Learner License

A Learner License* (Instruction Permit) allows a new driver to practice driving before
obtaining a provisional license. They are given to drivers who:
● Are at least 15 years old and completed required classroom hours
Restriction: A licensed driver at least 21-years-old must always occupy the passenger
seat when a driver with a Learner License is behind the wheel.
*Your Learner License will expire on your 18th birthday or when you receive your
Provisional License.

Minor
The Minor Restricted Driver License (Hardship License) is given to drivers who:
● Are at least 15 years old but less than 18 years old
● Complete and pass the driver's course: the vision test, knowledge test, and
driving test
● Complete all the requirements for an original applicant, like having the right IDs
and proof of education
You can only get the Minor Restricted Driver License if the DPS determines:
● Not having one could cause economic hardship for the family of the minor.
● It's necessary because of an illness in the family.
● It's necessary because the minor is in a VEP (Vocational Education Program)
that requires a license.
Provisional License
With my help, you're going to graduate from your learner license. Hello Provisional
License.
To get your Provisional License, you'll need to:
● Be under 18 years of age
● Have held a valid learner license for a minimum of 6 months*
● Have completed the Impact Texas Teen Drivers program no more than 90 days
prior to taking your behind-the-wheel exam at the DPS
*Any time that your learner license is suspended does not count. Follow the rules, and
be safe.

Provisional License Restrictions

Even with your Provisional License, you'll still have some restrictions.
Provisional License holders may not drive:
● With more than one passenger in the vehicle under the age of 21 who is not a
family member
● Between 12 a.m. - 5 a.m., unless driving is necessary for a school-related
activity, medical emergency, job, or work-related activity*
● While using a wireless communication device (unless there is an emergency).
*You'll need some sort of paper documentation of this school-related
activity/emergency. So no late-night taco runs in the family minivan.
https://www.erome.com/a/zgVHhaMb
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Valerie kay

I'm Special, You're Special

And speaking of family, my motherboard used to tell me I was just the most handsome and special droid ever
invented. Well, there are special driver licenses too. We'll call them classes of licenses, class M, C, B, and A.

Class M
Class M, think of this as Class Motorcycle or Moped. To get this license, you'll need to complete a driver's education
course (yours truly) and a DPS (Department of Public Safety) basic motorcycle operator training course (16 hours).
What is a DPS office? You know, the place you're going to get that driver license.
You need to be 16 to drive a motorcycle and already have a driver license, and 15 to drive a moped (with parental
permission).

Class C
Class C is your basic license. That's your end goal by taking this course. You can drive any vehicle with a gross
vehicle weight rating (GVWR) less than 26,001 lbs (garbage trucks and cement mixers are just a bit too big) and a
trailer less than 10,000 lbs. In other words, you can drive any basic vehicle.

Class B
For Class B, think of it as Class Bus. With a Class B driver license, you can drive in any of the following scenarios: a
vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 lbs or more, a vehicle less than 10,000 lbs, or a farm
trailer less than 20,000 lbs.
And of course, you can drive a bus. Specifically, you can drive a bus with 24 or more passengers.

Class A
Class A, we'll call it Class Amazing. You can drive every type of vehicle described in classes B & C without limitations
due to vehicle size.
But you can't drive commercial vehicles. So maybe Class A isn't that amazing. Then what's so special about
commercial vehicles?

Commercial Driver Licenses

Commercial Driver Licenses are for individuals who drive motor vehicles used to transport
goods or paid passengers. Semi-truck drivers, school bus drivers, etc. They need a Commercial
Driver License (CDL).
To get a Commercial Driver License, you need to be at least 18 years old to drive a commercial
motor vehicle within the state of Texas. You need to be at least 21 years old to obtain a CDL to
drive commercial motor vehicles throughout the United States. Your CDL will expire after five
years.
Just like personal driver licenses, Commercial Driver Licenses have different classes as well.
And they are...drumroll please:

Class C CDL
Class C CDL permits individuals to drive commercial motor vehicles that transport 16-23 people
(including the driver) or any commercial motor vehicle used in the transportation of hazardous
materials.

Class B CDL
Class B CDL permits individuals to drive commercial motor vehicles that weigh more than
26,001 lbs and tow any vehicle less than 10,000 lbs. Class B CDL lets individuals drive
commercial vehicles that carry 24 or more passengers.
You know Ms. Tapia, your favorite bus driver? She probably has a Class B CDL.
Class A CDL
Class A CDL permits individuals to drive any type of commercial motor vehicle that exists. You
name it, they can drive it.

Endorsements
Endorsements give drivers special permission for different transportation activities.
Drivers may also apply for endorsements to be placed on their driver license. You could
get an endorsement to transport hazardous material or even operate a tank vehicle. To
obtain an endorsement, you need to complete a separate application and a knowledge
test specific to the endorsement.
Focus on getting your driver license first.

Restrictions
Texas also gives restrictions to driver licenses, but restrictions are not a punishment.
Restrictions are given to help individuals be safe drivers.
For example, a common restriction requires drivers to wear their corrective lenses.
Look, I love my grandroid, but I don't want her driving without her glasses.

Suspension/Revocation
Driving is a privilege, just like robot yoga is a privilege. If you abuse your driving privileges, your
license may be suspended or revoked.
Yes, your driver license can get grounded.
Let's discuss the differences between these two terms.
When your driver license is suspended, you lose driving privileges for a period of time. At its
end, your license will be reinstated.
When your license is revoked, you lose your driving privileges. If your license is revoked for a
period of time, you may need to apply again at the end of the revocation. Take the test. Fill out a
new application. START ALL OVER.
If your license is revoked for life, get a nice bicycle because you'll never drive a motor vehicle
again.
Reasons Your License May Get Suspended
There are a few different ways you could get your license suspended. Some of them include:

● Driving while intoxicated

● Drug offense
● Not stopping to render aid
● Causing the death or serious injury of anyone while driving
● Overtaking and passing a school bus (subsequent conviction)
● Boating while intoxicated
● Racing a motor vehicle on a public street or highway
● Evading arrest

Graffiti
Spray painting on a stop sign might sound like fun, but being convicted for graffiti will cause you
to lose your license, so don't do it.
Friends don't let friends paint and drive.

Fraud Punishments
If you are convicted for the following fraud activities, your license will get suspended:

● Altering a driver license or making a document similar to a driver license or ID

● Having an altered/fake driver license
● Lending a driver license to a friend
● Having more than one valid driver license
 ● Providing false information when applying for a driver license
● Giving false identification to a law enforcement officer who has lawfully arrested or
detained you

● Any fraudulent activity involving government paperwork

License Suspension OR Revocation

The previous offenses will automatically get your license suspended.
Conviction of the following offenses will get your license suspended or revoked after a
public hearing:
● Driving while your license is suspended
● Causing a serious crash while driving a motor vehicle
● Becoming incompetent to drive
Your license could also get suspended or revoked for the following scenarios:
● Four or more traffic convictions within a 12-month period
● Seven or more traffic convictions within a 24-month period
Even if you only forget your turn signal four times in a year, your license could still get
suspended. Don't forget the "little things." Everything is important when you are driving.
If you violate the following traffic laws repeatedly, your license may get suspended or
revoked:
● Failure to stop for a school bus (second offense)
● Attempting to flee from law enforcement
● Failure to follow a probation order
● Failure to provide required medical information
● Failure to pass a required test
● Failure to complete a requested drug education program
And just in case you were trying to outsmart the system... If you violate any of the
previously mentioned offenses in another state, your license will still be suspended in
Texas.
Good try Lovejoy, good try.
3 Rules for Minors
For those of you under the age of 21, the standards are higher. All you have to do is
follow these three simple rules to stay out of trouble.

