HIS 007

CHAPTER 10
Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

Idea of writing a novel on the Philippines

• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” January 2, 1884
➢ All about the life among the lowly people
• Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos.
• Approved by: Paternos (Pedro, Maximino, and Antonio), Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente, Melecio
Figueroa, and Valentin Ventura
• Rizal determined to write the novel alone
1884
• Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it.
1885
• Rizal finishes the last fourth of the novel in Germany
1886
• Rizal wrote the last few chapters of the Noli in Wilhelmsfeld in April-June 1886
• In February 1886, he made the final revisions
Dr. Maximo Viola (Savior of the Noli)
• A friend of Rizal who belong to a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan
• He was shocked to find Rizal living in poverty and deplorably sick due to lack of proper nourishment
• Seeing his talented friend’s predicament, and being loaded with ample funds, he gladly decided to finance the printing cost
• To save the printing expense, Rizal deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including a whole chapter “Elias and Salome”
February 21, 1887
• Noli was finally finished and ready for printing at Berliner-Buchdrukrei-ActionGesselschaft which charged the lowest rate of 300 pesos for
2,000 copies of the novel

Rizal suspected as French spy

• The chief of police Berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizal’s boarding house and requested to see the latter’s passport but unfortunately, Rizal
could not produce a passport and was given a deadline of 4 days to secure a passport, otherwise he would be deported
• Viola accompanied Rizal to seek help of the Spanish ambassador, who promised to attend to the matter but failed to keep his promise, for it
turned out that he had no power to issue the required passport
• Rizal apologized to the German police Chief due to his failure to obtain a passport and politely asked why he was to be deported when he
had not committed any crime
• Rizal was blamed to be a French spy
• Rizal explained that he was a Filipino Physician and scientist, particularly an ethnologist. The police chief was satisfied and allowed his to
stay freely in Germany

PRINTING OF NOLI FINISHED

March 21, 1887
• Noli Me Tangere came off the press
• Sent the 1 copies of the novel to:
st

- Blumentritt
- Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
- Graciano Lopez Jaena
- Mariano Ponce
- Felix R. Hidalgo
March 29, 1887
• Rizal in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the gallery proofs of the Noli carefully rolled
“ To my dearest friend Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work”
THE TITLE OF THE NOVEL
NOLI ME TANGERE
• It is a Latin phrase which means “Touch Me Not”
• It is not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible
• Noli Me Tangere words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do not touch me”
• In citing the Biblical source, Rizal made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John

THE AUTHOR’S DEDICATION

• Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines
“To my Fatherland”

THE “NOLI” BASED ON TRUTH

• Although Noli was a fictional literature, it depicted the true conditions of the Philippines during the Spanish rule
WHAT IS REAL?
The Characters And Their Real Life Counterparts
CHARACTER REAL LIFE
Crisostomo Ibarra; Elias Jose Rizal
Maria Clara Leonor Rivera
Pilosopong Tasio Paciano Mercado
Capitan Tiago Capitan Hilaro Sunico of San
Nicolas
Doña Victoria Doña Agustina Medel
Basilio and Crispin Crisostomo brothers of
Hagonoy
Padre Damaso Typical domineering Friar
during those times
RIZAL’S FRIENDS PRAISE MISSING CHAPTER OF THE NOLI
ELIAS AND SALOME
• Supposed to follow Chapter XXIV “In the Woods”
• Deleted to reduce the cost of printing
• Story revolved around Elias choosing between his life with Salome or a life running from the government
RIZAL’S FRIENDS PRAISE THE NOLI
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
• “Is has been written with the blood of the heart, and so the heart also speaks”
• German friend of Rizal
• Believed that Rizal will be of definite interest on the spiritual development of the Filipinos
Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
• “if the Don Quixote immortalizes its author because it exposed to the world the ailments of Spain, you ‘Noli Me Tangere’ will bring you
an equal glory”
• A Filipino patriot and lawyer living in London after being exiled for Cavite Mutiny of 1872
• Noli was proof that Filipinos are capable of great intellects

