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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views47 pagesMod 7 Bio Strive
Past biology questions module 7 hsc 2022
Uploaded by
bo-tao.liuCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 47
Questions
Module 7: Infectious Disease
Multiple-choice questions: 1 mark each
1. If campers have to drink water from a creek, which is the best way of mal
safe to drink?
(A) Boil the water for five minutes.
(B) Filter the water through a clean shirt.
(C) Collect the water and let it stand in a clean container,
(D) Expose the water to the sun’s ultraviolet rays for two hours.
2001 HSC O11
2, Students performed an investigation to compare the effectiveness of two water treatments
for purifying pond water,
Three samples of pond water, A, B and C, were collected and each used to inoculate an
agar plate. The plates were incubated at 25°C and examined three days later. The number
of visible bacterial colonies on each plate was counted and the results tabulated,
Sample A B @
Treatment Boiling for No treatment
one minute
per litre of water
Number of 0 6 22
visible bacterial colonies
VION
o” 0 © Poe
} one 020%)
os © 290.9,
one
What is the dependent variable in this investigation?
(A) The use of a control sample
(B)_ The number of visible bacterial colonies
(C)_ The use of sterile agar plates for each sample
(D) Treating the water by boiling or adding poo! chlorine
2007 HSC QS
98 STRIVE Blology 12 * Past HSCQ&A
© Odlum & Garner . Recycling of sewage so that it can be used as drinking water is one possible solution to
the current water shortages in Australia.
Which of the following would health authorities be concerned about?
(A) The change to the taste of the water
(B) The risk of infection from pathogens would increase
(C)_ The reluctance of the general public to drink treated sewage
(D) The effect that water with sediments could have on plumbing systems
2005 HSC OS
4. The table lists the types of microbes identified in a cheeseburger prepared at an outdoor
market.
Type of microbe Description of microbe
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Common skin organism
Lactobacillus bulgari Organism present in dairy products
‘Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Baker’s yeast
Bacillus subtilis Non-pathogenic microbe with widespread
environmental occurrence
Would it be safe to eat this cheeseburger?
(A)_ No, food should be completely free of microbes.
(B) No, lactobacillus and saccharomyces are highly pathogenic,
(©) Yes, organisms that grow in or on the human body do not cause disease.
(D) Yes, most of the food we eat is contaminated by different types of microbes.
2008 HSC 01)
Which of the following statements can be used to describe a pathogen?
(A). They are all viral.
(B)_ They are all infectious.
(C) They are all microscopi
(D) They are all macroparasites
2004 HSC OL
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7 - infectious Disease 99 People who lived in the United Kingdom during the 1980s and 1990s are not accepted as
blood donors in Australia because they might have eaten beef infected with prions.
Why is this precaution being taken?
(A) Donated blood might contain prion toxins causing blood poisoning.
(B) Donated blood might contain prions capable of causing viral infections.
(C) Donated blood might contain prion DNA that results in prion replication in brain
cells.
(D) Donated blood might contain prions capable of altering protein structure in the
brain cells
2006 HSC O15
7. Recently, hospitals and medical practitioners have warned the community about the
spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). People were experiencing:
+ high temperatures
+ body aches
+ pains similar to that of the flu.
How would you classify these descriptions?
(A) Controls
(B) Symptoms
(©) Warnings
(D) Methods of transmission 2004 HSC 03
8. What is the name of the scientist who identified the role of microbes in decay?
(A) James Watson
(B) Robert Koch
(C) Louis Pasteur
(D) Francis Crick
Adapted 2004 HSC 4
9. Which observations can be used to demonstrate Koch’s contribution to understanding the
cause of disease?
(A) Polio vaccinations trigger an immune response.
(B) Some mosquitoes carry a pathogen that is often fatal to people.
(©) A lack of vitamin C is found in all people suffering the nutritional disease scurvy.
(D) The bacteria, Heliobacter pylori, is present in the stomach of all people diagnosed
with stomach ulcers. 2007 HSC.O8
100 STRIVE Biology 12 » Past ASCQ& A © Odum & Garner 10. The following diagram summarises the steps of an experiment similar to that carried out
by Louis Pasteur, which identified microbes as agents of decay.
Step 1 Two swan-neck flasks are filled partially with equal volumes of beef broth
2 QU
Step 2. The broth i
boiled for at least 20 minutes.
9u
Step 3 The neck of Flask P is left intact whereas the other is broken.
No decay Decay present
Which of the following statements best explains the results obiained?”
(A) There were no microbes in the air around Flask P at Steps 3 or 4.
(B) There were no microbes in Flask P at the beginning of the experiment.
(C)_ Microbes in Flask @ were not all killed by boiling, and multiplied following the
cooling down of the flask.
(D) Any microbes present in both Flasks P and Q were killed by the boiling process,
and only Flask Q allowed microbes to re-enter.
2003 HSC OS
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7— Infectious Disease 101 1.
12.
13.
14,
Eight sick animals were found to be suffering from the same symptoms. Blood tests
showed that they were infected with the same type of bacterium.
Which of the following strategies would be the best to determine if this particular type of
bacterium is the cause of the disease?
(A) Find other animals with the same symptoms. Attempt to isolate the same type of
bacterium from their blood.
(B) Inject blood from animals with the symptoms into suitable host individuals. If they
develop the same symptoms, this proves that this type of bacterium caused the
disease.
