Content A 3 aS MASREM - 81% 10101 FRSA 1 HIM «10102 HAAR 6 BSR 10121 HKALE seeeeeeees W HAR — 10202 MARIE 16 5M 10205 shiBS — seeeseeenn 21 ox 10301 Ha 26 BTR 10302 Braise ct 8H 10303 MAE 36 BOB 10304 THe A a 810K 10305 FHEMET 4% AVR 10306 BIBL erent 51 12% 10309 HEH 56 19m 1000 GMAT seroheaeee ot 14H 10311 HALAS 66 B15 10401 RRGHR2 — reeveeee m1 16H 10506 KR RIK 76 17H 10508 RFI eevee ee a 18H «10510 & FHI] 86Bir: SETI (Search for E.T. Intelligence) SERIA Space aliens end extraterrestrial ve long be popular subjects of Hollyuvod movies end iene fton literature. But their of inteligent fein outer F spice is no longer lint to fiction, For the lst 50 yrs, 5 slots and astronomers have ee traning thi tlsopes nto ze sein the seach for signs of intlgent if. Frank Dae is a trailer that quest. ‘The question of whether eae alone in the Universe has ted humanity or entries, bu we ‘may now suposed onthe brink ofthe ansoer to that question, as we seach for rai signals {from ober intligent cisatons. This search, an known by the acronym SETI (arch for cxtrteretilintligene), i a difelt ene. Alihough groups around the word hve born searching iteritetly for three desde, i only now tat we have reac the level of technology her ec ke dete aterp to search all ary star for any sign of A The primary reason forth seatch ls base coro >the same curiosity about the natural wor that Grives all pure science. Few wl deny the profound importance, practical and philosophical, which the detection of [Ptertellar commuricetons will have. We want to now whether we are alone inthe Univers. We want to Know wether fe evlves naturally i given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special Stout the Earth to have fostered the variety of ie forme that ve see around us on the planet. The simple detection ofa radio signal willbe bulfictent fo answer this most basic ofall question. In this senee, SET is another cog (BE) in the machinery of pure scence whichis continually Pushing ott the horizon of our Knowledge, However, there are other Teasore for bing intrested in whather ie exists elsewhere, For example, wre have had cisation on Earth or perhaps nly afew thousand years, Id the treats of clear svar and pollution over the last few decades fave fold us that our survival may be tenuous Wil we las anoter two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of « Planet Uke ours is several bilion year we can expect that, other Siiizatone do survive in our galaxy, thelr ages wll range fom Zero fo Several billon years. Tes anyother cvlisation that We heat fromTikely to be far older, on average, than ourselves, The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives, tus some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that ‘we haven't yet discovered MELTS test papers offered by ipreditng.com, copyright) B_ In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ‘ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists do not consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although iti also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are Tooking fora life form that is pretty wel ike us, since iit differs radically, from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from Whether we are able to communicate with it In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should ‘communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live ona planet orbiting a starlike our Sun, ‘and pethaps most resritively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water. We therefore fel that ‘discriminating search for signals deserves a considerable effort, The probability of success is difficult to estimate; but if we never search, the chance of succes i zero. © Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is stil severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is, that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when. ‘we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Univers, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a lfe form on it; in fat, the best ‘educated guess we can make, using the litle that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that ‘our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost | next door in astronomical terms. D_An lion civilisation could chaokr many different waye_of sending seminformation across the galaxy, But many of these either require too mach nergy, oF els are severely alienated while traversing (MG, #4) the ast dtances across the gala. I tums oxt that fora given amount of transmitted power, radio wave in the frequency tange 1000 o 3000 Miz travel the greatest distance, and 0 all searches to dat ave concentrated on looking for radio waves inthis frequency range. CELTS ‘et papers | opera by ipeictingcom apg) So far there have been a numberof teaches by various groupe round the world, induding Australian | searches using the radio telescope t Parkes, New South Wales. Unt now | there have not been any detections | from the few hundred stars which fave boon searched, The sale of the searches ha been increased Gamatcally since 1992, when the US Congress voled NASA $10 milion per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search for extra-terertil Ife. Buch ofthe money inthis project is being. spent on. developing, the special hardware needed to search inany frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One partis a targeted search using the word's largest radio. telescopes, the Atercanoperated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the projet is searching the rears 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency Tange 1000 to 3000 Miz The other part ofthe project is an undirected Search which is monitoring al of space with a lower sensitivity, using the Smaller antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network. ‘There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation, Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately, Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply lover such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and ‘a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. I's not important, then, if there's a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply. aonBi Pisa) Too 2 prearcuna READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Read ciel the ‘ci isi Questions 14-17 Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, AcE. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-vi, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet List of Headings Seeking the radio signals coming from other planets Technical difficulty in replying a short notice immediately The best strategies of responding to signals from other civilisations Enormous distances to our planet's closest neighbours ‘The expected and established assumptions underlying as to the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence significances forthe seeking for extra-terrestral intelligence Knowledge of extra-terrestral life forms Likelihood of extra-terestril life-forms on other planets Financial investment into a field that seems no return (UBLTS txt papers offered by red com, copyright) Example Answer Paragraph A vi 14 Paragraph B 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph E, ema 8159999“Bi sany 450 ease BEETS weibo.com/ielt Questions 18-20 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage foreach answer. Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer she 18 Whatis the ife expectancy Gn year of Fant ay a oe 119 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilizations are SETI scientists searching for? 20 How many stars are the world’s most potent and enormous radio telescopes searching? Questions 21-26 Do the allowing statements agree withthe views ofthe writer in Reading Passage 2? {In boxes 21-26 on your answer shee, write ihe statements fhe statement is false {the information is not given inthe passage 21 Alien civilizations may be able to help the human in our planet to cope ‘with problems that seriously matter, 22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in ‘many ways, 23 The Americans and Australians have joined together into cooperative research projects, (ELTS est paper offered by predising com, copyrigh) 24 signals from several stars have already been obtained by SETI scientists 25 The NASA project was bombarded with criticism from some members of Congress. 26 If human being receives a signal from outer space, it would be important fo respond as swiftly as possible. asi“Bisa 4% epoleeaenen ESE EY weino.com/ietts? EE PIE Version 10102 author of Descartes! Error, concurs. ‘Older G3! ra B The seniors were tested in 1988 and again in 1991. Four factors were found to be related to their mental fitness: levels of ‘education and physical activity, lung funct ion(Hshif), and feelings of self-efficacy, “Each of these elements alters the vay our brain“Fiian) 43.0+ beelgeabenana fonctions," says Marilyn Albert, Ph.D. of Harvard Medical School, and colleagues from Yale, Duke, and Brandeis Universities and the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, who hypothesizes that regular exercise may actually stimulate blood flow to the brain and nerve growth, both of which create more densely branched neurons (HE J), rendering the neurons stronger and better able to resist disease. Moderate aerobic exercise, including long brisk walks and frequently climbing stairs, will accomplish this. © Education also seems to enhance brain function. People who have challenged themselves with at least a college education may actually stimulate the neurons in their brains. Moreover, native intelligence may protect our brains. It's poseible that smart people begin life with a greater number of neurons, and therefore have a greater reserve to fall back on if sone begin to fail. "If you have a lot of neurons and keep them busy, you may be able to tolerate more damage to your brain before it shows," says Peter Davies, M.D., of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bron, New York. Early linguistic ability also seems to help our braing later in life. A recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine looked at 93 elderly nuns and examined the autobiographies they had fg written 60 years earlier, just as they were joining ‘a convent (Afi) . The nuns (fBKR) whose essays were complex and dense with ideas remained sharp into their eighties and nineties. D Finally, personality seems to play an important role in protecting our mental prowess. A sense of self-efficacy may protect our brain, buffeting it from the harmful effects of stress. According to Albert, there's evidence that elevated levels of stress hormones (iis, WH) may harm brain cells and cause the hippocampus--a small. seahorse-shaped organ that's a crucial moderator of menory--to atrophy. A sense that we can effectively chart our ovn course in the world may retard the release of stress hormones and protect us as We age. "It's not a matter of whether you experience stress or not,” Albert concludes, "it's your attitude tovard it." Reducing stress by meditating (gi) on a regular basis may buffer the brain as well. It also increases the activity of the brain's pineal gland (iW) , the source of the antioxidant hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep and may retard the aging process. studies at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and the University of Western Ontario found that people who meditated regularly had higher levels of melatonin than those who took S-milligram rmsupplements (#4) . Another study, conducted jointly by Maharishi International University, Harvard University, and the University of Maryland, found that seniors who meditated for three months experienced dranatic improvenents in their psychological (OMI) well-being, compared to their non-meditative peers Animal studies confirm that both mental and physical activity boost brain fitness, At the Becknan Institute for Advanced Science and Technology in Urbana, Illinois, psychologist William Greenough, Ph.D., let some rats play with a profusion of toys. These rodents developed about 25 percent more connections between their neurons than did rats that didn't get any mentally stimulating recreation In addition, rats that exercised on a treadmill (RUHL) developed more capillaries in specific parts of their brains than did their sedentary (Km#sHH) counterparts. This increased the blood flow to their brains. ‘Clearly the message is to do as many different flyings as possible," Greenough says (AELTS est papers fee by predicting om, copyright) It's not just scientists who are catching anti-aging fever. Walk into any health food store, and you'll find nutritional formulas (9H ~~with names Like Brainstorm and Smart ALEC--that claim to sharpen mental ability. The book Smart Drugs & Nutrients, by Ward Dean, M.D., and John Morgenthaler, was self-published in 1990 and has sold over 120,000 copies worldwide. It has also spawned an underground network of people tweaking their own brain chemistry with nutrients and druge--the latter sonetines obtained from Burope and Mexico. Sales of ginkso (ia) ~-an extract (RMN) from the leaves of the 200-million-year-old ginkgo tree, which has been shown in published studies to increase oxygen in the brain and ameliorate (@#) symptoms GER) of Alzheiner's disease--are up by 22 percent in the last six months alone, according to Paddy Spence, president of SPINS, @ San Francisco-based market research firm. Indeed, products that increase and preserve mental performance are a small but emerging segnent of the supplements industry, says Linda Gilbert, president of HealthFocus, a company that researches consumer health trends. While neuroscientists like Khachaturian liken the use of these products to the superstition (LRH) of tossing salt over your ehowlder, the public is nevertheless gobbling up CREME) nutrients that promise cognitive GAME) enhancenent. asmQuestions 28-31 (Choose the Four correct letters among A-G Write your answers in baxes 28-31 om your answer sheet (UELTS tet papers feed by predicting om, copyright) Which of the FOUR situations or conditions asisting the Brains’ function? Preventive treatment against Alzheimer's disease Doing active aerobic exercise and frequently climbing stairs High levels of education Early verbal or language competence training “Having more supplements such as ginkgo tree Participate in more physical activity involving in stimulating tasks Personality and feelings of self-fulfillment ammgam> Questions 32-39 Use the information inthe passage to match the people (listed A-G) with opinions or deeds below: Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 32-39 on your answer sheet. [NB you may use any later more than once [é thos redicting G3 teptiwcibo.somfielt9 {32 Alzheimers was probably a kind of disease rather than @ normal aging proces. 