MOGALAKWENA DISTRICT

LIFE SCIENCES:

CUSTOMISED

EXAMINATION

GUIDELINES

GRADE 12

2021

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PLEASE NOTE:
 This customised examination guidelines are not a substitute for the National Guidelines.
 Different action verbs were used to guide emphasis and measurable responses from learners
as they interact with learning content
 The guidelines chronicle learning and can also facilitate learners’ self facilitated learning.
 Educators can also use this tool to assess learners’ responses and to measure progress in
interacting with the content.

Topic
THEME: DNA: THE CODE OF LIFE Covered
?/Tested
?
TOPIC: DNA: LOCATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
ACTION ELABORATION
VERB OR
PHRASE
Draw a structure of a cell labelling the ribosome, cytoplasm and the
parts of the nucleus
Mention two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Specify
the location of DNA:
 Present in the nucleus (nuclear DNA) – makes up genes on
chromosomes
 Present in mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA)
 Present in chloroplasts (plants)

Briefly the history of the discovery of the DNA molecule (Watson &
describe Crick, Franklin & Wilkins)

Draw a structure of DNA

labelled
Describe the structure of DNA:
 The natural shape of the DNA molecule is a double helix
 Each strand of the helix is made up of a sequence of DNA
nucleotides
Mention and three components of a DNA nucleotide:
outline  Nitrogenous bases linked by weak hydrogen bonds:
o Four nitrogenous bases of DNA: adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
o Pairing of bases in DNA occur as follows: A: T and G: C
 Sugar portion (deoxyribose in DNA)
 Phosphate portion

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Give functions of DNA:
 DNA makes up genes which carry hereditary information
 DNA contains coded information for protein synthesis

TOPIC:DNA REPLICATION
Describe the process of DNA replication:
 When in the cell cycle it takes place
 Where in the cell it takes place
 How DNA replication takes place (names of enzymes not
required)
 The significance of DNA replication
TOPIC:DNA profiling
Interpret DNA profiles

Mention Uses of DNA profiles

TOPIC: RNA: LOCATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Specify  Location of RNA:

 mRNA is formed in the nucleus and functions on the ribosome
 tRNA is located in the cytoplasm


Draw a
labelled structure of RNA

Describe
the structure of RNA
 A single-stranded molecule consisting of nucleotides
 Three components of an RNA nucleotide:
 Nitrogenous bases
o Four nitrogenous bases of RNA:
o adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
 Sugar portion (ribose in RNA)
 Phosphate portion
Draw
diagram of mRNA and tRNA molecules to illustrate their structure
Mention function of RNA:
 RNA plays a role in protein synthesis
TOPIC:PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Describe  The involvement of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis:
 Transcription
o The double helix DNA unwinds.
o The double-stranded DNA unzips/weak hydrogen bonds
break to form two separate strands.
o One strand is used as a template
o to form mRNA
o using free RNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm.
o The mRNA is complementary to the DNA.
o mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis.

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  mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and
attaches to the ribosome.
 Translation
o Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid.
o When the anticodon on the tRNA
o matches the codon on the mRNA
o then tRNA brings the required amino acid to the ribosome.
o (Names of specific codons, anticodons and their amino
acids are not to be memorised.)
o Amino acids become attached to each other by peptide
bonds
o to form the required protein.

Interpret A simple diagram to illustrate transcription and translation in protein

synthesis
THEME: MEIOSIS
INTRODUCTION
Draw a structure of a cell showing the parts of the nucleus, the centrosome
labelled and the cytoplasm

Draw a structure of a chromosome

labelled
Describe structure of chromosomes:
 Chromosomes consist of DNA (which makes up genes) and
protein
 The number of chromosomes in a cell is a characteristic of
an organism (e.g., humans have 46 chromosomes)
 Chromosomes which are single threads become double
(two chromatids joined by a centromere) as a result of DNA
replication
Differentiate
between:
 Haploid (n) and diploid (2n) cells in terms of chromosome
number
 Sex cells (gametes) and somatic cells (body cells)
 Sex chromosomes (gonosomes) and autosomes