(C) Use bacteria cultured from the blood of the animals with these symptoms to infect
suitable host individuals. If they develop the disease, attempt to isolate the same
type of bacterium from their blood.
(D) Treat all eight animals with an antibiotic known to kill this type of bacterium, They
will recover if this type of bacterium is the cause of the disease.
2001 HSC OS
‘What is a possible immune response to a pathogen’?
(A) T lymphocytes produce antibodies.
(B)_ T helper lymphocytes are activated.
(©) B lymphocytes produce antigens.
(D)_ B lymphocytes phagocytose the pathogen. sericea
What is the function of T-helper cells?
(A) Initiation of inflammation
(B) Phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
(C)_ Promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity
(D) Production of specific antibodies against pathogens ser
Which of the following helps prevent the entry of pathogens into humans?
(A) Cilia
(B) Antigens
(C)_B lymphocytes
(D) Inflammation response
2004 HSC.Q2
102
STRIVE Biology 12 + Past WSCQ& A © Odlum & Garner 15.
Accident
Doctors have successfully transplanted
the fingers of a man’s severed hand in
the first operation of its kind in
Australia.
The man was critically injured in a
train accident. His left arm was severed
and right arm crushed.
ictim’s fingers saved, stored and transplanted onto other hand
A team of medical staff operated to
replace the crushed fingers of his right
hand, using those that were saved
from his severed left arm,
The man is expected to have almost
normal use of his hand within nine
months.
Transplanted organs and tissues are often rejected. Why was there no tissue rejection in
the man described in the above paragraph?
(A) The man’s skin was damaged so his first line defences were not functional.
Antigens on the man’s left hand fingers were the same as those on his right hand.
The man lost so much blood that lymphocytes were not present in sufficient
numbers to cause an immune response.
There was no blood supply to the transplanted fingers so mixing of donor and
16.
17,
recipient antigens did not occur.
2002 HSC O12
Allergies are the result of an immune response.
What triggers this response?
(A) Antigens
(B) Antidotes
(C)_ Antibodies
(D) Antihistamines
2006 HSC O13
Which biological term is best described by ‘engulfing and destruction of bacteria or other
foreign bodies’?
(A). Vaccination
(B) Phagocytosis
(©) Antibody produetion
(D)_ An inflammation response
2007 HSC 06
© cdlum & Garner
MODULE 7 infectious Disease 103 18,
19.
20.
The following paragraph describes a body response.
The response is protective, and it makes nearby blood vessels leak. Plasma and
white cells move into the affected area, diluting and destroying the infectious agent.
This is why the infection site swells, reddens and feels hot. Although we tend to
think of this response in terms of annoyance, soreness and pain, it is actually a
beneficial response.
What response does this paragraph describe?
(A) Inflammation
(B) Cell differentiation
(©) The action of antibodies
(D) The activation of helper T-cells
2002 HSC O4
The diagram below illustrates one process that occurs as part of an immune response.
White blood cell
/
‘What process does the diagram illustrate?
(A) Cytokinesis
(B) Inflammation
(©) Osmosis
(D) Phagocytosis
2004 HSC OS
Whaat is the role of antigens in the body’s defence against disease?
(A) They bind to invading pathogens.
(B) They trigger the immune response.
(C)_ They inactivate invading antibodies.
(D)_ They suppress the inflammation response.
2008 1SC.09
104 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past WSCQ & A © Odlum & Garner 21. Which flowchart correctly shows an interaction between B and T lymphocytes during an
immune response?
(A)
©
Infection B) Infection
T cells recognise Beells recognise |
antigen as foreign antigen as foreign
B cells stimulated and T cells stimulated and
antibodies produced antibodies produced
Infection ©) | __ Infection
Tells Beells Beells Teells
stimulated recognise stimulated recognise
and antibodies} | antigen and antigen | | antibody
produced as foreign produced as foreign
2007 HSC OI
22. Which of the following prevent entry of pathogens into the human body?
(A)
(B)
©
(D)
The skin and phagocytosis
The skin and chemical barriers
Inflammation response and phagocytosis
Inflammation response and chemical barriers
2009 HSCO3
23. Overseas equestrian competitors brought their horses to Australia for the Sydney 2000
Olympic Games.
Why were the horses quarantined for a period of time before the Olympic Games began?
(A)
B)
©
()
To acclimatise them to Australian conditions
To make sure that no horse diseases spread to the spectators
To make sure that the horses did not contract Australian diseases,
To make sure that the horses did not have an infectious disease
200 HSC O12
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7— Infectious Disease 105 24. Which of the following is an example of quarantine used to control the spread of disease
across regions of Australia?
(A) Killing weeds in infested forests using herbicides and direct removal
(B) _Sterilisation of all food products that come from overseas
(C)__Sterilisation of all food products before packaging
(D) Removal of fruit from cars travelling interstate
2002 HSC 09
25. The Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) is easily killed by the fungus Phythopthera which
lives in the soil. The last small population of Wollemi Pines grows in a remote part of a
national park in NSW. Scientists studying this natural population use strategies to prevent
the trees becoming infected with Phythopthera.
Which procedure would be most effective in preventing the spread of this fungus to the
Wollemi Pines?
(A) Inspecting soil samples in the area
(B) Comme
(©) Washing soil from scientists’ shoes before they walk in the area
ly producing and distributing the Wollemi Pine
(D) Preventing the importation of infected Wollemi Pines into Australia
2007 HSC 04
26. The potential for disease to spread through animal populations in intensive farming is
heightened because the animals are kept close together.