3 Keeping neurons busy, people may beable to endure more harm to your brain 34 Regular exercises boost blood flow to the bain and increase ant-disease dia wom35 Significant increase of Sales of ginkgo has been shown. (QELS ext papers offered by preicingcom,coprigh) 36. More links between their neurons are found among stimulated animals 37 Effectiveness of the use of brains supplements products canbe of litle scientific proof, 138 Heightened levels of stress may damage brain cells and cause part of brain to eteriorte, 39 Products that upgrade and preserve mental competence are still » newly developing industry. Questions 40 Choose the correct eters among A-D rite your answers in Box 40 on your answer sheet, ‘According the passage, what isthe most appropriate tte for this passage? A Making our minds as lifetime B amazing pills ofthe ginkgo © howto stay healthy in your old hood D_ more able a brain and neutons sonEAE BIE HLE Version 10121 Water Filter ‘A-_An ingenious invention is set to bring clean water to the third world, and while the science may be cutting edge, the materials are extremely down to earth. A handful of clay (n. Hi), yesterday's coffee grounds and some cow ‘manure are the ingredients that could bring clean, safe Arinking water to much ofthe third word B_ The simple now technology, developed by ANU materials scientist Mr. Tony Flynn, allows water filter to be made from commonly available materials and fired on the ground using cow manure as the source of heat, without the ned for 4 kiln, The filters have been tested and shown to remove common pathogens (isease-producing organisms) including F-coli (n. HGH . Unlike other ‘water filtering devices, tho filters are simple and inexpensive to make. “They are ‘ery simple to explain and demonstrate and can be made by anyone, anywhere,” says Mr, Flynn. “They don't require any western. technology. All you need is terracotta clay, a compliant cow and a match.” © The production ofthe filters is extemely simple, Take a handful of dry, crushed clay, mix it with a handful of organic material, such as used tea leaves, coffee grounds or rice hulls (n.H845) , add enough water to make a stiff biscuitike ‘mixture and form a cylindrical pot that has one end closed, then dry i inthe sun, According fo Mr. Flynn, used coffee grounds have given the best results dat. "Next, surround the pots with straw; put them in a mound of cow manure, ight the straw and then top up the buming manure as required. In less than 60 minutes the filters are finished. The walls of the finished pot should be bout as thick as an adult's index. The properties ‘of cow manure are vital s the fuel can reach a temperature of 700 degrees in half an hour and will be up to 950 degrees after another 20 to 30 ‘minutes. The manure makes a good fuel because it aunis very high in organic material that burs readily and quickly; the manure has to be dry and is best used exactly as found inthe field, there is no need to break it up or process it any further. D_“Apotter’s kiln (nt) is an expensive item and can could take upto four or five hours to get upto 800 depres. It needs expensive or scarce fuel, such a gas ‘or wood to heat it and experience to run i, With no technology, no insulation (n #888, PAD and nothing other than a pile of cow manure anda match, none of these restrictions apply,” Me. Flynn says. (CELTS ext papers offered by pedi com, copyrigh) E Its also helpful tha, like terracotta clay and organic material, cow dung is freely available across the developing world “A cow isa natural fuel factory. My understanding is that cow dung as a fuel would be prety much the same wherever you would find it” Just as using manure as @ fuel for domestic uses is not a new idea, the porosity of clay is something that poters have known about for years, and something that as @ former ceramics lecturer in the ANU School of Art, Mr Flynn is well aware of, The diference is that rather than viewing the porous nature ofthe material as a problem — aftr al not ‘many people want a pot that won't hold water — his filters eapitalize on this property F Other commercial ceramic filters do exist, but, even if available, with prices starting at USS5 each, they are often outside the budgets of most people in the developing world. The filtration process is simple, but ‘effective. The basic principle is that there are passages through the filter that are wide enough for water droplets to pass through, but too narrow for pathogens, Tests with the deadly E-coli bacterium have seen the filters remove 96.4 to 9938 per cent of the pathogen — well within safe levels. (IELTS test pers offered by ipredcting com, copyright) Using only ‘one filter it takes two hours to filter a litre of water. ‘The use of organic material, which burns away leaving cavities after firing, helps produce the structure in which pathogens will Become trapped. It overcomes the potential problems of sumE than See] reais finer clays that may not let water through and also means that cracks are soon halted. And like clay and cow dung, itis universally available. The invention ws bom ost of World Vision project involving the Manatuto ‘community in East Timor (#2). The charity wanted to help set up a small industry manufatring wate files, bu inal resetrch ound the loc cla tobe too fine — a problem saved hy the addition of onic material. While the problems of producing a working ceramic iter in Eat {Timor were overcome, the soliton sas ki-based and parila that communi’ misters and coulda’ be fopled elsewhere, Manure fring with no requirement for 2 ln, has mae this 2 technology approach availble ua fnyorere itis needed. With al the components being Oe | widely available, Mr. Fiynn says thee is no reason the technology count be apie trout the developing vol and with no plans to patent his ide, ther wl be no legal chtacles fit Being adopted in any community that needs i. “Everyone has right 1 clean rate, then iter ave the potenti to enable anyone in the word o dink water, ssf" says Mr Fyn somYou should spend about 20 minutes on question 14-26, which are based on reading ‘passage 2 on the following pages. Questions 14-19 Complete the flow chart using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS. from the Reading Passage foreach answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. Guide to Making Water Filters combination of 14......... and organic material, with sufficient 15..ccseu to create a thick mixture ‘ [aR A rete cm rire] sun dried aBz15 1s paper oferedypedctng.com.copyih) ACK 16... around the cylinders place them in 17. ‘ for firing (maximum temperature: 18. filter being baked in under 19........ ‘dine hhos redicting sauEB Phrase) HF 2 preaicana Questions 20-23 Do the fllowing statements agre with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-23 on your answer shet, write the statement is true the statement is false {he information isnot given in the passage 20 Ittakes halfan hour for the manure to reach 950 degrees. 21 Clay was intially found to be unsuitable for filter making, 22 Coffee grounds are twice as effective as other materials. 23 E-oliis the most difficult bacteria to combat. Questions 24-26 Choose the coroct eter, A, B, Cor D. ‘Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, (AELTS et papers fered by predicting com, copyright) 24 When making the po, the thickness ofthe wall ‘A. is large enough to let the pathogens to pass. B. varied according tothe temperature of the fel (C should be the same as an adul’s forefinger D_ isnot mentioned by Mr Flyan. 