THEORIES PROPAGATORS

Choice theory of planner Davidoff and reiner

(spatial distribution of landuse)

Classical theory of landuse Wim hejiman

• Central place theory

• (tries to explain spatial arrangement
of human settlement and their no. Walter christaller
based on population and distance)
• Seeks no, size and location of human Three component of this
settle i.e settlement size and location theory:production,transport,

Conurbation, conservative surgery (is a pattrick geddes (geddian trio representation)

region comprising of no.of cities, large
town,urban areas) cities in evolution and their relationship with
man-book

concept of folk,work,place
• Rank size rule (study of varying
population sizes of urban centers in a
region)
• Primacy of settlements
• Zipf’s law applied to distribution of
cities (1935)
• The largest city has population of g.k zipf
10.00,000 then the fourth largest city
have a population of 2.50,000

Law of primate city I.E PRIMACY OF Mark zefferson

SETTLEMENT HE DEFINES PRIMATE CITY AS
BEING AT LEAST TWICE AS LARGE AS THE
NEXT LARGEST CITY AND MORE THAN TWICE
AS SIGNIFICANT.
 Image of city Kevin
lynch(path,edge,district,node,landmark)

Role of housing in urban development Charles abramas

Satellite town concept Robert owen

Space city Yono friedman

Industrial town Tony garneir /Robert owen

Plato city having population 5040 plato

Garden city (self-constrained, communities, Ebenzer Howard

surrounded by green belts) having
population 32000 and area 6000 acre

Letchworth uk was the first garden city built

in 1909 and planned by Raymond Unwin.

Broadacre city (3.7x3.7),10km2 city • F.L WRIGHT

• organic architecture coined by him.
Area 1-5 acre per household • Disappearing city-book
• 1-5 ACRE PER HOUSEHOLD

Radiant city Le corbusier

Acrosanti/arcology population 5000 and area Pablo soleri
is 25 acre

Linear city(cinded-de-kineal) A.soria y mata

Madrid,kerala,

Elongated urban formation series of parallell

sector
Neighbourhood concept Clarence perry

Population-5000-6000 and site area is 160

acre

Paul Davidoff and l.S Davidoff(low income

plus minority group)
Advocacy planning

Radburn,new jersy (town for motor Clarence stein and henry wright
age)famous for pedestrian path system that
does not cross any major road.cul-de-sac
introduced

Ekistics and dynapolis (science of human Constantine doxidius.

settlement including regional
city,community,planning,dwelling,design) Action for human settlement-book

Nature,man,society,shell,network Islamabad city design (grid iron)

Riyadh teacher student center, university of

dhaka

Development occurring on vacant or unused

plots in otherwise built up areas.
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
Is process of developing vacant or unused
parcels within existing urban area that are
already largely developed.

developed the "Raumplan" (literally spatial

plan) method of arranging interior spaces,
ADOLF LOOS
exemplified in Villa Müller in Prague.

ORNAMENT AND CRIME ESSAY( it struck him

that it was a crime to waste the effort
needed to add ornamentation,when the
ornamentation would cause the object to
soon go out of style:

VERTICAL THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN KEAN YEANG

THEORY OF RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT IAN BENTLEY

WINTER URBANISM NORMAN PRESSMAN

The Akosombo Dam, also known as the Volta PAUL OLIVER

Dam, is a hydroelectric dam on the Volta
River in southeastern Ghana

Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of

the World book written by paul oliver

Dwellings: The House Across the World

Dunroamin: The Suburban Semi and its

Enemies.

GRAVITY MODEL: The gravity model explains how regions of human populated areas interact
and are influenced by the variables of their populations and the distance between them.
Regional interactions and influences between two human populated areas are proportional
to population and inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

INTERACTION BETWEEN SETTLEMENTS IS COMPONENT OF GRAVITY MODEL.

 CITY SHAPE EXAMPLES
Star shaped city Moscow,Washington dc

Linear city Mumbai,Leningrad,Kolkata,stalingrad

Ring form Delhi, san francisco

Sheet form tokyo

Poly centered detroit

Finger plan Copenhegan(capital of Denmark)

Backbone of the finger—infrastructure of

roads and commuters railways forms the
backbone.

Presented in 1947, in between fingers:green

belt area

Little finger:wealthiest known as the whiskey

belt.

Ring finger:formed by detached middle class.

Middle finger:mixed area of both detached

middle class low rise public housing projects.

Index finger: lowest income per capita and

highest crime rate.

Thumb:along the coast central part-high rise

housing,low income inhabitants

ECOSKYSCRAPPERS KEN YEANG

Gate21:

As per urban design prinicipals proposed by gorden cullan rashtrapati bhavan new delhi is an
example of: SERIAL VISION

Urban landuse model based on the concept of a polycentric city is known as: HARRIS AND
ULLMAN MODEL

Law of primate city was first proposed by : mark zefferson.

Location Theory: harold Hotelling also contributed to location theory, specifically in

industrial location and spatial economics. He developed theoretical models to analyze
optimal locations for firms based on market conditions and transportation costs.

In the European union which constitutes the cities namely: London paris brussels ansterdam
cologne franfrut munich milan lie within a linear megalopoloitian zone known as:

blue banana

also known as the European Megalopolis or the Liverpool–Milan Axis, is a discontinuous

corridor of urbanization in Western and Central Europe, The conceptualisation of the area as
a "Blue Banana" was developed in 1989 by RECLUS, a group of French geographers managed
by Roger Brunet.