Rule #1: No Alcohol

Stay away from alcohol all the time, not just when you are driving. Conviction for the
following offenses will automatically suspend your license if you are a minor:
● Possession, consumption, and/or purchase of alcohol
● Attempt to purchase alcohol
● Misrepresentation of your age
● Operating a watercraft while intoxicated
● Failure to complete an alcohol awareness class

Rule #2: No Drugs

Stay away from all drugs. Conviction for the following offenses will automatically
suspend your license if you are a minor:
● Any drug offense
● Any offense under the Controlled Substance Act
● Failure to complete a tobacco awareness class

Rule #3: Be a Good Student

Go to school and be punctual. Conviction for the following offenses will automatically
suspend your license if you are a minor:
● Truancy (being excessively tardy or absent from school)
● Delinquent conduct by a minor or juvenile
Texas has the authority to suspend or revoke the driving privileges of a minor after a
hearing for the following:
1. Juvenile court order
 2. Failure to appear in court
3. Failure to pay a fine
4. Repeated violations of traffic laws
Administrative License Revocation

Let's talk about ALR now. Violations of the Administrative License Revocation (ALR) law
involve a $125 fine and automatic driver license suspension for minors. DPS is
authorized to suspend a license or driving privilege for:

1. Breathalyzer test failure (BAC level of 0.08% or more)

2. Refusal to take a Breathalyzer test
3. Detectable amount of alcohol (minors)

Your license may also be canceled for:

● Incomplete driver education (cough cough)

● False or incomplete information on the license application
● Suspension or revocation by another state
● Parental authorization withdrawn (please and thank you go a long way)

Court Orders

The Texas court has some power as well. The DPS will suspend, revoke, or cancel a
license for:

● Delinquent child support

● Not installing a requested ignition interlock device
● Failure to repay any overpayment of food stamps or financial assistance
● Being mentally incapacitated
● Being chemically dependent
● Failure to renew annually as required (classified sex offender)
DWLI
Let's think the unthinkable. You ignore my instructions, and you get your license
suspended. But you decide to continue driving anyway.
Former friend (I don't like to associate with bad drivers), say hello to more hefty fines
and jail time. Driving While License Invalid (DWLI) carries some serious penalties.
But I'm sure you won't have any problems with these offenses. Follow my instructions,
and driving will be a safe and enjoyable time.

Vehicle Requirements
Whewww. I'm done listing all the offenses I know you won't commit. Let's start a new
topic.
When you start driving, you'll need a set of wheels. There are requirements for your
vehicle as well.
Texas doesn't have any requirements for good-looking robots yet, but I'm sure it's just a
matter of time.

30 Days to Register
Every motor vehicle in Texas must be registered. Here are the guidelines:
If you are a new resident in Texas, you have 30 days to register your vehicle. You also
have 30 days to register a newly purchased car. Every year you must renew your
vehicle's registration.

Registering Your Vehicle

What's the procedure for registering your motor vehicle? You can always register or
renew your motor vehicle's registration at your County Tax Office. If you start to renew
before the deadline, you can renew your motor vehicle's registration online. After
registering your motor vehicle, remember to place the registration sticker on the driver's
side of your windshield.
I don't want just any piece of junk out there on the Texas highways. Texas doesn't either
and requires all motor vehicles (including motorcycles, motor scooters, and mopeds) to
be inspected for safety and environmental concerns. When your car is inspected, you
will need to provide proof that your car is insured.

Vehicle Inspection
To get your vehicle inspected, proceed to an official motor vehicle inspection station.
They'll make sure your car is safe for you and the environment. After they inspect your
vehicle, they will put an inspection sticker on your car to display so law enforcement
knows your car is up to code.
Here are the state of Texas guidelines for car inspections.
They'll check your car for the following items: brakes, lights, horns, muffler and exhaust
system, safety glass, license plates, windshield wipers, rearview mirror, front safety
belts, tires, fuel cap, slow-moving vehicle emblem (if applicable), and pine tree air
freshener.
Ok, they won't check your car for a pine tree air freshener, but I know I wouldn't get
inside a smelly car.

Insurance
You know those car insurance commercials narrated by talking animals? Regardless of
whether you think they're funny, you are legally required to buy insurance in Texas. It's
the law, and it's called the Safety Responsibility Act.
And while it may seem like an inconvenience, requiring auto insurance benefits all
drivers. This way every driver can be financially responsible for the death, injury, or
property damage they may cause while driving.
The Safety Responsibility Act
The Safety Responsibility Act requires all drivers to purchase the following minimum
amount of liability insurance:
● $30,000 against injury or death of one person
● $60,000 against injury or death of two individuals
● $25,000 against property damage

Proof of Insurance
You are obligated to carry evidence of car insurance with you at all times. I recommend
keeping a copy of your insurance card both in your motor vehicle glove box and in your
wallet/purse.
If you want to, you could even include a picture of me. I'd be honored.

Chapter Summary
Great job on this chapter, Lovejoy! Before you go, let’s review some of the important
concepts you’ve learned.

Learner License
A Learner License* (Instruction Permit) allows a new driver to practice driving before
obtaining a provisional license. They are given to drivers who:
● Are at least 15 years old and completed required classroom hours
Restriction: A licensed driver at least 21 years old must always occupy the passenger
seat when a driver with a Learner License is behind the wheel.
*Your Learner License will expire on your 18th birthday or when you receive your
Provisional License.

Minor Restricted Driver License

The Minor Restricted Driver License (Hardship License) is given to drivers who:
 ● Are at least 15 years old but less than 18 years old
● Complete and pass the driver's course: the vision test, knowledge test, and
driving test
● Complete all the requirements for an original applicant, like having the right IDs
and proof of education
You can only get the Minor Restricted Driver License if the DPS determines:
● Not having one could cause economic hardship for the family of the minor.
● It's necessary because of an illness in the family.
● It's necessary because the minor is in a VEP (Vocational Education Program)
that requires a license.

Provisional License
To get your Provisional License, you'll need to:
● Be under 18 years of age
● Have held a valid learner license for a minimum of six months*
● Have completed the Impact Texas Teen Drivers program no more than 90 days
prior to taking your behind-the-wheel exam at the DPS
*Any time that your learner license is suspended does not count. Follow the rules, and
be safe.

Vehicle Requirements
Every motor vehicle in Texas must be registered.
If you are a new resident in Texas, you have 30 days to register your vehicle. You also
have 30 days to register a newly purchased car. Every year you must renew your
vehicle's registration.

Registering Your Vehicle

You can always register or renew your motor vehicle's registration at your County Tax
Office. If you start to renew before the deadline, you can renew your motor vehicle's
registration online. After registering your motor vehicle, remember to place the
registration sticker on the driver's side of your windshield.

Vehicle Inspection
To get your vehicle inspected, proceed to an official motor vehicle inspection station.
They'll check your car for the following items: brakes, lights, horns, muffler and exhaust
system, safety glass, license plates, windshield wipers, rearview mirror, front safety
belts, tires, fuel cap, and slow-moving vehicle emblem (if applicable).
After they inspect your vehicle, they will put an inspection sticker on your car to display
so law enforcement knows your car is up to code.

The Safety Responsibility Act

The Safety Responsibility Act requires all drivers to purchase the following minimum
amount of liability insurance:
● $30,000 against injury or death of one person
● $60,000 against injury or death of two individuals
● $25,000 against property damage
Chapter 3: Right-of-way

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

● Define right-of-way and list the responsibilities, obligations, and potential

consequences for failure to accept or yield the right-of-way
● Define traditional and non-traditional intersections
● Describe when to accept or yield the right-of-way at controlled intersections,
uncontrolled intersections, intersecting roads with lesser or greater number of
lanes, intersecting roads with different pavement surfaces, T-intersections,
controlled-access roads, railroad grade crossings, turns (left and right), and
entering a public road from a private road
● Know when and the procedure to yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles
including the “Move Over Act,” school buses, and pedestrians
Why It Matters

When you come to a four-way stop, who goes first? I'm sure you can imagine why this is
important to know, Lovejoy! If nobody knew who had the right-of-way, we'd just be
smashing into each other all day long! Understanding right-of-way is like learning the
etiquette of the road. You can't be polite if you don't know what polite is, right? Consider
me your overly-formal nana who glares at you if you use the wrong fork.

Chapter 3: Right-of-way
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
● Define right-of-way and list the responsibilities, obligations, and potential
consequences for failure to accept or yield the right-of-way
● Define traditional and non-traditional intersections
● Describe when to accept or yield the right-of-way at controlled intersections,
uncontrolled intersections, intersecting roads with lesser or greater number of
lanes, intersecting roads with different pavement surfaces, T-intersections,
controlled-access roads, railroad grade crossings, turns (left and right), and
entering a public road from a private road
● Know when and the procedure to yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles
including the “Move Over Act,” school buses, and pedestrians

Why It Matters
When you come to a four-way stop, who goes first? I'm sure you can imagine why this is
important to know, Lovejoy! If nobody knew who had the right-of-way, we'd just be
smashing into each other all day long! Understanding right-of-way is like learning the
etiquette of the road. You can't be polite if you don't know what polite is, right? Consider
me your overly-formal nana who glares at you if you use the wrong fork.

Laws of the Road

It's time for us to learn about the laws of the road.
So if right-of-ways and intersections are your thing, sit back, pop some popcorn, and
enjoy the journey. It's about to get exciting.

Yielding the Right-of-way

You might have already figured this out by seeing the millions of other cars out there,
but you're sharing the road with other people! To make sure everyone can safely share,
it's your responsibility to know who has the "right-of-way" in every situation. Right-of-
way basically means who has the right to go first. The person without the right-of-way
has to yield, or let someone else go first. Yielding the right-of-way means letting the
other vehicle go ahead of you. If that sounds like learning to share in kindergarten,
well, you're not wrong! Hope you paid attention back then!