Describe the process of mitosis

THE PROCESS OF MEIOSIS
Define meiosis

Specify
Site of meiosis in plants and in animals

Describe
Events of interphase:

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  DNA replication takes place
o Chromosomes which are single threads, become double
o Each chromosome will now consist of two chromatids
joined by a centromere
o DNA replication helps to double the genetic material so
that it can be shared by the new cells arising from cell
division
Describe
events of the following phases of Meiosis I, using diagrams:
 Prophase I - including a description of crossing over
 Metaphase I – including the random arrangement of
chromosomes
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Describe
events of each phase of Meiosis II, using diagrams:
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II – including the random arrangement of
chromosomes
 Anaphase II
Telophase II
TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF MEIOSIS

Describe the importance of meiosis:

different ways  Production of haploid gametes
to highlight  The halving effect of meiosis overcomes the doubling effect of
fertilisation, thus maintaining a constant chromosome number
from one generation to the next
 Mechanism to introduce genetic variation through:
o Crossing over
o The random arrangement of chromosomes at the equator
TOPIC: ABNORMAL MEIOSIS
Describe Non-disjunction and its consequences
Describe
Non-disjunction of chromosomes at position 21 during Anaphase
in humans to form abnormal gametes with an extra copy of
chromosome 21
The fusion between an abnormal gamete (24 chromosomes)
and a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) may lead to Down
syndrome
TOPIC: COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Give Similarities between mitosis and meiosis
Give Differences between mitosis and meiosis

THEME:REPRODUCTION IN VERTEBRATES
TOPIC: DIVERSITY OF REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
Describe the role of the following reproductive strategies in animals in

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 maximising reproductive success in different environments (using
relevant examples):
 External fertilisation and internal fertilisation
 Ovipary, ovovivipary and vivipary
 Amniotic egg
 Precocial and altricial development
Parental care
THEME:HUMAN REPRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Describe and the schematic outline of the human life cycle to show the role
draw of meiosis, mitosis and fertilisation
TOPIC: STRUCTURE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Draw, label the structure of the male reproductive system
and describe
Give functions of the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle,
prostate gland, Cowper's gland, penis and the urethra
TOPIC: STRUCTURE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Draw a structure of the female reproductive system
labelled
Give
Functions of the ovary, Fallopian tubes, uterus lined by
endometrium, cervix, vagina with its external opening and the
vulva

Draw, label the structure of the ovary showing the primary follicles, the
and describe Graafian follicle and the corpus luteum
TOPIC:PUBERTY
Describe the main changes that occur in male characteristics during puberty
under the influence of testosterone

Describe the main changes that occur in female characteristics during

puberty under the influence of oestrogen
TOPIC: GAMETOGENESIS
Define  Gametogenesis
 Spermatogenesis
 Oogenesis
Describe
 Spermatogenesis as follows:
 Under the influence of testosterone
 diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergo
meiosis
 to form haploid sperm cells

Draw, label
the structure of a sperm
and describe

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Give
functions of the parts of a sperm cell (acrosome, head with
haploid nucleus, middle portion/neck with mitochondria and a tail)

Describe Oogenesis as follows:

 Diploid cells in the ovary undergo mitosis
 to form numerous follicles.
 At the onset of puberty
 and under the influence of FSH,
 one cell inside a follicle enlarges and undergoes meiosis.
 Of the four cells that are produced, only one survives to
form a mature, haploid ovum.
 This occurs in a monthly cycle.
Draw, label
Structure of an ovum
and describe
Give
functions of different parts of an ovum (jelly layer, haploid nucleus,
cytoplasm)
TOPIC:MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Describe the menstrual cycle includes including the uterine and ovarian
cycles
Describe events in the ovarian cycle:
 Development of the Graafian follicle
 Ovulation
 Formation of the corpus luteum
Describe events in the uterine cycle with emphasis on:
 Changes that take place in the thickness of the endometrium
 Menstruation
Describe hormonal control of the menstrual cycle (ovarian and uterine
cycles) with reference to the action of FSH, oestrogen, LH and
progesterone
Describe negative feedback mechanism involving FSH and progesterone in
controlling the production of ova
TOPIC:FERTILISATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE TO BLASTOCYS
Define copulation and fertilisation
Describe the process of fertilisation
Describe the development of zygote  embryo (morula and blastula/blastocyst) 
foetus
TOPIC: IMPLANTATION, GESTATION AND THE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA
Define implantation
Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in maintaining pregnancy
Draw, label the structure of the developing foetus in the uterus
and describe