The term "Blue Banana" refers to a geographical and economic concept rather than a
specific object. It describes a highly urbanized and industrialized corridor in Western Europe,
stretching from southern England through Belgium, the Netherlands, western Germany, and
northern Italy. Here are some key points about the Blue Banana:

Geographical Importance: The Blue Banana represents one of the most densely populated
and economically productive regions in Europe. It includes major cities such as London,
Brussels, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, and Milan, among others.

Industrial and Economic Hub: This corridor is characterized by a concentration of industries,

financial centers, transportation networks (including major ports and airports), and high
levels of economic activity. It plays a crucial role in the European economy and global trade.

Cultural and Social Diversity: Due to its economic significance and historical development,
the Blue Banana is also culturally diverse, with a mix of languages, lifestyles, and cultural
influences across its various cities and regions.

European Integration: The concept of the Blue Banana has been influential in discussions
about European integration and regional development policies. It highlights the
interconnectedness and interdependence of European economies and urban centers.
Urban Planning and Sustainability: Urban planning within the Blue Banana focuses on
managing growth, transportation infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and quality of
life issues in densely populated metropolitan areas.

The Blue Banana actually refers to a non-continuous swath of Europe that contains the
highest concentration of population, industry and wealth. Often called the"Backbone of
Europe" it makes a crescent shape that is actually visible from outer space due to the dense
grouping of city lights at night.

The Golden Quadrilateral : is a national highway network connecting several major

industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India. It forms a quadrilateral with all the four
major metro cities of India forming the vertices, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Mumbai
(west) and Chennai (south).

The main objective of these super highways is to reduce the travel time between the major
cities of India, running roughly along the perimeter of the country. The North–South corridor
linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East–West
corridor linking Silchar (Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat) are additional projects. These
highway projects are implemented by the National Highway Authority Of India (NHAI).
TRABANTENSTADTE Ernst may
Linear city Arturo soria y mata
Bloomsbury precinct Pattrick abrecrombie
Radiant city Le corbusier
G22Q32 NAVI MUMBAI-------SATELLITE TOWN

HISSAR-----COUNTER MAGNETS

GRETAR MUMBAI-----URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS

DELHI MUMBAI INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR----INVESTMENT REGION

G22Q74

THEORY PROPONENTS
BROKEN WINDOW JAMES O WILSON AND
GEORGE K KELLING
LADDER OF CITIZEN SHERRY ARNSTEIN
PARTNERSHIP
RIGHT TO CITY HENRY LEFEBVRE
CREATIVE CLASS RICHARD FLORIDA
G19Q11 The term necropolis refers to: a dead settlement

The city in the worst stage and unfit for dwelling

Patrick geddes classification of towns:

• Primary ------------agricultural village

• Secondary---------marketing town
• Tertiary----------residential educational and recreational

Lewis Mumford classification of cities:

1. Eopolis—town grows as entire unit its economy is based on agriculture.

2. Polis----town grows into a small urban unit of self-contained community it has
commerce and industry.
3. Metropolis—city grows with full stature high population density and large
potentialities. Water supply drainage electricity transport commerce and industries.
4. Megapolis—overgrown cities with mess with expansion of industries multi track
roads mass housing mass transportation city starts decaying .
5. Tyranopolis—city shows further decay.
6. Necropolis—worst stage and unfit for dwelling dead city.

Doxiadius ekistics unit:

Classification of large cities in india:

• Cities (class FIRST CLASS UA/town) ---POPULATION MORE THAN 1,00,000

• MILLION PLUS UA/TOWN----- POPULATION MORE THAN 1 MILLION I.E 10,00,000
• MEGA CITIES----UA/CITIES HAVING MORE THAN 10 MILLION POPULATION (1 CRORE)

Classification of area in india:

Statutory town---all places with a municipality corporation cantonment board or notified

area committee.

Census town---places that satisfy the following criteria:

1. A minimum population of 5000.

2. At least 75% of male working population should not be indulged in agricultural work.
3. A density of population of at least 400peson/squarekm

Outgrowth-

G19Q25 thresold enclosure created by vertical surface or series of vertical elements in an

urban plaza represented by the ratio of height and distance is given by a angle of ………

26 degree ----30 degree

Types of enclosure Ratio height/distance Angle (degrees)

Full enclosure 1:1 45 degree
Threshold of enclosure 1:2 30 degree
Minimum enclosure 1:3 18 degree
Loss of enclosure 1:4 14 degree
Architecture of town and cities by paul.d.sprieregen
 THEORY PROPAGATORS

STRATEGY FOR UNBALANCED GROWTH ALBERT O HIRSHMAN

INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS WASSILY W LEONTIEF

GROWTH POLE THEORY FRANCOIS PERROUX

EXPORT BASE THEORY DOUGLOS C NORTH

ECONOMIC BASE THEORY HANS BLUMENFELD

CIRCULAR CUMULATIVE CAUSATION GUNNAR MYRDAL

STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH WALT WHITEMAN ROSTOW

G19Q38 MATCH THE CONTEMPORARY URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS WITH
CORRESPONDING PRINICIPALS:

Park movement Revival of relationship between man and

nature
New urbanism Relationship between work and living
environment and sustainability.