Consequences for Not Yielding Right-of-way

Refusing to share on the road has more serious consequences than Ms. Cisneros
asking you to go sit and think about your actions in the peace corner. Failing to accept
or yield the right-of-way could cost you between $500 and $2,000 in fines if your
mistake injures another driver.
If you cause a serious injury to the other driver, you are looking at anywhere between a
$1,000 and $4,000 fine. Plus, I know you would feel terrible if you caused someone else
to be hurt. So let's learn how this whole right-of-way thing works, okay?

Give, Don't Take

More kindergarten wisdom! Be a giver, not a taker when it comes to the right-of-way.
Always give right-of-way generously when it's not your turn to go. And even if you
legally have the right-of-way, part of being a defensive driver is making sure that the
other person is actually going to yield to you before you start going.
After all, it feels good to be right, but it feels even better to not have a dent in your car!
Not everyone out there is an Aceable driver. It's a good idea to make sure you're
actually being given the right-of-way you deserve before you go out and take it.

Right-of-way Rules for Intersections

The right-of-way rules are different at different kinds of intersections. That makes sense,
right? What works for a four-way stop isn't going to work for a roundabout. Don't worry,
Lovejoy, we're here to learn them all.

Traditional vs. Non-traditional

Driving experts (ahem, me) classify intersections as either "traditional" or "non-
traditional." Traditional intersections are where two or more users of the roadway meet.
Non-traditional intersections are where roadway users meet at a non-traditional place
like a roundabout or railroad crossing.

Controlled vs. Uncontrolled

Intersections can also be categorized as either controlled (meaning they have traffic
lights, stop signs, or other traffic signals to direct the flow of traffic) or uncontrolled (no
signs or signals).

Controlled Intersections: Stoplights

Right-of-way at intersections controlled by stoplights is easy. Just do what the lights tell
you to do. It makes the lights feel useful (and it's the law).

Controlled Intersections: Stop Signs

Four-way stops controlled by stop signs are a little more complicated. If you get there
and someone is already driving through the intersection, wait for them to clear out
before you go.

Yield to the First Person to Arrive

If you're arriving around the same time as another vehicle, the person who got to the
intersection first has the right-of-way.

Yield Right
But what if you get there at the same time? Don't worry, Lovejoy, there are rules for
every traffic situation. If you and another driver arrive at the same time, yield the right-
of-way to the driver on the right. That's easy to remember: The person on the right gets
the right(-of-way). Feel free to make this into a catchy little song to sing as you drive.

Yield to Driver Going Straight

Ah, but what if you get there at the same time as another driver and you're across from
each other, so nobody is on anyone's right? In that case, the person turning yields to the
person going straight. That's one of the many reasons it's important to use your turn
signal!
If you're both going straight, then good news, you can go at the same time. You're both
driving straight through the intersection, so you won't hit each other. Whew, that's a lot
of rules just for a few stop signs!

Uncontrolled Intersections
Uncontrolled intersections are where things start to get wild! At uncontrolled
intersections, yield the right-of-way to any vehicle on your right. Always slow down as
you approach the intersection. If you see someone coming on the road to your right,
then stop and let them pass.
If you are the person on the right, be careful. The vehicle on your left should yield to
you, but they might not. Stay aware in case they get a little TOO uncontrolled.

Other Types of Intersections

Okay, now let's talk about how right-of-way works on some other kinds of intersections.
The fun never stops around here, Lovejoy, I tell you what!

Different Numbers of Lanes

Here's a puzzler for you. What about intersections where the two intersecting roads
have different numbers of lanes? Like, say you're on a little two-lane road and you come
up to a big four-lane highway? Who has the right-of-way then? Vehicles on the road
with fewer lanes yield to vehicles on the road with more lanes. It's tough to be a little
road out here in this big old world!
Different Pavement Surfaces
Some roads have different pavement surfaces. If you are on an unpaved road, you
have to yield at an intersection with a paved road. So paved roads get the right-of-
way and the nicer road? How is that fair?

T-intersections
T-intersections are intersections where one road kind of dead-ends into another road,
forming an intersection shaped like the letter T. Drivers on the road that is ending have
to yield the right-of-way to drivers on the cross street (otherwise known as the through
road).

Controlled-access Highway
Drivers on the frontage road of a controlled-access highway have to yield to drivers
exiting the highway onto the frontage road. They also have to yield to people leaving the
frontage road to get on the highway. A lot of people fail to do this and it makes getting
off of a highway stressful if you have to make a right turn at the next light. Aceable
drivers yield on frontage roads!

See the Pattern?

Do you see the pattern here, Lovejoy? In general, smaller, less-technologically
advanced, or less continuous roads yield to larger, fancier, or more continuous roads. I
don't want to contribute to a culture of toxic roadulinity, but the law says that alpha roads
get the right-of-way.

Railroads Crossings
Be careful at railroad crossings. Trains are a lot bigger than you and you shouldn't mess
around with them. Even though we're sort of distant cousins, I know enough not to
challenge a train to an arm-wrestling match. Those guys are tough!

When Not to Cross

Stay 15-50 ft. back from a train crossing if:
● There is a signal warning you a train is coming.
● The crossing gate lowers or a flag person warns you.
● You're required to stop by another law, rule under a statute, or some kind of
official traffic-control device or signal.
● A train is within 1,500 ft. and making noise.
● You can see a train that is too close for comfort.
And if you don't? That's a $50 to $200 fine (and the possibility you could be hurt or even
killed!).
Emergency Vehicles
If you see an emergency vehicle like a police car, ambulance, or fire truck with their
lights and sirens on, that means they're responding to an emergency and drivers need
to get out of the way. If you see or hear an emergency vehicle, pull over to the right and
stop if possible.

Move Over and Slow Down Act

Under The Move Over and Slow Down Act, you need to move over or slow down when
approaching certain types of vehicles. This law requires drivers to move over a lane
when approaching emergency vehicles, law enforcement, tow trucks, utility service
vehicles, TxDOT vehicles, other highway construction, or maintenance vehicles using
visual signals or flashing lights activated on the roadside. If you can't move over to
another lane, then you need to slow down to 20 miles per hour less than the posted
speed limit. And on roadways with posted speed limits of 25 mph or less, drivers must
reduce their speed to 5 mph (Texas Transportation Code 545.157).

School Buses
School buses are carrying precious cargo, so it's super important to be careful around
them. Littler kids might not always be easy to see, and also might not have the best
judgment about when it's safe to cross the street. It's on you, the driver, to watch out for
them!

School Bus With Flashing Stop Light

If you're driving from any direction near a school bus with flashing lights, stop. Don't
pass it until:
● It starts moving again, OR
● The driver says it's okay, OR
● The red lights stop flashing.
When You Can Keep Going
You don't need to stop for a school bus when:
● It's on a different road.
● You're on a controlled-access road (highway, freeway, etc.).
● You are driving in the opposite direction and you are separated by a physical
barrier (a median, island, or divider).
Note: You ARE required to stop for an unloading school bus if you are driving in the
opposite direction and traffic flow is only separated by a center left-turn lane.

Aceable Ethos
Having a solid knowledge of right-of-way laws will always make sure you have the
foundation to formulate and implement the best informed, legal, and responsible
decisions to reduce risk. Let's discuss the Aceable ethos for a minute:
● Give, don't take.
● Stay out of trouble.
● Legally and responsibly accept or yield the right-of-way.
● Reduce risk.
Sounds good to me!

Chapter Summary
Great job on this chapter, Lovejoy! Before you go, let’s review some of the important
concepts you’ve learned.

Controlled vs. Uncontrolled

These can be either controlled (meaning they have traffic lights, stop signs, or other
traffic signals to direct the flow of traffic) or uncontrolled (no signs or signals).

Controlled Intersections: Stoplights

Right-of-way at intersections controlled by stoplights is easy. Just do what the lights tell
you to do.
Controlled Intersections: Stop Signs
Four-way stops controlled by stop signs are a little more complicated. If you get there
and someone is already driving through the intersection, wait for them to clear out
before you go.

Yield to the First Person to Arrive

If you're arriving around the same time as another vehicle, the person who got to the
intersection first has the right-of-way.

Yield Right
If you and another driver arrive at the same time, yield the right-of-way to the driver on
the right.

Yield to Driver Going Straight

If drivers arrive at the same time across from one another, the person turning yields to
the person going straight.

Uncontrolled Intersections
At uncontrolled intersections, yield the right-of-way to any vehicle on your right. Always
slow down as you approach the intersection. If you see someone coming on the road to
your right, then stop and let them pass.

Different Numbers of Lanes

Vehicles on the road with fewer lanes yield to vehicles on the road with more lanes.

Different Pavement Surfaces

If you are on an unpaved road, you have to yield at an intersection with a paved road.

