Republic of Angola

MINISTRY OF GEOLOGY, MINES AND

INDUSTRY

Mineral Resources of Angola, its importance

for the socio-economic and sustainable
development of the country

Prepared by Orlando Pinheiro

pinhheiroorlando@yahoo.com.br

International Workshop on United Nations Framework Classification for Instituto Geológico de Angola
Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-
2009) ,21-22 June 2010
Warsaw, Poland
 Republic of Angola

General information
Angola is located on the western coast of southern Africa. It has eighteen
provinces: Cabinda, Zaire, Uíge, Luanda, Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza
Sul, Malanje, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Bié, Moxico, Benguela, Huambo,
Namibe, Huíla, Cuando Cubango and Cunene.
•President of the Republic: José Eduardo
dos Santos
•Area: 1 246 700 km²
•Population(2009): 18.498.000
•Climate: Inter-tropical
•Capital: Luanda
•Official Language: Portuguese
Currency: Kwanza(Akz)
 Republic of Angola

Geology of Angola
Angola can be subdivided into 5 main regional geological units, each one containing a distinct
combination of mineral deposits.
Quaternary to Tertiary Sedimentary Cover Rocks comprising sand, quartzic sandstone, gravel and clay
extend over nearly half of Angola, including the entire eastern part.
Pleistocene to Cretaceous marine sediments lie in a series of coastal basins on the western margin of
Angola
Mesozoic to Paleozoic sediments equivalent to the Karroo Supergroup accur mainly in the Cassanje
Graben, a north-central to north-western geographical depression. Diverse sub-volcanic and volcanic
bodies occur including kimberlites and carbonatites along a major south-west to north-east trend line
acroos Angola (Lucapa´s corridor), as well as basalt, dolerites, syenites, trachytes and phonolites
Upper Proterozoic fold belts (Pan African age) occur along the margins of Angola´s Precambrian
shield, the most important being the West-Congo, Damara And Maiombe-Macongo. They are
characterized by the occurrence of base metal mineralisation and a variety of industrial minerals
Lower Proterozoic to Archaen rocks from the Angolan,Maiombe, Cassai and Bangwelo shields and the
Kwanza horst. Granite-gneissic terrain meta-volcano sedimentary (greenstone) belts are present in south-
central Angola (Cassinga and Menongue). The Cunene basic (ultrabasic) complex occupies 20 000Km2
of the south-western part of the Angolan shield

Direcção Nacional de Geologia

 Republic of Angola

Geology of Angola
- Most of Angola´s mineral potential, apart from its oil and gas reserves, is related
to its Precambrian Shield which outcrops over large parts of the country
-Of great interest for future exploration are greenstone belts of Archean and
Lower Proterozoic age, in which basemetals and gold occur
-Angola´s most important mineral resource (after oil and gas) are diamonds. Their
distribution is also related to the Precambrian basement. They have been brought
to surface by kimberlite pipes of Cretaceous age (80 – 100 Ma) wich are aligned
along a 1200 Km long structural trend (Lucapa`s corridor) wich intersects the
Precambrian shield in a north-easterly direction
-Closely related tin time and space with kimberlites are carbonatites, which offer
exploration opportunities for carbonatite associated minerals such as nepheline,
niobium tantalum, fluorite, barite and rare earths
- 3 fold belts of Panafrican age occur around certain parts of the
angolanPrecambrian shield. Associated with them are explanation opportunities
for stratabound polymetallic copper ores of the copper belt type

Instituto Geológico de Angola

 Republic of Angola

Geology of Angola
-Marine coastal basins of Lower Cretaceous to Quaternary age host Angola´s
important oil and gas reserves, which are the country´s most significant
mineral resource. Also associated with the coastal basins are low grade
stratabound copper deposits and asfalt, bitumen and a number of industrial
and chemical minerals, including salt, potash, phosphate, sulphur, gypsum
and limestones
-Extensive areas of south-eastern Angola are covered with Kalahari sand
deposits.They contain lignite seams
The Cenozoic-Cretaceous coastal basins are well Known due the borehole data
from oil-exploration, whereas the Kalahari covered areas of Moxico and
Cuando Cubango provinces are virtually unknown.

Instituto Gelógico de Angola

Republic of Angola
 Republic of Angola

Geological knowledge status in Angola: Index of

coverage of geological mapping

Instituto Geológico de Angola

 Republic of Angola

Regional Geological Mapping

. 31% of the country has been geologically mapped
. 28 geological maps at scale 1:100 000 and reports published
. 14 geological maps at scale 1:250 000 and reports published
After 1975 Angola´s independence
. 1 geological map at scale 1:25 000 and report published
. 1 geological map of the whole country at scale 1:1 000 000 and
report published
. 1 Mineral Resources map at scale 1 000 000 and report
published
. 14 mapped at scale 1:250 000, but not published
. 25 mapped at scale 1:100 000, but not published