A disease has been identified in animals in one enclosure on a farm.
Which procedure would best prevent the spread of the disease to animals in other
enclosures on the farm?
(A) Isolate diseased animals from healthy animals then vaccinate all healthy animals,
(B) Vaccinate all animals so that healthy animals do not develop the disease and spread
it further.
(©) Move the diseased animals into another enclosure to quarantine them from the
healthy animals,
(D) Wash all animals with antiseptic solution so that the pathogen causing the disease
cannot be spread from diseased animals to healthy animals.
2009 HSC OF
106 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ&A © Odlum & Garner (A). They cause an inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that
engulf the polio virus if it enters the body.
(B) They cause an immune response resulting in the production of eytotoxic (killer)
T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body.
(C)_ They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that
provide a rapid response if infected by the polio virus.
(D) They cause an inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells
that provide a limited response if infected by the polio viru:
2008 HSC-OS
28. How does immunisation against diseases such as diphtheria and polio limit the spread of
these infectious diseases?
(A) Immunisation kills the relevant pathogens.
(B)_ Immunisation suppresses or reduces the immune response and associated
inflammation.
(C) Immunisation strengthens first-
relevant pathogens into the body.
ine defence barriers and prevents the entry of the
(D) Immunisation reduces
hosts and this reduc
the multiplication of the relevant pathogens in immunised
the chance of other people becoming infected.
2001 HSC O14
29, How do vaccines prevent disease?
(A) Vaccines stop antigens triggering an immune response.
(B) Vaccines stimulate the production of specific antibodies.
(C) Vaccines will inhibit the inflammation response in the body.
(D) Vaccines restrict the vector’s ability to inhabit a variety of environments.
2005 HSC O11
30. Afier an infection was treated with a new drug, inflammation decreased. In a few
patients, inflammation returned after one week. In these patients, the pathogens causing
the infection were shown to be resistant to the drug.
‘What conclusion can be drawn from these observations?
(A) These patients developed resistance to the drug.
(B) The decrease in inflammation allowed the pathogens to become resistant to the drug
(C) The white blood cells were not functioning properly and therefore the
inflammation returned.
(D) A few pathogens resistant to the drugs were present at the start of treatment and
natural selection increased their numbers.
2008 HSC O12
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7— Infectious Disease 107 31. The table lists the causative agents for four different diseases.
Disease name Causative agent
Influenza Virus
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease _| Prion
Ringworm | Fungus
Food poisoning Bacterium
For which of these diseases would treatment with antibiotics be most appropriate?
(A) Influenza
(B) Creutafeldt-Jacob disease
(C) Ringworm
(D) Food poisoning
2002 HSC 08
32. A patient was being treated for an infection using an antibiotic. At seven day intervals a
swab was taken from the mouth and cultured onto a fresh agar plate.
Go @%e) (68%)
o/ \ee
Day 1 plate Day 8 plate Day 15 plate
\o } \o
Key © Species 1
‘What is the most likely cause of the change in mouth microflora shown in these culture
plates?
(A). Species 1 was a food source for Species 2 allowing more of Species 2 to grow.
(B) Species 1 and Species 2 are both fungi, but Species 1 is killed by the antibiotic
while Species 2 uses the antibiotic as food
(C)_ As the numbers of Species 2 increased, they changed the chemical conditions of
the agar plate stopping the growth of Species 1.
(D) There is normally a balance between the numbers of each species but the removal
of Species 1 by the antibiotic allowed more of Species 2 to grow.
2009 HSC O1S
108 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ& A (© Odlum & Garner 33. During the last 50 years, over-use of prescription drugs has led to the emergence of
resistant strains of pathogens. Why is this a problem?
(A) Resistant pathogens will cause new diseases.
(B) Many diseases may become untreatable.
(©) Prescription drugs will cause the release of toxins by pathogens.
(D) A single prescription drug can no longer kill all strains of a pathogen.
2002 HSC O10
34. Which of the following pathogen types cause diseases that can be treated with
antibiotics?
(A) Bacteria
(B) Macro-parasites
(C) Prions
(D) Viruses
2008 HSC O2
35. When are antiviral drugs used to treat infectious diseases?
(A) Forall diseases caused by bacterial pathogens
(B) For all diseases caused by viral pathogens
(C)_ For some diseases caused by bacterial pathogens
(D) For some diseases caused by viral pathogens
© Odlum & Gamer ‘MODULE 7 = Infectious Disease 108 Short-answer questions
Question 36 (3 marks)
(a) Define the term pathogen.
(b) Complete the table below to distinguish between bacteria and viruses.
Characteristic feature of organism
Bacteria
Virus
2008 HSC O16
110 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ&A
© Odlum & Garner Question 37 (3 marks)
‘The diagram shows water from a lake being treated to make it suitable for drinking by humans.
D Coagatation
\@ Sedimentation
@ Filtration.
@Disintection| ©
Disinfectant
Underground tank
‘The treatment method shown above has four processes that can remove the contaminants 3
that may be found in water extracted from the lake.
(a) Suggest two possible sources of pathogenic microbes that could contaminate the
water in the lake.
(b) | Why are pathogenic microbes a problem when in water needed for drinking?
(c) Which treatment out of the four treatments shown in the diagram would kill
pathogens in the water being treated and why does this reduce the risk of infection?
