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Scope and challenges of Internet of Things : An Emerging Technological

Innovation

Conference Paper · February 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1012.6241

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 Scope and challenges of Internet of Things :An
Emerging Technological Innovation
Jyotiranjan Hota1 Pritish Kumar Sinha2
Associate Professor(Systems) First Year MBA Student
KIIT School of Management KIIT School of Management
KIIT University KIIT University
Krishna Campus,Patia,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India Krishna Campus,Patia,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
jyotiranjan_h@yahoo.com pritishsinha02@hotmail.com

Abstract — Internet of Things is creating an environment of II. EVOLUTION

convergence in the society. This technology environment brings
a paradigm shift in our professional and personal life. As a Adoption of Internet as a technological innovation has
connected environment, IoT adds customer value and loyalty. brought a revolution in our society. It was the time in late
Today, IoT is being implemented everywhere which is of human
1950s[1], USSR launched sputnik which is the first effort of
concern like smart city, smart environment, security, smart
business process, smart agriculture, home automation and human civilization to step into outer space. Subsequently,
healthcare. This article discusses the evolution, advantages, Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA) was born in US
Architectural design choices, Internet and Mobile Applications for carrying out missile and space research to complete with
of Internet of Things(IoT). It is quite interesting and challenging USSR. Then National Aeronautics and Space Administration
to develop and implement web applications using open sourcing was also established in USA. Activities of NASA reoriented
hardware and software. Authors discuss issues like invasion of the focus of ARPA for computer science research and
privacy, governance, security, regulatory issues, migration to information processing research in USA. ARPA connected
IPv6 and standardization Issues as barriers to adoption of IoTs. few Universities of USA through ARPANET which is a
Authors also highlighted future research directions of Internet of
multiple-site computer network. This ARPANET
things.
subsequently developed as internet.
Keywords- IoT, Architectural Design Choices, Internet and
Mobile Applications, IPv6, Standardization Issues, Invasion of Internet can be classified as The Internet of Documents, The
Privacy, Regulatory Issues, Standardization Issues Internet of Commerce, The Internet of Applications, The
Internet of People and The Internet of Things. Internet of
I. INTRODUCTION documents comprises e-libraries and document of
webpages.The Internet of Commerce deals with e-commerce-
IoT is a concept where an object is assigned to an IP banking and online tradings.Interent of Applications confine
address and through that IP address we make that device to web 2.x and Internet of Things is associated with connected
identifiable on internet. A Team of International devices and machines[2].
Telecommunications Union defined IoT as a global
infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced It was the year 1991[3], Mark Weiser of PARC published an
services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based article on future of ubiquitous computing in Scientific
on existing and evolving interoperable information and American. He explained through his article on the importance
communication technologies. The network can be a of interconnection of wires, infra red and radio waves.
combination of people-things, things-things and people-people. Further, the entire world was amazed when Bob Metcalfe's
It happens only because of the conjugation of various article appeared in Communications Week. Quentin Stafford-
technologies such as wireless communication, Micro Fraser and Paul Jardetzky at the University of Cambridge used
Electromechanical System that includes wireless sensor, a camera in Trojan Room lab and wrote a server program to
networks and control system. The most important elite capture images of the pot every few seconds to monitor the
presence of cloud space on Internet is shaping the architecture coffee level so that researchers would know when coffee was
of IoT in a feasible and rational form. Certainly, what IoT available. Subsequently[3], Siemens developed a GSM data
can do is beyond imagination. It connects plethora of module “M1” for machine to machine industry application.
heterogeneous object . During January,1999, founder of Sun Microsystems described
in a presentation at world economic forum “device-device
978-1-4799-8433-6/15/$/31.00©2015 IEEE communications” as one the six webs that he envisions.
However, Kelvin Ashton, Co Founder of Auto-ID centre at
MIT, informed for the first time to the World Community III. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CHOICES
