Based on the provided requirements, here's an outline for your business proposal:

Business Proposal Outline

1. Problem Identification
 Analyze the case study to identify key problems and challenges faced
by the project management team.
 Consider factors such as budget constraints, timeline pressures,
resource allocation, stakeholder communication, etc.
2. Stakeholder Analysis
 Identify various stakeholders involved in the construction project.
 Assess their interests, influence, and potential impact on decision
making and problem-solving.
3. Leadership Styles
 Evaluate the leadership styles employed by the project management
team.
 Discuss how leadership approaches influenced the decision-making
process and problem-solving efforts.
4. Organizational Structure and Design
 Analyze how the organizational structure and design of the
construction company influenced decision making and problem-
solving.
 Consider factors such as hierarchy, communication channels, and
situational influences.
5. Decision-Making Models
 Discuss and apply at least two decision-making models (e.g., Rational
Model, Bounded Rationality Model, Intuitive Model) to the identified
problems in the case study.
 Justify the choice of models based on the nature of the problems.
6. Reflection
 Reflect on the overall process, lessons learned, and potential areas for
improvement.
 Discuss any insights gained from the analysis and how they can be
applied in similar situations.
7. References
 Provide a list of all sources referenced in the report.

This outline provides a structured approach to addressing the deliverables outlined

in the project requirements. Each section should be detailed, supported by relevant
examples and data, and contribute to the overall understanding and resolution of the
project management issues discussed in the case study.
Choose any company of your preference.

2- Analyse on strategy formulation of the company chosen.

3- Collect all reported news related to the company’s strategy in media (e.g.; NSTP, online
news, web, shares report etc.)
REPORT MUST INCLUDE: 1. The report should consist of the following format:
1. The report should consist of the following format:
a. Introduction- Company’s information- firm’s existing vision, mission, and objectives.
b. External opportunities and threats (PESTEL)
c. Porter 5 Forces d. CompetitiveProfile Matrix (CPM)
e. External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix
f. Organisation’s internal strengths and weaknesses
g. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix
h. SWOT Matrix, TOWS Matrix, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix, Internal-External Matrix,
GrandStrategy Matrix. -Perform at least 3 Tools.
i. Recommendations on specific strategies and long-term objectives.
j. Comparison of the recommendations to actual strategiesplanned by the company.
k. Conclusion. Students are expected to prepare a Comprehensive written analysis based on
this writing format:

Answer：

The current business environment or organization setting is competitive, leading to the need
for perfect actions and execution. Competitive advantage is acquired the moment an
organization place its strategies and engage in actions that can outperform other as far as the
delivery of services is concerned (Alt & Zimmermann, 2019). For instance, when
Apple Inc engages in the constant and successful delivery of sophisticated technologies and
innovations through manufacturing the iPhone series, it has a competitive advantage due to
dealing with unique products with the latest specifications and features appreciated by the
current target market. The other component is its relationship with the firm’s performance.
The uniqueness, lack of imitability, creativity, and innovation are factors that contribute to
the competition. All these lead to ideal firm performance since the employees must apply the
required and relevant strategies to achieve uniqueness (Alt & Zimmermann, 2019). Many
organizations have engaged in different strategies and actions to ensure the achievement of
competitive advantage. They ensure that the strategies are unique and cannot be fully imitated
by other firms.

One of the ways is the development of innovative and differentiated products and services.
Every firm should be wary of the competition in the market and develop unique products that
can be appreciated by the consumer body (Yasa et al., 2020). Since consumers prefer
innovation and unique products and services, engaging in this action is vital. For instance,
Apple Inc. Has engaged in innovative products through the iPhone series and Apple watches.
The sophisticated nature of these products and their differentiated features which are rare in
other competitors such as Samsung issue is a competitive advantage in the global market.
The other way is targeting a niche or a group of consumers (Yasa et al., 2022). Apple Inc.
targets high-end consumers who value quality over quantity. The approach has assisted it in
maintaining this target group, leading to its more revenues and the stability in the market
arising from the loyal consumers gaining the perfect products and services that suit them.
The other strategy is low cost. Companies like Air Asia engage in low-cost carriers to ensure
everyone can access the services, leading to a competitive advantage. It creates a chance for
the perfection needed in the market.