Technical and socio-economic process

resulting in growth energy production and
waste elimination.
City beautiful Unity cohesion and balanced relationship
between urban components and elements
Garden city and new town movement Self-contained self-sufficient community
surrounded by the green belts

• PARK MOVEMENT: The father of the public park movement in America, Frederick
Law Olmsted (1822–1903) was far-sighted in his belief that parks, parkways, and
residential communities were essential social institutions.
• Central Park in new York city is his greatest legacy.
• Emerland necklace in boston .
• The "Pastoral" Style Olmsted used the style of the Beautiful—or as he usually called
it, the pastoral—to create a sense of the peacefulness of nature and to sooth and
restore the spirit. The Pastoral style was the basic mode of his park designs, which he
intended to serve as the setting for "unconscious or indirect recreation."

Seven ‘S’ of Olmsted’s Design

• Scenery: Design of "passages of scenery" even in the small spaces and in areas
intended for active use. Creation of designs that give an enhanced sense of space:
indefinite boundaries, constant opening up of new views. Avoidance of hard-edge or
specimen planting, creating instead designs that have either "considerable
complexity of light and shadow near the eye" or "obscurity of detail further away."
• Suitability:Creation of designs that are in keeping with the natural scenery and
topography of the site: respect for, and full utilization of, the "genius of the place."
• Style:Designing in specific styles, each for a particular effect. Primarily in the
"Pastoral" style (open greensward with small bodies of water and scattered trees and
groves) for a soothing, restorative atmosphere, or in the "Picturesque" style (profuse
planting, especially with shrubs, creepers and ground cover, on steep and broken
terrain), for a sense of the richness and bounteousness of nature, with chiaroscuro
effects of light and shade to produce a sense of mystery.
 • Subordination:Subordination of all elements, all features and objects, to the overall
design and the effect it is intended to achieve. The "Art to conceal Art."
• Separation:Separation of areas designed in different styles, so that an "incongruous
mixture of styles" will not dilute the intended effect of each: separation of ways, in
order to insure safety of use and reduce distractions for those using the space;
separation of conflicting or incompatible uses.
• Sanitation:Provision for adequate drainage and other engineering considerations, not
simply arranging of surface features. Planning or designs so that they promote both
the physical and mental health of users.
• Service:Planning of designs so that they will serve a "purpose of direct utility or
service;" that is, will meet fundamental social and psychological needs: "So long as
considerations of utility are neglected or overridden by considerations of ornament,
there will be no true Art."

NEW URBANISM:
New Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes environmentally
friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of
housing and job types.
it encompasses ten basic principles such as traditional neighborhood development
(TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD)

"The building of cities is one of man's greatest achievements" -Edmund Bacon (Design of
Cities)

principles of urbanism:

1. Walkability

• -Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work

• -Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows
& doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in
rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
• -Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases

2. Connectivity

• -Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking

• -A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
• -High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable

3. Mixed-Use & Diversity

 • -A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within
neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
• -Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races

4. Mixed Housing

• A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design

• Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of

place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human
scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure

• -Discernable center and edge

• -Public space at center
• -Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art
• -Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
• -Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense
towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes
mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats
and/or urban lifestyle settings. The Transect integrates environmental
methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community
design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made
disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human
habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-
rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each
area along the continuum.

7. Increased Density
 • -More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking,
to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more
convenient, enjoyable place to live.
• -New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small
towns, to large cities

8. Smart Transportation

• -A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods

together
• -Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades,
scooters, and walking as daily transportation

9. Sustainability

• -Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations

• -Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
• -Energy efficiency
• -Less use of finite fuels
• -More local production
• -More walking, less driving

10. Quality of Life

Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that
enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

"The sum of human happiness increases because of New Urbanism" -Andres Duany

THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT:

with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.

The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and
urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s

World's Columbian Exposition: The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful
occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the
exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, The exposition displayed a model city
of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty
visible.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition: held in St. Louis. Its commissioner of architects selected
Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be Chief of Design
McMillan Plan: An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social
order through beautification was the McMillan Plan (1902), named for Michigan Senator
James McMillan. The plan emerged from the U.S. Senate Park Commission's redesigning of
the monumental core of Washington, D.C., to commemorate the city's centennial and to
fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles L'Enfant a century earlier.

Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago is considered one of principal documents of the City
Beautiful movement.

Mira Lloyd Dock and the Progressive Era Conservation Movement is a biography of a
Pennsylvania environmentalist and conservationist, written by Susan Rimby.

Walter Burley Griffin incorporated City Beautiful principles for his design for Canberra.

John Sulman, however, was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement
and, in 1921, wrote the book An Introduction to Australian City Planning.[21] Both the City
Beautiful and the Garden City philosophies were represented by Sulman’s "geometric or
contour controlled" designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra.

City beautiful movement (Columbia expedition),Chicago designed by Daniel Burnham,

reform philosophy of north

THE NEW TOWN MOVEMENT:

Was derived from the garden city movement founded by ebenzer howard .the new
townsman whose meber were howard f.j Osborn c.b purdom and w.g taylor they began
advocating development of 100 new cities to be built by the government..this movement
started after world war 2nd.
URBAN PLANNING CONCEPT PROPOUNDED BY
Satellite town concept Robert owen
Linear city concept Soriya y. mata
City beautiful movement Daniel burnham
Garden ciy concept Ebenzer howard
Industrial city Tony garnier
Concentric zone model Ernest burgess
Neighbourhood concept Clarence perry
A town for the motor age- Clarence stein/henry ford
radburn plan
Broadacre city Le corbusier
Sector model Homer hyatt
Multiple nuclei model Harris and Edward ullman
G18Q36:

CORE PERIPHERY THEORY: CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL BY FRIEDMAN

FOUR STAGE MODEL OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

John Friedman was an urban theorist, He propounded the core-periphery model of regional
development in the year 1966. The Core-Periphery Model by Friedman shows the process of
economic growth and urban development in time and space.