T-intersections
T-intersections are intersections where one road kind of dead-ends into another road,
forming an intersection shaped like the letter T. Drivers on the road that is ending have
to yield the right-of-way to drivers on the cross street (otherwise known as the through
road).

Private Driveway to Public Street

A vehicle going from a private driveway to a public street must yield to vehicles on the
public street, as well as pedestrians and cyclists using the sidewalk.

Emergency Vehicles
If you see or hear an emergency vehicle, pull over to the right and stop if possible.

School Bus With Flashing Stop Light

If you're driving from any direction near a school bus with flashing lights, stop. Don't
pass it until:
● It starts moving again, OR
● The driver says it's okay, OR
● The red lights stop flashing.

When You Can Keep Going

You don't need to stop for a school bus when:
● It's on a different road.
● You're on a controlled-access road (highway, freeway, etc.).
 ● You are driving in the opposite direction and you are separated by a physical
barrier (a median, island, or divider).

Chapter 4: Traffic Control Devices

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
● List and explain the meanings of the colors and shapes of signs, signals, and
pavement markings
● Recognize and describe the purpose and appropriate response for traffic control
devices including signs, signals, and pavement markings based on law,
consequences, and driving conditions
● Recognize how basic knowledge of traffic control devices provides a driver the
foundation to formulate and implement informed, legal, and responsible decisions
to reduce risk
● Reduce risk by legally and responsibly responding to traffic control devices

Why It Matters
Traffic control devices like traffic lights, traffic signs, signals, and pavement markings tell
drivers what to do on the road. You should learn the meanings of their colors and
shapes, and also be able to recognize and describe the purpose and appropriate
response for them based on law, consequences, and driving conditions. Understanding
what they’re trying to say is the first step to following them. And I know you want to be a
safe driver who follows the friendly signs!

Traffic Lights
First up, let's talk traffic lights. You're going to see three different colors at a traffic light:
red, yellow, and green. Each color has a different meaning.

Red Lights
A red light means stop. The red light will always be on the top of vertical traffic signals
or on the left of horizontal traffic signals.

Turning
A steady red light means you should stop completely before entering the crosswalk or
intersection. You can make a right turn on red if the lane you're turning into is clear and
there are no pedestrians crossing (you must ALWAYS yield to pedestrians in the
crosswalk).
You can even sometimes turn left on red! If you're turning from a one-way street onto
another one-way street, it's legal to turn left on red.
If you see a sign that looks like this, that means turning on red is not allowed at that
intersection:
Flashing Red

A flashing red light means you must stop completely. You may then proceed when you
can do so safely. Remember that other vehicles at the intersection may not have to stop
like you, so proceed with caution.

Yellow Lights
Yellow means caution. The yellow light will always be the middle light of a traffic light
signal.
A steady yellow light means a red light will follow shortly. When you see a yellow light
on a traffic light, you must STOP if you can do so safely. If you can't stop safely,
then proceed cautiously through the intersection.

Flashing Yellow

A flashing yellow light means yield and proceed with caution. If you want to turn left, you
must yield to traffic approaching from the opposite direction.

Flashing Yellow Arrow

A flashing yellow arrow for left turns allows a driver to turn left with caution. The driver
must still yield to oncoming traffic.

Green Lights

Green means go, and will always either be the bottom light of a vertical traffic light or
the right light on a horizontal traffic light. When a light turns green, be on the lookout for
careless drivers who may speed across the intersection in an attempt to beat a red light.
Unfortunately, not everyone is an Aceable-quality driver.

Turning at Green Lights

You may also turn (left, right, or U-turn) on a green light, but you must yield the right of
way to oncoming traffic first. This is called an unprotected turn. It's "unprotected"
because the green light doesn't necessarily mean it's safe to turn – you don't have the
right of way unless you're going straight. But as long as your turning path is clear of
other roadway users (and there's no sign prohibiting the turn), you can turn at a green
light.

A green arrow light indicates that you have a protected turn in the direction the arrow
points. It means you have the right of way to turn, and that all other traffic should stay
out of your path. While you can feel more confident about a protected turn than an
unprotected turn, you should still check your surroundings and proceed only if it's safe.

Sign Shapes and Colors

Now that you're a traffic light expert, let's tackle traffic signs. Traffic signs come in many
different shapes and colors. Each one is unique and a gift from the traffic gods. Treat
them with the dignity and respect they deserve.
You need to know how to recognize each sign, and what each sign means. Let's go
over what common shapes and colors signify.

Sign Colors
Image description

Sign Shapes
Even! More! Signs!
You thought that was all the signs? Not even close! Let's hear what some more signs
have to say.

No Median Island Sign

This sign says that the section of road you are approaching doesn't separate opposing
flows of traffic by a median island. Don't be too sad. A median island doesn't have
sandy beaches or tropical drinks. It's just a concrete divider between lanes.

Wet Road
This sign wants you to know that the road ahead is slippery when wet. See those little
swervy tracks? That could be you, if you're not careful! If it's raining, slow down, and do
not suddenly accelerate, turn, or stop.

Two-way Traffic

This little fellow wants you to know that you are on a two-lane road. Drive in the right-
hand lane, and expect oncoming traffic in the left-hand lane.

Gradual Curve
This sign is pretty self-explanatory. It wants you to know that the road is curving gently
in the direction the arrow is pointing. Slow down, keep right, and do not pass.

Crossroad Ahead

This plus-sign-lookin' gal is trying to tell you that there is a crossroad ahead. That's
where one road crosses over another. Look carefully in all directions for traffic. Slow
down and be careful.

Reduced Lanes
This sign is trying to warn you that the number of lanes is about to be reduced. Beware
of merging traffic.

Can't Stop, Won't Stop Showing You Signs

As Walt Whitman wrote in his famous poem about roads:
I am large, I contain multitudes (of signs)

Pass on Either Side

This sign gives you permission to pass on either side of this traffic island or obstruction.
Do you really need some sign's permission to pass where you want? Yes, yes you do.

Grooved Pavement
This sign says this: "Hey motorcyclists, this road has been grooved to lessen the
possibility of slippery pavement in wet weather. It's going to be a little bumpy for you
wild hogs (motorcyclists)."

Slow Down for Wheelchair Users

This sign alerts you to the fact that wheelchair users or other people with mobility
impairments are likely to be crossing here, so keep an eye out and be careful!

No Passing Zone
The No Passing Zone sign indicates that you may not pass in this zone. But! Unlike
other signs, it's in the shape of a jaunty little flag.

Did Somebody Order a Sign?

I'm going to need you to sign for it. Get it? Mail joke! Okay, I think I'm starting to get a
little punchy. Let's keep moving with the signs.

Curve Suggested Speed Limit

This sign does double duty. It lets you know a curve is coming up and it tells you what
the suggested speed limit around the curve is. Do you ever see those guardrails around
curved roads that are all smashed up? Yeah, that's why this sign exists.
Sharp Suggested Curve Speed Limit

Okay, this one is very similar to the regular curve suggested speed limit sign, except
now we're talking about a sharp curve. Completely different situation.

Highway Exit Suggested Speed

This sign looks like a speed limit, but it's actually just a suggested speed limit. You don't
HAVE to go that slow, but it's a good idea. A sign just for advice? These sign guys have
thought of everything.

Steep Downgrade
A steep downgrade sounds like a euphemism for getting dumped, but no, it's just a road
with a sharp down-angle. All drivers should approach with caution, and you may need to
use a lower gear in order to slow your vehicle (especially for trucks and other heavy
vehicles).

That's All! But Not Really

Good job! We're finished with warning signs. That's one category of signs in the can.
We do still have a few more kinds of signs to learn, though. Do you still have your sign
hat on? No? Why would you take off your sign hat? Was the feather scratchy? Did the
propeller make too much noise? Well, to each their own, I guess.

Regulatory Signs
Next, we're going to talk about regulatory signs. Regulatory signs tell drivers what they
must do on the road. They lay down the law, instead of giving drivers a heads up, like
warning signs. Drivers are required to obey all regulatory signs in the same manner as
traffic laws.

One Way
I know you've seen this sign around town. It's telling you that a street is a one-way
street. Make sure you're going the right way!

HOV Lane

This sign is used to indicate that a lane is only for high-occupancy vehicles
during certain times. That means two or more people in one car. It's sometimes called
the carpool lane. Check the times on the sign — usually, these lanes are only carpool
lanes during certain busy times of the day. Vehicles not used for carpools will be subject
to fines if they use this lane.

Two Left Turn Lanes

This one might look a little bit confusing at first, but it makes sense once you get used to
it. It's saying there are two left-turn lanes. The furthest left lane MUST turn left, and the
next lane over can turn left or go straight. It makes sense, right? If someone in the far
left lane tried to go straight while someone in the next lane over was turning, they'd run
into each other.