25° whats true bout the charity it (ALLIS est papers offered by iprectingcom,eoprig) ‘A failed in searching the appropriate materials. B thought akin is essential found thatthe local clay are good enovgh. _ jintended to build a filter production factory. 26 Mr Flynn's design is puposely not being patented [A because e hopes it canbe ftcely used around the world Because he doesn’t think the technology is perfect enough. because there are some legal obstacles. because the design has already boen appiod thoroughly. asmh:...:: HEE RLF Version 10202 Extinct: the Giant Deer mee) Toothed cats, mastadons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and many other big, shagey ‘mammals are widely thought to have died out around the end of the lat ice age, some 10,500 years ago. (IELTS et paper feed by peicing com, coprigh) ‘A More recently, however, evidence has emerged that at least two of the spectacular megafauna of the Pleistocene era (1.6 million to 10,000 years ago) clung on until recent times. Inthe 1990s mammoth remains found on an, Island north of Arctic Siberia revealed the animals. still roamed a tiny corner of the planet just 3,600 F & years ago. Tantalizingly, this was almost a ‘thousand years after the first pyramids were built in ancient Egypt. Now a new study suggests that another striking mammal, the Irish elk, likewise lived way beyond the last ice age! B The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus). Analysis of ancient bones and teeth by Scientists based in Britain and. Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5,000 B.C.—more than three millennia later than previously believed, The research team says this suggests additional-factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer's eventual extinction. The factors could include hunting or habitat destruction by humans. (LTS tt papers offered by predicting com, copyright) C The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat bogs in Ireland, first appeared about 400,000 ‘years ago in Europe and central Asia It stood 7 feet (21 meters) at the Shoulder. Adult males had massive antlers that spanned 12 feet (3.7 ‘meters) and weighed up to 88 pounds (40 kilos) Through a combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations here the remains Were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elle was anonPiesattc: preareung, ‘widespread across Europe before the last "big freeze.* The deers range later contracted to the Ural Mountains, in modern-day Russia, which separate Europe from Asia. ‘The giant deer made its last stand in western Siberia, some 3,000 years after the ice sheets receded, said the study's co-author, Adrian Lister, ‘professor of palaeobiology at University College London, England. "The ‘eastern foothills of the Urals became very densely forested about 8,000 years ago, which could have pushed them on to the plain," he said. He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then became very dry in response to farther climactic change, leading to the loss of Important food plants. "In combination with human pressures, this could have finally ‘snuffed them out," Lister said | Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene mega fauna. The team, though, sald their new date for the Irish elks extinction hints at an additional human-made problem-—habitat destruction. Lister said, ‘We haven't got just hunting. 7,000 years ago—this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region. (IELTS tet papers ofeed by iredicingcom,copyrigh) They 'were farmers who would have cleared the land." The presence of humans may help explain why the Irish elk was unable to tough out the latest of many climatic fluctuations ~periods it had survived in the past. F Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on anothef possible explanation for the deers demise—the males huge antlers, Some scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature—the result of females prefering stags with the largest antlers, possibly because they advertised a mus fnentcnmbued to the manmato Auta Toe downfall, They say such antlers would have been predicting a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that QP ya spread northward after the last ice age. Bu, Lister sid, "Thats a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded interglacials [warmer periods between ice ages)" Some research has suggested that a lack of sulficient high-quality forage caused the extinction of the elk. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males (and male deer in general) met this urnrequirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer). Thus, inthe antler growth phase, Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. When the climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed towards species that presumably could not deliver sufficient amounts ofthe required minerals, atleast in the wester part of its range. G He added, however, that the animal may have also suffered from increased competition from other species such as moose, which spread rapidly once the climate warmed. US. scientists from the University of Minnesota say the new study makes it clear that the reasons why so many Ice Age mammals went extinct are far more complex than previously realized, Biologists Jon Pastor and Ron Moen state: "The [Irish elk finding lends ‘weight to the idea that there is zo one explanation for the so-called Pleistocene extinctions. H_ Alongside climate fluctuations and vegetation changes, they say, human activity, competing species, and other ecological pressures need to be taken into account for each animal. Lister said, "Whereas people have been looking for single blanket explanation to account fr all these species going extinct, we're saying you've got a range of species with different ‘ecologies and adaptations.” So while the Irish elk preferred relatively temperate conditions and semi-woodland habitats the woolly mammoth ‘was adapted to cold temperatures and open tundra. "Past climate changes ‘would have impacted on those two species differently," Lister added. And. if the mammoth and Irish elk both survived, what of the other shaggy ‘megafauna that supposedly perished during the last ice age? The woolly rhinos and cave bears of Europe and Asia, the saber-toothed cats, the ‘mastodons and giant sloths of North and South America—could some of these have made it through too? "It’s entirely possible” Lister said. "L think there are all sorts of surprises around the comer." senTe Pi ism) $F | prearcung, Questions 28-32 Summary Complete the following summary ofthe paragraphs of Reeding Passage, using no ‘more than three words fom the Reading Passage for esch answer. Write your answers in boxes 28.32 on your answer sheet. (BLT text papers eee by prediing com. copyright) Having been preserved well in Europe and central Asia, the remains of the Irish elk was initially found approximately 28. Around _29_, they were driven to live in the. plain after being restricted to the Ural Mountains. Hunting was ‘considered as one of the important factors of Irish elk’s extinction, people have not started hunting until __30__when Irish elk ‘used to get through under a variety of climatic fluctuations. (E78 es papers fred by picing.com, copyright) ‘The huge antlers