Basic Idea of Core-Periphery Model:

Basically, his theory explains the process of unbalanced economic growth starting from the
pre-industrial era in an urban landscape. The fundamental idea of this model is that there is
unequal distribution of socio-economic and political power which causes urban prosperity
and deprivation. Therefore, once the process of economic growth starts in a certain town,
the town continues to grow faster and larger in comparison to the surrounding human
settlements.

The core is a large and fast-Growing city.

The periphery refers to the villages and smaller towns around the large city.

The wealthy people live in the core therefore most of the capital is also available in the core.
Contrarily, the periphery is abundant in natural resources and labor force.

So, the exchange between core and periphery must take place for economic growth. The
core spends capital to import resources and labor force from the periphery. The labor force
in the periphery receive rent for resources and wages for their work.

However, the terms of trade or exchange between core and periphery is structured in such a
manner that the periphery receives less than it ought to. Thus, the core continues to grow
richer while the periphery remains poorer.

Friedman’s model is closely related to Growth Pole theory by Perroux, Cumulative Causation
Theory by Gunnar Myrdal and Unbalanced Growth Theory by Albert Hirschman. Anyway,
Friedman’s model explains the process of spatial interaction better than Myrdal and
Hirschman.

STAGES OF URBAN GROWTH:

Friedman’s model tries to answer the question that why does the core enjoy prosperity
and the periphery experience deprivation. According to Friedman, there are four stages of
economic and urban growth in a region. These stages are as follows.
 1. Pre-Industrial Stage:
• The region at this stage is known as Resource Frontier Region. The resource
frontier regions are underdeveloped but rich in resources.
• At this stage, most of the economy has rural character with few dispersed
centers of production (Fig. 1).
• Primary economic activities such as agriculture, fishing, hunting etc. are the
main economic activities. The size of the settlements is small.
• These settlements have low levels of interaction amongst them and the
mobility of traders remain limited to smaller areas.

Fig. 1: Pre-Industrialized Regions with Dispersed Settlements

2. Transition Stage

• The resource frontier region develops economically into Upward Transition Region.
the upward transition regions are growing fast by using its current stock of natural
resources.
• In the transition stage, the economy starts to experience spatial concentration of
economic activities. This means that the investment of capital, industrial growth and
trading activities morph the some of the rural settlements into urban settlements.
• However, one of these urban settlements commands authority over other urban
centers because of its social, economic and political dominance in the region. This
dominant city is the core of the region. Rest of the rural and urban settlements are
subordinate to the core (Fig 2).
• The core imports raw material and labor at low cost from the periphery. In return, it
pays low rent and wages to the inhabitants of the periphery. Further, the core
exports costly finished goods to the periphery. So, the periphery faces a balance of
payment crisis due to costly imports and cheap exports. So, it increases exports to
core to sustain its import of finished goods. Finally, the periphery becomes
dependent on the core.
• Although trade and transport facilities improve in this stage, but the laborers do not
travel far from their homes for work.
Fig. 2: Transition Stage with a Core and Periphery

3. Industrial Stage

In this stage, the upward transition region changes into a Downward Transition Region. A
downward Transition region has many problems such as depleted resource base, low
productivity and outdated industry. So, the economy moves either towards colonization of
new resource frontier regions or towards service industry.

Due to innovations in science and technology, industrial growth accelerates. The process of
manufacturing is carried out by automatic machines with the help of fossil fuels and
electricity.

The fast growth in the manufacturing sector necessitates the migration of the labor force
from rural to urban areas. Additionally, the natural resources are also extracted at a fast
pace to support industrial growth.

There are two more processes which take place in this stage i.e outsourcing and innovation
diffusion.

Outsourcing means that the core transfers some of its economic functions to a subordinate
town(s) in the urban system. Due to outsourcing, the base of many economic activities
shifts to such subordinate towns. The core has to outsource its economic functions to other
towns because the cost of production in core becomes very high due to high cost of land and
costly labor (Fig. 3).

Innovation diffusion refers to the process of spread of knowledge, technology and methods
of production from the core to the subordinate town(s). This process of outsourcing and
innovation diffusion ignites the fast industrial growth in the towns in the periphery.
Development of very fast modes of transport and communication helps diffusion of
innovation and commute of labor.
Fig. 3: Industrial Stage with Innovation Diffusion & Functional Specialization

4. Post-Industrial Stage

• The last stage of this model emphasizes the evolution of the unequal society into an
egalitarian one. Friedman argues that as the cost of production increases in core,
many functions are outsourced to periphery cities. As a result, the cities in the
periphery also grow fast. The economic growth in the periphery leads to
considerable decline in intra-regional inequality i.e. between different cities within
the region.
• Since many cities become equal in authority, it does not mean there will not be any
kind of flow of labor and resources between the core and periphery. In reality, the
cities become spatially integrated or dependent through the process of division of
labor. It means that different cities specialize in different economic functions
therefore, each city depends on another city for supply of a certain product (Fig. 4).
For example, the Maruti-Suzuki factory in Gurugram depends on Jamshedpur for
supply of steel. Such division of labor between cities increases economic and
logistical efficiency.
• The demand for many services which assist in efficient transport, communication and
marketing increases. Eventually, the urban economic growth is driven by the service
sector.