One of the challenges is poor goal setting. The moment an organization has no perfect
planning and goals that suit its relevance, the entire plan will be affected since the goals set
will fail (Wu et al., 2020). The other challenge is the lack of proper alignment of the plan
with the stakeholders’ opinions and the organizational culture. When the goals set have loose
linkage with the required insights in the firm, the entire plan will fail since there will be
completely no lack of proper motivation of choosing strange ideas and goals. This leads to
the failure of the strategic plan. Also, the inability to track the progress of the changes and
plans leads to a lack of inclusion of the required changes that can lead to its success (Wu et
al., 2020). The situation leads to the impossibility and failure to correct any error that might
occur in the process of strategic planning.

One of the key factors is the commitment to the strategy. Failure to commit to the execution
of the strategy is a trust to the perfection regarding the needed excellence ( Wu et al.,
2020). It contributes to the imperfection and the need for the perfect recommendation to
solve. The recommendation for solving this aspect motivating a team of employees through
rewards recognition, and training to ensure the commitment to achieving the set goals. The
other aspect is the alignment of the strategies with the cultures in an organization ( Wu et
al., 2020). This can create the success of the strategy when handled ideally. For instance, if
the firm intends to engage in the strategy of offering low-cost prices to the consumer, the
strategy issued must align to the low costs regardless of the market changes. The
recommendation for this idea is sticking to the prices set regardless of the changes in the
market and issues in the global society.

The other issue is the creation of an environment where there is a possibility of the existence
of the strategy. The situation can be negative the moment the strategic manager fails to
create such an environment by delineating the project members, causing dissatisfaction and
the reluctance to achieve the objectives ( Wu et al., 2020). The situation can be solved
through the application of transformative leadership skills where everyone will be granted a
chance to present an opinion. It causes a chance for the custody in the progress made as far as
the execution of the strategy is concerned.

One of the roles of innovation is the clear focus. The innovative approaches are clear, leading
to the direct and relevant actions presented by the strategic manager (Pasaribu et al., 2021).
The moment an organization has a clear focus on the goal it is pursuing, there will be the
perfection needed in assessing the changes and approaches. It further assists in designing a
system that conforms to competitive needs. This shows that the moment a firm has a chance
to present a system accepted by every stakeholder and can create a competitive advantage in
the market, it will accept it altogether (Pasaribu et al., 2021). Innovation further functions as
a tool that assists in the trade-off decisions and the ideal choice of the innovation system
elements. Since strategic management requires trade-off decisions, the application of
innovative strategies is the leeway towards perfect strategic management.

One of the types of innovation is product. It involves the addition of a unique feature in a
product to suit the changing consumer taste and preferences ( Sánchez‐Báez et al.,
2020). Firms such as Apple Inc. have engaged in this type of innovation mainly through the
involvement of the features of the iPhone series. The unique features of the iPhone 15 pro are
vital and have been added due to the innovation and creativity of the ICT team in the firm.
This has created a chance for the perfection needed in handling the strategic approaches.

Business model innovation is vital. It involves a situation where a business organization

adjusts its revenue stream to suit the changes in the market and creates an adaptation to the
transitions for a competitive advantage (Sánchez‐Báez et al., 2020). For instance, a
business organization dealing in the physical bookstore might adjust to cloud computing and
e-commerce, in general, to conform to the technological changes and innovations. This
assists in strategic management since the managers will be ready to conform to changes.
Amazon is such an organization that has applied this innovation type. For instance, it started
as a physical bookstore but has now concentrated on e-commerce, engaging in the
distribution of various goods to consumers worldwide regardless of the location. It further has
cloud storage, leading to ease of access to books and other products and services at a fee.

One of the challenges is labor policies in foreign nations (Katsekeas et al., 2020). Some
countries such as China believe in the quota system where the locals must be employed in a
foreign firm. This can disrupt the changes in an organization and the plan in the organization
hierarchy. It causes a change in the system that must be trained to adapt to a system in the
foreign firm or the host nation. The other challenge is cultural and language barriers
(Katsekeas et al., 2020). It contributes to the need for the formulation of policies and training
on simple language that can create an understanding. The entire situation requires resources
that can affect the firm as far as the needed stability is concerned. One of the opportunities is
expanded consumer base and more revenues due to the increased market reach. An
organization that expands to another foreign market will attract the attention of the consumers
in such a nation and beyond, leading to more sales and revenues (Katsekeas et al., 2020). It
further assists in boosting innovation. An organization will seek expertise from the
stakeholders in the host nation. This will create a chance to enjoy the expertise and creativity
of the stakeholders, leading to increased access to new skills and a crop of consumers who
value innovation.

