13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice
, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
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Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment
Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice
Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
Ashok Kini
(/)
13 Nov 2019 11:34 PM
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"Judicial independence is not a shield to protect wrong. It is not a carte
blanche to arbitrary behaviour. "
Penning his separate but concurring opinion while dismissing the appeal against
Delhi HC judgment that held office of CJI is under purview of RTI Act, Justice DY
Chandrachud has observed that the basis for the selection and appointment of
judges to the higher judiciary must be defined and placed in the public realm.
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
According to him, this would promote confidence in the appointments process,
and also would foster a degree of transparency and promote accountability in
decision making at all levels within the judiciary and the government. Following are
the important observations made in the judgment by Justice Chandrachud:
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The collegium is a victim of its own birth – pangs
The collegium owes its birth to judicial interpretation. In significant respects,
the collegium is a victim of its own birth – pangs. Bereft of information
pertaining to both the criteria governing the selection and appointment of
judges to the higher judiciary and the application of those criteria in individual
cases, citizens have engaged the constitutional right to information, facilitated
by the RTI Act.
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There is a vital element of public interest in knowing about the norms
What needs to be emphasised is that the substantive standards which are
borne in mind must be formulated and placed in the public realm as a
measure that would promote confidence in the appointments process. Due
publicity to the norms which have been formulated and are applied would
foster a degree of transparency and promote accountability in decision
making at all levels within the judiciary and the government. The norms may
also spell out the criteria followed for assessing the judges of the district
judiciary for higher judicial office. There is a vital public interest in disclosing
the basis on which those with judicial experience are evaluated for elevation to
higher judicial office particularly having regard to merit, integrity and judicial
performance. Placing the criteria followed in making judicial appointments in
the public domain will fulfil the purpose and mandate of Section 4 of the RTI
Act, engender public confidence in the process and provides a safeguard
against extraneous considerations entering into the process.
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
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If the content of the right and the enforcement of the statute are to possess a
meaningful dimension in their application to the judiciary – as it must, certain
steps are necessary. Foremost among them is that the basis for the selection
and appointment of judges to the higher judiciary must be defined and placed
in the public realm. This is the procedure which is followed in making
appointments but also in terms of the substantive norms which are adopted
while making judicial appointments. There can be no denying the fact that
there is a vital element of public interest in knowing about the norms which are
taken into consideration in selecting candidates for higher judicial officer and
making judicial appointments. Knowledge is a powerful instrument which
secures consistency in application and generates the confidence that is
essential to the sanctity of the process of judicial appointments. This is
essentially because the collegium system postulates that proposals for
appointment of judges are initiated by the judges themselves.
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Essential substantial norms in regard to judicial appointments include: (i) The
basis on which performance of a member of the Bar is evaluated for the
purpose of higher judicial office; (ii) The criteria which are applied in
determining whether a member of the Bar fulfils requirements in terms of: a)
Experience as reflected in the quantum and nature of the practice; b) Domain
specialization in areas which are geared to the evolving nature of litigation and
the requirements of each court; c) Income requirements, if any, having regard
to the nature of the practice and the circumstances prevailing in the court or
region concerned; d) The commitment demonstrated by a candidate under
consideration to the development of the law in terms of written work, research
and academic qualifications; and e) The social orientation of the candidate,
defined in terms of the extent of pro bono or legal aid work; (iii) The need for
promoting the role of the judiciary as an inclusive institution and its diversity in
terms of gender, representation to minorities and the marginalised, orientation
and other relevant factors.
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
Judges are not above law
Judicial independence does not mean the insulation of judges from the rule of
law. In a constitutional democracy committed to the rule of law and to the
equality of its citizens, it cannot be countenanced that judges are above the
law. The notion of a responsible judiciary furthers the ideal for which an
independent judiciary was envisaged. It is the exercise of the decision making
authority guaranteed by judicial independence in a just and responsible
manner, true to the ethos of judicial office that sub-serves the founding vision
of the judiciary.
Judicial independence is hence not a carte blanche to arbitrary behaviour.
Referring to observations made in the NJAC judgment, Justice Chandrachud
observed that, though the dilution of the judiciary's autonomy in the context of
making judicial appointments was deemed to be unconstitutional, but the need for
transparency in judicial appointments has not been denied and has in fact been
specifically acknowledged by some of the learned Judges. The judge added that
failure to bring about accountability reforms would erode trust in the courts'
impartiality, harming core judicial functions. Transparency and the Right To
Information are crucially linked to the rule of law itself, the judge said.
According to Justice Chandrachud, the postulate that independence and
accountability are conflicting values is a fallacy. Elaborating it further, the judge
made the following observations:
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
Judicial independence is defined by the existence of conditions which enable
a judge to decide objectively, without succumbing to pressures and
influences which detract from the course of justice. To be independent a
judge must have the ability to decide "without fear or favour, affection or ill
will'. The Constitution creates conditions to secure the independence of
judges by setting out provisions to govern appointments, tenure and
conditions of service. These are provisions through which the conditions
necessary to secure judicial independence are engrafted as mandatory
institutional requirements. These are intrinsic elements of our constitutional
design. But constitutional design must be realised through the actual
working of its functionaries. Mechanisms which facilitate independence are
hence a crucial link in ensuring that constitutional design translates into the
realisation of judicial independence. Facilitative mechanisms include those
which promote transparency. For true judicial independence is not a shield to
protect wrong doing but an instrument to secure the fulfilment of those
constitutional values which an independent judiciary is tasked to achieve.