may possibly contribute to the reason why Irish elk extinct, which was highly controversial as they live pleasantly over the span of __31_. Generally, it is well-known that, at the last maximum ice age, mammals become extinct about _32_. sonTes, oh: eerie BEE wweino.com/iets9 Questions 33-35 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer (ELT tet papers offered by predicing com, copyrigh 38, What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the ‘extinction of Irish elk? 34, What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk? 35, What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of irish elk? Questions 9-13 Matching se OLS, EOI ME, MARTE, THE TE omdiam 40+ eee preaictina [ee a9 EEDA Version 10205 Animal minds: Parrot Alex A. In 197 Irene Pepperberg, a recent graduate of Harvard University, did something very bold, At a time when animals still were ‘considered automatons, she set out to find 7 what was on another creature's mind by talking to it. She brought a one-year-old African gray parrot she named Alex into her lab to teach him to reproduce the sounds of the English language. I thought if he learned to communicate could ask ‘him questions about how he sees the world." B_ When Pepperberg began her dialogue with Alex, who died last September at the age-of 31, many scientists believed animals were incapable of any ‘thought, They: were simply: machines, robots programmed to react to stimuli but lacking the-ability to think or feel. Any pet owner would disagree, We see the love in our dogs’ eyes and know that, of course, they hhas thoughts and emotions. But such claims remain highly controversial Gut instinct is not science, and itis all oo easy to project human thoughts and feelings onto another creature. How, then, does a scientist prove that, fan animal is capable of thinking that itis able to acquire information about the world and act.on it? "That's why I started my studies with ‘Alex,* Pepperberg said. They were seated she at her desk, he on top of his cage—in her lab, a windowless room about the size of a boxcar, at Brandeis University. Newspapers ined the floor; baskets of bright toys ‘were stacked on the shelves. They were clearly a team—and because of their work, the notion that animals can think is no longer so fanciful © Certain skills are considered Key signs of higher mental abilities: good _memory, a grasp of grammar and symbols, self awareness, understanding, others’ motives, imitating others, and being creative. Bit by bit, in Ingenious experiments, researchers have documented these talents in other species, gradually chipping away at what we thought made human beings distinctive while offering a glimpse of where our own abilities womA “Fi ss0) 40¥ preatcnna came from, Serub jays know that other jays are thieves and that stashed food can spoil; sheep can recognize faces; chimpanzees use a variety of tools to probe termite mounds and even use weapons to hunt small ‘mammals; dolphins can imitate human postures; the archerfish, which stuns insects with a sudden blast of water, can learn how to aim its squirt simply by watching an experienced fish perform the task. And Alex the parrot tured out to be a surprisingly good talker. 1 Thiny yours after the Als sties hogan; Peppeberg and changing collection of asistans were il giving hin English leon. The humans long wth two younger pars, lo eerved as Alex's loc, providing the focal input all prow crave. Like any flock, thi oneas small ast was—had is pr 5 share of drama, Alex dominated his) Ait) 44h." fellow ‘pamos, acted. bully ates around Peppeberp tokniel te oer DF edicting female humans, and fell to pieces over fs” sttp:/jweibo.com/ie eee ee Pepperberg bought Alec ina Chicago pet store where she let the store's asset pick him ut becuse se didn want ther scientist saying ater that he'd patculary chosen an erpecially smart bin for er work Civen that Alex brain was the ize of a huled walnat, most reenchers thought Pepperberg's interspecies communication study would be fate. E_ "Some people actualy called me crazy for trying this" she said. "Scientists thought that chimpanzees were better subject, although, of ‘course, ‘chimps can’t’ speak” Chimpanzees, ‘bonobos, and gorillas have been taught t0 ‘use sign language and symbols to communicate with us, often with impressive results. The bonob Kanzi, for instance, carvies his symbol-communication board with him so he can “talk” to his human researchers, and he has invented ‘combinations of symbols to express his thoughts. Nevertheless, this is not ‘the same thing as having an animal look up at you, open his mouth, and speak. Under Pepperberg’s patient tutelage, Alex learned how to use his ‘vocal tract to imitate almost one hundred English words, including the sounds for various foods, although he calls an apple a "banerry.""Apples taste a litle bit like bananas to him, and they look a ite bit like cherries, 0 Alex made up that word for them," Pepperberg said. (AELTS ext papers fered by predcsing com, copyright) emE a $5 preaiiing F It sounded a bit mad, the idea of a bied having lessons to practice, and ‘willingly doing it. But after listening to and observing Alex, it was ifficult to argue with Pepperberg's explanation for his behaviors. She ‘wasn't handing him treats forthe repetitious work or rapping him on the claws to make him say the sounds. "He has to hear the words over and ‘over before he can correctly imitate them," Pepperberg, said, alter ‘pronouncing "seven" for Alex a good dozen times ina row. "Tm not trying. to see if Alex can learn a human language," she added. "That's never been the point. My plan always was to use his imitative skills to get a better understanding of avian cognition.” In other words, because Alex was able to produce a close approximation ff the sounds of some English words, Pepperberg could ask him {questions about a bird's basic understanding of the world. She couldn't ask him what he was thinking about, but she could ask him about his Jmowledge of numbers, shapes, and colors. To demonstrate, Pepperberg, carried Alex on her arm to a tall wooden perch in the midalle ofthe room. She then retrieved a green key and a small green cup from a basket on a shelE. She held up the two items to Alew’s eye. "What's same?" she asked Without hesitation, Alex's beak opened: "Co-lor."What's different?” Pepperberg asked, “Shape,” Alex said. His voice hhad the digitized sound of a cartoon character. Since parrots lack lips (another reason it was difficult for Alex to pronounce some sounds, such as ba), the words seemed to come from the air around him, as if a ventriloquist were speaking, But the words—and what can only be called the thoughts —were entirely his (LTS text papers oe by predicting com, copyright) Hi. For the next 20 minutes, Alex ran through his tests, distinguishing colors, shapes, sizes, and materials (wool versus wood versus metal). He did some simple arithmetic, such as counting the yellow toy blocks among a pile of mixed hues. And, then, as if to offer final proof of the mind inside his bird's brain, Alex spoke up, "Talk clearly!" he commanded, when one cof the younger birds Pepperberg was also teaching talked with wrong, pronunciation. “Talk clearly!" “Dont be a smart aleck," Pepperberg said, shaking her head at him. "He knows allthis, and he gets bored, so he interrupts the others, or he gives the wrong answer just to be obstinate. [At this stage, he's