Fig. 4: Post-Industrialized Stage with Spatial Integration

BID RENT THEORY: WILLIAM ALONSO

INTERACTIVE AND PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESS

• William Alonso (1933-1999) was an urban planner and economist. He is credited with
creating the bid rent theory.
• Alonso wrote Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, which
was first published in 1964.
• Change of land price with relative distance from cbd.

The

farther you get from the CBD, the less competition you face for land use. This is because:

• commerce will not be as common because businesses will want to maximize

profits by being located in as dense an area as possible
• social opportunities decrease in less densely populated areas, making them less
attractive to residents.
• Bid rent theory: Land/property/rental unit costs increase the closer one gets to a
city's central business district.
CLUSTER THEORY:

• Alfred Marshall, in his book Principles of Economics, published in 1890, first

characterized clusters as a "concentration of specialized industries in particular
localities" that he termed industrial districts.
• The theory states that concentrating industries in specific regions creates several
advantages. For one, greater economic activity occurs when many firms cluster in
one area. In turn, this creates agglomeration spillovers which increases the total
factor productivity of firms in the same county since they are all competing for the
top spot.
• GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATIONS OF INTER CONNECTED INSTITUTIONS.

What is the cluster planning theory?

The theory states that concentrating industries in specific regions creates several
advantages. Due to high volumes of firms in a vicinity, companies are forced to further
innovate and produce advancements in their respected industries. These innovations
increase the levels of knowledge in the region.

Image depicts how large the tech cluster in Silicon Valley is via an aerial view.
G18Q37 CITIES AND PLANNERS:

CITY PLANNERS

Islamabad C.a doxidius

Tel Aviv Pattrick geddes
Bhubneswar Otto koiensberg
Brasilia Lucio costa,Oscar nieymer
brasila is capital of brazil
planned

CITY PLANNERS

Auroville Ar. Roger anger mira alfassa

sri aurovindo
Bhubaneshwar Otto koiensberg(german
architect and planner)
Chandigarh Le corb before him albert
mayer was allocated
Durgapur Joseph allen stein and
benjamin polk
Gandhi nagar Hk mewada and prakash m
apte
Jaipur Maharaja sawai singh
Jamshedpur Fc temple o. Koiensberg
Kolkatta (art-deco style) Jon charnok
New delhi Lutyens
Vidyadhar nagar(city close to Bv doshi
jaipur)
Navi mumbai Charles correa
Zero carbon, zero waste city, Norman foster
abu dhabi
MAJOR PLANNED CITIES OF WORLD PLANNER

Paris G.eugenehaussman(respons
ible for broad avenues of
paris),voisin
Detroit,poly centered(motor city) Augustus B.woodward

Washington D.C Chales fallen macgin

Philladelphia(based on stop and go William pen,Thomas holme

road),(emphasize on parking tower) later on louis khan(city of
philladelphia)

Newyork G.morris,j.ruthergford,S.dew
itt

Helinski city,berlin city

Tokyo (metabolism) Kenzo tange

London Christopher wren and

abrecrombic

Brasilia,Texas(horizon city) (capital of Lucio costa(urban planner)

brasil,city is in unesco heritage list.
Oscar niyemar(architect of
Brasilia)

Canberra Walter burley griffin,Marion

marley griffin

Utopia (community or society that Sir Thomas more

posses highly desirable or nearly
perfect quality for citizen)

Opposite :Dystopia

Focuses on equality in –
economy,government,and justice
 Open space theory

Figure ground theory/linkage By roger franchik Book:

theory/place theory finding lost spaces

Walter Christopher concept (would

gtend to form in a
triangular/hexagonal lattic pattern to Central place theory
serve without any overlap

Coldspring,newtown ballimore Moshe safdie

Thimpu Charles benniger

Horizon city,texas Lucio costa

london Wren abrecrombie
Philadelphia Louis khan (city of
Philadelphia is based on
stop and go roads and
emphasis on parking towers.
Radburn,new jersey Clarence stein hengry wright
known as town for the
motor age.
tokyo Kenzo tange (metabolism)
Detroit Augustus b. woodward
Illinois and salt lake city Joseph smith brigham
young nauvoo
Broad avenues of paris Georges eugene haussman
CONCEPTUAL CITIES:

BROADACRE CITIES: F. LWRIGHT

GARDEN CITY: EBENZE HOWARD

ECO SKYSCPPERS: KEN YEANG

RADIANT CITY: LE CORBUSIER

SPACE CITY: YONO FRIEDMAN

G17Q5

CONCEPTS OF SERIAL VISION, PUNCTUATION AND CLOSURE: GORDEN CULLEN

The term ‘serial vision’ was first coined by British architect and urban designer Thomas
Gordon Cullen, in his seminal work Townscape, (a shorter version of this book was later
published as The Concise Townscape).

Drawing serial vision: examples

• Skyline, rhythm, and grain

• Thresholds, transitions, and permeability
• The dance of light and shadow

Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, India

Designed by Herbert Baker and Edward Lutyens, the new capital was envisioned on the
principles of Garden City. The Rajpath that leads to the Rashtrapati Bhavan has a series of
visual screening as well as enhancing elements, thus, creating a progression of frames. In
this example, serial vision is used to suggest the majestic and authoritative nature of the
building in focus.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India

Taj Mahal works on the principle of serial vision in a slightly different approach. Buildings of
different scales are put together to form a composition. Passing by each of these, a new
building is perceived or maybe a different perspective is formed
G17Q17 the principal of eminent domain is the power to: acquire and take possession of
property in order to promote public interest.