New questions using diagram from 2002 HSC O19
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7~ infectious Disease 111 | Question 38 (8 marks)
Evaluate the contributions made by both Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to our present
understanding of the causes and possible prevention of infectious diseases.
8
2002 HSC 027
112 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSC Q&A (© Odlum & Garner Question 39 (4 marks)
During your study of Biology you have been required to gather and analyse 4
information on an infectious disease.
Fill in the table below for ONE infectious disease,
Name of the disease .......
Feature Description
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention
2005 HSC O19
© dium & Garner MODULE 7~ Infectious Disease 113 Question 40 (6 marks)
‘The influenza virus has a high rate of mutation which can lead to changes of the viral 6
surface antigens that contain protein
Analyse the impact of high mutation rates for this virus and the implications for
human health,
2005 HSC 027
114 STRIVE Biology 12» Past HSCQ& A © Calum & Garner Question 41 (8 marks)
‘Two Australian scientists, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall received Nobel Prize
medals in 2005 for their discovery that the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is the
main cause of stomach ulcers and gastritis.
Previously, these conditions were thought to be caused by stress and bad eating
habits.
“We were taught that bacteria don’t grow in the stomach, but these did’, said
Warren of the bacterium, Heliobacter pylori
The Weekend Australian Magazine
10-11 December 2005
Warren and Marshall’s investigations included:
+ using a microscope to look at prepared slides of ulcerated stomach
tissues;
* using a flexible endoscope to look into the stomach of patients with
stomach ulcers and gastritis (localised or general inflammation of the
stomach);
+ using staining techniques to determine the possible presence of bacteria
in stomach tissue.
In addition, Warren checked that Marshall's stomach contained no
Helicobacter pylori. Marshall then swallowed a dose of the bacteria,
triggering symptoms of gastritis.
Assess the procedures that Warren and Marshall used to identify and confirm their
conclusion about the pathogen that caused stomach ulcers and gastritis
Question 41 continues
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7 infectious Disease
5 Question 41 continued
2096 HSC O26
End of Question 41
116 STRIVE Biology 12 « Past HSCQ& A © Odlum & Garner Question 42 (6 marks)
(@) Name ONE example of a disease caused by a macro-parasite 1
() List TWO features of prions that distinguish them from protozoans. 2
(©) Most pathogens must first be transmitted to and enter the human body before 3
they trigger an immune response.
Relate this statement to a named infectious disease you have studied.
2007 HSC O19
Question 43 (2 marks)
Black spot is an infectious apple disease that occurs in New Zealand and makes apples 2
unsuitable for sale.
Describe a method to prevent the spread of the disease into Australia,
2006 HSC O24
DULE 7 ~ Infectious Disease 147
© Odlum & Garner Question 44 (6 marks)
Dangerous diseases in humans
| Disease Deaths per 10 000 people | Pathogen survival time
infected outside the human host
(days)
| Chickenpox 3 1
Diphtheria 200 370
Influenza 10 4
Mumps 5 1
Smallpox 9.998 885
| ‘Whooping cough 100 2
(@) Which disease in the table is the most dangerous? Give TWO reasons for your 2
answer,
(b) Evaluate the effectiveness of a vaccination program for ONE named disease 4
from the table.
2007 HSC O21
118 STRIVE Biology 12 « Past HSCQ.& A © Odlum & Garner Question 45 (4 marks)
A new product has been developed to kill pathogens in drinking water.
Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of the product,
Question 46 (3 marks)
Complete the following table
2008 HSC O19
2009 HSC O16
Pathogen Distinguishing characteristic | Disease caused by this type of
of the pathogen pathogen
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoans
© Odlum & Garner —
MODULE 7~ Infectious Disease 119 Question 47 (3 marks)
In twelfth-century China, people seeking protection from smallpox removed scabs 3
from people mildly scarred from the disease. These scabs were then ground and
inhaled as powder. Similarly, in the seventeenth century, an Englishwoman, Mary
Montagu, injected bits of smallpox scabs into healthy children to protect them from
the disease.
In the light of our current knowledge about the immune response, explain why these
practices were successful.
2001 HSC 023
Question 48 (3 marks)
Using an example, describe how a disease can be caused by an imbalance of 3
microflora in humans.
2006 HSC 025
120 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ& A (© Odlum & Garner Question 49 (3 marks)
(a) Identify ONE type of 7 lymphocyte.
(b) Distinguish between the functions of B cells and T cells.
2004 SC.Q20
Question 50 (3 marks)
Construct a table to identify THREE types of T-lymphocytes, and outline the role of
each type in the immune response.
3
2009 SC 022
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7~ infectious Disease
121 Question 51 (4 marks)
A standard NSW vaccination schedule for diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) is 4
shown.
Age
2 months
4 months
6 months
18 months
4 years
Propose reasons for the frequent vaccination between 2 months and 4 years.
2003 HSC 028
‘Question 52 (3 marks)
The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in. 3
some species of bacteria, Hence the effectiveness of using antibiotics for the treatment
of bacterial infections is being threatened. Explain how antibiotic resistance has
developed in bacteria.
Adayted 2003 HSC Q19
122 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ&.A (© Odlum & Garner Question $3 (6 marks)
(a) A gardener noticed a red and swollen area on
scratch from a thorn on a plant.
arm that had received a deep 1
Idemtify the most likely human defence adaptation that caused these symptoms.