Apple Inc. is an example of a global electronic consumer firm that has engaged in
international expansion through joint ventures. This market entry involves partnering with
other firms to ensure the assistance to explore the market ( Paul, 2020). Apple Inc. has
entered the Chinese market through having joint ventures with firms such as Luxshare
Precision Industry co. Ltd to assist in the manufacturing of the premium iPhone models. The
entire market entry was vital since it created a chance for expansion in the market and gaining
a global competitive advantage in the Chinese market. Samsung is another consumer
electronic company that has engaged in company ownership. Samsung purchased firms in
China more so in the 1980s when it was entering into the Chinese market. This has
contributed to its recognition and the stability in this country. It has further placed Samsung
in the global map as one of the best firms dealing in consumer electronics due to its unique
features and expansion into the global market.

References
Alt, R., & Zimmermann, H. (2019). Electronic markets on
platform competition. Electronic Markets, 29(2), 143-149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-019-00353-y
Pasaribu, F., Bulan, T. R. N., & Pratama, K. (2021). Impact Of
Strategic Leadership and Organizational Innovation on The
Strategic Management: Mediational Role of It Capability.
Polish Journal of Management Studies, 24. DOI:
10.17512/pjms.2021.24.2.22

Paul, J. (2020), "Marketing in emerging markets: a review,

theoretical synthesis and extension", International Journal of
Emerging Markets, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 446-468.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-04-2017-0130
Sánchez‐Báez, E. A., Fernández‐Serrano, J., & Romero, I.
(2020). Organizational culture and innovation in small
businesses in Paraguay. Regional science policy & practice,
12(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12203

Yasa, N., Giantari, I. G. A. K., Setini, M., & Rahmayanti, P.

J. M. S. L. (2020). The role of competitive advantage in
mediating the effect of promotional strategy on marketing
performance. Management Science Letters, 10(12), 2845-2848.
DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.4.024

