ooo ‘GEOGRAPHY, 01 Resources and Development Resources Gries ee fren vaable in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs, whichis © Types of Resources tcholgaly aceite, economically feasible and culturally acceptable canbe termed 88, Dorloprant oR route Resouces are those things in che environment that ae Used to satiy our news. presse PaaS n, | | technology and institutions (structures), they transform materials available in the ens Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. With the help of, Land esatoad ‘ature into economically useful resources. Land Degradation ana Types of Resources ae Measinys ; ure Naural resources can be classified as follows Camencaliiiof ebis On the Basis of Origin Soll Erosion and Sot Conservation (0 Biotic Resources These resources are obtained from biosphere and have life i ‘human beings, livestock, flora and fauna, fisheries, et. i) pcg Resources These resources are composed of nomliving things e.g., rocks and neal Onthe Basis of Exhaustibllity or Limitation of Use (0 Renewable Resources The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by ‘pring physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known a8 renewable or ‘eplenishable resources, eg. solar energy, wind energy forest, water, wildlife, etc.It can be further subdivided into rwo forms (a) Flow or Continuous Resources These resources can be used continuously as they get replenished casily e.g. water, wind. (b) Biological Resources These resources are formed by biological process. [isthe dividd into uo Oe ‘+ Natural vegetation (forest cover and flora) + Wildlife (fauna) (i) Non-renewable Resources These resources are formed through long geological time period and cannot be renewed easily, eg. minerals, metals and fossil fuels. ‘These resources may further be divided as + Recyclable Metals can be recycled by technological application so they are recyclable resources. + NonRecyclable Fossil fuels burn readily and get exhausted with their single use. They cannot be recycled so they are non-recyclable resources. On the Basis of Ownership (}) Individual Resources ‘These resources are owned privately by individuals, e.g. plantation, pasture land, farmland, water in well, pond, etc. (i) Community Owned Resources These resources are ‘equally accessible to all the members of the community, eg, grazing grounds, burial ground, ponds in village, public parks, etc. (ui) National Resources These resources are under the control of nation/country, eg. canal, railways, roads, minerals, forests, wildlfe, land within political ‘boundaries and the oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources belong to the nation. (iv) International Resources There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The ‘oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone! belong to open ocean and ‘no individual country can utilise these without the permission of international institutions, Note India has the right to mine manganese nodules from Indian Ocean beyond this zone. On the Basis of the Status of Development (i) Potential Resources Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised, e.g. solar and wind energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan. (ii) Developed Resources Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity is determined for utilisation, eg. coal, petroleum, ete, ashility of technology and level of accessibiliny Aa lopment of hese Tsou (ui) Seodk Maer inthe erwironment wich Lie the 5 Mareciafy human need ut human being, poten propa technology 10 ACES thee, ay iheluded among stock eg. hydrogen present in wary can be a rich resource of energy, but technical eed, eg. ver water for hydel see bot they are used only toa limited exent. Development of Resources There is a need for development of resources as over utliatin of resources by humans has led to many problems like «Resources are depleted for satisfying the greed of few individuals. «The accumulation of resources divided the society into rich and poor. «Over utilisation of resources led to the global ecological crisis, eg, global warming, ozone layer depletion, ‘environmental pollution and land degradation. ‘An equal distribution of resources therefore, is essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace otherwise cour planet will be in danger. This can be achieved through sustainable development and resource planning. Sustainable Development Sustainable development means development shoul take pace ‘without damaging the envionment. In other words, the present ace of development should not compromise with the needs of the future generation. Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 ‘The first International Earth Sumimit was held in Rio De Janeiro {In June 1992, The summit addressed the problems of ‘environmental protection and socio-economic development Leaders of more than 100 countries signed the Declaration on ‘Global climatic change and Biological Diversity. They also adopted ‘Global Forest Principles and Agenda 21 Agenda 21 ‘ts a declaration signed at che United Nations Conference 0” Environment and (UNCED) in 1992 at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ‘calms to combat , disease through global co-operation, etc. It also aims that every local ovement should draw is own ea! Agenda 21 “TY Bxdusive Economic Zone This i the seo zone prescribed by the Unit omen whieh special ight Be ate art eomsoeen Seams Son ree ee en eT ee 2. Know-How Know-how i a tem for practic! knowledge in tems of expert sil, information ete.= gesource Planning in India refers to the strategy adopeed for FE eeof the available resources jp nd, 18 very lmportanc because some regions are Int resources while some are deficient. There is Morne of via Tesourees in some areas while sorme ia re self sufficient in resources, Sone comps ofl Mates tke Jharkhand, Chhartagarh and Madhya adesh are rich in coal and minerals, but lack |and institutional support. «Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources, but sacs in infrastructure development. |: Rajthan is well endowed with wind and solar energy, hut lacks water resources. | The cold desert’ of Ladakh lacks natural resources, alchough it has a rich culeural heritage. process of Resource Planning in india ‘The complex process of resource planning in India is aided into three stages. ‘They ar as follows (0) Menafication and inventory of resources across the regions of the country, This involves surveying, ‘mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. W Planning for resource development using appropriate ‘il, technology and institutional set up. ad Matching the resource development plans with ‘overall national development plans. {dia followed the policy of resource planning from the ven first Five Year Plan rightly after the Independence. Resources and Colonisation « Rich natural resources of colonies were the main amractions for foreign invaders. « Technological development of the colonising countries hadped them to exploit resources of the colonised epons, + India has experienced by colonisation that the availability of recurces as well asthe echnotogy and! quality of human resource are needed for proper development Conservation of Resources Irrational consumption and overutilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. Resource conservation at various levels is important to ‘overcome these problems. Some views and events that contribute to conserve the resources are as follows + Gandhiji viewed that there is enough resources for everybody's need but not for anybody's greed. He was ‘against mass production and wanted to replace it with, production by the masses. * Atthe international level, resource conservation was advocated for the fist ime in 1968 at club of Rome. In 1974, Schumacher in his book small is beautiful, accepted Gandhian philosophy of resource conservation. + In 1987, the Brundtland Commission* Report, extensively mentioned the necessity of resources conservation. Italso advocated the concept of Sustainable Development which was subsequently published in a book titled Our Common Future. GED In which category of resources would metals be classified? Give an example of 2 non-renewable resource that fs non- recyclable aso, [Name two states that are backward inspite of having rich ‘mineral deposits. In June 1992, UNCED was held at. ‘The identification and proper development of resources in @ systematic manner I called snus Land Resources Land is a very important natural resource as it supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, various economic activities, ransport and communication systems, etc, Land is limited so, it needs to be used with careful planning. 