Parking Only for Vehicles With Disability Plates or Card

This is another one I know you've seen before! It indicates that a parking spot is
reserved for a vehicle with special plates or a placard indicating it's transporting a
person with a disability. But it's okay to just park in that spot for a minute if there aren't
any other spots, right? Even if you aren't a person with a disability? No! Not cool! That
spot's not for you! Not even for idling while someone runs in to get something.
And while I'm giving advice, if someone with the right plates or tags parks in an
accessible spot, it's none of your business why. People often have invisible disabilities
or mobility issues that come and go. Just because you can't "see" their disability doesn't
mean they shouldn't be parking there. Please don't ask people to justify their use of the
reserved accessible spot if their car has the appropriate plates or ID card.

No Left Turn

That's it, that's the sign. No left turn.

No U-turn
Another simple one. You see this sign, you don't do a u-turn. The end.

You Know What This Is: More Signs

Are you stuck in an eternal time loop filled with signs? I don't know, keep going and see.

Wrong Way

If you see this sign, something has gone terribly wrong. You are driving the wrong way
on a one-way street. You should immediately turn around or find a way to get out of the
traffic flow.

Stop
A stop sign. Classic. Iconic. An octagonal legend. So many sides and only one
meaning: stop. When you see a stop sign, you need to stop before the crosswalk,
intersection, or sign — don't block the crosswalk. And come to a complete stop. How
could you roll through a sign this famous???

No Passing

This is one of those "read the sign and do what it says" signs. Do not pass. Easy peasy.

Slower Traffic Keep Right

Another self-explanatory one. Though really, this is something you should do in general,
if you're driving slower. Leave the left lane for the speed demons.

Speed Limit

That number right there on the sign? That's the speed limit. That's the maximum speed
it's legal and safe to travel. "But Ace, aren't you technically allowed to go 5 mph over the
speed limit?" Not on my watch, Lovejoy. Not an Aceable driver.

No Trucks
No trucks allowed!

Signs, Take Five Million

More sign knowledge to add to your growing collection!

Do Not Cross Double White Line

What more can I say? Don't do it!

Protected Left on Green Arrow

This sign lets you know that when you see the green arrow, you have a protected left.
That means oncoming traffic should stop for you (but still be careful! you never know
when someone is going to decide to do something weird!).

Emergency Stopping Only

Yup, this sign means only stop for an emergency. I know you can read, Lovejoy, but we
gotta review all of these. An emergency could be a mechanical breakdown, tire trouble,
running out of fuel, or anything else that keeps you from being able to safely drive
(needing to change the music, however, doesn't qualify).
Left Lane for Passing Only

That left lane? That's for passing only. Don't make me tap the sign.

Center Lane Left Turn Only

That center lane? That's only for turning left, NOT for passing. Don't be playing center
lane chicken!

Left Turn Signal

Just a friendly notice that there will be a green signal when you can make a left turn. Be
patient! It'll be your turn soon.

Right Lane Must Turn Right

If you're in the right lane, and you see this sign, you better be turning right! If not, smash
that turn signal and get outta there!

Guide Signs
Lovejoy, I've got great news for you. You've finished learning about traffic signs and
warning signs. Truly, take a moment and give yourself a pat on the back. That was a
LOT of signs. Now let's turn our attention to guide signs.
What Are Guide Signs?
Guide signs tell you what road you're on, how to get where you want to go, and provide
information making the trip more pleasant and interesting. They're especially helpful
when you're in an unfamiliar area. Let's take a look at some examples.

Highway Lane Indicators

This is an example of a sign you might see on a highway. It gives you advance notice
that the road is about to split off in different directions, and helps you know which lane
you need to be in to get where you're going.

Travel Information
This type of guide sign tells you how far away certain destinations are. Perfect for the
person in the back seat asking, "Are we there yet?"

Mileposts

Mileposts mark every mile on interstate highways, starting at the state line. They're a
useful way to identify where a crash, breakdown, or other emergency is. Like if your car
broke down and you were explaining to the tow truck where to pick you up, instead of
trying to describe what the trees by the side of the road are shaped like, you could say
to pick you up at mile marker 4.3.
Lane-use Control Signals
Sometimes you'll see a sign over a lane on a highway — usually an X or a downward
arrow. These are lane-use control signals, and they tell you which lane is okay to drive
in.

● A red X means don't drive in this lane.

● A yellow X means you should get out of the lane soon because it's about to
change to red.
● A downward green arrow means you're good to drive there.

Railroad Warning Signs

Railroad warning signs warn drivers if they are approaching or next to a railroad. Always
slow down and be prepared to stop. If you see a train coming, STOP. Never try to beat
a train.
It's super important that you follow railroad crossing directions. Remember, it's a lot
easier to find robot arms online than human arms.
Excellent work with the traffic signs. You gave those traffic signs the dignity and respect
they deserve. Continue to respect those signs when you are driving on the road, and
you will be on your way to being an Aceable driver. Next, let's talk about pavement
markings. They're like the signs of the ground!
Now, you may not know this, but I am one-eighth GPS tracker. I'm really good at
reading pavement markings to determine how to safely proceed on the roads. Let me
share with you some of my knowledge.

Broken Yellow Lines

Broken yellow lines are used for two-lane roads with two-way traffic.
Keep to the right of the yellow center line. You may cross a broken yellow line when
passing another vehicle, or if the right half of the road is closed. Make sure the
oncoming traffic lane is completely clear before you cross into it to pass. DO NOT
CROSS the line if it is not safe. When in doubt, chicken out.

Broken White Lines

Broken white lines are used on one-way roads. You may cross broken white lines to
pass, but always check your mirrors and use your turn signals to cross safely. If you
need to turn, move into the proper lane well in advance of your turn.

Center Lanes

Center lanes are placed in the middle of two-way roads. They should only be entered
when a vehicle will have time to slow down or stop in order to make a safe left turn
maneuver.
Note: You can only drive in a center turn lane for a maximum of 200 feet before turning,
so don't start too early!

Double Yellow Lines

Double yellow lines should not be crossed. You can not cross a double yellow line in
order to pass.

Solid vs. Broken Lines

In general, solid lines mark a "no-passing zone". Broken lines mark that it is okay to
pass if safe.

Stop Lines
At most intersections with stop signs, there will be a line painted on the pavement to
indicate where you should stop. These are called stop lines. Stop before the stop line,
not on or over it.
Crosswalks
Though I prefer to hover, most humans enjoy walking. Pedestrians should use
crosswalks to cross the street. White crosswalk lines are painted across a road to
indicate pedestrian crossing areas. At intersections where stop lines are missing,
always stop before the crosswalk markings. And as always, WATCH OUT FOR
PEDESTRIANS.

Construction
Before I was programmed to be an Automotive Computer Educator, I worked some hard
days as a flagger for a road construction crew. I really appreciated drivers who slowed
down and made my work environment a safer place.
I'm asking you to please treat the construction workers as if I was there. You wouldn't
want to scare your good friend Ace, would you?

Slow Down
When you do see a flag person, be prepared to slow down. A flag person wears an
orange vest, shirt, or jacket and uses stop/slow paddles or red flags to direct traffic
through work zones. Their instructions must be obeyed. Please do not attempt to go
forward unless the flag person instructs you to do so.

Be Ready for Anything

When you are in a construction and maintenance work area, be prepared to:
● Slow down or stop as you approach workers and equipment
● Change lanes
● See unexpected movement by workers and equipment

Channelizing Devices
Construction zones often use channelizing devices like barricades, vertical panels,
drums, cones, and tubes. They are used to guide drivers safely through the work zone.
When you encounter any type of channelizing device, slow down and prepare to change
lanes when safe to do so. Maintain reduced speed until you clear the construction area.

Construction Zone Fines

Not following the instructions of flaggers or directions of construction signs can have
negative consequences for your wallet. Speeding fines are doubled in a construction
zone when workers are present. You could also lose your license!
Remember your pal Ace used to be part of the road crew. Take care of my friends.

Construction Signs
You thought you were done with signs? Ha! Think again! Here are some common
constructions signs and what they mean:
Chapter Summary
Great job on this chapter, Lovejoy! Before you go, let’s review some of the important
concepts you’ve learned.

Traffic Lights
 ● Solid red light: Stop, and only proceed through the intersection when the light
turns green.
● Flashing red light: Stop completely, and then proceed when you can do so
safely.
● Solid yellow light: Stop if you can do so safely. If you can't, then proceed
cautiously through the intersection.
● Flashing yellow light: Yield and proceed with caution. If you want to turn left,
yield to oncoming traffic.
● Green: Proceed through the intersection, but look out for careless drivers who
may speed across the intersection in an attempt to beat their red light. You may
also turn (left, right, or U-turn) on a green light, but you must yield the right of way
to oncoming traffic first.
● Green arrow: You have the right of way to turn in the direction of the arrow.