Judicial independence is hence not a carte blanche to arbitrary behaviour.
Where the provisions of the Constitution secure a standard of judicial
independence for free and impartial adjudication, the independence
guaranteed by the Constitution must be employed in a manner that furthers
the objective for which it was secured. In the quest for a balance between
the freedom guaranteed and the responsibility that attaches to the freedom,
judicial independence and judicial accountability converge.
The judiciary, like other institutions envisaged by the Constitution, is
essentially a human institution. The independence of the judiciary was not
envisaged to mean its insulation from the checks and balances that are
inherent in the exercise of constitution power. The independence of the
judiciary, is a constitutional guarantee of freedom. Notions of accountability
however, concern the manner and ends for which the freedom guaranteed is
employed. Where judicial independence focuses on freedom, judicial
accountability is concerned with the manner in which that freedom is
exercised by the adjudicator.
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
Adjudicators in robes are human and may be pre-disposed to the failings that
are inherently human. But the law demands that they must aspire to a
standard of behaviour that does not condone those failings of a human
persona in the discharge of judicial duties.
The executive in a cabinet form of government in accountable to the
legislature. Ministers of the government are elected members of the
legislature. Collectively, the government is accountable to the legislature as an
institution and through the legislature to the people. Unlike the elected
representatives of the people, judges of the district and higher judiciary are
not elected. The accountability which the political process exacts from
members of the legislature is hence distinct from the accountability of judges
who are accountable to the trust which is vested in them as independent
decision makers. Making them accountable in the discharge of that trust does
not dilute their independence. The independence of judges is designed to
protect them from the pressures of the executive and the legislature and of the
organised interests in society which may detract judges from discharging the
trust as dispassionate adjudicators. Scrutiny and transparency, properly
understood are not placed in an antithesis to independence. They create
conditions where judges are protected against unwholesome influences.
Scrutiny and transparency are allies of the conscientious because they are
powerful instruments to guard against influences which threaten to suborn the
judicial conscience. To use judicial independence as a plea to refuse
accountability is fallacious. Independence is secured by accountability.
Transparency and scrutiny are instruments to secure accountability.
Click here to download judgment (https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-
366552.pdf)
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13/03/2024, 22:46 Judges Are Not Above Law; Judicial Appointment Process Must Be Made Transparent, Says Justice Chandrachud [Read Judgment]
Read Judgment
Page 1 of 250 WWW.LIVELAW.IN
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME
COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE
JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.
10044 OF 2010
CENTRAL PUBLIC
SUPREME COURT
INFORMATION OF INDIA .....
OFFICER,
APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
SUBHASH CHANDRA AGARWAL .....
RESPONDENT(S)
WI
T H NO.
CIVIL APPEAL
10045 OFA2010
N
D
CIVIL APPEAL NO.
2683 OF 2010
JUDGMEN
T
SANJIV
KHANNA, J. judgment would decide the afore-
This
captioned appeals
preferred by the Central Public Information
Officer Supreme
short), (‘CPIO’ forCourt of India (appellant in
Civil Appeal Nos. of 2010), and Secretary
10044 and 10045
General,
Court Supreme
of India (appellant in Civil Appeal No.
2683 of 2010), against – Subhash
the common respondent
Chandra Agarwal, and seeks
Civil Appeal No. 10044 of 2010 & Ors. Page 1
of 108
Page 2 of 250 WWW.LIVELAW.IN
to answer the question as to ‘how
transparent
1 underisthe
enough’ transparent
Right to Information Act,
2005 (‘RTI Act’ of
short) in the context forcollegium system for
appointment and to the Supreme Court
elevation of judges
and
declaration ofCourts;
the High assets by
judges, etc.
2. Civil Appeal No. 10045 of 2010 titled Central
Public Information
Officer, Supreme Court of India v. Subhash
Chandra
arises Agarwal
from an application moved by
Subhash
before theChandra Agarwal Court of India on
CPIO, Supreme
6th July, 2009 to
furnish a copy of the complete
correspondence
Justice of India aswith
thethe thenofChief
Times India had
reported that a Union
Minister had approached, through a lawyer,
Mr. Justice R.
Reghupathi of the High Court of Madras to
decisions.his
influence Thejudicial
information was denied by
the CPIO,
Court Supreme
of India on the ground that the
information sought by was
applicant-respondent the not handled and
dealt withofbythe
Registry theSupreme Court 1 and/
Pageof India 250
the information
relating thereto was neither maintained nor
available with the
Registry First appeal filed by Subhash
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Tags RTI (https://www.livelaw.in/tags/rti)
Office of CJI (https://www.livelaw.in/tags/office-of-cji)
Supreme Court (https://www.livelaw.in/tags/supreme-court)
Justice DY Chandrachud (https://www.livelaw.in/tags/justice-dy-chandrachud)
judicial appointments (https://www.livelaw.in/tags/judicial-appointments)
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