5a desert A cold desert refers ‘covered place in higher latitudes (temperate jem Sauce aces, Poa ed eer hea eeon ryote are re cae eee te Ses ome ey et oma Ene. ee ED ctr a| India’s geographical area comprises a variety of relief features which are * 43 per cent plain land area for agriculture and industry. * 27 per cent plateaus which is source of minerals, fosil fuels and forests. * 30 per cent mountains which provide perennial river water and sites for tourism and ecological aspects. Land Utilisation In India, land resources are used for the following purpose © Forests (i) Land not available for cultivation (a) Barren and waste land (6) Land put to norvagricultural uses, eg. buildings, roads, factories, etc. (ii) Other uncultivated land (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves (not included in net sown area) (© Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) iv) Fallow lands (land left uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year) (a) Current fallow (or less than 1 year) () Other than current fallow (land not cultivated for the past 1 10 5 agricultural years). () Net Sown Area are sown with crops (a) Gross cropped area’ which include the area sown more than once in an argiculrural year and the net sown area. Land Use Pattern in India ‘The use of land is determined by the following factors () Physical Factors These include climate, soil type, topography, etc. (i) Human Factors These include population density, cultural, traditions, technological capability, etc. Total area of India is 3.28 million sq km. In India, land use data is available for only 93 per cent of total area. It is because land use reporting of North-Eastern states except Assam and some part of Jammu and Kashmir has not been surveyed (occupied by Pakistan and China). 5 6 National Forest Policy Indian Government has ‘Cropped Area Arca sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area. Between 196061 and 2014-15, major changes tok pac land wse patter which were as follows () Area under forests is far less than 33 per cent, ys is necessary for maintenance of the ecological ba, 1s per the National Forest Policy’ of 1952. (i) The land under permanent pastures is very low ang still decreasing. (ii) Most of the other than current fallow land are of poor quality or cost of cultivation of such land is =, high. These lands are cultivated once or twice in about two to three years and if these are included the net sown area, then NSA becomes 54 per cent Net Sown Area in Different States + The pattern of Net Sown Area varies widely between different states. + It is over 80 per cent in Punjab and Haryana due to intensive agricultural facilities. * Itis less than 10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Land Degradation and Conservation Measures 95% of basic needs for food, shelter and clothing ar obtained from land. But human activities have degrade! lands and also increased the pace of damage to lands caused by natural forces. Some of the causes of land degradation are as follows * Deforestation, overgrazing and expansion of mining = + Natural factors like wind and water cause erosion of SF soil which also led to land degradation. » Due to mining and quarrying deep scars on land can ‘seen which led to land degradation. » Mineral processing is also responsible for land degradation. For example, due to grinding of limes for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry large amounts of dust is When this duse is sertled down om the land it ree water infiltration into the soil. * Induscrial effluents (liquid waste/sewage) have oute! land and water pollution in many areas. for preserva soit os implemented a comprehensive policy tion, development and oe forest resource. india sone of the very few countries of the world where forest policy ts in operation since 1894 and entirely ree and 1968,as Causes and Areas of Land Degradation ‘Areas where Land __ Degradation has Occurred ‘wtefoggig du 0 over causing ncvease in Westem part of Utar Pradesh soyarcosainny a ‘Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pradesh and the iy states eiNotem nde In pocets al over inia lnftaton Into the sol q Conservation Measures Towle the problems of land degradation, the methods en below can be employed () Afforestation and proper management of grazing lands. (i Discharge and disposal of industrial wastes after treatment. (@ Control over mining activites. (wx) Planting of shelter belts of trees in arid areas. () Control on overgrazing. («) Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. (ri) Managing waste lands. GEE | What percentage of land in india is put for agricultural uses? 2 Whats the total geographical area of india? ) How much area should be under forest cover to maintain ‘cological balance? ‘+ Name two states where land degradation is caused by overgrazing, {5 best way of land conservation in the arid areas. Soil as a Resource Soll is the most. important renewable natural resource 4 ictakes millions of years to form soil upto a few ‘entioeter in depeh. Some feaneres of soil are * Soil isa living system and supports different types of living organisms. e e *+ The important factors in the soil formation are relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and forms of life. * Forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc also contribute to soil formation. * Soil consists of both inorganic and organic materials (ie. humus). Classification of Soils Soils in India are classified on the basis of chemical and physical properties like colour, thickness, texture, age, etc into the following Alluvial Soils Alluvial soil is the most widespread soil in India, which has been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems i.e. the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Duc to its high fertility, areas having this soil are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Some features of alluvial soil are given below * It is mostly found in river valleys of the Northern Plains (dus, Ganga, Brahmaputra), parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, in Eastern coastal plains, especially in the deltas of Peninsular rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri). * leis made up of si, sand and clay. It is rich in nutrients like potash, phosphoric acid and lime. ~ It is suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugareane and other cereal and pulse crops. * Iemore common in the piedmont plains that are at the ‘foothills such as Duars, Chos and Terai, * On the basis of age, it can be categorised as Bangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new alluvial). Bangar soil is coarse but Khadar soil has fine particles and is more feril Bangar contains Kankar nodules, * Alluvial soil in the drier areas is more alkaline and rn fertilisers and good irrigation. —— * The particles ofthis sili bigger towards the river val and this sol is coarse in upper reaches ofvalley.Black Soils Black soil is also known as black cotton soi or regur soil. The factors that are important for the formation of black soil are climatic condition along with parent rock material, Some features of black soil are given below + Itis found in