EMINENT DOMAIN:

• acquire and take possession of property in order to promote public interest.

• Eminent domain refers to the power of the government to take private property and
convert it into public use.
• Eminent domain, landacquisition, compulsorypurchase, resumption,
resumption/compulsory acquisition, or expropriation is the power of a state,
provincial, or national government to take private property for public use.
• Eminent domain, also called condemnation or expropriation, power of government
to take private property for public use without the owner’s consent.
• Confiscation is the term most often used in contrast to eminent domain to describe
the taking of property by the state without compensation.

PREEMPTION

also called Squatter’s Rights, in U.S. history, policy by which first settlers, or “squatters,” on
public lands could purchase the property they had improved. Squatters who settled on and
improved unsurveyed land were at risk that when the land was surveyed and put up for
auction speculators would capture it.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE: the policy of allowing private businesses to develop without government

control.

A doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum

necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights.

POLICE POWER: under the police power, the private use of property by its owner is
regulated or restricted by the government for the public benefit. no compensation is
required

• COUNTRY TERMINOLOGY
• USA, PHILLIPINES EMINENTS DOMIAN
• UK IRELAND NEWZELAND COMPULSORY PURCHASE
• HONGKONG RESUMPTION
• FRANCE ITALY MEXICO EXPROPRIATION
• INDIA LAND ACQUISITION
G17Q31

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL: ERNEST BURGESS AND ROBERT PARK

 1. The concentric zone “model” designed by Ernest Burgess was developed and
considered as an urban planning “model” regardless of its nature and context. It
would appear that the commonality in meaning is “abstraction of reality,” with the
aim of either better understanding a real system or being able to predict its
behaviour in relation to the cities.
2. In 1925, Ernest W. Burgess proposed the concept of concentric zones. (1925,
Burgess). Burgess proposed that urban land use is organised around the central
business district (CBD) in concentric rings.
3. burgess model, bull’s eye model, concentric ring model.
4. City grows outward in concentric.

SECTOR MODEL: HOMER HOYT

• The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use
proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.
• It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development.
• The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward
progression of growth.
 • Example:chandigarh
•

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL: HARRIS AND ULLMAN

• Given by Harris and Ullman.

• Based on Chicago city.
• According to theory city grows in several nucleus.
• The multiple-nuclei model is a US urban geography model that describes cities with
more than one CBD or a single CBD and many secondary outlying business districts.
• Multiple-Nuclei Model: A US urban geography model that describes cities with more
than one center. It is based on the following premises: 1) some types of economic
activities have to have their own locations; 2) economic activities attract other
economic activities to their locations; 3) certain economic activities exclude other
economic activities; 4) some economic activities can't afford real estate in certain

areas.

• The multiple-nuclei model recognizes that the automobile allowed people and jobs
to move away from crowded and polluted city centers.
FACTORIAL ECOLOGY: BERRY AND HORTON

• J.L berry and W.Horton.

• orientation with social ecology.

MANN’S CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AND SECTOR MODEL:

• Industrial city of northen England

• Phillip mann
• Proximity, centrality and accessibilty
• Dependent on prevailing wind.

SOCIAL AREA ANALYSIS: SHEVKY AND BELL

• In the Shevky-Bell model, increasing societal scale is synonymous with the

emergence of urban industrialized society, the prime mover for which is changes in
the economy (caused, in turn, by technological innovation).
• linking changing urban social structure and residential patterns to economic
development and urbanization processes (which they termed the \'increasing scale\'
of society).
•
GARDEN CITY MODEL: EBENZER HOWARD

• Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928), who had been studying cities before the
establishment of urbanism as an academic field, was one of the most influential
people behind the garden city movement.
• Howard published: To-morrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), a book that
was reprinted four years later as Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902), for which he
became widely known.
• The Three Magnets Diagram, particularly emblematic in terms of summarizing the
ideas of garden cities, is featured in the first pages of both versions of Garden Cities
of Tomorrow.
• According to Ebenezer Howard’s garden city theory, self-contained, planned
settlements with a mix of urban and rural characteristics would be created and
surrounded by greenbelts. In order to address the issues of overcrowded and
polluting urban centres while enhancing the quality of life for people, Howard
envisioned these cities as a harmonic fusion of the greatest elements of the
countryside and the city.
• The ideal garden city would cover a 6,000-acre tract of agricultural land, owned by
a small group of individuals to control land use. The city’s revenue would be
generated through rents to fund services and pay off the mortgage.
• Letchworth UK planned by Raymond unwin, a garden city located 30 miles north of
London, was developed in 1903, and another called Welwyn Garden City was
established nearby in 1920, following Howard’s guidelines.

The book highlights three essential elements of garden cities:

• A blend of urban and rural features to offer a balanced lifestyle.

• Land value capture to prevent speculation and ensure affordability.
• Cooperative ownership of land to benefit the community as a whole.
• Radburn, New Jersey, USA: Radburn, built in the 1920s, was one of the first garden
cities in the United States. It emphasized walkability, communal facilities, and
greenery, setting a trend for modern community-oriented planning.
 • Town area/agricultural area= 1/5

ECOLOGICAL LAND USE MODEL: MURDIE, R.A (1969)

• Murdie ,R.A (1969)

• Factorial ecology of metropolition torronto

• City name complex morphology combining physical and social spaces.

• City creates complex and random morphology.

Social space:

Economic space:

Political space:

Physical space:

KEARSLEY’S MODEL OF URBAN STRUCTURE:

Includes contemporary urban processes and change such as gentrification commuters village
development projects.