(b) After a number of days, the gardener’s arm remained red and swollen, so he if
visited his doctor who prescribed an antibiotic to treat the infection.
Why did the doctor prescribe an antibiotic to treat the infection?
(©) The gardener should have taken the antibiotic for ten days but stopped after 4
five days because the arm was no longer red or swollen.
Explain how this action by the gardener might lead to antibiotic resistance.
2006 HSC Q28
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7 Infectious Disease 123 Question 54 (4 marks)
A fisherman pricked his finger on a fish hook. Soon after he noticed that the injured
finger was red and swollen. Some time later he felt a throbbing sensation in his arm.
His doctor prescribed a course of antibiotics.
(a) Identify TWO defence adaptations used by the body in response to the injury. 2
(b) Identify the role of the antibiotics in the management of this injury. 2
2009 HSC 025
Question 55 (3 marks)
Antibiotics are drugs widely used in most industrialised societies. They are used to 3
treat bacterial infections, are added to animal feed, and have been included in plastic
products such as sandwich bags.
Explain TWO possible effects of this widespread use of antibiotics on the likely
spread of disease in the future.
2001 HSC 925
124 STRIVE Biology 12 * Past HSCQ&A © Odlum & Garner ‘Question 56 (4 marks)
Further avian influenza outbreaks in
Indonesia
Avian influenza has been found closer to
Australian shores, with more outbreaks
in Indonesia.
‘The spread of the disease has slowed
across most Asian countries, but in
Indonesia it has spread as far south as
Lombok and West Timor,
The Australian Chicken Growers
Council says the new outbreaks don’t
mean Australia’s chances of contracting
the disease are any greater, but high
quarantine measures remain in place.
Using avian influenza as an example, evaluate the effectiveness of quarantine 4
measures in Australia.
2006 HSC O19
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7 Infectious Disease 125 Question 57 (3 marks)
Public health programs, pesticides and genetic engineering are used to control and/or 3
prevent disease.
Using an example, explain how ONE of these strategies has been used to control
or prevent disease within the community.
2004 HSC 022
‘Question 58 (5 marks)
(a) Outline the steps you would follow in a first-hand investigation of pathogens and 3
insect pests in plant shoots and leaves,
(b) Describe ONE possible risk in this investigation and ONE precaution needed to 2
maintain safety.
2009 HSC Q20
126 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ&A © Odlum & Garner Question 59 (3 marks)
A student working in a restaurant kitchen is required to wear disposable gloves and
hat when preparing food.
(a) Explain how this practice as
sin the control of disease. 2
(b) Identify another hygiene practice that reduces the risk of infection. 1
2007 HSC O16
Question 60 (5 marks)
On a ship at sea there is an outbreak of a disease affecting the human digestive system. 3
Explain how cleanliness in food, water and personal hygiene practices on the ship
could assist in controlling this disease.
2009 HSC QIS
© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7 infectious Disease 127 Question 61 (3 marks)
‘The Tasmanian devil is in danger of becoming extinct due to an infectious disease 3
causing facial tumours. The animals slowly starve and usually die within six months
of showing tumours. Populations in the western third of Tasmania currently remain
free of this disease.
Justify the steps you would take to ensure that a population of Tasmanian devils
remains disease free.
2008 HSC 026
Question 62 (5 marks)
Disease studies often require data and/or information to be gathered from secondary sources.
(@) Describe how a student could process and analyse data and information gathered
from secondary sources on an infectious disease.
(b) Outline how a student could assess the reliability of the data they obtained,
4128 STRIVE Biology 12 « Past HSCQ&A © Calum & Garner Question 63 (4 marks)
To study the effect of an antibiotic on three strains of bacteria (A, B, C), agar plates
were set up as shown,
sane antibiotic
2 X placed on
each plate
~ no bacteria
e
Agar plate 1 | Agar plate2 | Agar plate 3
—™ ) KEY
AO kK) KS _Dise of the
[S| surface covered |Surface covered {Surface covered
& | with bacterium 4] with bacterium B |with bacterin
2
Incubation 37°C, 48 hours
2
—"™Bacterial growth
The plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The diagrams of plates 1, 2 and 3
depict the results.
@)
(b)
(©)
Write a conclusion to the experiment. 1
Identify ONE safe work practice used to minimise risks associated with 1
handling or identifying microbes.
In humans, bacterial infections are often treated with antibiotics. Explain why 2
the complete course of antibiotics should be taken, even if the symptoms of
infections have disappeared.
2004 HSC 027
© Odlum & Gamer MODULE 7~ infectious Disease 129 Answers
Module 7: Infectious Disease
Multiple choice
I
9.
A
D
17. B
25,
33,
c
B
2B SE Bie 4, Die SosBior) 16) Diol) Bae Baa
0D WC 2B 13.C MA 1B IA
A 12D 2B WA 2B BD 4D
%A 2C WD 2B wD B.D. 32D
3A 35D
Explanations
2
A
To make the water safe to drink, disease-causing microorganisms must be removed or
killed. (A) is the answer as this would destroy most microorganisms. (B) is incorrect
as this filtering would allow many microorganisms to pass through the pores of the
fabric. (C) is incorrect, as only the heavier contaminants would sink, and any
microorganisms would still be present. The ultraviolet rays in sunlight would not be
intense enough to sterilise the water. So (D) is incorrect.