Wu, X., Zhang, L., & Luo, M. (2020). Current strategic

planning for sustainability in international shipping.
Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 1729-1747.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-00303-2
Persekitaran perniagaan atau persekitaran organisasi semasa
adalah kompetitif, yang membawa kepada keperluan untuk
tindakan dan pelaksanaan yang sempurna. Kelebihan daya saing
diperoleh apabila organisasi meletakkan strateginya dan
terlibat dalam tindakan yang boleh mengatasi prestasi lain
setakat penyampaian perkhidmatan (Alt & Zimmermann, 2019).
Sebagai contoh, apabila Apple Inc terlibat dalam penyampaian
teknologi dan inovasi canggih yang berterusan dan berjaya
melalui pembuatan siri iPhone, ia mempunyai kelebihan daya
saing kerana berurusan dengan produk unik dengan spesifikasi
dan ciri terkini yang dihargai oleh pasaran sasaran semasa.
Komponen lain ialah hubungannya dengan prestasi firma.
Keunikan, kekurangan peniruan, kreativiti, dan inovasi adalah
faktor yang menyumbang kepada persaingan. Semua ini membawa
kepada prestasi firma yang ideal kerana pekerja mesti
menggunakan strategi yang diperlukan dan relevan untuk
mencapai keunikan (Alt & Zimmermann, 2019). Banyak organisasi
telah terlibat dalam strategi dan tindakan yang berbeza untuk
memastikan pencapaian kelebihan daya saing. Mereka memastikan
bahawa strategi adalah unik dan tidak boleh ditiru sepenuhnya
oleh firma lain.
Salah satu caranya ialah pembangunan produk dan perkhidmatan
yang inovatif dan berbeza. Setiap firma harus berhati-hati
dengan persaingan dalam pasaran dan membangunkan produk unik
yang boleh dihargai oleh badan pengguna (Yasa et al., 2020).
Memandangkan pengguna lebih suka inovasi serta produk dan
perkhidmatan yang unik, melibatkan diri dalam tindakan ini
adalah penting. Sebagai contoh, Apple Inc. Telah terlibat
dalam produk inovatif melalui siri iPhone dan jam tangan
Apple. Sifat canggih produk ini dan ciri-cirinya yang berbeza
yang jarang berlaku dalam pesaing lain seperti isu Samsung
adalah kelebihan daya saing dalam pasaran global. Cara lain
ialah menyasarkan niche atau sekumpulan pengguna (Yasa et al.,
2022). Apple Inc. menyasarkan pengguna mewah yang mementingkan
kualiti berbanding kuantiti. Pendekatan itu telah membantunya
dalam mengekalkan kumpulan sasaran ini, membawa kepada lebih
banyak hasil dan kestabilan dalam pasaran yang timbul daripada
pengguna setia memperoleh produk dan perkhidmatan sempurna
yang sesuai dengan mereka. Strategi lain ialah kos rendah.
Syarikat seperti Air Asia melibatkan diri dalam syarikat
penerbangan tambang rendah untuk memastikan semua orang boleh
mengakses perkhidmatan tersebut, yang membawa kepada kelebihan
daya saing. Ia mewujudkan peluang untuk kesempurnaan yang
diperlukan dalam pasaran.
Salah satu cabarannya ialah penetapan matlamat yang lemah.
Apabila sesebuah organisasi tidak mempunyai perancangan yang
sempurna dan matlamat yang sesuai dengan kaitannya,
keseluruhan rancangan akan terjejas kerana matlamat yang
ditetapkan akan gagal (Wu et al., 2020). Cabaran lain ialah
kekurangan penyelarasan pelan yang betul dengan pendapat pihak
berkepentingan dan budaya organisasi. Apabila matlamat yang
ditetapkan mempunyai kaitan yang longgar dengan pandangan yang
diperlukan dalam firma, keseluruhan rancangan akan gagal
kerana tidak akan ada kekurangan motivasi yang betul untuk
memilih idea dan matlamat yang pelik. Ini membawa kepada
kegagalan pelan strategik. Selain itu, ketidakupayaan untuk
mengesan kemajuan perubahan dan rancangan membawa kepada
kekurangan kemasukan perubahan yang diperlukan yang boleh
membawa kepada kejayaannya (Wu et al., 2020). Keadaan itu
membawa kepada kemustahilan dan kegagalan untuk membetulkan
sebarang kesilapan yang mungkin berlaku dalam proses
perancangan strategik.
Salah satu faktor utama ialah komitmen terhadap strategi.
Kegagalan untuk memberikan komitmen terhadap pelaksanaan
strategi adalah amanah kepada kesempurnaan mengenai
kecemerlangan yang diperlukan (Wu et al., 2020). Ia menyumbang
kepada ketidaksempurnaan dan keperluan untuk cadangan yang
sempurna untuk diselesaikan. Cadangan untuk menyelesaikan
aspek ini memotivasikan pasukan pekerja melalui pengiktirafan
ganjaran, dan latihan untuk memastikan komitmen untuk mencapai
matlamat yang ditetapkan. Aspek lain ialah penjajaran strategi
dengan budaya dalam sesebuah organisasi (Wu et al., 2020). Ini
boleh mencipta kejayaan strategi apabila dikendalikan secara
ideal. Sebagai contoh, jika firma berhasrat untuk melibatkan
diri dalam strategi menawarkan harga kos rendah kepada
pengguna, strategi yang dikeluarkan mesti sejajar dengan kos
rendah tanpa mengira perubahan pasaran. Cadangan untuk idea
ini adalah berpegang pada harga yang ditetapkan tanpa mengira
perubahan dalam pasaran dan isu dalam masyarakat global.
Isu lain ialah penciptaan persekitaran di mana terdapat
kemungkinan kewujudan strategi. Keadaan ini boleh menjadi
negatif apabila pengurus strategik gagal mewujudkan
persekitaran sedemikian dengan menggambarkan ahli projek,
menyebabkan rasa tidak puas hati dan keengganan untuk mencapai
objektif (Wu et al., 2020). Keadaan itu boleh diselesaikan
melalui penerapan kemahiran kepimpinan transformatif di mana
setiap orang akan diberi peluang untuk mengemukakan pendapat.
Ia menyebabkan peluang untuk penjagaan dalam kemajuan yang
dibuat sejauh pelaksanaan strategi berkenaan.
Salah satu peranan inovasi ialah fokus yang jelas. Pendekatan
inovatif adalah jelas, membawa kepada tindakan langsung dan
relevan yang dibentangkan