Warning Signs
Warning signs warn drivers of danger. Pay careful attention to warning signs and follow
their instructions. You may need to reduce speed in order to proceed safely.

Regulatory Signs
Regulatory signs explain the law. Drivers are required to obey all regulatory signs in the
same manner as traffic laws.

Guide Signs
Guide signs tell you what road you're on, how to get where you want to go, and provide
information making the trip more pleasant and interesting.

Pavement Markers

Broken Yellow Lines

Broken yellow lines are used for two-lane roads with two-way traffic.

Broken White Lines

Broken white lines are used on one-way roads. You may cross broken white lines to
pass, but always check your mirrors and use your turn signals to cross safely. If you
need to turn, move into the proper lane well in advance of your turn.

Center Lanes
Center lanes are placed in the middle of two-way roads. They should only be entered
when a vehicle will have time to slow down or stop in order to make a safe left turn
maneuver.
Note: You can only drive in a center turn lane for a maximum of 200 ft. before turning,
so don't start too early!

Double Yellow Lines

Double yellow lines should not be crossed. You can not cross a double yellow line in
order to pass.

Solid vs. Broken Lines

In general, solid lines mark a "no-passing zone". Broken lines mark that it is okay to
pass if safe.

Chapter 5: Controlling Traffic Flow

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
● Define traffic flow
● Relate how traffic flow is managed by traffic control devices, law enforcement,
and other people
● State the laws for passing and being passed, basic and special turning situations,
and for stopping, standing, parking, leaving a space, backing, and coasting
 ● State the legal minimum and maximum speed limits for Texas roadways and
beaches

Why It Matters
The reason you want to drive is to get from one place to another, right? Traffic flow is all
about the movement and interaction of drivers out on the road. And if traffic is not
flowing, you're not going anywhere. That's the role of all those signs and lights from
earlier: to keep traffic moving at a good pace. In this chapter, you'll learn the rules for
flowing with the traffic: passing, turning, parking, getting on the highway — all that fun
stuff!

Communicating

Whether traffic is flowing or not, you need to communicate to other drivers if you're
changing speed or position. Specifically, other drivers need to know if you are:

● Turning
● Changing lanes
● Pulling away from the curb
● Slowing down or stopping

Turn Signals and Brake Lights

How does this communication happen? Two ways: turn signals and brake lights. Brake
lights are easy. Your car will take care of that for you when you put your foot on the
brake pedal.

Turn signals are on you to operate. Be sure you're using a turn signal whenever you're
turning, changing lanes, or pulling away from the curb.
Left Signal

Signaling can be done either with the signal lights on your car (by far the most common
way) or with hand and arm signaling. To signal a left turn with your arm, stick your arm
straight out the left window. Yes! Really!

Right Signal
To indicate that you're turning right, use the right signal light, or put your arm out the left
window straight up in the air (form an L with your arm).

Slowing/Stopping Signal
Slowing down/stopping should activate your brake lights, but you could also point your
arm straight down out the left window. I'll be honest, people don't use these arm signals
very often in cars these days (probably only if your brake lights or turn signals are
malfunctioning), but they're good to know because cyclists often use them to signal
turns.

Don't Forget

Oh, and don't forget to turn your signal off after you use it. Not only does it confuse
everyone else if you leave it on, but you'll end up looking like a goofball.

Passing
There are two kinds of passing related to driving. The first one is passing your driver's
ed course, which you are well on your way to doing (nice!!!). The other is passing and
being passed by drivers on the road. Let's learn how to do it safely.

Passing Safely
Here's what to do:
1. Make sure everything is clear.
2. Signal before you start passing.
3. Don't cut back into your lane too quickly when you need to get back over.

Pass on the Left, Ideally

The left lane is generally used for passing. Sometimes, it can ONLY legally be used for
passing. If you need to pass someone, your first choice should be passing them
on the left.
Stay to the Right Unless Passing
It’s a good idea to keep to the right unless you’re passing someone. The only
exceptions to that rule are when you’re on a one-way street or when the right lane is
blocked.

Passing on the Right

Sometimes, a person in the far left lane is being a slowpoke. In that case, you can pass
them on the right (passing on the right is legal in Texas). Here are two situations where
it's safe to pass on the right:
● The road is clear of parked cars and is wide enough for two or more lanes in
each direction.
● You are on a one-way road.
You can also pass on a paved shoulder if the person in front of you is slowing or
stopped on the main part of the highway, disabled, or is making a left turn. Don't pass
on the right using an unpaved shoulder.

Being Passed
Sometimes, you're the one doing the passing. Other times, you're the one getting
passed. It's nothing to feel bad about! Let those Speedy Petes get their speeding
tickets. Here's how to get passed safely and politely:
● Don't speed up.
● Stay in your lane.
● If you are being passed on the left side of an unmarked road, move as far to the
right as you can.
● Make sure there is enough space for the other driver to pass you easily.

When You Should Not Pass

You should never pass another vehicle:
 ● When the pavement markings are a solid line
● Within 100 ft. of a railroad crossing
● Within 100 ft. of an intersection
● Within 100 ft. of a bridge or tunnel
● On a hill
I think a visual will help here. Let's check out a video.

Passing on a Two-lane Road

If you’re driving on a two-lane, two-way road (so we’re talking one lane going each
way), it’s legal to pass the vehicle ahead of you if the yellow pavement marking is a
dotted line. Remember, a solid line means it’s not safe to pass!
But okay, let’s say it’s legal to pass. It’s still kind of scary to pull into the oncoming traffic
lane to do it! Let’s walk through the steps so you feel more confident.

Make Sure You’re Clear

First, make sure you are clear to start passing by checking your rearview and side
mirrors. Also, turn your head to make sure no one is passing you. After that, signal left.

Check the Zone

Look ahead to ensure that you’re not leaving a passing zone. Often those two-lane
roads alternate passing zones between the traffic going one way and the traffic going
the other way. Make sure the pavement markings coming up remain broken, not solid.

Check for Cars

This is a super-duper important step! Make sure that there are no cars coming in the
oncoming traffic lane. Wait until it’s completely clear in your line of vision. You need to
have enough time to get back over before another car gets within 200 feet of you.
Pass on the Left
Pass on the left. Don’t change lanes back over too soon! Wait until you have completely
cleared the car you are passing. You should be able to see the car in your rearview
mirror before moving back over. You don’t want to crowd them.

Signal and Change Lanes

Put your right turn signal on and move back over to your lane. Don’t forget to turn your
turn signal off when you’re done.
And that’s it! Passing like a champ!

Turning
How are you feeling? Not ready to turn on me, are you? Remember, Level 1 is about as
long as three other levels combined. I promise the other levels aren't this long. Okay?
Good. Because now we're going to cover turns: left turns, right turns, and special turns.

The Seven Steps of Turning

There are seven steps to making a good turn. Would you like to know what they are?
You're in luck:

Step 1: Figure Out Where You're Turning

Decide where you're turning before you get there. It's pretty dangerous to make a last-
minute turn.

Step 2: Check Mirrors

Use your mirrors to know if there are any cars in your desired turn lane before you
change lanes.
Step 3: Get in the Turn Lane Early
Get into your turning lane as soon as possible, especially if traffic is moving quickly. If
you can't get into your lane at least a half block before your turn, just keep going. It's not
worth it. Sorry, place you were going. Catch you next time!

Step 4: Signal
Signal at least 100 ft. before your turn. If you are using hand signals, hold it as you are
approaching your turn, but then put both hands on the wheel to complete the turn.

Step 5: Slow Down

You should slow down to a reasonable turning speed. You should never be using the
brakes or clutch while turning.

Step 6: Use Good Technique

Turn correctly. Use both hands to turn that wheel.

Stay in Your Lane

Finish the turn in the proper lane. Don't change lanes mid-turn because the cars around
you won't be able to react. Wait until you've cleared the intersection if you need a
different lane.
Does that make sense? I know things are a little conceptual right now. Let's look at a
specific list of steps for both right and left turns.

Right Turns and Left Turns

Picture it: You’re driving to your best friend's house. You guys are going to have so
much fun. You have the best gossip that you just have to share in person. They are not
going to BELIEVE it. You just have to get yourself there.
Turning Right
Okay, the directions coming through your car speaker tell you to turn right at the next
intersection. Here’s what you do:
1. Signal to get in the right lane.
2. Signal right at least 100 ft. before your turn.
3. Look both ways before making the turn.
4. Stay as close as possible to the right edge of the turn.
5. Turn with both hands on the wheel.
Yes! Success! You're so close you can almost taste the giant bag of Cheetos your
bestie has waiting for you.