“Internet of Things” by referring to the link between RFID
technology in supply chain of P&G and Internet. During the A. IoT-A
last year of twentieth century, LG announced the introduction
of first internet connected refrigerator. Duing 2002, Chana R.
IOT-A project proposed an Architectural Reference
Schoenberger described in Forbes magazine as " Stores have
Model(ARM) that support design choices with a common
eyes. Now they’re getting brains. Soon tiny wireless chips
understanding. The project is popularly termed as European
stuck on shampoo bottles and jeans will track all that you
Lighthouse Integrated Project which supports interoperability.
wear and buy". Same year, a product “Ambient Orb” was
ARM also defines guidelines for designing protocols,
introduced which started displaying Dow Jones, personal
algorithms and interfaces.
finance and weather information based on Internet data and
changes its color based on the dynamic parameters.
Subsequently, U.S. company BigBelly Solar made smart trash B. Wireless Sensor Network
cans that gets their power from the sun and communicate their
status over the Internet. Subsequently, G Lawton explained IP and non IP based technology solutions are used for
through his article that M2M is based on the idea that a Wireless Sensor Networks.Zigbee,Z-wave,Insteon and
machine has more value when it is networked and that the Wavevenis are non IP Based solution. IPv6 and 6LoWPAN
network becomes more valuable as more machines are are IP based solutions of WSN. However[6], presence of
connected[3]. many proprietary and non proprietary Wireless network, it is
difficult for a cohesive integration of WSN with fast growing
During 2005,Wi-Fi enabled rabbit " Nabaztag" was created Internet Technologies. In the current context, world is moving
that collects information from the Internet and alerts the user towards IP based solutions which are based on open standard
verbally about important messages and news. Same year , like IPv6 and 6LoWPAN.
UN's International Telecommunication Union also published a
C. Sensei
report on Internet of Things. A global collaborative forum
IPSO Alliance was founded during 2008 which promoted the European Union project of SENSEI is an initiative during
use of IP in connected devices.Subequently during 2010, 2010 on IoT architecture and initiatives. The primary
ZigBee Alliance and IPv6 Forum form strategic partnership objective of this project is to design a network of the future by
with IPSO with an objective to increase the rate of adoption integrating the physical and digital world. This project deploy
of IP Networked smart objects. During 2011, Nest Labs and interconnect sensors, network nodes and actuators
introduced a Nest Learning Thermostat which could use everywhere. SENSEI does not differentiate physical object
sensor algorithms, machine learning and cloud computing to and virtual object.
understand the home owner's behaviours and preferences and
adjusts the temperature up or down accordingly. IPv6 and IV. INTERNET AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN IoT
Google glass were launched during 2012. IPv6 provides
virtually unlimited IP addresses for devices to connect to the Internet and web application in IoTs are generally facilitated
Internet. Google Glass is a pair of glasses with an optical by open sourcing hardware and software. It is quite interesting
head-mounted display that displays information collected and challenging to develop and implement applications for
wirelessly according to the user's specification. During IoTs.One can easily develop applications using Python, html5,
2013,AllSeen Alliance was formed by Qualcomm along with C and Node.js. As communication in IoT is both ways, a
other technology firms. Objective of the Alliance was to browser can establish communication with JavaScript API to
develop an open framework to enable the Internet of real time web through TCP/IP. IoT enabled applications can
Things[3]. Many technical news sites termed year 2013 as the control light,sensors and other electrical and electronics
Year of "Big Data". Similarly, year 2014 is termed as year of appliances.Customers provide their feedback and input before
"Internet of Things" and year 2015 will be termed as "Internet Mobile application development. Usually,a prototype is
of Things That Matter". During 2014, Google Glass goes on prepared and tested in real time for IoT enabled mobile
sale to the general public for 1500 Dollars. During same year, applications. In the current context, competition is happening
Chip maker Intel and other high tech firms established “Open between Android and iOS mobiles. Evothing Studio is a
Interconnect Consortium”. This consortium is a competing popular tool for developping IOT enabled mobile application
group to AllSeen Alliance. development.This studio consists of a client,a workbench,
example applications and native plugins.This platform is
freely avaliable in Internet and open source based.
 V. SCOPE AND BENEFITS OF IoT VI. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