the Deccan trap’ (Basalt) region and is made up of lava flows. * Tecovers the plateau areas of Saurashtra, Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and also lies along the valleys of the Godavari and Krishna rivers. + [eis made up of extremely fine i. clayey material and suitable for growing cotton. + [eis rich in nutrients like calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash and lime, but is poor in phosphoric content. «+ tedevelops deep erncks during the bot sun, which helps in aeration of the sol It beccny” sticky (due to their capacity 10 hold tvistupy retention) when wet and become difcul yh, tilled. Red and Yellow Soils ‘The features of red and yellow soll are as follouy + Tels red in colour due to diffusion of iron particles into crystalline and metamorphic rocks! in low rainfall sreas of the Deccan platen, (Eamtern and Southern parts). + Teturns yellow when it occurs in a hydraved form. © Its found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern parts of Middle Gang Plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats Laterite Soils ‘The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word later which means brick. Laterite soil develops in tropical and sub-tropical climate with alternative wet and dry season, Some features of laterite soll are given below * Iris formed in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall resulting in intense leaching’ due to heavy rains. Ic supports deciduous, evergeen forests as itis rich in humus. However at some places itis poot in humus due to semiarid environment. Iris found mostly in Western Ghats reyion of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-East regions. * [eis more acidic with pH < 6.0 and deficient in plant nutrients. Itcan be made cultivable with adequate amounts of manure and chemical fertilisers. In hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, tea and coffee is grown in this soil. *+ Red laterite soll is found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh and it is suitable for growing cashew nuts. 7 Deccan tap if large bgncous ares located on the deccan plateau of West central Indl. 8 Metamorphic rocks Rocks formed from the chonge in physical and chemical characteristics of existing rocks. 9. Leaching Draining sway of the plant nutrients from the soll due to excess rainfall,id Soils: 4d Soil is found in dry areas. In some areas, commot A Shane inthis sil due to evaporation of mace Se artes of ard cil are given below + Teissandy in texture, red to brown in colour and saline in anu. « Telacks humus and moisture due to dry climate, high temperature and faster rate of evaporation, + Iecan be useful for cultivation only with suitable {ergation methods as in case of Western Rajasthan, « Kankar are found inthe lower horizons of cis sol. [eis due to increasing calsium content downwards, which restit the inflation of water. Forest Soils Forest soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. ome features of forest oF mountain soils are given below « Ievaries in texture from loamy and silty in valley sides to. ‘course grained in the upper slopes. + Due to lack of forest cover in the snow covered area of Himalayas, itis acidic with low humus content due to denudation. + Iris found in lower parts of valleys particularly on the rive terraces Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Soil erosion is the removal of the soil cover and subsequent washing down of top soil. The process of soil formation and erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two processes. However, this balance is disturbed due to natural and human causes which is needed to be conserved. Natural Causes Exwion through wind, glacier and water are natural causes. Wind Erosion * Itisa common cause of land degradation in the arid and semiarid grazing lands. * lisone of the processes leading to desertification, * Simficant wind erosion occurs when strong winds blow ove light textured soils that have been heavily grazed uring periods of drought. * Totackle the problem of wind erosion, some yaya of conservation can be taken, These are Strip Cropping In this metho, lange fields can be divided into sri, Seep of grass are let wo row berween the crops, This breaks the foree ofthe wind, Shelter Beles In this method, a ine of trees ute planted to create shelter along the ee of fekds, This helps in reducing the speed of wind and! prevent the spread of and in lesen areas ofthe Western Inia Water Erosion *+ Erosion of top layer of soll caused by running water is called water etasion, *+ Water flowing down over a large area causes the top soil tobe washed away. This is called sheet erosion, + Gully" erosion occurs when water flowing down through clayey soil makes deep channels called yulles. This makes Jand unfe for euleivation and is known as bad land, tn the Chambal basin the bad land enused by ules are now as ravines. Ways for conservation of soil from water evasion ave + Planting of trees through community participation lke in Sukhomajei village of Jhabua district. Here tee density increase from 13 per hectare in 1976 to 1272 per hectare in 1992, + Incegrated watershed development through participatory planning lke in Jhabva district of Madhya Pradesh. Human Causes Deforestation, overgrazing and faulty methods of agriculture are human actions which led soil erosion, Ways for contention of sol from human causes are + Contour ploughing and terrace farming in hilly areas, + Restricting animal grazing + Afforesation * Constructing suitable dams [Check point 03} 1 Which fs the most widespread soft in India? Which soll is found in Deccan plateau? sv Fstits the infitration of water In deset soll due to {deposition of calcium content, 4 Name methods of preventing soll erosion by wind, 5 Which method can prevent sol erosion in non-slope areas oF plains? 1 Gay A guly i relathety deep vertical-walled channel, recently formed within» valley where no well-defined channel previously existed,+ Resource planning is essential for sustainable developmen, ‘india because some regions are rich in resources while song” io coportant natura {s imited Land isa very important natural resource. It ‘needs to be used with careful planning. o * Land degradation isa common problem associated with sources which i accnlerated today because of kuman activities like deforestation, overgrazing and mining. “+ Meanures io reduce land degradation are afforestation, ‘controlled grazing. stabilisation of sand dunes etc. “* Soils livingsystem and supports different types of living ‘orgasisms. There are various types of soils found in Indie ‘such as Alluvial, Black, Red and Yellow, Laterite, Arid, Forest ‘sd Mountain soils. NCERT FOLDER On page 2 1 identify atleast two resources from each Category of resources, Ams. (i) Om the basis of origin, nwo resources are (a) Fomil fuels, care (Biotic) (B) Om the basis of echewstibility, t00 resources are (e) Forests, water (Renewable) (8) Coal, aluminium (Non-renewable) (Bi) Om she basis of eumerip, 100 rewurce: are (2) Houses, farms (ladividual) (6) Public parks, community centres (Community (Gs) On she basis of che sxsus of development, #100 (2) Wind 2nd solar energy (Potential) (B) Hydrogen and oxygen in water (Stock) 2. Find out reasons for the low proportion of Net Sown Area in these states (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar). Ams. Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur have Jasper area under forest and hilly undulating sesrain which is unsuitable for cultivation. That's wiry Nex Sown Arca in these sates is lower in proportion than other stares. Andaman and Nicobar does not have hilly mountainous surface but hhave higher area under forest and tribal communitis which perform hunting and gathering rather than cultivation. Exercises on page 12 4 Multiple Choice Questions (@ Which one of the following types of resources is iron ore? (@) Renewable (b) Biotic (©) Flow (d) Non-renewable (@) Under which of the following type of resource tidal energy cannot be (@) Replenishable (b) Human-made (c) Abiotic (d) Non-recyclable (id) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab? (@) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (©) Over irrigation (4) Overgrazing (04) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised? (a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana (¢) Uttarakhand(0) Inwitich ofthe following states black soll is predominantly found? (@) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Maharashtra (c) Rajasthan (2) Jharkhand psd @ GIO A (HO) '5 Answer the following questions in about 30 words, () Name three states having black soil and the ‘rop which is mainly grown int. CBSE 2014 (i) What type of soil is found in the iver deltas of the Eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. (i What stops can be taken to control soil erosion Inthe hilly areas? CBSE 2015 (i) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some exampl ‘ans. () The three states having black soil are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The crops, which mainly grown are cotton, tobacco and sugarcane. (i Alluvial sil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern coast. Three main features of tis ype of soil are (a) Ieis very fertile, (6) Itcontains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime. ()Ikis more alkaline inthe drier areas. (ii) Following step should be taken to consrol soil erosion in the hilly areas (a) Afforestation This is done by planting trees. (6 Terrace farming and contour ploughing This is done across the hill slopes. (0 Restricted grazing of animals Animals should be moved over different pastures s0 as to avoid cerosion of soil. (@ Plugging of gullies By this mechod, gully ‘erosion can be prevented. (is) Biotic resources All resources which are obrained from the biosphere and have life are known as. biotic resources e.g., forests, animals, birds, etc. otic resources All resources which are non-living, are called abiotic resources e.g. rinerl ores, petroleum, etc. 6 Answer the following questions in about 120 Words, (0) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-812 (i) How have technical and economic ‘development led to more consumption of resources? ‘Ans. () Land resources in India ae primarily divided into agricultural land, forestland, land meant for pasture and grazing, land for cher ‘non-agricultural use (such as housing, roads and industry) and waste land (rocky, arid and deser areas). According to recent data available, (2014-15) the percentage of Net Sown Area (NSA) in India is about 45.5% of the total reporting area 23.3% is covered by forests and 3.3896 is used for grazing. ‘The resis wasteland with traces of miscellaneous cultivation, Land under forest has increased by only about 5 per cent since 1960-61 due to following reasons + Improper use of forestland has degraded the available land area and made conservation of forests dificule + Human activites such a deforestation, mining and ‘quarrying have contributed tothe slow growth rate of forests, (i) The following technical and economic development Ihave led 0 more consumption of rsoures (a) Technological development has led 0 indusrialisasion which has increased the use of natural resources. (8) Technological development has converted the subsistence agriculture co commercial agriculeure and this has led to the overutlisation of soil (© Technological development has also improved the process of mining. (d) The development of technology contributed to increase in production of quality goods and provision of bemer service to the people. (©) Economic development has led to increasing urbanisation and modemisation which demand more resources,Multiple Choice Questions 1 Individual, community, national and International Objective Type Questions [1 Mark | ‘Ans. (¢) Alluvial soil 1 Which soil is also known as regur soil? (a) Black soil (b) Red soil (c) Alluvial soil: (d) Laterite soil resources are classified on the basis of (a) origin (b) exhaustibility (©) ownership {4) status of development Ans. (6) ownership 2 Which of the following is not classified on the basis of status of development? (a) Potential resource —_(b) Developed stock resource (c) Reserves resource (4) Renewable resource Ans. (d) Renewable resource 3 The resources which are obtained from biosphere and have life are called (a) biotic (b) abiotic (c) parasitic (4) None of these Ans, (a) biotic 4 The ocean resources beyond 200 nautical miles is classified under which zone? (a) Exclusive Economic Zone (©) Export-processing Zone (c) Special Economic Zone (d) None of the above Ans, (a) Exclusive Economic Zone 5 Which of the following is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life? (a) Resource planning (b) Resource management (c) Resource extraction (4) Resource generation Ans, (a) Resource planning 6 Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as (a) faliow lands (0) gross cropped area (©) cropped area (@) grazing land ‘Ans. (b) gross cropped arca 7 The land which is left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years is called ........? (@) grazing land () fallow (C) culturable wasteland (4) barren and waste land Ans, (0) culturable wasteland 8 Which state among the North-Eastern states has been fully surveyed for its land use? (a) Arunachal Pradesh — (b) Manipur (©) Tripura (@) Assam Ans. (d) Assam 9 Which of the following soil is more common in, Piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai? {a) Black soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Alluvial soil (a) Red soit ‘Ans. (a) Black soil 11 The lower horizons of the arid soil is occupied, kankar due to increasing (@) Calcium content (@) Potash content (©) Lime, potash and phosphorous content {(@) Phosphorous content Ans. (a) Calcium content 12 In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, which of the following soil experiences denudation and is acidic in nature with humus content? (6) Laterite soil (©) Black soil (6) Alluvial soil {@) Forest soil Ans. (d) Forest soil 13 The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as (a) bad land (b) gullies (c) deltas (A) None of these Ans. (b) gullies 14 Consider the following statements about international resources 1. All nations have equal right on them. TL, Procedure of their utilisation is well defined. TIL, All oceans are international resources. Which of the following is/are true? (@) OnlyT (Land I (c) Hand IT (a) Allofthese ‘Ans. (b) I and I 15 Identify the correct reason for the formation of gullies in bad lands. (a) Formed when running water cuts through soils making deep channels. (b) When water flows over large areas down slope (6) When moving wind blows away loose soil of a lands. (d) Formed when ploughing is done in a wrong W®Y Ans, (a) Formed when running water cuts through soils making deep channels. 16 Which of the following statements is not true about terrace cultivation? (a) It is practiced along the line of slope. (b) It reduces the speed of water. (©) Ttultimately reduces soil erosion caused by win# (d) It is generally done in mountainous arees. (q) Itis generally rane Ans. (€) Ic ultimately reduces soil erosion causede the following in the correct sequence, i Brundtland Commission Report {i National Forest Policy of India tis Resource Conservation at the Club of Rome wv. codes (o) 1, Mand 1V fqivl, Lana 1 vs: (@) HL Vand TV Match the Following Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit (0)1,1V, tend ur (4) 11,101, !and tv a | ie ‘A latent voll | 1. High moisture retention B Blacks! —|2.