Instituto Geológico de Angola

 Republic of Angola

Geological Remote Sensing Center-Jogmec Direcção Nacional de Geologia

Botswana, July 2009
Republic of Angola

• Lucapa`s corridor
• Provinces
• Publisheds 1:1 000 000
• Publisheds 1:250 000
• Publisheds 1:100 000
• Publisheds 1:250 000 & 100 000
• Prepareds 1:250 000
• Prepareds 1:100 000
• Workeds
• Geological map of Luanda
• Geological map 1:250 000

Instituto Geológico de Angola

 Republic of Angola

There are evidences that most of the geological sheets at scale 1:100 000
published and/or prepared are spacially related to the Transcontinental
Structure of Lucapa (Lucapa´s corridor), that is a zone of tectonic-magmatic
reactivation of Mesozoic age with manifestações of kimberlites, acid, ultrabasic,
alcalines rocks and carbonatites
 Republic of Angola

The main mineral resources:

• Diamonds;
• Gold;
• Platinum Group Minerals (PGM);
• Iron;
• Manganese;
• Copper (Lead, Zinc, Vanadium, Cobalt);
• Nickel, Chrome;
• Mineral associated with carbonatite complexes (niobium
(pyrochlore), tantalum, rare earths, fluorite and barite;
• Tin, tungsten;
• Uranium; Coal, lignite; Dimension Stone; Quartz; Phosphate;
Kaolin; Mineral Sands; Mica; Salt; Potash; Gypsum; Sulphur;
• Garnet;
INETI, Lisboa-Portugal, 2008
• Bentonite;
• Base metals;
 Republic of Angola

Exploration Data Base

Topography – A complete coverage of Geological maps-
1:100 000 scale topographic maps is Besides 1:1 to 1:2 milion
available for whole country. The maps scale geological
are of good quality but old. compilation maps ,
Angola,s present
Airphotos-Usable airphotos coverage is geological map coverage
available to all areas, except for certain is rather poor. For only
parts with dense cover of tropical forest 31% of the country
in the north/north –west geological maps at
(Cabinda,Zaire,Uíge). They were flown scales 1:100 000/1:250
60 years ago. 000 exist and only 50% of
Satellite Imagery- Complete coverage them has been
1:1 million scale black and white MSS of published. The
poor quality information quality of
these maps varies from
excellent to extremelly
poor
Instituto Geológico de Angola
 Republic of Angola

Exploration Data Base

Geochronology – The existing data is insufficient
Geophysical Airborne coverage- The aeromagnetic
coverage of Angola is 10%. It is one of the lowest of any
African country. Other airborne surveys have been flown on
coastal areas for oil –exploration.
Ground geophysics- With the exception of oil-exploration,
geophysics has been used on a limited areas.
Geochemistry – Traditional heavy mineral stream sampling
for diamond indicator minerals was carried out by Diamang
and Condiama. The actual coverage and detail has not been
evaluated. Other organizations carried out geochemistry for
heavy minerals,stream and soil but a compilation of this work
does not exist. Geochemistry coverage is about 10% of
Angola´s surface
 Republic of Angola
Most of this information/data was generated by the former Geology and Mines
Services, before 1975 (Independence Date). After that almost all geological
activities, stopped, except for oil and diamonds which are responsibles for the
forgetfulness of existence of the Geological Survey of Angola.

In 90´s, the government created the Ministry of Geology and Mines to have a
full control of all geological and mines exploration through

- Geological Survey of Angola, now Angolan Geological Institute – Prospecting

/Researching and Geological Mapping of whole country

- National Directorate of Mining Licence and Registration – responsible for the

attribution of concessions

- National Directorate of Mines – controls the minerals extraction

- Endiama – full control of diamonds activities

 Republic of Angola

The National Planning of Geology (PLANAGEO)

• In June 2009 was approved by Angola´s President and is
comprised of:
• Aerogeophysics coverage for whole country
• Regional Geological Mapping at scale 1:250 000
• Regional Geochemical Mapping at scale 1:250 000

• For the implementation of this programme, the Ministry of

Geology, Mines and Industry opened a public concourse for those
who are interested to compete

INETI, Lisboa-Portugal, 2008 Instituto Geológico de Angola

 Republic of Angola

Challenges
• Updating of Mineral Resources map at 1:1,000,000 scale:
• Geological mapping of prospective areas at scale of 1:50,000;
• Trainning the IGEO staff on Remote Sensing and GIS softwares;
• Provide easy access of geological and mining information
through the intranet to the public;
• Security of the system against virus and invasion;
• Reinforcement on the geoscientific cooperation with PGI;
• Implementation of the National Planning of Geology (PLANAGEO)

INETI, Lisboa-Portugal,
Warsaw, June 2010 2008 Instituto Geológico de Angola
 Republic of Angola

Thank you for your attention

OBRIGADO

INETI,
Warsaw,
Lisboa-Portugal,
June 2010 2008