CHAPTER 11
RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

➢ want to have first-hand experience

• Dr. Maximo Viola is Rizal’s traveling partner first visited Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany
• Sanssouci is the name of the former summer palace of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, in Potsdam, near Berlin
• Dresden, Germany – one of the best cities in Germany
➢ Because of structure and people
ST
1 MEETING WITH BLUMENTRITT
• On May 13, 1887 at
• Blumentritt is kind
 • He took Rizal and love him like his son
• Blumentritt help Rizal and Viola, get a room at Hotel Krebs
• They took Rizal with hospitality
• They stayed 4 days Hotel of Krebs
BOHEMIAN BEER GARDEN
• Rizal talked with burgomaster in fluent German which he learned for just 11 months so the Germans was amazed
• Blumentritt took Rizal to Tourist club of Leitmeritz in which he is the secretary
• Rizal painted a portrait of Blumentritt and gave it to him
• Rizal meet with:
1. Dr. Carlos Czepelak – renowned scientist of Europe
2. Prof. Robert Klutschak – eminent naturalist
• On May 16, Rizal left Blumentritt’s home and wrote a letter to them, saying “in a small corner of Bohemia, there are good, noble, friendly
people and Austria will always live in my heart”

VIENNA – Queen of Danube

• Famous in songs and story
• Beautiful buildings
• Religious images
• Majestic charm
LINTZ
• See the beautiful sights of the Danube River
• They also noticed that the passengers were using a paper napkin during meals
• “Paper napkins are more hygienic than cloth napkins” – Viola
SALZBURG
• The famous fountain in Mirabell Gardens (seen in the Do-Re-Mi song from Sound of Music)
MUNICH
• Famous for their Munich beer
NUREMBERG, GERMANY (image)

ULM IN GERMANY
Ulm Cathedral
• The largest and tallest Cathedral in Germany
• Viola rested twice on his way up to the tower while Rizal ascended without resting and was not tired when he reached the top

STUTTGART, GERMANY
• The ‘Old Castle’ which dates back to 950
RHEINFALL
• Waterfall
• The most beautiful waterfall of Europe

GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
• People here are Linguists
• Speaks French, German, Italian
• Celebrated his 26 birthday with a sumptuous meal with Viola
th
 • Spend 15 days after that they parted ways, Viola to Barcelona, Rizal to Italy

Wrote to Blumentritt:
“I’m tired as a dog, but I will sleep as a God”
• After a week in Rome, he prepared and wrote a letter to his father that he will return to Philippines

CHAPTER 12
THE FIRST HOMECOMING
DECISION TO RETURN HOME
• The publication of Noli Me Tangere caused an uproar among the friars
• Rizal was warned by Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other friends not to come home. But he did
not heed their warning

RIZAL’S REASONS

1. To operate on his mother’s eyes

2. To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish Tyrants
3. To find out for himself how Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipino and Spaniards alike in the Philippines
4. To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent
• From Rome he left by train for Marseilles, a French port

July 30, 1887

• At Saigon, Rizal transferred to another steamer Haiphong which was Manila bound
August 2, 1887
• Haiphong left for Manila
August 5, 1887
• Near Midnight, Rizal arrived in Manila
HAPPY HOMECOMING
• Rizal arrived in Calamba on August 8, 1882
• Established a medical clinic and his first patient was his mother
• Came to be known as “Doctor Uliman”
• He earned P900 within a few months as a physician. By February 1888, he earned a total P5,000 as medical fees
• Opened a gymnasium where he taught European (fencing, gymnastics, shooting) sports to his town mates to discourage them from
gambling and cockfighting
• Failed to see Leonor Rivera
STORM OVER THE NOLI
• Invitation from Malacañang Palace by Governor General Emilio Terrero because somebody had whispered to the Governor General that
the Noli contains subversive ideas
• When Rizal was informed by Governor General Terrero of the charge, he denied it, explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but he did
not advocate subversive ideas
• Pleased by his explanation and curious about the controversial book, the governor general asked the author for a copy of the Noli so that he
could read it
• Fortunately, he was able to get a copy of the Noli and hand it to the Governor General
Fr. Federico Faura
• “Everything in it was the truth”
• “But you may lose your head for it”
• The governor general knew that Rizal’s life was in jeopardy because the friars were powerful
• He assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel De Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal
• Governor general Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong with it. But Rizal’s enemies were powerful
The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo
• Sent a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echevarria of the University of Santo Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty
• Stated that the Noli was “heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to
the government of Spain and it’s function in the Philippine Islands in the political order”
The banning of the Noli only served to make it popular and everybody wanted to read it
• Thanks to Governor General Terrero, there were no mass imprisonment or mass execution of Filipinos