It’s the technology of today which is touching and IoT is not free from challenges. Issues of
transforming the every aspect of our real life. IOT has given a Goverance,security,Interoperability,privacy,regulations,
concept of Machine to-Machine (M2M) communication. providing power to billions of sensors and standardization
Companies like Microsoft and SAP are implementing strategy issues can slow down the progress of Internet of Things. Due
to capitalize on the Internet of Things so that you can just stop to absence of a generic governance, there are many confusions
your business and start making it thrive. IOT is going to have and inconsistencies. Absence of a universal numbering
huge impact on home automation and building automation system is a bane for providing a true IoT environment. In the
system where every convenience will be taken care of by the current context, systems like EPC Global and ubiquitous ID
interconnected devices on IOT. It is also deployed on large systems are used to address the issue of global ID systems.
scale for example in Songdo , South Africa , the first of its There is a challenge of implementing common security
own kind fully equipped and wired smart city is near to protocols. So, interoperability is an issue while interacting
completion ( known as Ubiquitous City). With the personal among IoT objects developed by different manufacturers.
electronics good connected to Internet will enable us to
“author” our lives. In medical science field, IOT has given a Lack of Support of the regulatory bodies, Government
privilege to devices and system to sense for coming disease agencies and ubiquitous connectivity are barriers to device
and to prevent it ,for eg: It can make a person healthier with integration. Even quality and cost of receiving data from
wearables that can predict heart attack and cardiovascular multiple sources are still with issues. Companies[13] like
strokes. As per a report of Thesunsdaily, consumers will start IBM,Cisco, GE and Amazon have decided to add Swarm and
initiating the usage of IoT in a better way during 2015 and fog layers. This effort reduces the difficulty of connecting
onwards compared to past usage. It is expected that IoT IoT devices and also the cost of integrating these devices.
products with interoperable capability will dominate the Though[9], Applications like home monitoring systems,
market. Awareness of IoT products is also vital for market wearable devices along with consumer oriented products are
penetration along with security features. Even very few the centre of attention of Internet of Things domain,
Americans are aware of the usage of these products. As per a Entreprise IT professionals are still with issues to apply these
study of Consumer Electronics Association and Parks concepts from the context of generating business values.
Associates found only 10% of the household in USA fully
understood the usage of these products. Many interesting IoT IoT Consortium[5] conducted a research on the adoption of
products like automatic door locks, Wi-Fi connected ceiling IoT during 2015.As per the study, there is a concern for
fans, light swirches,LED bulbs, smart watches,3-D printers security and privacy. Though IoT is moving towards mass
and smart clothes will be popular among consumers.MyBrain adoption, the manufacturers should provide cost effective,
Technology in France has developed "Melomind". This EEG intuitive and simple solutions for connected Home. Major
Headset can measure a human's brain waves and adjust music attack on IoT may also be possible on IoT devices which were
in a Smartphone app as they change. This product can be used not connected before. IoTs [8] will derive optimum
as a digital meditation aid. A smart baby pacifier can measure satisfaction from the customers once the firm's policies to
the temperature of a baby and transmit the same to the capture and usage of personal data is quite clear and
Smartphone of parents. accountability is there in case of violation of policies. At the
same time, customers should be provided with user friendly
IoT[4] is proved to be an emerging technological innovation. data management tools for easy management and viewing of
In the current context, it is now possible that an helmet of a personal data.
two wheeler can interact with a car for avoiding collision.
Connected toothbrush can now monitor and make one's A real change can happen if we can develop a system to
experience pleasurable .A three dimensional senor of the evaluate the massive data generated in IoT Environment and
electric brush can connect with Smartphone apps and provide acts on these data in real time.IoT is now in early stage of
real time feedback to the person . adoption. Primary obstacles to adoption are awareness of
IoTs among consumers, features and benefits of these
Many scopes will be created for technology companies to products[7].
release offerings as per the behaviour of consumers. It may so
happen that Netflix can know when a person is sad and alone ETSI has formed an internal M2M taskforce for M2M
by monitoring the smart watch, smart thermostat and in-home systems and sensor networks. Objective of this taskforce is to
camera. Subsequently, Netflix may offer a movie to change develop and maintain end-to-end archiecture, integration of
the mood[12]. In a consumer electronics show in Los Vegas, sensor network, enhancement of security, quality of service
Samsung informed that the company would invest 100 million and to strengthen interface of hardware devices. Similarly,
dollar for progress of IoT. The company will also promote an IPv6, 6LoWPANs and ROLL networks are evolved for
open technology ecosystem for facilitating the usage of IoT. standardization. CASAGARAS model is evolved for
standards, regulations, and global coding systems of Radio Over 50 million sensors and smart watches, smart meters and
Frequency Identification. The group is also putting effort in smart phones, washing machines, fridges, wearable devices
development of ubiquitous computing, Networks and usage of and many more things will be connected over internet by 2020.
RFID network in socio economic components. This model is The Internet of Things, Industrial Internet and Internet of
quite open and facilitates RFID to interface with physical Everything in 2015 will morph into the Internet of
world with ease. W3C model is facilitating coordination Anything[11].IoA will input all data in an unified way with a
among machines, solves security and privacy issues and common software "ecosystem". Though many IT companies
resolves different addressing schemes in Peer to Peer are now busy in addressing interoperability issues and the
Networks. The network technologies like WiFi, WiMAX, challenge of controlling hardware devices through software,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, Cellular Packet Radios are evolving the world community is now moving towards creating
rapidly. W3C is trying to mix these technologies for adding opportunity to live in a "connected life" environment.
network effect. ANEC and BUEC models are concerned for
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About the Authors

Prof Jyotiranjan Hota is a BE in Computer Science and Engg from

NIT Rourkela and holds a PGDBM degree from Xavier Institute of
Management, Bhubaneswar.Currently,He is working as an Associate
Professor and Area Chairperson of IT and TOM wing at KIIT
School of Management Bhubaneswar. His research interest lies in
Technology Adoption,Analytics,ERP and Banking Technology. He
has discharged the role of Advisory Board Member, Technical
Committee member, Program Committee member, Publicity Chair,
Session Chair and Reviewers of International Conferences in India
and abroad.

Pritish Kumar Sinha is a BTech in Information Technology from

Punjab Technical University and a first year MBA Student of KIIT
School of Management,Bhubaneswar.His area of interest lies in
Artificial Intelligence, Web Technology, e-commerce and Enterprise
Resource Planning(ERP).

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