‘The independent variable is the variable that changes, i.e. the water treatment
(chlorine/boiling). The control, Sample C, has all conditions the same as the
experimental groups (Samples 4 and B) but without the water treatment, ie. all
groups are in the same size plate with the same sterile agar and same pond water.
‘The dependent variable is the number of colonies that grow, as in (B).
The only concern for health authorities would be whether the water was free of
pathogens and hence safe to drink. So (B) is the answer. The other problems listed
can be overcome in time and are not the concern of health authorities. So (A), (C) and
(D) are incorrect.
The food we eat is never completely free of microbes. So (D) is the answer and (A) is,
incorrect. (B) is incorrect as these organisms are in foods and so not pathogenic, as
seen in the table, Some microbes grown in or on the human body can cause disease,
but are not necessarily on this cheeseburger. So (C) i i
130. STRIVE Biology 12 « Past HSCQ&A (© Odlum & Garner B
D
B
8&8 OC
% DD
0. D
1 we
Al pathogens are disease-causing organisms and so all pathogens are infectious. Only
some pathogens are viral, and they can be microscopic or macroscopic. So (B) is the
only possible answer.
Prions are a type of pathogen. They are made from protein and can cause
degeneration of brain tissue by altering the normal proteins in brain cells. So (D) is
the answer. Since prions are a protein, they do not release toxins, so (A) is incorrect.
Viral infections are caused by viruses, not prions, so (B) is incorrect, Prions do not
contain DNA, so (C) is incorrect.
‘The features described are the symptoms that a person might experience if they have
SARS. So (B) is the answer. Controls are used to prevent the spread of « disease,
methods of transmission are the ways in which a disease is passed from one person to
another, and wamings are signs or advice about something. So (A), (C) and (D) are
incorrect.
Of the four scientists, only Pasteur actually identified that microbes were the cause of
disease and decay. So (C) is the answer. Watson and Crick are known for developing
the Watson and Crick DNA model showing that DNA has a double helix structure.
While Koch was known for showing how to identify that a disease was caused by a
particular microbe. So (A), (B) and (D) are incorrect.
Koch showed that a particular microorganism caused a specific disease. So (D) is the
answer, as it is about the bacteria, Heliobacter pylori, being associated with the
disease, stomach uleers. (A) is incorrect as Koch’s work was about finding a
causative pathogen for a disease, not on immunisation. (B) is incorrect as it does not
link a specific pathogen to a specific disease. (C) is incorrect as vitamin C deficiency
is a non-infectious disease that is not related to Koch's work.
(D) correctly describes the results and how microbes re-entered Flask Q. Microbes.
would be present in the air around the flasks. So (A) is incorrect. There would have
been microbes in both flasks initially. So (B) is incorrect. Boiling the broth would
have killed all the microbes in both Flasks P and Q. So (C) is incorrect.
Koch's postulates should be followed to establish if a particular bacterium is the
cause of a disease. (C) is the only answer that follows Koch’s postulates. (A) is
incorrect as it does not isolate the microbe from the infected host and use it to see if it
causes the same disease in a healthy host. (B) is incorrect as it uses blood instead of a
bacterium from the infected host. (D) is incorrect as the antibiotic would probably
destroy other bacteria as well, making ult to determine which bacterium was
responsible.
© Odlum & Gamer MODULE 7—ANSWERS 131 12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
it,
A pathogen presents as an antigen to the immune system. T helper lymphocytes are
activated in response to the stimulation of T lymphocytes by an antigen. So (B) is the
answer. The presence of a pathogen activates B lymphocytes to produce antibodies,
not antigens. So (C) is incorrect. T lymphocytes do not produce antibodies. So (A) is
incorrect. Macrophages and neutrophils, not the B lymphocytes, phagocytose the
pathogen. So (D) is incorrect.
T-helper cells recognise antigens and stimulate B cells and other T cells. So (C) is the
answer. B cells form plasma cells which produce specific antibodies. So (D)
incorrect. Inflammation is a reaction to infection and not a function of T-helper cells.
So (A) is incorrect. (B) is incorrect as this is a function of white blood cells such as
neutrophils and monocytes, and not of T-helper cells.
Cilia are one of the physical barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens into humans,
‘Whereas antigens, B lymphocytes and the inflammation response are all part of the
immune response which occurs after a pathogen has already entered. So (A) is the
only possible answer.
Tissue rejection occurs if the donor's tissue does not closely match the recipient’s
tissue. Donor tissue that does not match brings about an antigen-antibody response. In
this case, the man donated his own left fingers that contained the same antigens as
those in his right hand. So (B) is the answer and (D) is incorrect. It had nothing to do
with whether his first line defences were functional or not, nor on the number of
lymphocytes present. So (A) and (C) are incorrect,
Antigens are an organism/molecule (e.g. pathogens, splinters, organ donations,
venom) that triggers an immune response. If the antigen also causes histamines to be
released, an allergic reaction has occurred to that antigen. Hence (A) is the answer.
Antidotes are substances that counteract a poison/toxin, antibodies are produced by
the immune system in response to antigens, and antihistamines are drugs that
prevent/reduce allergic effects. So (B), (C) and (D) are incorrect,
Phagocytosis is part of the innate immune response and involves monocytes,
neutrophils and macrophages engulfing antigens (microorganisms and other foreign
materials) and destroying them. So (B) is the answer. Antibodies are produced by the
immune system in response to invasion by antigens, inflammation is the body’s
reaction to an infection and is typically associated with reddening of the skin, while
vaccination is the injecting of a person with a vaccine to induce active immunity
against a pathogen. So (A), (C) and (D) are incorrect.