OTHER ATTACKERS
• General Luis M. de Pando
• Sr. Fernando Vida
• Vicente Barrantes, a Spanish academician of Madrid
➢ Bitterly criticized Noli in an article published in La Espana Moderna (a newspaper in Madrid) in January 1890
SUPPORTERS
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
OTHER DEFENDERS
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
• Mariano Ponce
• Father Sanchez
• Don Seguismundo Moret, former Minister of the Crown
• Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and statesman
• Professor Blumentritt, scholar and educator
DEFENDERS OF THE NOLI
Rev. Vicente Garcia
• A filipino Catholic priest scholar
• He used the penname Justo Desiderio Magalang
1. Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man”, as Fr. Rodriquez alleged, because he was a graduate of Spanish universities and was a recipient of
scholastic honors

2. Rizal does not attack the church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what Rizal attacked in Noli were the bad Spanish
officials and not Spain, and the bad and corrupt affairs and not the church

RIZAL AND TAVIEL DE ANDRADE

1. Fr. Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he had read the novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin
• Beautiful friendship bloomed between the two
• What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba
➢ The death of her older sister, Olimpia
CALAMBA’S AGRAGARIAN TROUBLE
• Calamba folks asked for Rizal’s help in gathering facts and listing their grievances against the hacienda management
• Rizal wrote down his findings which the tenants and three of the official of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888
RIZAL’S FINDINGS
 1. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but also the town of Calamba
2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the tenants
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the
improvement of agriculture

4. Tenants who has spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands for flimsy reasons
5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals, and when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda
management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes
• One day, Governor General summoned Rizal and advised him to leave the Philippines for his own good
RIZAL’S REASONS FOR LEAVING CALAMBA
FAREWELL TO CALAMBA
• His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends
• He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries
CHAPTER 13
ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN (1888)
• One of the happiest interludes in Rizal’s life
• One month sojourn in Land of Cherry Blossoms
• Fell in love with Seiko Usui but Rizal affectionately called her O-Sei-San

February 28, 1888

• Rizal arrived in Yokohama

RIZAL ARRIVES IN YOKOHAMA

• Registered at Grand Hotel
• Next day he proceeded to Tokyo took a room at Tokyo Hotel
• Tokyo is more expensive than Paris
■ Walls are built in cyclopean manner
■ Large and wide streets
RIZAL IN TOKYO
• Visited by Juan Perez Caballero
■ Secretary of Spanish Legation
■ Invited Rizal to live at Spanish Legation
• Rizal accepted the offer:
➢ So he could economize his living expenses
➢ He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of Spanish authorities.
• Caballero and Rizal became good friends
• During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know the Japanese language
• Rizal studied Japanese language for a few days
• He also studied the Japanese
› drama (kabuki),
› arts,
› music, and
› judo (Japanese art of self-defense)
• He browsed in the
› Museum
› Libraries
› Art galleries
› Shrine
RIZAL AND THE TOKYO MUSICIANS
• He was impressed by the western music performances of the musicians
• To his surprise, the musicians were actually Filipinos
RIZAL’S IMPRESSION OF JAPAN
• The beauty of the country
• The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people
• The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
• Very few thieves in Japan
• Beggars were rarely seen
• He did not like the mode of transportation by means of rickshaws drawn by men.