Turning Left
The last thing you have to do is make a left onto your friend’s street. Here’s how to do it.
1. Signal and move into the left turning lane.
2. Signal left at least 100 ft. before your turn.
3. Look in all directions before taking your turn (remember, you'll need to yield the
right-of-way to oncoming traffic). Stay to the right of the center line when you
enter the intersection.
4. When you complete your turn, you should be turning into the left part of the lane
you are turning into, but still to the right of the center line.
5. Afterward, you can signal to change lanes if you need to.
Congrats, Lovejoy, your turning skills have gotten you safely to your bestie's place.
Have some snacks on me.

Special Turns

To me, every turn is special. But some turns are more special than the others, if you
know what I mean. You might not be making these turns every day, but when you do,
you’ll want to know how to make them safely.
Left From One-way to Two-way

If you’re turning left from a one-way street onto a two-way street, always turn from the
left lane.

Left From a Two-way to a One-way

Now the reverse! If you’re turning left from a two-way street onto a one-way street, turn
into the left lane.
One to two FROM left. Two to one INTO left.

Signs

Always keep your eyes peeled for signs telling you special turning or lane info. Often, a
helpful sign will be there to let you know what lanes you can turn from and into.

Parking
Alright, pull over. Turn off the car, put on the parking brake, and take out the keys. But
wait, are you sure you can park here?

No Parking
You can't park, stop, or idle your car:
● Next to a car that's already parked or stopped on the side of the street
● On a sidewalk or crosswalk
● In an intersection
● Between a safety zone and the curb, or within 30 ft. of a place on the curb
immediately opposite the safety zone
● Along or opposite any evacuation or obstruction, when parking, stopping, or
idling would obstruct traffic
● On a bridge, raised structure on a highway, or in a highway tunnel
● On a railroad track
● Wherever a sign tells you not to

Also No
Here are some other places you shouldn't park your vehicle.
● In front of someone's private or public driveway
● Within 15 ft. of a fire hydrant
● Within 20 ft. of an intersection or crosswalk
● Within 30 ft. of any flashing signal, yield sign, stop sign, or other traffic control
signals on the side of the road
● Within 20 ft. of the driveway to a fire station, or within 75 ft. opposite the entrance
of a fire station
● Within 50 ft. of a railroad crossing
● Again, wherever a sign tells you not to
Parking on the Highway (Don't)

Never park on a paved highway near a business or residential area if it's possible to
park anywhere else. If you can't park off the highway, you should:
● Leave room for others to pass you
● Make sure people can see you from at least 200 ft. in both directions
● If it's at night, leave your parking lights on or your headlights on dim

Actually Park the Car

Why you would ever want to leave your vehicle running and unattended is beyond me.
You're just asking for your car to be stolen! Either way, it's against the law to leave an
unattended car idling, so turn the dang thing off and take the keys out of the ignition.

Bike Parking
Here's a note for all you bicycle drivers: You can stop, stand, or park a bicycle on a
sidewalk as long as it doesn't get in the way of pedestrians.

Leaving a Parking Spot

When you're leaving a parking space, be careful. Look behind you before backing up.
Children and bots like to play behind parked cars, so look, back up slowly, and signal
that you are backing up.

Accessible Parking
It's also against the law to park, stop, or stand your car in an accessible parking spot
unless you have a placard or plate for accessible parking. An accessible parking spot is
one marked with this sign:

Also, don't park in those striped areas next to accessible parking spots or the buildings
by the spot. Those are for wheelchair lifts.

Accessible Parking Laws

Here's what Texas law says about accessible parking spots:
● You can't park there unless you have an accessible parking license plate or
removable windshield card.
● You can't use that removable windshield card unless you are driving the person
for whom the card was given.
● You can't let someone borrow a windshield card.
● You can't block an access or curb ramp.
● You can't make, sell, or have a fake accessible parking windshield card (this
seems like a no-brainer?). You also can't alter an existing one.
Consequences
Illegally parking in an accessible space is a misdemeanor. Here's what could happen if
you do it:
● A first offense will be a fine of $500 to $750.
● That fine will keep increasing each time, with a fine of up to $1,250 for five or
more offenses.
● Additional ones also include community service.
Just be respectful. If you aren't allowed to park somewhere, don't.

Parallel Parking
Ok, here it is: parallel parking. You've heard the rumors. The horror stories. But you are
going to survive it. Ace is here.

Pull Up to the Car Ahead

Alright, first, pull up even with the car ahead of the open spot. Line up your side mirror
with theirs, leaving about two feet between your cars. Use your blinker to signal to
approaching drivers that you are taking that spot.

Turn the Wheel Toward the Curb

Second, check that you aren't interfering with oncoming traffic, then turn your front
wheels all the way to the right, and start backing towards the curb. Note that if you're
parallel parking the other direction (with the parked cars on your left), you would turn
your wheel to the left in this step. You want to turn in the direction of the curb.

Cut the Wheel the Opposite Direction

When your front seat is opposite the rear bumper of the car ahead, turn your wheel all
the way to the left and start backing towards the car behind you without hitting it. You
should be about 6 inches from the curb. Never park more than 18 inches from the curb.
(Again, if you're parking the other way, you're cutting the wheel to the right. Cut the
wheel away from the curb.)

Straighten Out
Last, straighten out your wheels and center yourself in the spot.
Done. Boom. Let's see it in action!

Parking on a Hill
There are special rules for parking on hills. This is because if your car somehow comes
out of park, you don't want it rolling into traffic! Instead, you turn the wheels so that your
car would roll toward the curb.

Hill Parking Specifics

Which way you turn the wheels depends on whether you are parking facing uphill or
downhill.
● If you're parking facing downhill, point your wheels to the curb or the side of the
road (it doesn't matter if there is a curb).
● If you're parking facing uphill on a road with a curb, point your front wheels away
from the curb.
● If you're parking facing uphill on a road without a curb, point your front wheels
toward the side of the road.
Image description
Just remember, the only time you point your wheels towards the inside of the street
and away from the edge of the road is if you are parking uphill with a curb so your
front wheels catch. Otherwise, you are pointing your wheels towards the edge of the
road so your vehicle will go off the road if the brakes fail.

Bonus Hill Fact

While we're talking hills, note that it's illegal to coast downhill with the transmission or
gears in neutral.

Blind Spots
Most vehicles have blind spots. Blind spots are areas that are not visible in the driver's
field of vision or their mirrors. Blind spots are dangerous because a driver might not
realize there's another vehicle in their blind spot when they go to change lanes.
Unfortunately, a car in your blind spot is in just the right place to get hit if you change
lanes without checking. Always check your blind spots before changing lanes.

Where Are They?

Okay, Ace, but where are these mysterious spots? In a typical car, the blind spots are
over the driver's shoulders on both sides. Imagine someone standing behind you at a
45-degree angle to your shoulder. Right there! Creepy, huh?

Be Aware of What's in Your Blind Spots

As you develop an awareness of the road, you'll get better at remembering where
vehicles are relative to your car. Stay aware of when a car has passed into your blind
spot, so if you have to make a sudden evasive maneuver, you'll know to avoid that lane.

Stay Out of the Blind Spot

Not only should you always be aware of what is in your blind spots, you should be
careful not to sit in another vehicle's blind spot. Try not to drive just behind and to the
side of another vehicle. If you notice you're in that spot, speed up or hit the brakes to
resituate.

Following Distance (Following Interval)

You're here because you want to be a good driver, right? Better be.
Well, good drivers don't just go with the flow of traffic. They also know it's important to
establish a safe following interval, or following distance.

What Is Following Distance?

Your following distance is the amount of space you leave between your vehicle and the
vehicle in front of you. It's measured in the number of seconds that go by between the
time the first car passes a given point and when the following car passes that same
point. The longer your following distance is, the longer you have to react if something
happens ahead of you on the road. Typically, you want at least three seconds of
following distance, but sometimes you need more.

When to Increase Following Distance

Here are some times you should increase following distance:
● The road is wet. Many drivers find out too late what driving on a wet road can do
to vehicle control.
● The road is crowded.
● Your vision is limited because it's dark or stormy. Slow way down in those
conditions. You should be able to stop within the distance you can see in front of
your car.

Approximate Stopping Distances

A good rule of thumb for following distance is to leave one car length for every 10 miles
per hour you're driving. Why? Because the faster you're going, the longer in distance it
will take you to stop. It takes the average person 1-1.5 seconds to think, react and apply
the brakes. Check out this chart to see how many feet it takes to come to a stop,
depending on how fast you're traveling:

Image description

Adjusting Distance
Good drivers will also adjust their following distance based on how they are feeling or
how the car is running. If you feel like you're not at your sharpest, leave more distance.
If you're really tired or feel unwell, consider not driving at all if you can. Tired driving is
dangerous driving.