-Intensively cultivated C. Alluvial sot! |3. Sourew of salt D,_ Ad soil Codes ‘Aer CD @i 123 acd aa ae OE eres ” es ‘A Humansand Coal | 1. National resources B Parks and burial — | 2, Community owned grounds resources ©. Coalminesand | 3. Continuous railway resources D. Running waterand | 4, Biotic resources wind codes ABCD ABCD at 2 3 m421 3 1234 @13 24 Ans.) Picture Based Question 18 Which type of erosion is depicted in the picture given below? (b) Glacial erosion (4) Wind erosion Fill in the blanks 21 The territorial waters that extend upto 12 ‘nautical miles from base of a coastal country is recognised by on Law of Sea. ‘Ans. United Nations Convention ‘CBSE 2020 ‘Ans, (a) Livestock and rocks, (b) Solar energy and fossil fuels. 28 Complete te folowing table with correct 5 Ans, (a) Hills, mountains (b) low 24 Complete the following table with regard to Non-renewable resources. ‘Non-Renewable (a) « Resource. ‘Ans. (a) cannot be renewed/formed through long geological process () Mineral/Metals/Fossil fuels Correct and Rewrite 25 Rio Convention is the first ever convention on. global climate change and biological diversity held in Australia in December, 1992. ‘Ans, Rio Convention isthe first ever convention on global climate change and biological diversity held in Brazil in June 1992. 26 Alluvial solls are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature, ‘Ans, Arid soils are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature Assertion/Reason 27 Assertion (A) The lower horizon of the ari soil is occupied by Kankar Reason (R) It's because ofthe increasing calcium content downwards in arid soil Code (@) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are tre, but Ris not the correct explanation of A (c) Ais true, but Ris false (@) Ais false, bt Ris true Ans. (a) Both Aand Rare true and Ris explanation of A abeVery Short Answer Questions 28 Classity resources on the basis of origin. Ans. On the basis of origin resource can be classified as followr (@ Biotic resources (ii) Abiotic resources 29 What do you understand by reserve resources? ‘Ams, Reserves ae those mocks of resources which can be put into use with the help of existing technical “now-bow’, but their use bas not ben started. ‘3 The development of resources depend on which two factors? Ans. The of resources depends on technology and quality of buman resource. 31 Which is the most widespread relief feature of India? (CBSE 2015 Ans. Plains are the most widespread relief fearure of India. 32 State any one reason for overuse of resources. CBSE 2015 ‘Ans. Rapid increase in population is 2 reason for overuse of resources. 33. Define Sustainable development Ans. Sustainable ‘is defined as the development thar meets the needs of the present ‘without compromising the needs ofthe furure ‘generations. 34 Who said, “there is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed"? ‘Ans. The father of oar natioa, Mr MK Gandhi made this ‘seatement voicing his concer about resource conservation. 35 In which Five Year Plan period, resource planning was introduced in India? ‘Ans. Resources planning was introduced in the Firs Five Year Plan in India after independence. 36 Which relief feature of India has 30 per cent of the total surface area of country? or What is the share of mountains in the total land area? ‘Ans, Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country. (37 Why only 93 per cent of the total geographical area is measured for land use pattern in India? ‘Ans, Most of the North-East states except Assam is inaccessible and some parts of Jammu and Kashmie is occupied by Pakistan and China, that accounts to about 7 per cent of the toral area. 38 What is the main cause of deforestation in Madhya Pradesh? Ans. Mining is the main cause of deforestation in Madina, Pradesh. 39. How are mining activities responsible for lang degradation in Jharkhand? CBSE 2015 Ans. Mining activities are responsible for land degradation ‘harchand. Iris because Jharkhands is a minera rch se ‘where mining activities are done at large scale. When exeecion work the mining sites represear deep wars and evidences of over burdening which led land degradation. 49 How is overgrazing responsible for land degradation in Gujarat? CBSE2018 ‘Ans, Overgazing is responsible for land degradation in Gujarat. Ir is because Gujarat is one of the fastest growing stares in India. The sate has a large mumber ef livestock. Thus, overgrazing by chis large livestock leads to land degradation. 41. Why soil in some parts is red and yellow in colour? ‘Ans. The soil that develops on crystalline and metamorphic rocks have iron diffused in it, this makes the sil re. urns yellow when the diffusion of iron occurs in hydrated form. 42 Khadar is the geographical area popularly related to which soil type? Ans, Khadar is related to the new alluvial soil. 43 Which soil is well-known for its capacity to hold ‘moisture? ‘Ans, Black soil or regur soil in deccan plateau in India is ‘well-known for its capacity to hold moisnure. 44 Which type of soil is found in the piedmont 202¢ of Western Ghats? ‘Ans, Red and yellow soil is found in che piedmoat zone! foothill of Western Ghass. ‘45 What is leaching? Which soil is developed due © it? ‘Ans. Leaching isa process by which soll nurricars get washed away by heavy rains. Laterite soil is developed due 10% 46 Which type of soil is most suitable for growing the crop of Cashew nut? ‘CBSE 2018 ‘Ans. Red laerite sil is most suitable for growing the op of cashew nuts a7 Which type of sol in India is most widespreiyg and important? al Ans. Alluvial soil is the and imporane > tins Te cnr eae48 How is over irrigation responsible fo land degradation in Punjab? ‘CBSE 2019 (Over iigation is responsible for land degradation in 1 em hese eo rer Ingen wast logging situation is created, This increases the salini sa allalniy inthe sil. re 49 How is coment industry responsible for land degradation? CBSE 2019 Ans. Cement industry is responsible for land degradation, Chpinelinesonc ls ictew myc chong industry. When grinding of limestone ro make cement, Short Answer (5A) Type Questions 1 Explain the role of human in resource development. CBSE 2011, 10 Avs, Human being is also a resource and is the dynamic factor in resource development. By technological advancement, humans have developed ways to make the narural resources more useful and economically beneficial, Forerample, extracting metals from minerals and smuking differenc chings from metals, humans have added value to the natural resource. Thus, the imeraction of humans with nature is essential 10 develop natural resources. So, the role of humans in resource development is very important. 2 What is sustainable economic development? ‘Suggest any two ways in which resources can be used judiciously. CBSE 2015 ‘Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, so thatthe developmental process in the present should not compromise with the needs of the furure generations. Two ways in which resources can be used judiciously are (9 Resource planning (if) Resource conservation 3 “Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge". Do you agree? Justify ‘your answer. CBSE 2015 4%. No, we do not agree with the statement because suatainable development is not a new area of 4aowledge. This had been the main concern of leaders, philosophers and thinkers in the past. Gandhiji was also very apt in voicing his concern stout resource conservation. However, he term ‘sustainable development’ is. ‘eently originated by che Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 for this purpose. is done, then his process generates huge quantity of ddusc in the atmosphere, ARer some times when this ddus settles down on the land, this reduces the infiltration capacity of land and water does not reach to the soil. Ie altimacely leads land degradation. ‘50 What is soil erosion? ‘Ans, ‘The denudation ofthe soil cover and its subsequent washing dow is described a soil erosion. 