GROWTH POLE THEORY: FRANCOIS PERROUX

• He considered growth pole as key driver of economic activities and development in a

region.
• the growth in a large city propels the growth in the all the areas surrounding the
large city due to exchange of goods and services.

Growth pole is an abstract economic area which acts as a field of force from which
centrifugal forces emanate to the periphery and to which primary products are attracted for
addition of value. Altogether, growth pole has three primary characteristics.

1. Homogeneous space: The growth pole is an homogeneous area i.e. the all economic
activities in the growth pole enjoy similar socio-economic, political and environment
benefits and constraints.
2. Economic Plan: The growth pole is delimited by an economic plan. This means that
the the economic activities in the growth pole are planned and organized to achieve
certain economic and developmental goals.
 3. Field of Force: The growth pole emanates centrifugal and centripetal forces.
Centrifugal forces mean that the benefits of the economic activities and services in
the growth pole spreads to hinterland (periphery) of the growth pole. Centripetal
forces means that growth pole attracts the supply of raw material and primary
products from the rural areas.

In simple words, growth pole is a large city where economic activities (industries and
services) operate at a large scale due to economic externalities and people from periphery
come to city for sale and purchase of products.

CUMULATIVE CAUSATION: GUNNAR MYRDAL

• Gunnar Myrdal also gave his cumulative causation theory for explaining the process
of regional development.
• During the process of economic development, rich people and rich regions continue
to grow richer while the poor ones become more poor. The rich countries and
regions collaborate to keep the terms of trade in their favor. Hence, rich gets higher
income while poor sell their goods and services for low price.

Composition of Economic Space

To explain his theory, Myrdal elaborated that the economic space or a region contains two
primary zones i.e. a core and its periphery.

• Core: Core is a developed area where economic growth started initially due to some
natural advantages. The core contains most of the economic activities of a region.
Core is usually a large city. On global scale, the core refers to the developed
countries.
• Periphery or Hinterland: The area surrounding core is called periphery or hinterland.
Periphery is an underdeveloped area which provides milk, vegetables, food, raw
materials, minerals and labor to the core. On global scale, periphery refers to the
underdeveloped region or countries of the world

Cumulative Causation

Cumulative causation is a process where a result of an action (stimuli) leads to increase in

the intensity and speed of initial action or stimulus. Let us disaggregate this concept through
an example.

• Stimuli: For instance, if someone makes investment in Delhi, it will lead to increase in
economy activity. Here investment is stimulus or stimuli.
 • Result: The increase in economic activity due to stimuli will lead to production, sale
and ultimately, profit. Here, the result is profit.
• Cumulation: The investor will invest the profit along with his initial investment again
in Delhi which will further increase the economic activity. This process keeps on
repeating itself and size of economy continues to grow. This process of increase in
the size of economy due to reinvestment of profits in the economy is called
cumulation.
• Circular Pattern: The path of investment and profit is circular and progressively push
each other (see Fig.1).

AGGLOMERATION EFFECT

The process of cumulative causation leads to agglomeration of large number of economic

activities in the core. This area also becomes the center of social, cultural and political
activities. The old and new businesses start to operate from the core. It becomes the center
of skilled labor, communication network, research and development etc. The agglomeration
takes place due to internal and external economies.

• Internal Economies: This profit or benefit which accrue to a single firm which has
initiated some innovation in its business. Internal economies are generally a result of
high research and development activities in a core.

• External economies: These profits or benefits accrue to all those firms which operate
in a core. These benefits include availability of cheap skilled labor, updated
machinery, source of power, source of investment, a large market etc. in the large
city.

Transmission Between Core and Periphery

The exchange of goods and services between core and periphery takes place through two
types of effects i.e. the spread effect and the backwash effect.
THE SPREAD EFFECT

The spread effect refers to the transmission of goods and services from the core towards the
periphery/ hinterland.

The goods and services may include new technology, high end wage labor, modern inputs for
agricultural, small factories, health services, educational services etc.

The spread effect induces growth and development in the periphery.

THE BACKWASH EFFECT

The backwash effect refers to the transmission of goods and services from the periphery/
hinterland towards the core.

These goods and services may include, agricultural products, mineral resources, labor force
etc.

The backwash effect may be positive or negative for the growth of hinterland.

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT:

• COMPACT AND WALKABLE MIXEDUSE DEVELOPMENT

• Development located within walking from mass transit stations along the corridor .
• High density development along a mass transit corridor.
• Mixed use residential and commercial area designed to maximize acess to public
transport and often incoprates features to encourage public transpotation and less
dependence on private vehicle.
• Transit stops: metro stations, bus stops, sub urban train stations
• Radius of development from transit stations-400-800 mts(considered as appropriate
for pedestrian)
• A transit devel;opment is a mixed use residential and commercial area designed to
maximize access to public transport and often incorporates features to encourage
public transportation and less dependence on private vehicle.
• Transit stops: metro station bus stops and sub urban train.
• Radius of development from transit station---400-800m(this is considered to be an
appropriate scale for pedestrians)
• (TAKEN FROM GATE 2016 SOLUTION UPAR WALE 3 POINTS)

G17Q46

COHORT ANALYSIS: POPULATION PROJECTION

INPUT OUPUT ANALYSIS: REGIONAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION

HARDY CROSS METHOD: DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

G16Q12 Indore slum networking programme has been planned by: Himanshu Parikh

Indore slum networking programme: Himanshu Parikh

• Size: 8'000'000 m²
• Completed: 1997
• include gravity-based systems of sewerage and storm drainage, the planting of
gardens, and the surfacing of roads. In addition, 120 community halls have been
constructed for health, educational, and training activities.
• Mughal Sheraton Hotel, Agra (1980), Entrepreneurship Development Institute of
India, Ahmedabad (1992), Aranya Community Housing, Indore (1995), Lepers
 Hospital, Lasur (1998), Slum Networking of Indore City (1998) and Vidhan Bhavan,
Bhopal (1998).

