Conjunctions & Interjection

Unit –I
Dr.Shobha
Assistant Professor
PG dept Of English
JSSCACS
Conjunction
• A conjunctions are connective words that are used to
connect two words or phrases or clauses in order to
show the relationship between the ideas in them. The
use of conjunctions makes the expressions neat and
compact. They can be coordinating conjunctions,
connecting two items of equal status or ideas, or
subordinating conjunctions, connecting items of
unequal status and meaning.
• Conjunctions can be single words such as and, or,
but, so, yet, therefore, though, when, although, if,
after, also, however, that, where, before etc.

• They can be more than one word such as not

only...but also, either... or, neither.....nor, as well as,
so....that, as.....as etc. These are called correlative
conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions
Either----or Either take it or leave it
Neither.....nor It is neither useful nor ornamental.
Both......and We both love and honour him.
Though....yet Though he is suffering much pain, yet he does not
complain.
Whether...or I do not care weather you go or stay.
Not only...but also Not only is he foolish, but also obstinate.

The conjunctions which are used in pairs are called

Correlative Conjunctions or merely correlatives.
Co-ordinating conjunction
• Usha wants either a pen or a pencil.
• Prashant drinks neither coffee nor tea.
• Jani is as fat as Rani.
• Vinu is not so clever as Suma.
• They won not only this match but also the series.
• Neither Paul nor I know the answer to this puzzle.
• Either Mohan or his wife is responsible for this party
• They should either walk in or stand outside.
Co-ordinating conjunction
The co-ordinating conjunctions are used to join two
similar items of words ( verbs, nouns, adjectives) or
sentences. They join two main clauses in a compound
sentence. They are, ‘and’ , ‘but’, ‘or’ etc.

Latha and Sudha are sisters.

(joins two proper nouns)
This pencil is red and yellow.
(joins two adjectives)
• He and she are brothers and sister.
(joins two pronouns)

• Kavin is very bold, but Ram is not so.

(joins two main clauses)

• What do you want coffee or tea?

(joins two noun)

Geetha and her aunty visited Madras last week.

(joins a proper noun and a common noun)
Subordinating conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a main
clause and a subordinate clause.
They are ‘because’, ‘although’, ‘though’, ‘when’,
‘where’, ‘why’, ‘while’, ‘as’, ‘since’, ‘that’, ‘for’,
‘which’, ‘whose’, ‘if’ , ‘unless’, ‘until’, ‘
suppose’, ‘ etc.,
• Eg: He didn’t come to school, since he was ill.
• When you go to Salem, get me some mangoes.
• He came to school in time, though he got up late.
• Unless you work hard, you can’t get a job.
• This is the time when I used to meet her.
• This is the park where I used to meet her.
• I won’t tell you the reason why I used to meet
her.
• I know very well that he wouldn’t come.
• The whole school praised him, for he got the
championship.
• If you have a good general knowledge, you can
pass the TOFEL exam.
Compound conjunction
• We use many compound expressions as conjunctions:
these are called compound conjunctions.
In order that The notice was published in order that all might
know the facts.
On condition that I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the
offence.
Even if Such an act would not be kind even if it were just.
So that He saved some bread so that he should not go hungry on
the morrow.
Provided that You can borrow the book provided that you return it
soon.
As though He walks as though he is slightly lame.
In as much as I must refuse your request , inasmuch as I believe
it unreasonable.

As soon as He took off his coat as soon as he entered the house.

As if He looks as if he were weary.

As well as Rama as well as Govindn was present there.

Connecters
• Apart from the conjunctions, there are some sentence
connectors. Conjunctions join the sentences only.
Connectors make a link of ideas in the consecutive
sentences. They are used to express the relationship
of a sentence are the next one in a paragraph. They
actually maintain the cohesion of the contents in a
text. Sentences-connectors belong to the inter-
sentential (between the sentences) area, whereas
conjunctions belong to the intra-sentential (with in
the sentence) area.
• Then, soon, suddenly, immediately, further, more
over, hence, so, therefore, yet, any how, however, as
much , besides, consequently , on contrary, thus, at
last, somehow, infact, fortunately, surprisingly, still,
nevertheless, etc
• She was ill. So, she did not attend the marriage.
• He is very poor. Yet, he is always happy.
• This boy is very clever. Moreover, he is very
disciplined.
• My uncle missed the bus. Somehow, he managed to
arrive at the station in time.
• He is not a graduate. Still, he can earn a lot every
month.
• It is late. Besides, there is no bus now.
• They finished their work. Therefore, they went for
tea.
• He went near the well. Suddenly he jumped into the
well.
Interjection
• Interjections are words or phrases that are used to
express strong feelings such as sudden surprise,
pleasure, anger, doubt, approval, disapproval etc.
These are oh, ah, aha, wow, yeah, ouch, damn,
hurray, alas, hey, tut-tut. They are always used in the
beginning of the expression and written with capital
letters in the beginning; it is necessary to use an
exclamatory mark at the end of each one of them.
They are used alone at times.
• Ah! – a cry to express joy, pain, pity or surprise
• Aha! – a cry to express satisfaction or
recognition
• Oh!- a cry of fear, pity, pain or surprise.
• Oho! – for jubilant surprise
• Hallo /hello! – a shout of greeting or calling
attention.
• Hurrah !/Hurrey! – a shout of joy
• Hey!/Hai!- to call attention
• Alas!- a cry to express fear or sorrow
• Bravo!- a shout to express joy when something
done well
• Hush!- to express warning
• Tut! Or tut-Tut!- to express impatience or
contempt
• Mm!- to express casual ‘yes’
• Ugh!- to express disgust
• Wow!- to express great surprise
• Ow! And Ooh!- a cry of pain or pleasure
• Eg: Oh! I will fail.
• Oh! What a beauty!
• Alas! He is dead.
• Hush! Someone is coming.
• Bravo! Well done my boy.
• Hurrah! Our team has won the cup.
• Hurrah! Our side has won.
• Alas! Our side has lost.
• Hush! I hear someone coming.
• Ah! That’s the excuse every lazy boy makes.
• Oh! What a beautiful rose.
• Hello! What are you doing there?
• Hurrah! We have won the game.
• Ah! Have you gone?
• Oh! I got such a fright.
• Hush! Don’t make a noise.
• Bravo! Rama! Well hit.
• Hallo, Govind! How are you?