51 Whore in India bad land topography is commonly found? ‘Ans, Chambal basin is a major bad land region in India. [3 Marks each] 4 Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources. CBSE 2012, 10 ‘Natural resources can be classified as renewable and non-renewable resources. Major differences between these ype ofreources are as follows Renewable Non-renewable “These resources are These resources may not renewed of replenished be replenished by nature every long Ans. by mae ia” or span of time. logical time to be __ Sentigs Most of the time these These resources are resources are exhausted afer use, inexhaustible like, Ex-fosti fuels continuous or flow. into recyclable or non-recyclable. These are environment ‘These are not ceavironment fren seer ix ok aaa pollution to the environment friendly resources i. these resources do not cause any pollution. “These resources are available in abundance 5 “India is rich in certain types of resources, but deficient in some other resources.” Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with examples. Yes, I agree with the statement that in India, there are regions which ae rich in certain types of resources, but ae deficient in some other resources. ‘There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms ofthe availability of resources, while some regions have acute shortage of vial resources. Ans.Some examples are as follows * ‘States like Jharichand, Chbatrisgarh and Madhya Pradesh ae rch in coal and miners, but ack nological and insticutional support. * Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources, bur lacks in infrastructure development. + Rajasthan is well endowed with wind and solar energy, but lacks water resources. * The cold desert of Ladakh lacks natural resources, alchough ic has a rich cultural heritage, 6 What are the main advantages of India's land ‘under a variety of relief features? CBSE 2011 or “India has land under a variety of relief features." Justify the statement with three examples, CBSE 2019 ‘Ams, India has land under a variety of relief features. In India, 30 per cent area are mountainous, 27 per cent are plateaus and 43 per cent are plains, all of these have specific advantages to be utilised. ‘Main advantages of India's land * Mountains are source ro many streams and rivers, some of them are perennial. These regions have very high potential for hydro electricity productions, ete and are also good tourism destinations, + Plateaus are mostly laden (heavily loaded) with ‘minerals, fossil fuels and forest, etc so are economically very useful. + Plains are most important land resource for ‘human beings, These are fertile and most of the food crops, et are grown here. They are also useful for che development of factories, roads, etc. 7 How can we implement sustainability of development? Suggest three ways for its implementation. or What are the steps involved in the process of resource planning? or Describe the different steps of ‘resource planning.’ CBSE 2020 ‘or Describe the three stages of resource planning in India. CBSE 2015 Ans, We can implement sustainability of development through resource planning. There are three ways through which we can ensure sustainable development or three stages of resource planning are (A Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country, which involve surveying, mapping and measuring the quality as well as quantity of the resources. (a) Planning forthe development ofthe sing appropriaee sll, technology ang 26 institutional set up. Gi Proper resource development plans ma Wa crea naBonal develonchene ane 8 Why is resource planning essential? Give some examples which explain its need, or Describe the importance of judicious use of resources, CBSE 2425 Ans. Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy judicious use of resources. Ic is essential as resones are limited and unevenly distributed over the country, Planning will help in reducing wastage a well as taking care of the requirements of future sgenerations. Example (9 An example of uneven distribution is Arunachal Pradesh, which has abundance of water resources, but lacks infrastructural development to utilise the water resources, i) Irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources leads to socio-economic and environmental problems like in Punjab, warerlogging has increased salinity and alkalinity in che soll 9 “Resource planning is a complex process." Justify the statement with arguments. ae ‘Ans, It is true that resource planning is a complex proces. can be proved trough the following argues (0 Resource planning involves identification and taking sock ofthe resources, Ieis very difict © estimate the quantity and quality of each resource of a country. (i) Resource Planning involves finding appropriate technology and skill o utilise the resources. It becomes difficult to match the available technology that can be used to utilise the resources fully. (iif) Matching the resource development plans to the overall national development plans for the berterment of the country, its people and ‘maintaining the environmental balance atthe same time is a complex process. 18 What problems have been caused by huma? beings using resources indiscriminately? Explain in brief. or What are the negative effects of human activities on resources? or Examine major problems caused by indiscriminate use of resources.. Hana beings here sed nsoures indiscriminately, A ading 10 the following major problems (9 Excesve use of resources have depleted thei podk thoughont the world, c (Resources have accumulated in afew hands, which in tum has divided society into owo segments i, ‘haves and have now’ or rich and pose (a Exploitation of resources has led to global ecologic crisis such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental polluten aod land degradation. 11 Discuss the purpose of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21. or What was the purpose of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 19927 What are the main provisions of Agenda 21 signed at this Summit? 4s. The fist United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil in 1992 vo formulate an Agendas to promote sustainable development. This convention endorsed the Global Forest Principles and adopted ‘Agenda 21" for achieving sustainable development in the 2ist century. The objectives of Agenda 21 are the elimination of poverty, hunger, sickness and illieracy worldwide ‘hile halting the deterioration of ecosystems which sustain life. 12 How can we solve the ‘problem of land degradation? Suggest any six measures. or Suggest any six measures to solve the problem of land degradation. CBSE 2015 xs, The following measures can help 20 solve che problem off land degradation (0 Afforsation over deforested areas. (ji) Proper management of grazing on permanent pastures (iid) In areas where desertification has taken place, ‘growing thorny bushes. (i) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial cfluents after treatment. (©) Planting of shelter belts. (©) Control on mining activities, '8 Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked? CBSE 2012 “St Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are semi-arid {Talons with parches of ‘vase grasslands. These states havelarge numberof cattle population which are left ‘pen to graze on the grasslands. Large-scale ‘overgrazing has caused severe land degradation in these states, Different measures may be saken to check such problems (9 Afforestation and proper management of grazing ‘grounds, (i) Control on overgrazing by limiting certain areas for grazing only, 14 Discuss soil formation. or What are the main factors affecting the formation of soil? Describe each factor briefly. Ans. The factors affecting the formation of sil are given below (9 The parent rock or bed rock on which the sol is formed decomposes and disintegrates under the Processes of weathering which in turn influence the characteristics of soils. (Gi) Climate influences the rare of weathering of rocks and type of vegetation, influencing the soil characteristics. (ii) Nature of relief and slope influences the accumulation of sil. Mouncains have thin soil ‘cover whereas plains have thick soil cover. (in) Time provides maturity to soil as layer after layer accumulates and lower layer is different in composition than the upper layers. 