, I, & Carson, J. (1994). Students' perceptions of EAP writing instruction and writing needs across the
disciplines. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 81-101.
Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. Macmillan.
McArthur, T. (1984a). The written word 1. Oxford University Press.
McArthur, T. (1984b). The written word 2. Oxford University Press.
McKenna E. (1987). Preparing foreign students to enter discourse communities in the US. English for Specific
Purposes, 6, 187-202.
Nelson. J. (1990). This was an easy assignment: Examining how students interpret academic writing tasks.
Research in the Teaching of English, 24, 362-396.
Nwogu, K. N. (1991). Structure of science popularisations: A genre-analysis approach to the schema of
popularised medical texts. English for Specific Purposes, 10, 111-123.
Open University. (1979). Preparing to study. Open University Press.
Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (1991). Writing academic English (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley.
Polanyi, L. (1986). A theory of discourse structure and discourse coherence. Chicago Linguistics Society, 21, 306- 322.
Smith, M. & Smith G. (1988). A study skills handbook. Oxford University
Press.
Sullivan T. (1983). Writing. NEC.
Swales, J. (1982). Examining examination papers. English Language Research Journal,3, 9-25.
Trzeciak, J. & Mackay, S. E. (1994). English for academic study series: Study skills for academic
writing. Prentice Hall.
Turk C., & Kirkman, J. (1989). Effective writing. E. & F. N. Spon.
Wallace, M. (1980). Study Skills In English. Cambridge University Press.
Williams, R. (1982). Panorama: An advanced course of English for study and examinations. Longman.
8. Put the following in alphabetical order.
ULEAC (1991). Certificate of attainment in English: General information. University of London Examinations and
Assessment Council.
Wong, R., Glendinning, E. & Mantell, H. (1994). Becoming a writer. Longman.
University of Hertfordshire (1 September, 1996). University policies and regulations: Applications and admissions,
number 14.1: Appendix II. University of Hertfordshire.
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (1995). English as a Foreign Language examination,
certificates and diplomas: Regulations 1995. UCLES.
Walker, T. (1992). English for academic purposes - computer science. Prentice Hall.
Yates, C. St. J. (1992). English for academic purposes - Agriculture. Prentice Hall.
Zimmerman, F. (1989). English for science. Prentice Hall.
Carol, B. J. & West, R. (1989). ESU framework: Performance scales for English language
examinations. Longman.
Chafe, W. (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In D. Tannen
(Ed.), Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy(pp. 35-53). Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Educational Testing Service (1992). TOEFL test and score manual. Educational Testing Service.
Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. Hutchinson.
Davies, A., & Criper, C. (1987). Research report 1: ELTS validation project report. University of Edinburgh.
Abdulaziz, H. T. & Stover, A. D. (1989). Academic challenges in reading. Prentice Hall.
Adkins, A. & McKean, I. (1985). Text to note. Edward Arnold.
Dudley-Evans, T. (1985). Writing laboratory reports. Nelson. Drew,
S. & Bingham, R. (1997). The student skills guide. Gower.
Hargreaves, R. & Fletcher, M. (1978). Making polite noises. Evans.
De Leeuw, M. & De Leeuw, E. (1965). Read better read faster. Pelican.
Ferguson, N. & O'Reilly, M. (1977). Listening and note taking. Evans.
ECS/British Council (1991). Code of practice: Educational institutions and overseas students (2nd ed.). The
British Council.
Neufeld, J. (1987). A handbook for technical communication. Prentice Hall.
Gattegno, C. (1969). Towards a visual culture. Outerbridge Dienstfrey.
Glendinning, E. & McEwan, J. (1987). English in computing. Nelson.
Murphy, R. (1985). English grammar in use. Oxford University Press.
Hogue, A. (1996). First steps in academic writing. Longman.
International English Language Testing System (1989). An Introduction to IELTS. The British Council. Laird,
E. (1977). English in focus: English in education. Oxford University Press.
Kwan-Terry, A. (1988). Interactive writing. Prentice Hall.
Maddox, H. (1963). How to study. Fawsett Premier.
Latulippe, L. D. (1992). Writing as a personal product. Prentice Hall.
Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. Macmillan.
Jones, L. (1981). Functions of English. Cambridge University Press
Northedge, A. (1990). The good study guide. The Open University Press.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1981). Strategies for reading. Heinemann.
O'Connor, J. D. (1980). Better English pronunciation (new ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Alderson, J. C., Krahnke, K. J. & Standfield, C. W. (Eds.). (1987). Reviews of English language proficiency
tests. TESOL.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1979). Reasons for reading. Heinemann.