ROMANCE WITH O-SEI-SAN

• Rizal saw a pretty girl walking past the legation gate
• From his inquiries, he learned from a gardener that she used to pass by during her daily afternoon walk
• The following day, Rizal and gardener waited for her at the legation gate
• Seiko-San was amused at Rizal
• They visited interesting spots in Japan
• Both found happiness in each other
RIZAL O-SEI-SAN
Lonely physician Lonely Samurai’s daughter
› 27 years old › 23 years old
› Disillusioned with Leonor › Never experienced the ecstasy of
Rivera true love
› Embittered by Spanish injustices

• Rizal saw in her the qualities of his ideal womanhood

• O-Sei-San reciprocated his affection
• Rizal almost tempted to settle down in Japan, at the same time, he was offered a good job at the Spanish Legation.
• Rizal’s love for O-Sei-San was attested in his diary
SAYONARA, JAPAN
• Boarded the Belgic, an English steamer, at Yokohama, bound for U.S.A.
• He left Japan with a heavy heart
• His sojourn in Japan for 45 days was the happiest interlude in his life

O-SEI-SAN AFTER RIZAL’S DEPARTURE

• She mourned for a long time
• A year after Rizal’s execution, she married Mr. Alfred Charlton
› British teacher of Chemistry of Peer’s school in Tokyo
› Blessed by one child, Yuriko
› he was awarded Order of Merit, 5th class

VOYAGE ACROSS THE PACIFIC

• Rizal met a semi-Filipino Family– Mr. Reinaldo Turner, his wife, Emma Jackson, their children, and maidservant
• A bright young boy asked him if he know Richal
• The family felt proud that they were traveling with a celebrity
RIZAL AND TETCHO
• On board Belgic, Rizal befriended Tetcho Suehiro
› A fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, and champion of human rights
› Forced by the Japanese government to leave the country
› Only knew Japanese language
• Similarities:
› Valiant patriots
› Implacable foes of injustice and tyranny
› Men of peace using pens as weapons
 • Rizal told Tetcho his story during their 8 months acquaintanceship
• Tetcho came to admire Rizal
• Rizal remained in London while Tetcho returned to Japan
• After the publication of his travel diary, Tetcho resigned as editor of Choya (Tokyo newspaper) and he entered politics
• Became a member of lower house
• Published political novel
■ Nankai-no-Daiharan(Storm Over The South Sea)
➢ which resembles Noli Me Tangere
■ O-unabara (The Big Ocean) 3 years later,
➢ which resembles El Filibusterismo
CHAPTER 14
RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889)
• After visiting the US, Rizal lived in London.
• Reason to choose this city:
➢ Improve his knowledge in English Language.
➢ Study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
➢ London was a safe place to fight against Spaniards
• Rizal wrote many articles for La Solidaridad
• Had a romance with Gertrude Beckett

TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC

• From New York to Liverpool
• He was on board “City of Rome”
• He entertained the American and European passengers using yo-yo as an expensive weapon
• He met American newspapermen on board the ship but found them inferior to him and inadequate in geo-politics
• Rizal stayed one day in Liverpool and spent the night at the Adelphi Hotel
LIFE IN LONDON
• Rizal went to London
• He stayed as guest at the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer.
• Later, he boarded at No.37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill
• It was owned by the Beckett family:
■ Mr. Beckett, an organist of St. Paul’s Church
■ Mrs. Beckett
■ 2 sons
■ 4 daughters, the oldest is Gertrude (Gettie or Tottie)
• Rizal met Dr. Reinhold Rost, librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs
• Dr. Rost called Rizal as “a pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre)
• Rizal spent his time in the British Museum poring over the pages of Morga’s Sucesos and other historical works on the Philippines
• He frequently visited Dr. Regidor and discuss problems relating to Philippine affairs
• He spent Sundays with Dr. Rost and had many discussions on linguistics
• He also played cricket ( popular English game)
• He boxed with Dr. Rost’s sons