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Give functions of the following parts:
 Chorion and chorionic villi
 Amnion, amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid
 Umbilical cord (including umbilical artery and umbilical vein)
Placenta

THEME:GENETICS AND INHERITANCE

INTRODUCTION
Mention Mendel as the 'father' of genetics
TOPIC: CONCEPTS IN INHERITANCE
Define and  Chromatin and chromosomes

differentiate
between  Genes and alleles

 Dominant and recessive alleles

 Phenotype and genotype

 Homozygous and heterozygous

State the Law of Dominance as follows-

 When two homozygous organisms with contrasting
characteristics are crossed, all the individuals of the F1
generation will display the dominant trait
 An individual that is heterozygous for a particular characteristic
will have the dominant trait as the phenotype
TOPIC:MONOHYBRID CROSSES
Draw A format for representing a genetics cross
State
Mendel's Principle of Segregation a s f o l l o w s :
 An organism possesses two 'factors' which separate or
segregate so that each gamete contains only one of these
'factors'
Solve
Different monohybrid genetics problems given
Differentiate
between each of the following types of dominance( with examples):
 Complete dominance – one allele is dominant and the other is
recessive, such that the effect of the recessive allele is
masked by the dominant allele in the heterozygous condition
 Incomplete dominance – neither one of the two alleles of a
gene is dominant over the other, resulting in an intermediate
phenotype in the heterozygous condition
 Co-dominance – both alleles of a gene are equally dominant
whereby both alleles express themselves in the phenotype in
the heterozygous condition

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Mention
genetics problems involving each of the three types of dominance
Calculate
proportion and ratio of genotypes and phenotypes
TOPIC: SEX DETERMINATION
Describe how sex is determined as follows:
 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans are autosomes
and one pair of chromosomes are sex
chromosomes/gonosomes
 Males have XY chromosomes and females have XX
chromosomes
Differentiate
between sex chromosomes (gonosomes) and autosomes in the
karyotypes of human males and females

Make a representation of a genetic cross to show the inheritance of sex

TOPIC:SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
Explain What Sex-linked alleles and sex-linked disorders are
Describe
Genetics problems involving the following sex-linked disorders:
 Haemophilia
 Colour-blindness
TOPIC: BLOOD GROUPING
Explain How blood groups are determined as follows:
 Different blood groups are a result of multiple alleles

The alleles IA, IB and i in different combinations result in four blood


groups
Outline Genetics problems involving the inheritance of blood type
TOPIC: DIHYBRID CROSSES
State Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment as follows:
 The various 'factors' controlling the different characteristics are
separate entities, not influencing each other in any way, and
sorting themselves out independently during gamete formation.
Draw A format for representing a dihybrid cross
Solve
Different dihybrid genetics problems given
Determine/ the proportion/ratio of genotypes and phenotypes in dihybrid
calculate crosses
TOPIC:GENETIC LINEAGES/PEDIGREES
Explain the importance of a genetic lineage/pedigree as follows:
 A genetic lineage/pedigree traces the inheritance of
characteristics over many generations
Interpret different pedigree diagrams

TOPIC: MUTATIONS
Definition mutation

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Describe
the effects of harmful mutations, harmless mutations and useful
mutations
Describe
how mutations contribute to genetic variation
Differentiate
between gene mutation and chromosomal mutation
Outline
How the two types of gene mutations haemophilia and colour
blindness can alter characteristics leading to genetic disorders
as follows:
 Haemophilia – absence of blood-clotting factors
 Colour-blindness – due to absence of the proteins that
comprise either the red or green cones/photoreceptors in the
eye
Describe
how chromosomal mutation, Down syndrome occurs as follows:
Down syndrome – due to an extra copy of chromosome 21 as a
result of non-disjunction during meiosis