Bachman, L. F. (1986). Reading English discourse: Business, economics, law, & political science. Prentice Hall.
Lawrence, M. (1972). Writing as a thinking process. University of Michigan Press.
Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. Hodder and Stoughton.
Bell, J. (1999). Doing your research project. Open University Press.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1985). Study skills for reading. Heinemann.
Pirie, D. B. (1985). How to write critical essays. Routledge.
Davies, S. & West, R. (1984). The Pitman Guide To English Language Examinations (2nd ed.). Pitman.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English
language. Longman.
Seal, B. (1997). Academic encounters. Cambridge University Press.
Tonkyn, A. (1995). English language proficiency standards for overseas students: Who needs what level? The Journal
of International Education, 6(2), 37-61.
Raimes, A. (1999). Keys for writers: A brief handbook (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.
Abdulaziz, H. T. & Stover, A. D. (1989). Academic challenges in reading. Prentice Hall.
Adkins, A. & McKean, I. (1985). Text to note. Edward Arnold.
Alderson, J. C., Krahnke, K. J. & Standfield, C. W. (Eds.). (1987). Reviews of English language proficiency tests. TESOL.
Bachman, L. F. (1986). Reading English discourse: Business, economics, law, & political science. Prentice Hall.
Bell, J. (1999). Doing your research project. Open University Press.
Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. Hodder and Stoughton.
Carol, B. J. & West, R. (1989). ESU framework: Performance scales for English language examinations. Longman.
Chafe, W. (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Spoken and
written language: Exploring orality and literacy (pp. 35-53). Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. Hutchinson.
Davies, A., & Criper, C. (1987). Research report 1: ELTS validation project report. University of Edinburgh.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1979). Reasons for reading. Heinemann.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1981). Strategies for reading. Heinemann.
Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1985). Study skills for reading. Heinemann.
Davies, S. & West, R. (1984). The Pitman Guide To English Language Examinations (2nd ed.). Pitman.
De Leeuw, M. & De Leeuw, E. (1965). Read better read faster. Pelican.
Drew, S. & Bingham, R. (1997). The student skills guide. Gower.
Dudley-Evans, T. (1985). Writing laboratory reports. Nelson.
ECS/British Council (1991). Code of practice: Educational institutions and overseas students (2nd ed.). The British Council.
Educational Testing Service (1992). TOEFL test and score manual. Educational Testing Service.
Ferguson, N. & O’Reilly, M. (1977). Listening and note taking. Evans.
Gattegno, C. (1969). Towards a visual culture. Outerbridge Dienstfrey.
Glendinning, E. & McEwan, J. (1987). English in computing. Nelson.
Hargreaves, R. & Fletcher, M. (1978). Making polite noises. Evans.
Hogue, A. (1996). First steps in academic writing. Longman.
International English Language Testing System (1989). An Introduction to IELTS. The British Council.
Jones, L. (1981). Functions of English. Cambridge University Press
Kwan-Terry, A. (1988). Interactive writing. Prentice Hall.
Laird, E. (1977). English in focus: English in education. Oxford University Press.
Latulippe, L. D. (1992). Writing as a personal product. Prentice Hall.
Lawrence, M. (1972). Writing as a thinking process. University of Michigan Press.
Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. Macmillan.
Maddox, H. (1963). How to study. Fawsett Premier.
Murphy, R. (1985). English grammar in use. Oxford University Press.
Neufeld, J. (1987). A handbook for technical communication. Prentice Hall.
Northedge, A. (1990). The good study guide. The Open University Press.
O’Connor, J. D. (1980). Better English pronunciation (new ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Pirie, D. B. (1985). How to write critical essays. Routledge.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman.
Raimes, A. (1999). Keys for writers: A brief handbook (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.
Seal, B. (1997). Academic encounters. Cambridge University Press.
Tonkyn, A. (1995). English language proficiency standards for overseas students: Who needs what level? The Journal of
International Education, 6(2), 37-61.
ULEAC (1991). Certificate of attainment in English: General information. University of London Examinations and
Assessment Council.
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (1995). English as a Foreign Language examination, certificates and
diplomas: Regulations 1995. UCLES.
University of Hertfordshire (1 September, 1996). University policies and regulations: Applications and admissions, number
14.1: Appendix II. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire.
Walker, T. (1992). English for academic purposes – computer science. Prentice Hall.
Wong, R., Glendinning, E. & Mantell, H. (1994). Becoming a writer. Longman.
Yates, C. St. J. (1992). English for academic purposes – Agriculture. Prentice Hall.
Zimmerman, F. (1989). English for science. Prentice Hall.