NEWS FROM HOME, GOOD AND BAD

• Rizal receives both good and bad news
 • Bad news are the injustices committed by the Spanish authorities on the Filipino and the Rizal family:
■ Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed “Anti- Friar Petition of 1888”
■ Persecution of Calamba tenants, including Rizal’s family and relatives, for their petition on agrarian reforms
■ Furious attacks on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida, and by Desengaños
■ Manuel Hidalgo, husband of Saturnina, was exiled by Governor General Weyler to Bohol w/o due process of law
■ Laureano Viado, Rizal’s friend and a medical student at UST was imprisoned because copies of the Noli was found in his house.
• GOOD NEWS
■ Defense of Noli by Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino canon of the Manila Cathedral. The news came from Mariano Ponce
ANNOTATING MORGA’S BOOK
• Rizal’s greatest achievement in London is “the annotation of Morga’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands)”
• He read books about old histories of the Philippines such as those written by:
■ Fr. Chirino, Fr. Collin, Fr. Argensola
■ Fr. Plasencia, etc.
SHORT VISIT TO PARIS AND SPAIN
• Rizal visited Paris for a week:
■ Search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale
■ He was entertained by Juan Luna and his wife (Paz Pardo de Tavera), and littles son Andres (Luling). Then went back to London.
• Rizal went to Spain:
■ He visited Madrid and Barcelona
■ He contacted his compatriots and surveyed the political situation with regards to agitation in Philippine reforms.
■ He met for the first time
➢ Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce – two titans of the Propaganda Movement
➢ He promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms
CHRISTMAS IN LONDON (1888)
• Rizal returned to London
• He spent Christmas and New Year’s Day with the Becketts. It was his first in English Soil
• Noche-Buena (Christmas Eve) – Rizal likes to celebrate
• He sent Christmas gifts, a bust of Emperor Augustus and a bust of Julius Cesar which he made, to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos
Czepelak respectively.
• Mrs. Beckett gave Rizal as Christmas gift a book entitled
“The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist

RIZAL BECOMES LEADER OF FILIPINOS IN EUROPE

• Filipino were planning to establish a patriotic society
• Asociacion La Solidaridad, – a patriotic society:
■ President – Galicano Apacible
■ Vice-president – Graciano Lopez Jaena
■ Secretary – Manuel Santa Maria
■ Treasurer – Mariano Ponce
■ Accountant – Jose Ma. Panganiban
• Rizal was chosen honorary president by unanimous vote of all the members

RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER

• La Solidaridad, a patriotic newspaper, founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona. Its aims:
 ■ To work peacefully for political and social reforms
■ To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy them
■ To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism
■ To advocate liberal ideas and progress
■ To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy, and happiness
• Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena and his associates
• He prepared articles which was subsequently published
• He advise them to “Be Careful” and publish only the truth
FIRST ARTICLE IN LA SOLIDARIDAD
• Rizal’s first article which appeared in La Solidaridad was entitled
“Los Agricultores Filipinos”(The Filipino Farmers)
• He depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country

WRITINGS IN LONDON
• Rizal received news – Fray Rodriguez’s attack on Noli
• Rizal wrote a pamphlet – “La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The
Vision of Fray Rodriguez)
• Published in Barcelona under his penname Dimas Alang
• Rizal wrote the famous “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” in Tagalog
■ Requested by M.H. del Pilar
■ To praise the young ladies of Malolos for building a school despite opposition from Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish priest of Malolos
• Main points of the letter:
■ A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind.
■ The Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland
■ A Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor
■ A Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues
■ Faith is not merely reciting long prayers an wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals
and good manners.
• Dr. Rost, editor of Trubner’s Journal requested Rizal to contribute some articles.
1. “The Specimens of Tagal Folklore”
■ Consists of Filipino proverbs and puzzles.
2. “Two Eastern Fables”
ROMANCE WITH GERTRUDE BECKETT
• Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the Beckett sisters – Gertrude Beckett
• Gettie an English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks
• She fell in love with Rizal
• Their friendship drifted towards romance.
• As Rizal called her “Gettie”
• she called Rizal as “Pettie”
• He could not marry Gettie for he has a mission to fulfill in life
• With iron will, Rizal suppressed the passionate yearning of his heart
• He decided to go away so that “Gettie” may forget him
• He finished 4 sculptural works:
■ Prometheus Bound
 ■ “The Triumph of Death over Life”
■ “The Triumph of Science over Death”
➢ He gave both the Triumph to his friend, Blumentritt
■ A composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters as farewell gift to them
ADIOS, LONDON
• Rizal bade goodbye to the kind Beckett family
• He went to Paris

CHAPTER 15
RIZAL’S SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889

UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION (EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE) 1889

• World's Fair held in Paris, France
• Thousands of people from all corners of the world crowded every hotel, inn, and boarding houses.