15 Give three main features of the soil found in the river deltas of the Indian coast. or Describe any three main features of Alluvial soil found in India. CBSE 2019 ‘Ans. The three main feasures ofthe soil found in the river deltas ofthe Indian coast (alluvial soil) are (@) These soils are more common in the ‘piedmont plains or plains atthe foothills such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (i) Icis also known as transported soil, as the soil has been transported by the rivers to its current location. (Gi Tecan also be described on the basis of age. The colder alluvial soil, Further away from the rivers is known as Bangar, whereas the newer soil near the rivers is known as Khadar, 16 Describe any three main features of black soil found in India. CBSE 2019 or Discuss the nature and distribution of black soil in India, or Give the characteristics of the soil used for growing cotton. List the areas in India where this soil is found, or Write any three characteristics of black soil. CBSE 2015Ans, Characteristics of soil used for growing cotton are ( Tris made up of fine clayey material with a high moisture retention capacity: (id) Ie is rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate, ‘magnesium, potash and lime, but poor in phosphoric content. (i) Ie develops deep crack during ho wethes, helping in proper aeration ofthe soil. (iv) Te s found in the plateau areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chbattisgarh, as well asin the Codavari and Krishna alge 17 Describe any three main characteristics of arid soil of India. CBSE 2010 Ans, The three main characteristics of arid sil of India are (i) Arid sols ae the soils of desere ot semi-desert regions and colours varies from red to brown. (i The soil has sandy texture and salinity. {As precipitation is very low, the temperature is high and evaporation is faster, therefore, the soil is deficient in moisture and humus. (iii) The calcium content increase downward and forms kankas layers in arid soil, This layer restricts the infiltration of water. 18 Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India? CBSE 2012 ‘Ans, Human activities responsible for soil erosion Deforestation, mining activities, excessive use of fertiliser, etc are various major causes for soil erosion. The two types of erosion xen mostly in India are (A Gullies cut the clayey soils into deep creeps and the land becomes unfit for cultivation and popularly known as bad lands. (ii) Sheet erosion washes away top soils over large areas and productivity is mostly decreased, 19 Suggest any three measures of soil conservation? or Explain some farming techniques through which soil conservation can take place. Ans. The measures that can be taken forthe conservation of the swil are as follows (i) Terrace farming and contour ploughing Farming along the hill slopes by cutting it into terraces or along the contour lines helps in soil conservation. (i Shelter belt Planting rows of tres along the edges of fields helps in checking soil erosion through wind. ii Strip cropping Dividing the field into sp, lecting grass grow between the COS bred je force of the wind thereby checking soil erosion, 20 Give two reasons why the future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generations? ‘Ans. The reasons which explain why the future generatin may not have sufficient resources as compared tothe present generation are as follows (9 Human activities like cefoetion ‘expansion f jculture, mining, etc result in land degradation, This makes the land unfic for use in ure (ii Excessive use of fossil fuels like coal, petrol deplete the stock of resources. As these are limited in nature, they may not be lef for the facure generations. 21 Compare the diagrams given and find out land use category which had the highest increase during the period 1960-61 to 2014-15 and the category which had the highest decrease during the period. Give one major reason for each. Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Minis of Agriculture, 2017 ‘Ans, ‘The highest increase was in forest cover ive. rom 18,119 in 1960-61 to 23.3% in 2014-15. : This increase is due to government efforts made i? the field of conservation of environment by cdemarking the forest areas. Stil, it is below outline of 3396 set in National Forest Policy, “The highest decrease was in Barren and ‘Unculturable wasteland i.e. from 18.11% © 5.5%. It is due to rise in area under nnon-agriculeural uses. Massive urbanisation development of roads, railways and other uses have brought waste land inco area under non-agricultural uses. 1952.22 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows Source A Soll Erosion and Soil Conservation Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of ‘grass are left to grow between the crops, This breaks up the force of wind. This method is known as strip cropping. Planting lines of trees to ‘create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of uch trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the osert in western India. i) Evaluate the effectiveness of shelter belts in stabilisation of sand dun ‘Source B Land use pattern in India ‘The pattern of net sown area varies greetly from cone state fo another. It is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryane and less than 10 percent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, ‘Manipur and Andaman and Nicober Islands. {i) Give one reason for so much variation in net sown area in India. 1 Discuss resources classification on the basis of the tatus of development with their important features. or Classify resources into groups on the basis of status of development. Explain the main features of each group. Aes. Rewurves are classified on he bass of aatus of development as given below (i) Potential resources are resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. The decision to utilise chem is based on economic feasibility and its Developed which wa) resources are resources have been surveyed and their quality and eg ee ae tek tilisation. The it resources depends on technology and level of cei viability. (a) Stack resources have the potential sath Ur reeds, but we do nor have the appropriate technology ro use these economically jnco use with the ing technical ‘know-how’, but their Source C Resource planning in India The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attractions forthe foreign invaders. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies. Therefore, resources ‘can contribute to development only when they are ‘accompanied by appropriate technological evelopment and institutional changes. India has ‘experienced allthis in different pheses of colonisation. (ii) What led the imperial powers to exploit the rich resources of the colonies? ‘Ans. () In sheler bets, rows of trees ate planted atthe ‘of farm lands. Ths breaks up the force of wind thereby reducing the spreading of sand dunes (i). There is 30 much variation in net sown area in India due tothe presence of different types of landforms ie. mountains, plareaus and plains, (ii) Theit high level of technological development led 1 the exploitation of rich resources of the colonies [5 Marks each] 2 Discuss anthropogenic factors of land degradation. or Explain any four human activities which are ‘mainly responsible for land degradation in India. or “Human activities have contributed significantly in land degradation." Justity the statement with three examples. CBSE2019 “Ans: The homan activities raponsible for land degradation in India are @ ‘Deforestation due to mining activities in Jharkhand, ‘Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha have ‘caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are bandoned afer excavation work is completed, leaving deep scars. (ii) Mineral processing Uke grinding of imestone for cement industry as wel as calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantities of dust which fills down on land. This reards the process of infiltration of wate into the soi (Gi) Eluents as waste from industries have become & tnajor source of land and water polluson in many parts of the country. (io) Over irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Unar Pradesh is ible for land degradation due 6 leading vo increase in salinity3 Describe alluvial soil under the following heads (@) Formation (0) Distribution (6) Classification __(@) Nutrients or Trace the features of alluvial soil with reference oits formation, e% i ining minerals. classification and containing mai ‘Ans, Alluvial soil can be described as flows (o rmation Alva sis made-up of i sand and clay, It is deposited by three important insta theron ne GaN and the Brahmapucra. [cis bigger and coarser in the upper reaches ofthe river and becomes finer as the river flows down. () Distibution/Area. This oil is prevalent in the river valleys of the Northern plains (Indus, Gang Brahmaputra), sips in Gujarac and Rajasthan, as wel asin the Eastern. coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of che Peninsular plateau (Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri). (0 Classification According to their ag, alluvial soils canbe casifid a (Bangar) old alluvial and Khadar (new alluvial). Khadar has higher concentration of kankar and contains more fine particles than Bangar. (@) Nutrients/Minerals This sili rich in nurtiens like potash, phosphoric acd and lime, which is suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane and other cereal and pulse crops. 4 List the main types of soil found in India, identify which of these is most widespread. Describe the characteristics ofthis type of soil. ‘Ans, Main typeof wil found in India are lied blow () Forestand Mountainous (i) Alluvial (ii Red and Yellow (io) Black (0) Lateite (of Arid The most widespread of these is alluvial soil. For second part, refer to Q3 LA. 5 Which soil is called regur soil? Explain any four characteristics of this soil. ‘Ans, Black soil is also called Regut sol. It is black in colour and ideal for growing cotton. This ype of soil is typical of the Deccan tap (Basalt) region spread over Norch- West Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. For second par, see QU6 SA. : ynical factors are responsi 6 Which 9000 Fx soil? Why is it ely the evolution o! : the Sdered the most suitable f0r growing cotton? : ‘Ans. Geographical factor responsible for evolution of ba soil are : iin (In India, black soils are found in an i trlangular shaped region covering Deane i includes plareaus of Maharashtra, Saurashra, ‘Malwa, Madbya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh ang extend in the South- East direction along the Godavari and Krishna valleys. (ap Abou 70 milion years ago, there were huge ‘oleanc eruptions taking place in North- Wenz par of Indian plateau and lava spread Norcb-We, Pe South-East direction covering a huge area. Org these regions, the rocks are gradually . blac soil is formed. egraded For second part, sce QU6 SA 7 Classify resources based on ownership. Explain each class in brief with examples. or Briefly discuss the resources based on ownership. ‘Ans. Resources on the basis of ownership means who orn the resources. It can bea person, 2 group, a community or a country. Classification of resources is tabulated below Class of ‘Explanation ‘Examples RAMEE cet Dt at Resources owned Plot of land, 25 by eiliriiaie sie Se mI Public parks, accessible to all burial grounds members of the communi Resources owned Roads, railways, by the government water resources, and its agencies forest, wildlife within its political boundaries and ‘National ‘Oceanic resources Fisheries in international ‘waters, minerals Economic Zone of in Antarctica ‘countries and those in polar regions ch re gud by international insccutions.‘8 What is the relevance of Gandhian model of resource conservation in today's world? or What is the need for conservation of resources? Explain in the light of Gandhifji's view, greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. Irrational consumption and overutilisation of resources has led to the socio-economic and environmental problems of shortages and pollution. ‘As resources are vital for any developmental activity, resource conservation at various levels is imporrant rw overcome these problems. If resources are used up at the same rate as they are generated or formed, they will be maintained for use by furure generations. 9 “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries”. Support the statement with examples. CBSE 2015, 2019 4ss, Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries, as ic affects all the countries of the world equally. This can be understood by following points (9 Land degradation affects agriculrural productivity which affects food crops. Due to international trade, these crops reach different places thus affecting everyone. (i) Addition of greenhouse gases in atmosphere ‘increases temperature that causes global warming. (id) Addition of chlorofluorocarbons in atmosphere depletes ozone layer that affects everyone. G2) Polluted water in rivers makes the sea and oceans Polluted. : (©) Polluted air near the industries pollutes the entire atmosphere. 10 Read the extract and answer the questions that follow. Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It hes importance in a ‘country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions ‘which are rich in certain types of resources, but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural development. (i) How judicious use of resources can be done by planning. (ii) Why planning is necessary in India? (iii) State two examples of resource availability in India. Ans, (i) Planning involves identification and quantification, of resources, By knowing their exact quantity ways can be developed to use them properly. (ii) Planning is necessary in India due to two reasons, They are (a) There are regions which are rich in certain ‘ypes of resources, but are deficient in some other resources. (8) There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources, and there ae some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. (iit) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and ‘Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of ‘water resources. This shows that India has resource availability.Map Based auestion 1 On the physical outline map of India given below, identify any four soil types of India. CBSE 2015, | Ans. () Black soil (if) Arid soil (if Lacerite soil (n) Forest and Mountainous (0) Alluvial soil (ox) Red and Yellow soilSelf Assessment map greed”? (a) Pt Jawaharlal Nehru (©) Mahatma Gandhi (b) nica Gandns 2. Some areas of ...... occupi a Seal ea (2 Jammu and Kasimge YAR an his hae nt en apd fr and ee (d) All of these 3. Match the folowing List A List B A Water 5 eae B. Parkinglots 2. Renewable resource Fisheries 3. Stock resource —D_Onypen 4. Community owned 4. Correct the following statement and rewrite. Alluvial soils are classified according to their age; ld alluvial is Khadar and new alluvial is Bangar. 5. Write down different methods of checking sol erosion. $. Overgrazing may cause land degradation. Give example of some states affected by this, 7. Differentiate fallow land from other fallow land. 8. Whats the comparative change in barren and wast land pattern in India between 1960-61 and 014-15; 9. Differentiate Net Sown Area from cultivable land? Short Answer (SA) Type Questions 10. Distinguish between khadar and bangar soils. Tl. How is red soil different from laterite soil? 12, Why is it important to have a planned strategy for the development of resources in India? Long Answer (LA) Type Questions 1. Mention any four characteristics of forest sols. 14, How does land get degraded due to human activities? 15. Discuss the basis on which soils are classified in India.