132 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ.&A © Odlum & Garner 18.
19.
20.
2.
2,
23,
‘The response described is the inflammatory response. So (A) is the answer.
Cell differentiation is the process by which similar cells in a multicellular organism
become specialised. So (B) is incorrect. The inflammatory response works in advance
of the adaptive immune response which involves the production and action of
antibodies and activation of T-cells and B-cells. So (C) and (1D) are incorrect.
Phagocytosis is the engulfing and ingesting of foreign particles by phagocytic wl
blood cells as shown in the diagram. So (D) is the answer. Cytokinesis oceurs in cell
division, inflammation is the swelling, redness, heat and/or pain, ete as a reaction to
an injury or infection, and osmosis is the movement of water from a high to a low
concentration, So (A), (B) and (C) are incorrect.
Antigens are foreign materials and pathogens that trigger a response from the immune
system. Antigens bring about the production of antibodies via the immune response to
act against them. Inflammation can occur in response to invasion by an antigen to
assist the body’s phagocytes in destroying and removing the antigen. So (B) is the
answer.
Tells recognise antigens that are foreign to the body, not antibodies. So (D) is
incorrect. This causes 7 cells to produce cytokines which stimulate the produetion of
Killer 7 cells and stimulate B cells to divide into plasma cells which produce
antibodies and memory B cells. Only (A) correctly shows this. 7 cells do not produce
antibodies as in (B) and (C), nor do B cells stimulate 7 cells as in (B),
The skin and chemical barriers (such as chemicals/salt on the skin and the acidic
urine/vaginal environment) are part of the body’s barriers to entry and act to prevent
the entry of pathogens into the body. So (B) is the answer. Phagocytosis and the
inflammation response are part of the body's second line of defence and occur after
the entry of pathogens into the body. So (A), (C) and (D) are incorrect.
Quarantine is a period of isolation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. So,
imported horses must be quarantined for a period before they can be released to check
that they do not carry pathogens that could cause an infectious disease that we do not
want in Australia, as in (D). They will acclimatise with or without quarantine. So (A)
is incorrect. The spread of a pathogen to other horses is more of a risk than the spread
to humans, So (B) is incorrect. Quarantine does not prevent a horse, once it has
arrived in Australia, from becoming infected by a pathogen present in Australia,
So (C) is incorrect.
Quarantine is the isolation of infected organisms to prevent them spreading an
infectious disease, as well as preventing the entry of unwanted pests and diseases into
aan area, So (D) is the answer. It does not involve sterilisation procedures, so (B) and
(C) are incorrect. It does not mean going to infested areas and destroying the affected
(© Odlum & Garner MODULE 7—ANSWERS 133 25.
26.
27.
28.
29,
organisms there, but rather it involves preventing their being transported to an area
that is not infected, so (A) is incorrect.
Keeping soil that may be infected out of the area where Wollemi Pines grow would
act as a physical control measure to prevent the spread of the fungus into that area.
So (C) is the answer. Inspecting soil samples would not prevent spread of the fungus
— it would only observe if the fungus was there; nor would commercially producing
Wollemi pines prevent contamination of the area where they grow naturally. So (A)
and (B) are incorrect. Since Wollemi Pines are unique to Australia, they are not
imported. So (D) is incorrect.
An essential part of disease control is the isolation/quarantining of diseased animals
and vaccinating healthy animals (if possible) to prevent them getting the disease,
as in (A). There is no point in vaccinating diseased animals as their bodies wil
already be producing antibodies. So (B) is incorrect. There is no indication about how
the disease is transmitted or if there is a vector for it, so isolating the diseased animals
from healthy animals on its own might have no effect in preventing the spread of the
disease. So (C) is incorrect. Antiseptics do not act as a vaccine nor as a treatment for
diseases. It would also be impractical to wash all the animals in a herd and possibly
ineffective depending on how the disease is transmitted. So (D) is incorrect.
Vaccines, such as the polio vaccine, act as an antigen and so bring about the
production of antibodies via the immune response. This results in the produetion of
memory B cells, not cytotoxic T cells. So (C) is the answer and (B) is incorrect. The
inflammation response does not produce antibodies or memory B or T cells, so
inflammation does not provide effective immunity to diseases such as polio. So (A)
and (D) are incorrect.
lates or activates a person's immune response to destroy
munisation helps to eliminate various pathogens that are present
in the population, which reduces the chance of other people becoming infected by
these pathogens, as in (D). Immunisation does not suppress or reduce the immune
response. So (B) is incorrect. It involves the injection or ingestion of antigens into the
body. The antigens do not kill the pathogens, but trigger the immune response into
action. So (A) is incorrect. Immunisation has no effect on barriers such as the skin,
ete, nor does it stop the entry of pathogens. Rather, it triggers an immune response
after the pathogen has entered the body. So (C) is incorrect.
A vaccine brings about an immune response and immunological memory to a
particular antigen, resulting in the production of specific antibodies against that
n, so that a disease is prevented on subsequent exposure to that antigen.
Only (B) correctly describes how vaccines work. Vaccines do not do any of the
other choices. So (A), (C) and (D) are incorrect.