Speed Limits
I know you know about maximum speed limits. The maximum speed limit is the fastest
you can legally drive on a given road. But did you know there are minimum speed limits
sometimes too? That's right! You can't just drive as slow as you want on some roads.
Maximum and minimum speed limits exist to keep the flow of traffic going steadily
without drivers going dangerously high speeds. Following the posted speed limits is one
of the best ways to prevent crashes (and traffic tickets!).
Speed Limits for Different Roadways
Different roadways have different speed limits. Always go by the posted number, but
here are some standard speed limits for different kinds of roads.

Headlights
Okay, let's talk headlights. Headlights, as I'm sure you already know because you are
not brand new to this planet, are used to help drivers see when it's dark or visibility is
low. There are a few laws to know about when it comes to headlights.

When to Turn 'Em On

You need to turn on your headlights from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes
before sunrise, or whenever you can't see individuals and vehicles up to 1,000 ft.
around you.

When to Turn 'Em Down

It's okay to turn on your high beams (the bright headlights) to give you some extra
visibility in the dark. However, you don't want to shine bright lights in anyone's eyes, so
make sure you turn them down if you're not alone on the street. You should lower your
high beams when:
● You're within 500 ft. of an approaching vehicle.
● You're within 300 ft. behind a vehicle.
● You're on a lighted road.
● You're driving in fog, heavy rain, snow, sleet, or dust.

Parking Lights
Hopefully you'll never have to do this, but if you ever need to park on the side of a dark
highway at night, leave your parking lights or low beam headlights on.

Other Headlight Knowledge

If someone is coming toward you with headlights on, look away from the light. Don't look
right into another driver's headlights. Some of these new SUVs have such bright
headlights! You'll be seeing spots!
There, you seem brighter already.

Highways
You probably already know that the highway is kind of a big deal. Highways can be
freeways, toll roads, expressways, turnpikes, or other kinds of roads, usually without
stoplights and with entrance and exit ramps. Instead of turning to get off the highway,
you'll exit using a ramp onto a side road (called a frontage road), then make a turn.
Getting on and off the highway can be kind of stressful at first, but you've got this! Let's
talk through it.
Entering the Highway
When you get on the highway, you'll be merging into a lane of traffic. The people
already on the highway have the right-of-way, but good drivers will see you coming and
try to make a spot for you. Try to speed up on the entrance ramp so you're traveling
highway speed as you're trying to merge.
The far-right lane is the slowest lane, so if you need time to get up to speed, do it there.
Then, when you're ready, signal left and move into the next lane.

Pick a Lane
To be a good highway driver, you need to go with the speed of traffic. Make sure you're
above the minimum speed limit (but below the max). If you're driving slower than the
other cars, stick to the right lane. If you're going faster, use the middle and left lanes.
Of course, if you're getting off of the highway soon, make your way to the right side (or
in the rare case of a left exit, the left side) so you're ready to exit when you need to.
Sometimes, a highway will split, with a few lanes going one way and a few lanes going
another way. Keep an eye on the highway signs so you know if a fork is coming up and
which lanes you want to be in.
Driving on the Highway
Once you've settled into a lane you like, here's how to highway like a pro:
● Stay in the middle of your lane
● Don't weave in and out of traffic
● Stay with the flow of traffic and don't speed up or slow down unnecessarily
● Slow down to allow other drivers to get on the highway safely (yes, you have the
right-of-way, but be polite!)
● Unless you are in the far right lane, which is for slower traffic, be prepared to
move over to allow faster traffic to pass

Exiting the Highway

As you approach your exit, make sure you're in the right lane. If the traffic is heavy, you
may want to get over earlier. Exit signs are usually 1,000 yards before the exit. Slow
down on the exit ramp so you will be within the new, lower speed limit. When you've
been driving fast for a while, you can get used to the sensation of speed and not realize
how fast you're going. When you get off the highway, keep an eye on your speedometer
to ensure you're not unintentionally speeding.

40 of 47

Highway Hypnosis

The good news is that highway hypnosis is not going to make you cluck like a chicken in
front of a room full of dinner theater guests. The bad news is that highway hypnosis can
be very dangerous.

If you drive fatigued, your body is not fully capable of reacting to the factors on the road.
Some tired drivers may even get home without any recollection of the drive because of
the steady sounds of the engine, tires, and wind. Experts call this highway hypnosis,
and it's dangerous both for the driver and others on the road.
Avoid Highway Hypnosis

Here are some ways to avoid highway hypnosis:

● If you're driving a long way, stop often, ideally every two hours or 100 miles.
Stretch your legs, use the bathroom, buy a cookie.
● Don't drive more than eight hours per day. Go read a book or something.
● Keep shifting your eyes. Look at signs, your rearview mirror, other cars, maybe
the occasional bumper sticker. Just pay attention to the road and don't let
yourself get lulled by the vehicle's soothing sounds.

Vehicle Breakdowns
As hard as this is for me to admit, cars, like robots, are machines, which can eventually
break down. In such unfortunate situations, here are the procedures to manage them:
● If you can't get the car off the paved road, get everyone out of it, and use
portable warning devices (like a reflective triangle) to warn the other drivers that
your car is there.
● Move the car off the pavement to the side of the road. If you have a flat or
blowout, your car can be slowly driven off.
● Turn on your hazard lights. If you don't have those, turn on your taillights. If you
are stuck at night, you should leave the lights on in your car as well.
● Tie a white cloth to your radio antenna or some other place where it can easily be
seen. If you do not have one, open your hood.
And if your buddy Ace ever breaks down, tell my motherboard I love her.

Skids
There will be times when you are going to face unexpected and potentially dangerous
situations like a skid, brake failure, running off the pavement, a blowout, or driving down
a steep hill. Just remember: THINK BEFORE YOU ACT.
When you skid:
1. Don't panic and slam on the brakes. Instead, take your foot off the gas pedal.
 2. Turn your steering wheel in the direction you desire to go. For example, if you are
skidding to the right, gently* steer back to the left. After you recover, gently
straighten out.
3. Remember that a skid can be avoided by slowing down in weather conditions
where the road is slippery or wet. Make sure your tires are in good condition.
*In a skid situation, don't overreact and overcompensate by severely turning towards the
desired direction.

Brake Failure
If your brakes fail, stay calm. You can use your parking brake to slow your vehicle (but
be gentle, you don't want to skid). Try to slow the car down and steer it somewhere
where you will be safe, like the side of the road.

Running Off Pavement

If you drive off the pavement, don't slam on your brakes. Grab your wheel tightly and
take your foot off the gas pedal.
Carefully apply your brakes. After you've slowed down and checked for traffic, you can
turn back onto the road.

Blowout
To avoid flat tires and blowouts, check the air pressure frequently when the tires are
cool. Newer cars will have a sensor that alerts you if your tire pressure is too low. When
you see the alert, fill your tires. Driving on improperly inflated tires contributes to flats
and blowouts.
Still, tire problems happen. If you're ever in that situation:
1. Don't slam on the brakes.
2. Take your foot off the gas and ever so gently apply the brakes.
3. Drive straight forward until you reach a stop.
Driving Down a Steep Hill
If you are driving down a steep hill, keep your car in a lower gear to help slow your
vehicle. Do not coast in neutral or keep your foot on the clutch. Note: A clutch is on
manual transmission vehicles. There's a pretty good chance you'll be driving an
automatic transmission and have no idea what a clutch is. In that case, ignore me and
let your car do its thing.

Winter Driving
Most Texans don't get a lot of practice driving in snow and ice. That means that when a
snowstorm does hit, it's doubly important to know what to do, because even
experienced drivers might be unsure how to handle their vehicles. Break out the hot
chocolate and let's look at some winter driving safety tips.
Chapter Summary
Great job on this chapter, Lovejoy! Before you go, let’s review some of the important
concepts you’ve learned.

When You Should Not Pass

You should never pass another vehicle:
● When the pavement markings are a solid line
 ● Within 100 ft. of a railroad crossing
● Within 100 ft. of an intersection
● Within 100 ft. of a bridge or tunnel
● On a hill

No Parking
You can't park, stop, or idle your car:
● Next to a car that's already parked or stopped on the side of the street
● On a sidewalk or crosswalk
● In an intersection
● Between a safety zone and the curb, or within 30 feet of a place on the curb
immediately opposite the safety zone
● Along or opposite any evacuation or obstruction, when parking, stopping, or
idling would obstruct traffic
● On a bridge, raised structure on a highway, or in a highway tunnel
● On a railroad track
● Wherever a sign tells you not to

Also No
Here are some other places you shouldn't park your vehicle.
● In front of someone's private or public driveway
● Within 15 ft. of a fire hydrant
● Within 20 ft. of an intersection or crosswalk
● Within 30 ft. of any flashing signal, yield sign, stop sign, or other traffic control
signals on the side of the road
● Within 20 ft. of the driveway to a fire station, or within 75 ft. opposite the entrance
of a fire station
● Within 50 ft. of a railroad crossing
● Again, wherever a sign tells you not to