TOPIC: GENETIC ENGINEERING

Define biotechnology and genetic engineering as follows:
 Biotechnology is the manipulation of biological processes to
satisfy human needs.
 Genetic engineering is an aspect of biotechnology and includes:
 Stem cell research – sources and uses of stem cells
 Genetically modified organisms – brief outline of process
(names of enzymes involved are not required) and the
benefits of genetic modification

Briefly outline cloning and its benefits

Topic: Paternity testing
Describe the use of each of the following in paternity testing:
 Blood grouping
 DNA profiles
TOPIC: GENETIC LINKS
Describe mutations in mitochondrial DNA used in tracing female ancestry

THEME: RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

(HUMANS)
INTRODUCTION
Differentiate between nervous system and endocrine system.
TOPIC: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Outline the need for a nervous system in humans as follows:
 Reaction to stimuli (stimuli can be external and internal)
 Coordination of the various activities of the body

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 TOPIC: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Explain how the brain is protected as follows
 the brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges
Specify
the location and give functions of the following parts:

 Brain
o Cerebrum
o Cerebellum
o Corpus callosum
o Medulla oblongata
 Spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Specify Specify the location and functions of the peripheral nervous system
(cranial and spinal nerves)
TOPIC: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Specify The location of and functions of the autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic sections)
TOPIC: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF A NERVE
Describe The functions of nerves as follows:
 Nerves send and carry signals to and from all parts of the body
and are made up of neurons (sensory or motor)
Give
Functions of sensory and motor neurons
Describe and
draw labelled structure and parts of sensory and motor neurons
focusing on : nucleus, cell body, cytoplasm, myelin sheath, axon
and dendrites
TOPIC:THE SIMPLE REFLEX ARC
Define a reflex action and a reflex arc
Draw
A labelled structure of a reflex arc and give functions of each part
focusing on : receptor, sensory neuron, dorsal root of spinal
nerve, spinal cord, interneuron, motor neuron, ventral root of
spinal nerve, effector
Describe
the functioning of a simple reflex action, using an example
Describe
the significance of a reflex action
Describe
The significance of synapses
TOPIC: DISORDERS OF THE CNS
Mention Causes and symptoms of the following disorders of the nervous
system:
 Alzheimer's disease
 Multiple sclerosis
TOPIC: RECEPTORS
Give functions of receptors, neurons and effectors in responding to the
environment

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Mention different stimuli which the body responds to .
(light, sound, touch, temperature, pressure, pain and chemicals
(taste and smell). (No structure and names necessary except for
names of the receptors in the eye and ear.)
TOPIC: HUMAN EYE
Draw A labelled structure of the parts of the human eye, and give functions of
each part
Define
Binocular vision and outline its importance
State
the changes that occur in the human eye for each of the following:
 Accommodation
 Pupillary mechanism
Draw
Diagrams to highlight changes in the human eye for each of the
following:
 Accommodation
 Pupillary mechanism
Describe
the nature and treatment of the following visual defects:
 Short-sightedness
 Long-sightedness
 Astigmatism
 Cataracts
Draw
Diagrams to highlight the following visual defects:
 Short-sightedness
 Long-sightedness
 Astigmatism
 Cataracts
TOPIC: HUMAN EAR
 Structure of the human ear and the functions of the different parts,
using a diagram

Describe
functioning of the human ear in:
 Hearing (include the role of the organ of Corti, without details of its
structure)
 Balance (include the role of maculae and cristae, without details
of their structure)
Describe
cause and treatment of the following hearing defects:
 Middle ear infection (the use of grommets)
 Deafness (the use of hearing aids and cochlear implants)