134 STRIVE Biology 12 + Post HSCQ&A © Odlum & Garner 30.
3.
32.
33.
Resistant pathogens that survived the drug were able to reproduce and hence inerease
in numbers. So, after a week, inflammation returned as a symptom. So (D) is the
answer. (A) is incorrect as the drug is designed to affect the pathogen, not the patient.
‘The development of drug resistance by pathogens is not related to inflammation in the
patient, So (B) is incorrect. Although (C) provides a possible reason for the return of,
the inflammation, it is not related to drug resistance in bacteria, So (C) is incorrect.
An
effective against fungi, viruses or prions. So (D)
are incorrect.
jotics are substances that inhibit the growth of, or destroy, bacteria. They are not
is the answer, and (A), (B) and (C)
[Note: Food poisoning is iste here us bei
pathogens that ean eause food poisoning, including many viruses.
‘those cases of food poisoning that do involve bacterial pathogens]
caused by bacteria. In reality, there ane a variety of possible
0, untbioties are only appropriate for
The swabs at Day 8 and 15 show that Species 1 has decreased in numbers. The
antibiotic has obviously affected Species 1, while Species 2 has not been affected.
Species 2 would have increased in numbers as it no longer has competition for food
resources. So (D) is the answer. Species I cannot be a food source for Species 2 as its
numbers decrease so dramatically. So (A) is incorrect. There is not enough data to
know whether Species I and 2 are fungi or bacteria. So (B) is incorrect. Species 2
may have changed the chemical conditions, but it is far more likely that the antibiotic
affected the number of Species 1. So (C) is incorrect.
If strains of pathogens are resistant to drugs such as antibiotics, the diseases they
cause will be untreatable with these drugs, as in (B). The pathogens will still cause
the same diseases as before, not new diseases. So (A) is incorrect. If'a pathogen
releases a toxin, it will do this whether it is resistant to a drug or not. So (C) is
incorrect. A single drug has rarely ever treated all strains of a pathogen, i.e. different
strains of a pathogen usually require a different drug. So (D) is incorrect.
Antibiotics kill and inhibit the growth of bacteria. They have no influence on viruses,
prions or macro-parasites. So (A) is the only possible answer.
For most viral diseases, there are no drugs that can kill or inhibit the causative virus.
So (B) is incorrect, Antiviral drugs exist for some specific diseases caused by
such as influenza and HIV. These drugs help to manage such diseases, rather than
cure them, So (D) is the answer. Antivirals are not used to treat bacterial diseases. So
(A) and (C) are incorrect.
ses,
(© Odlum & Gorner MODULE 7—ANSWERS 135 Short-answer questions
36. (a) A pathogen is an organism or agent that causes a disease in a host.
(by Characieristiesfeature of organism
7 Cellular, prokaryotic organism,
Bacteria :
Reproduces independently. Can be grown in an agar plate.
‘Non-cellular structure, made from protein either DNA or RNA,
Virus Can only reproduce if inside a living host cell, e.g. live chicken
embryo
37. (a) Any ONE of the following:
+ Run off containing animal wastes from a nearby farm.
+ Leakage from a septic system on a nearby farm.
+ Dead animals upstream,
+ Humans (e.g. hikers) disposing food or excrement upstream.
(b) Pathogenic microbes can cause an infection in people who consume the water
(©) _ Disinfection — the addition of a chemical such as chlorine to disinfect the water kills
most of the pathogens present. This reduces the risk of live pathogens being present
which could cause an infection in those who consume the water.
38. Pasteur and Koch made significant contributions to the understanding of disease that led to
‘our present understanding of how to identify. treat and prevent many infectious diseases.
Pasteur showed that microbes caused disease and that microorganisms did not occur due to
spontaneous generation, but came from pre-existing microorganisms. He developed
pasteurisation, the heating of fluids such as milk to destroy pathogens, which was soon
adopted as an important way of protecting the public from diseases. This led to a better
understanding of the need for hygiene, sanitation and water treatment for the prevention of
infectious diseases.
Pasteur also found that chickens, which had previously survived a mild attack of cholera,
could survive an injection of a highly virulent strain of cholera. From this he developed a
vaccine against rabies, as well as other vaccines. This work led to an understanding of the
role of immunisation in preventing many diseases.
Koch was successfl in identifying that the cause of anthrax was a particular microbe. This
led him to develop four postulates that must be satisfied to prove that a particular
microorganism caused a particular disease. His method is still used today.
136 STRIVE Biology 12 + Past HSCQ.&A (© Odlum & Garner Pasteur and Koch’s findings are important as they led to other scientists developing
procedures now used in infection control, such as the sterilisation of instruments, and to the
continued development of many more vaccines.
39. Name of the disease: Rubella (or German measles)
| Feature Description
Cause Rubella virus
Symptoms | Sore throat, fever, headache, rash (most noticeable on upper body),
enlarged neck glands.
Treatment | Fluids, analgesics (such as paracetamol) to relieve or reduce pain and
fever.
Prevention | Isolation of infected persons to prevent contact with non-infected persons.
Immunisation will reduce the incidence of Rubella in the community (it is
best if it is given to all babies, and also to teenage girls if they have not
had this vaccine as the virus can adversely affect unborn foetuses).
[Note: (1) Answers fortis wil vary ~as you will have studied a varity of infectious diseases caused! by
pathogens (ee. microorganisms, macroorganisms and non-