DIFFICULTY OF FINDING QUARTERS

• For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valentin Ventura, at No. 45 Rue Maubeuge
• He transferred his residence several times
• Finally, he lived together with two other Filipinos – Capitan Justo Trinidad and Jose Albert
LIFE IN PARIS
• He used most of his time in..
➢ the reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale
➢ living quarters writing letters to his family and friends
➢ the gymnasium for his daily physical exercises
➢ visiting his friends
RIZAL AND PARIS EXPOSITION 1889
• The universal exposition of Paris which opened on May 6, 1889
• The greatest attraction was the Eiffel Tower
■ Alexander Eiffel
- French engineer
THREE FILIPINO SOCIETIES RIZAL FOUNDED
• KIDLAT CLUB
■ Among the members were Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio Llorente, Guillermo
Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas

■ To bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital

• INDIOS BRAVOS
■ It’s members pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreigners, particularly
the Spaniards

■ They practiced with the great enthusiasm the use of the sword and pistol
■ Rizal taught them judo
• R.D.L.M. Society - Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malays)
■ He only mentioned this secret society to:
 ➢ Jose Maria Basa
➢ Marcelo H. del Pilar
■ Only a few trusted friends of Rizal became members
■ The aim of it was “the propagation of all useful knowledge – scientific, artistic, literary, etc. – in the Philippines & the Redemption of
the Malay Race”

ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA PUBLISHED

• Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris (1980)
• He wrote in in the British Museum
• It was printed by Garnier Freres
• Professor Blumentritt – wrote the Prologue
• This is a historical work which Rizla prove that the Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of Spain
• They had clothes, government, laws, writings, literature, religion, arts, sciences, and commerce with neighboring Asian neighbors
RIZAL AS HISTORIAN
• Rizal’s research studies in the British Museum (London) and in the Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris) enriched his historical knowledge
• His knowledge of foreign languages enabled Rizal to read historical documents:
■ Pigafetta’s famous First Voyage Around the World (Italian)
■ Works of Marsden, Raffles, Lord Stanley, and Wallace (English)
■ Writings of Blumentritt, Jagor, and Virchow (German)
THE PHILIPPINES WITHIN A CENTURY
• In this article, he expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines
• He predicted with amazing accuracy the tragic end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia

THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS

• Defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos
• Critical study of the causes why the Filipinos did not work hard during the Spanish regime
• Main thesis: the Filipinos are not by nature indolent
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
• Rizal proposed to establish an “International Association of Filipinologist
• Universal Exposition of 1889 (Paris)
• Letter to Blumentritt – January 14, 1889
• Prospectus: aim of the association – “to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view”
PROJECT FOR FILIPINO COLLEGE IN HONG KONG
• Planned by Rizal while still in Paris
• To establish a modern college in Hong Kong
• Aim: “to train and educate men of good family and financial means in accordance with the demands of modern times and
circumstances”
• Mr. Mariano Cunanan (Mexico, Pampanga)
➢ 40,000 pesos (initial capital)
• Unfortunately this project of Rizal to establish a modern college in Hong Kong did not materialized
“POR TELEFONO”
• In fall of 1889, Rizal wrote satirical work as a reply to another slander of Fr. Salvador Font
• Por Telefono was published in booklet from Barcelona
 • He used the pen name “Dimas Alang”
• Telephone conversation between Fr. Font (Madrid) and the father provincial (San Agustin Convent in Manila)
CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
• He spent Christman with Jose Albert
• Capitan Justo Trinidad
• Christmas dinner: fried chicken, rice, and vegetables
• Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris
• After New Year – brief visit to London (unknown purpose)
• Two theoretical reasons:
➢ To check up his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with the original copy in the British Museum; and
➢ To see Gertrude Beckett for the last time
• Middle of January 1890 – back in Paris