THEME: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND

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 HOMEOSTASIS
TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Differentiate between an endocrine and an exocrine gland
Define a hormone
Specify the location of each of the following glands, using a diagram,
the hormones they secrete and function(s) of each hormone:
 Hypothalamus (ADH)
 Pituitary/Hypophysis (GH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin)
 Thyroid glands (thyroxin)
 Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (insulin, glucagon)
 Adrenal glands (adrenalin, aldosterone)
 Ovary (oestrogen, progesterone)
 Testis (testosterone)
TOPIC: HOMEOSTASIS
INTRODUCTION
Define homeostasis and give examples of factors which must be kept
constant in the internal environment as follows:
 Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant,
internal environment within narrow limits, despite changes
that take place internally and externally.
 The conditions within cells depend on the conditions
within the internal environment (the tissue fluid). Factors
such as carbon dioxide, glucose, salt, water
concentration, temperature and pH must be kept constant
in the internal environment (tissue fluid)
TOPIC: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Define negative feedback mechanism
Describe how negative feedback mechanism controlling each of the
following in the body:
 Thyroxin levels
 Blood glucose levels
 Blood carbon dioxide levels
 Water balance (osmoregulation)
 Salt
Mention
disorders caused by an imbalance in levels of:
 Thyroxin – Goitre
 Blood glucose – Diabetes mellitus
Draw a labelled structure of the skin showing the parts involved in
thermoregulation
Explain The role of the following in negative feedback mechanism for
controlling temperature/thermoregulation:
 Sweating

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  Vasodilation
 Vasoconstriction
THEME: RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
(PLANTS)
TOPIC: PLANT HORMONES
Give general functions of the following:
 Auxins
 Gibberellins
 Abscisic acid
Describe
the control of weeds using plant hormones
Describe
the role of auxins in:
 Geotropism
 Phototropism

TOPIC:PLANT DEFENCE MECHANISMS

Describe The role of the following as plant defence mechanisms:
 Chemicals
 Thorns
THEME: EVOLUTION
INTRODUCTION
Define biological evolution as:
 a change in the characteristics of species over time
Differentiate
between a hypothesis and a theory
Explain why the Theory of Evolution is regarded as a scientific theory as
follows:
 various hypotheses relating to evolution have been tested
and verified over time
TOPIC: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Describe the role of the following as evidence for evolution:
 Fossil record – Link to Grade 10
 Biogeography – Link to Grade 10
 Modification by descent (homologous structures)
 Genetics
TOPIC: VARIATION
Define a biological species and a population

Explain
the contribution of each of the following to variation that

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 exists amongst individuals of the same species:
 Meiosis
o Crossing over
o Random arrangement of chromosomes
 Mutations
 Random fertilisation
 Random mating
Differentiate
between the following types of variation:
 Continuous variation – those characteristics where there is a
range of inter- mediate phenotypes, e.g. height
 Discontinuous variation – those characteristics that fall into
distinct catego ries e.g., blood groups
TOPIC: ORIGIN OF AN IDEA ABOUT ORIGINS (A HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT)
Highlight ideas on evolution in the order of their origin as follows:
 Lamarckism
 Darwinism
 Punctuated Equilibrium
TOPIC: LAMARCKISM (JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK – 1744–1829)
Mention two 'laws' used by Lamarck to explain evolution as follows:
 'Law' of use and disuse
 'Law' of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Give reasons for rejection of Lamarck's theory

TOPIC: DARWINISM (CHARLES DARWIN – 1809–1882)
Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection as follows:
 There is a great deal of variation amongst the offspring.
 Some have favourable characteristics and some do not.
 When there is a change in the environmental conditions or if
there is competition,
 then organisms with characteristics, which make them more
suited, survive
 whilst organisms with unfavourable characteristics, which
make them less suited, die.
 The organisms that survive, reproduce
 and thus, pass on the allele for the favourable
characteristic to their offspring.
 The next generation will therefore have a higher
proportion of individuals with the favourable
characteristic.
TOPIC: PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM (ELDREDGE AND GOULD
– 1972)
Describe Punctuated Equilibrium as follows:
 Punctuated Equilibrium explains the speed at which
evolution takes place:
 Evolution involves long periods of time where species