lke a teenager: he's moody, and I'm never sure what hellldo." mamQuestions 1-6 _Do the fllawing statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? {In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write TRUE ihe statements rue FALSE the statement is false NOT GIVEN, ‘the information isnot given in the Firstly, Alex has grasped quite lt of vocabulary. Atthe beginning of study, Alex fel frightened in the presence of humans Previously, many scientists realized that animals possess the ability of thinking [thas taken along time before people get to know cognition existing in animals. [As Pepperberg could approximately imitate the sounds of English words, he was capable of roughly answering Iene's questions regarding the word 6 By breaking in other parots as well as producing the incorect answers, he tied to be focused, Questions 7-10 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using mo more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer, Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet. ‘After the taining of Irene, Parrot Alex can use his vocal tract to| pronounce more than _7___ while other scientists believe that animals have no this advanced ability of thinking, they would rather teach __8__. Pepperberg clarified that she wanted to conduct a study concerning __9__ but not to teach him to talk. The store's assistant picked out a bird at random for her for the sake of avoiding other scientists saying that the bird is _10__ afterwards. aK“isan 425.0 > [iaieueieaiaealiaiel cca. icc lignans Questions 11-13 Answer the questions 11-13 below. (Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 111, What did Alex reply regarding the similarity ofthe subjects showed to him? 112. What isthe problem of the young parrots except Alex? 13, To some extent, through the way he behaved what we ean call him? somBeen: preareting Museums & Theme Park History of the institutions that preserve and interpret the materia evidence of the human race, Iuuman ‘activity, and the natural world, as suck, museums have 4 Tong history, springing from what may be an innate Iuman desire to collect and interpret and having discernible origins in large collections but up by individuals and groups before the modern era. The ‘word museum has classical origins. n its Greek form, mouseion, it meant “seat ofthe Muses” and designated a philosophical institution or a place of contemplation. Use of ‘the Latin derivation, musewn, appears 10 have been restricted in Roman times mainly {0 places of philosophical discussion ‘A The conviction OR(#HE) that historical relies provide inalibe( 18384) testimony, CUEH, about the past is ooted inthe nineteenth and early twentieth Centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value fee. AS on® writer observes: ‘Although itis now evident that artifcts( ATM re as easily altered as chronicles (D(a) , public faith in their veracity (BSH) endures: a tangible TAKES) relic "Seem ipso factorial NT > by fact itself.” Such convietion was, until recently, reflected in riuseum displays. Museums used to Took ~ and some still 6 ~ much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showeases: good for scholars who-wanted fo,study the subtle differences in design, but not forthe ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects oRen made litle sense to the lay visitor. ‘The content and format of explanations dated back toa time when the museums ‘as the exclusive domain of the scietiie researcher. B Recently, however, attitudes towards history and ‘the way it should be presented have altered. The ‘ey word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in ‘momfhe $F. | London. In the US the trend emerged much carlicr: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enacinent (HURIBRR) of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present vistors with a vivid mage ofthe period of their choice, in which they themselves can acta if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vularisation (BYE) , but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests thatthe majrity of the public does not share this opinion Ina related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the othe, is gradually evaporating CRI) “They already borrow ideas and concept from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer Kept in cages, but in ‘reat spaces, iter in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such a the jungle ‘and desert environments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments inthe presentation of natural history in the twentieth century. ‘Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, a they try to present more serious socal and cultural issues, and move aay from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rater distinc, role to fulfill, they are also operating in a very competitive ‘environment, where visitors make choices on how and ‘where t0 spend ther fe time. Heritage and museum ‘experts donot have to invent stories and recreate Iistorical environments to attract their vistors: ther assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artifacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history ae thus ia a dificult positon, as they must steer @ narow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘atractiveness', especially given the increasing need inthe heritage industy fr income-generating activities, It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘eal, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropas creotus CIRBESRA) is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, inthe Museum ‘of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, worm“Bisa 43% + Rael preatcing however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ‘ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it ‘would contain a fot more bias than the presentations provided by experts, F Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everyting from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary ‘people. The same applies to the furnishings and other contents ofthe premises. In ‘town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modem Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image ofthe lifestyle ofthe upper class ofthat era, No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia (48) ; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in the past. This notion i induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres omQuestions 27-30 The reading passage hes six paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from te list below. Write the correct number, vil, in boxes 27.30 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Mixed views on current changes to museums Interpreting the facts to meet visitor expectations Historical function and review of musem. Collections of factual proof ‘The global interpretation of change Current reviews and further suggestion. Public attractions has few differences 27 Paragraph B 28 Paragraph C 29 Paragraph D 30 Paragraph E Questions 31-36 Coot he cotect eter, A,B, Coe. Wii the correct eter inboxes 31-36 on your answer set. {31 Which of the following of museums in the pas is CORRECT compared with today's museums? A. embody history in a specifi way. B they are mainly designed for small group of people (C _were more sear inside D_ preserved items well by administrators. 