Aranya low-cost housing Indore: b.v Doshi

• poor culminated in 80 model homes in Aranya

• the brick vaults and private courtyards of the low-cost staff housing and guest house
•

Bait Ur Rouf Mosque in Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh by Marina Tabassum

• and is designed along an axis angled 13 degrees to the Qibla direction

• terracotta brick walls
•

Issam Fares Institute in Beirut, Lebanon by Zaha Hadid Architects

• fair-faced concrete
• intersecting routes of interlocking platforms with research and discussion spaces.
Second-floor research rooms connect with the rest of the campus via a ramp
surrounded by hundred-year-old ficus and cypress trees
• “floats” above an exterior courtyard.
• design that significantly reduces the building's footprint by "floating" a reading room,
a workshop conference room and research spaces above the entrance courtyard in
the form of a 21-metre-long cantilever in order to preserve the existing landscape.
• The building’s construction is a continuation of the 20th century Lebanese
construction culture of working with fair-faced concrete.
•

AGA KHAN AWARD SYMBOL

DULAL MUKHARJEE:

• He counts the Kali temple at JSW Ankur Township in Salboni, West Bengal – a
terracotta cladded edifice, inspired by the famous Bishnupur Gharana, with concepts
integrating both pyramidal and stepped forms;
 • Medica Super Speciality Hospital in Kolkata – a multi-functional hospital with a
simple, minimalistic design with highest priority to function, amongst his best
completed works.
• Adamas Knowledge City, Barasat, Kolkata
• Lokenath Baba Centre for Excellence, Kalyani, West Bengal

ANIL LAUL:

• was an Indian architect and author of Green is Red

• John T. Lang's book A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India.
• founded "Anangpur Building Centre" (ABC) in Faridabad, India to work independently
on cost effective sustainable building materials, technologies and earthquake
engineering.
• inter-locking blocks used at Nalanda International School in Vadodara.

GEOFFERY BAWA:

HASSAN FATTHY:

G16Q13 VOLUME ZERO is a film based on the architectural work of: Charles correa
G16Q29:

TRADITIONAL AND ANCIENT INDIAN SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR TYPOLOGY:

Manasara Silpa Sastram/ Manasara Vastushastra:

➢ an ancient building code which was used for designing houses, planning cities and
communities for centuries in India.
➢ It is written by a sage named Mansara. It is one of the 5 documents that exists now
which deals with Vastu Sasthram.
 ➢ MANASARA VASTUSHASTRA: Another elaborate treatise on town planning in ancient
India. It is perhaps of a later date – about 6th century

In this book on town planning and construction of buildings. One interesting feature
however deserves special mention. There are eight different types of towns and villages

According to the shapes. 1. Dandaka

2. Sarvathobhadra
3. Nandyavarta
4. Padmaka
5. Swastika
6. Prastara
7. Karmuka
8. Chaturmukha

DANDAKA:

• Dandaka type of town plan provides for two main entrance gates.
• The female deity of the village the chamadevata will generally be located outside the
village and the male deities in the northern portion
• Banaras Hindu university campus is planned in karmuka style.
• Jaipur is planned in prastra style.
G15Q51 Gentrification:

• Gentrification is the transformation of a city neighborhood from low value to high

value. Gentrification is also viewed as a process of urban development in which a
neighborhood or portion of a city develops rapidly in a short period of time, often as
a result of urban-renewal programs. This process is often marked by inflated home
prices and displacement of a neighborhood's previous residents.
• Replacement of low-income resident with high income population.
• Taking and renovating of property in detoriated urban neighbourhood by wealthier,
individuals which increases property value but also can displace low income families
and small business.
• Here are some case studies of gentrification around the world:
• The East Village and Williamsburg in Brooklyn, NY
• Shoreditch in London:
• Mission District in San Francisco:
• Kreuzberg in Berlin

Urban sprawl: outward growth of urban area,if it engulfs smaller town it is called urban
sprawl.

Conurbation: A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large

towns, and other urban areas which through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area.

• Largely and densely populated urban sprawl formed by growth and coalescence of
individual town.
• NCR is conurbation of Delhi, in which engulfed area are Noida,
Gurgaon,Faridabad,gaziabad.

Urban core revitalization: physical and socio-economic revival of inner city.

Satellite town: Primarily dormitory settlement with functional dependency on parent city.

OUTGROWTH: part of village contiguous to a statutory Towns and possess the urban
features in terms of infrastructure and amenities. Examples of Ogs are railway town, port
town, university town. Or statutory town outside its statutory limits but within the revenue
limit of a village.

Planned unit development: developing a large area as single entity merging zoning and
subdivision control.
G15Q15 The ratio of town area to agricultural land area as suggested by sir Ebenezer
Howard in GARDEN CITY CONCEPT IS: 1:5

• Garden city would house 32000 people on a site of 6000acres(2400ha) planned on a

concentric pattern with open space,public parks and six radial boulevards 120ft. 37m
extending from the center.
• Letchworth uk was the first garden city planned by raymond unwin.