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 do not change or change gradually through natural
selection (known as equilibrium).
 This alternates with (is punctuated by) short periods of
time where rapid changes occur through natural selection
during which new species may form in a short period of
time.
TOPIC: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Describe artificial selection involving the following:
 A domesticated animal species
 A crop species
FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES
Define biological species concept as:
similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce
fertile offspring

Define speciation and extinction and the effect of each on biodiversity

Describe speciation through geographic isolation as follows:

 If a population of a single species becomes separated by a
geographical barrier (sea, river, mountain, lake)
 then the population splits into two.
 There is now no gene flow between the two populations.
 Since each population may be exposed to different
environmental conditions/the selection pressure may be
different
 natural selection occurs independently in each of the two
populations
 such that the individuals of the two populations become very
different from each other
 genotypically and phenotypically.
 Even if the two populations were to mix again
 they will not be able to interbreed.
 The two populations are now different species.

Describe speciation through geographic isolation in ONE of the following:

 Galapagos finches
 Galapagos tortoises
 Plants on different land masses (linked to continental drift)
o Baobabs in Africa and Madagascar
o Proteas in South Africa and Australia
o Any example of mammals on different land masses

MECHANISMS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION (KEEPING SPECIES

SEPARATE)
Give a brief outline of t h e f o l l o w i n g reproductive isolation
mechanisms that help to keep species separate:
 Breeding at different times of the year
 Species-specific courtship behaviour

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  Plant adaptation to different pollinators
 Infertile offspring
 Prevention of fertilisation
EVOLUTION IN PRESENT TIMES
Describe Any ONE example of natural selection and evolution in present
times using the following:
 Use of insecticides and consequent resistance to insecticides
in insects
 Development of resistant strains of tuberculosis-causing
bacteria (MDR and XDR) to antibiotics, due to mutations
(variations) in bacteria and failure to complete antibiotic
courses
 HIV resistance to antiretroviral medication
 Bill (beak) and body size of Galapagos finches
EVIDENCE OF COMMON ANCESTORS FOR LIVING HOMINIDS, INCLUDING
HUMANS
Interpret a phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in
the animal kingdom
Mention
characteristics that humans share with African apes

Give
anatomical differences between African apes and humans, with
the aid of diagrams, as it applies to the following characteristics:
 Bipedalism (foramen magnum, spine and pelvic girdle)
 Brain size
 Teeth (dentition)
 Prognathism
 Palate shape
 Cranial ridges
 Brow ridges
Mention and
lines of evidence that support the idea of common ancestors for
describe
living hominids including humans:
 Fossil evidence: Evidence from fossils of different ages show
that the anatomical characteristics of organisms changed
gradually over time.
 Emphasis on evolutionary trends provided by the
anatomical features of fossils of the following three genera:
o Ardipithecus
o Australopithecus
o Homo
as well as:
o The age of each fossil found/time-line for the existence
of the three genera
o The fossil sites where they were found: emphasis on the
fossil sites that form a part of the Cradle of Humankind
o The scientists who discovered them
 Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA
 Cultural evidence: tool-making

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 OUT-OF-AFRICA HYPOTHESIS
Outline the Out-of-Africa hypothesis as follows:
Modern humans originated in Africa and then migrated to
other continents

Mention Different forms evidence to support 'Out-of-Africa' hypothesis:

 Fossil evidence: information on each of the following fossils
that serve as evidence for the 'Out-of-Africa' hypothesis:
o Ardipithecus (fossils found in Africa only)
o Australopithecus (fossils found in Africa only, including
Karabo, Little Foot, Taung Child, Mrs Ples)
o Homo (fossils of Homo habilis found in Africa only; oldest
fossils of Ho- mo erectus and Homo sapiens found in
Africa, while the younger fossils were found in other parts
of the world)
 Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA

Interpret
timeline for the existence of different species of the genus
Homo and significant features of each of fossil type to show the
differences amongst them

Interpret phylogenetic trees proposed by different scientists showing

possible evolutionary relationships as it applies to hominid
evolution

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