32. According tothe Author, nowadays the trends in the heritage industry: ‘A. their origins are in London. rely on film special effects somtian 4 + adam reaieine [eet emphasise on personal involvement fist appeared inthe US, va a ‘The writer describe the relationship between museums and theme parks: have similar tools for exhibition, try to impress audience with wild animals.. ‘often cooperate in work are now dificult to seperate them clearly than before. vase In preparing exhibits, the writer says that the experts of museum should note: should stick on one objective. hhave todo some language translation work, have to balance conflicting priorities. shouldbe free ffom commercial restrictions. Bo eae ‘What does the author suggests that some museum exhibits in paragraph fai to match visitor expectations are based onthe false assumptions of professionals ‘reveal more about present beliefs than about the past. allow visitors to make more we of their imagination vase Inthe end, author mentioned our view of history is biased because ‘only some durable ances preserved ftom the past, ‘we especially like ancient caste. we tend to ignore things that make ws angry. ‘museum exhibits influenced by experts, voeeg Questions 37-40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write statement is rue the statement is fal If the information isnot given inthe passage (Customers likes go to theme parks which avoid serious facts ‘According to th passage, less peopl visi theme parks than muscums ‘The old castle of Leyden has barely changed from 17th century. “Museums may give a incorrect impression of how life used tobe, sees aoEAB BUSA Version 10302 Language Strategy Multinational Company A. The importance of language management in multinational companies has never been ‘greater than today. Multinationals are becoming fever more conscious ofthe importance of global coordination as a source of competitive advantage fand. Tanguage remains the ultimate barrier t0 ‘aspirations of international harmonization. Before fatempting to consider language management strategies, companies will have to evaluate the ‘magnitude of the language barrier conftonting thom and in doing so they will need to examine it in three dimensions: the Language Diversity, the Language Penetration and the Language Sophistication. Companies to tum their attention to how they should best manage language. There is a range of options from which MINCs can formulate ther language strategy. B Lingua Franea: The simplest answer, though realistic only for English speaking ‘companies, is to rely on ancs native tongue. As recently as 1991 a survey of British ‘exporting companies found that over a third used English exclusively in dealings with foreign customers. This atitude that "one language fits all” has also been carried Uhrough into the Intemet age. A survey of the web sites of top American companies ‘confirmed that over half made no posi $W3ES%AK) for foreign language access, land another found that less than 10% of leading companies were able to respond adequately to emails other than inthe company’s language . Widespread though it is however, reliance on a single language isa strategy that is fatally Mawed, t makes no allowance forthe growing rend in. PA, Linguistic Nationalism whereby buyers in Asia, South — our ‘America and the Middle East in particular are asserting their =" ‘ right to "workin the language of the customer”: I also fils yo) to recognize the increasing vitality of languages such as ‘a0 ‘Spanish, Arabic and Chinese that overtime are likely to OAS challenge the dominance of English as lingua franca. In the anBitesuss: preaiiing IT arena it ignores the rapid globalization of the Intemet where the mumber of English-language e-commerce wansactions, emails and web sites, is rapidly diminishing as a percentage of the total. Finally, the total reliance on a single Tanguage puts the English speaker at risk in negotiations. Contracts, rules and legislation are invariably writen in the local language, and a company unable to ‘operate in tat language is vulnerable. pesca as ae secre a Gea Lanaee seri ao ahs wer WT Faas 4Meoer ee eS he eae Sin his matt w mule omagh bie ony -ALDFedicting mia of pues pla poate Semstcas $y eater base peice ve. @ baetrsbesomaan Soraaa stent nh Conch ei wma one sot wderand Sipe ceeidcad as cl ts tone nomm nit he scan ot aan tang spiny pucated bh nen of eu base Pat ae eth ee renee rd Hage coal key econ ek Tin ot teeta ouloas aboot oe Sele ins ral Sf trgegest Fool Mango aro ae Sina‘ rau co's lng fhe td bees he foliy of cope eS fa sedan Senco D External Language Resources: Amore rational and obvious response 10 the language barter isto employ external resources such as translators and interpreters, fand certainly there are-many excellent companies specialized. in these’ fields However, such response is by no means an end to the language barter. Fora start ‘hese services can be very expensive witha top Simultaneous Interpreter, commanding daly rates as high as a partner in an international consulting company. Secondly, any good translator or interpreter will insist that to be fully effective they ‘must understand the context of the subject matter. Tis is not always possible. In some cases it is prohibited” by the complexity or specialization of the topic. Sometimes by lack of preparation time but most often the obstacles the reluctance of the parties to explain the wider context fo an ‘outsider. Another problem is that unless there has been considerable pre-explaining between the interpreter and his clients itis likely that there will be ambiguity and cultural overtones in the source messages the interpreter has to work with. They wil of course endeavour to provide & hisfidelity translation but inthis circumstance the intel peter has to use initiative and ‘guesswork. This clearly injects a potential source of nisunderstanding into the proceedings. Finally while a ecg good interpreter will attempt to convey not only the meaning but also the spitit of any communication, there can be no doubt that there i loss of rhetorical HEA) power when ‘communications go through a third party. So in situations requiring negotiation, persuasion, humor ete, the use of an oomi dis se preatcing interpreter is a poor substitute for direct communication, 1 Teanngs The immediate and desndable recon a sileainge in abuses cai Scan! deena! a ecaay oe | Suita fs ingunge “cing. indy well" develope Offering programs at almost every level and in predicting humerous languages. However, without doubting the GQ Mip/fweio.comfelts> oo {hoe ine beeing io beard af ces Tanng in mst comps is cue ute soon eye When timc re fod, money invented in anng Sa ny gigas Tang woe of sft ac? prt Sowa Tiny conde Sorts ar Beopean come, ney wie nny companies. Mepes iehepr nag ocing ys nape oiced ag pt Yeas Tis dary boc Spd inenon” ad "enn ley undene he 2c elyoy upon ua fo ngage sa lew coe aly Zonnitdt nosing he senctycvn oh bed esl F One notable and committed leader in the field of language traning has been the Volkswagen Group. They have developed a language strategy over many yeats and in many respects can be regarded 88 8 model of how to manage language professionally However, the Volkswagen approach underlines that language traning has to be considered a strategic rather than a tactical solution. In their system to progress from "bases" to "communications competence” in a language requires the completion of 6 language stages each one demanding approximately 90 hours of refresher course, supported by many more hours of s stad, spread overs 6-9 month period. The completion of each stage is marked by a post-stage achievement test, whieh isa pre-requsite( #8863) for continued training, So even this professionally managed program expects 8 minimum of three years of fairly intensive study to produce anaccountant-Engineer, buyer or salesperson capable of working effectively ina foreign language: Clearly companies intending to pursue this route ned to da so with realistic expectations and withthe intention of staining the program over many years. Except in tems of "orsh-up" courses for people who were previously Muent in a foreign language, training cannot be ‘considered a quick fx and hence other methods will have to be considered. assBtesscs: Questions 27-32 Summary ‘Complete the following summary ofthe Whole Paragraphs of Reading Passage, choosing A-L words from the following options. Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. MNCs often encounter language barrier in their tly sey ten y sak el specs [a es to solve such problems. First, native language Gretbensrelsteto adits ngage O° speaking country, but problem turned up when they deal with Semen a eeemnp opie cn eussion Some key 28. , it is inevitable to generate differences by rules ten diatom Ansar ey Sons combine pokes egugeand spear wien tov et tates 3 proce cw net mgm hire translators. However, firstly it is Agestures Beclients C transaction assumption E accurate F documents H body language Jeffective Kerivals L costly mounQuestions 33-39 ‘Answer the questions below. (Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage foreach answer (IELTS tt papers offered by precing.com copyright) 33. What understandable reaction does Training pay attention to according to the author? 134 In hat term does the writer deserbe training during economy depression? 135. What contribution does Volkswagen Group do for multinational companies? 36 What does Volkswagen Group consider language traning as in their company? 137. How many stages are needed from basic course to advanced in taining? 38 How long does a reftesher course need normally? 39 Atleast how long is needed fora specific professional fo acquire a foreign language? Questions 40 Choose the correct letter, A, B,C oD. ‘Write your answers in boxes 40 on you aiswer sheet 40 What isthe Main function oF his passage? ‘A. to reveal all kinds of language problems that companies may encounter B _toexhibits some well known cass in dealing with language difficulties (QELTS ext papers fered by fred com,coprigh) C twevaluate various approaches for language barrier in multinational companies D_ to testify that training is only feasible approach to solve language problem ssnHEE OBES Version 10303 The Secrets of Persuasion Pec cae eet ae eae ee, te oat ne ars etc a cae cas ne Sea ope inprece peer ndeoeces fo oad eet eengelop She ne an eres Than the fee OMNES Riera es | fut bias Sere Sra ie SN sreacme ty doing so heb iscovedng iporantinsighis to how 3 wyteebeceatat pan B Cialdinis towel experiments (more of them later), ar part of his research into how ‘we persuade others 1 say yes. He wants to know why some people have a nac(R& AFH) for bending the will of others, be ita telephone cold-caller talking to you bout timeshares, ot a parent whose children are compliant even without threats of textreme violence, While he's anxious not to be seen a the man who's written the © bible’ for snake-oil salesmen, for docades the Arizona State Univesity. soc psychology professor has been creating systems forthe principles and methods of Persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people soem to be born with the skills; Cialdin’ claim is that by applying a litle scence, even those of us who arent should beable to get our own way more often. "All my life I've been an easy mark for the blandishinent AK) of salespeople and fundraisers and 1 always wondered why they could get me to buy things I didst want and give to causes I hadn't heard ‘of says Claldni on the phone from London, where hes plugging hs latest book. D_ He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part ofthe story, so he began to research influence inthe real world, enrolling in salesraining programmes: “L Team how to sell automobiles from a ot, how to sell insurance fom. an office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door." He concluded there were six general "principles of influence” and has since put mom“Bisa 4.30 eae eee prearciing [enemas them to the test under slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has ‘meant messing about with towels, Many hotels leave a litle card in each bathroom ‘asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce pollution, Ciadini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness of ifferent words on those cards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply ‘because it would help save the planet, or were othe factors more compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the cards message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement thet the majority of guests atthe hotel had reused the towel atleast once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse th towels than those given the ld message. In Cialdini's book "Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a business ‘consultant, he explains that guests were responding tothe persuasive force of "social proof’, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by what we believe other People like us are doing ABLTS ts papers ofr by pricing com, copyright) E So much for towels. Cialdini has also leart a lt ffom contectionery(RRI). Yes! cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strobmetz, who wanted (0 See how restaurant psivons C2 19'%) would respond to ridiculously small favour ffom their food server, in the form ofan after-dinner chocolate for each dine. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the chocolates arrived in @ heap withthe bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no chocolate was ‘ven, But when the chocolates were dropped individually in font ofeach diner, tps ‘went up 14%, The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back fo give them one ‘more each, as if such generosity CHF) had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%, This is "reciprocity" in action: we want to retum favours done to us, often ‘without bothering o calculate the relative value of what is being received and given. F Geeling Ng, operations manager st Auckland's Soul Bar, says she's never heard of| iwi waiting staff sing sucha nisl CATERED ick, not east because New Zealand tipping cule isso diferent from thet ofthe US: “Ifyou did that in New Zealand, a8 diners were leaving they/d say ‘can we have some more?” But she certainly understands the general principle a eiprociy CHASTROW) - The way to dines heats "o give them something theyre not expecting in the way of service. If might be something as small as leaving a [ Reelprociiy mint on tei plate, ot might be remembering tht lat time they were in they wanted their water with noice and no leon. "in America it would wansate into an instant sp. In New Zealand it anslates ito huge smile and thnk you" And no doubt, return visits, aonFi sas 4, preaicing ieauwe akc ‘THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASION 6 Reciprocity: People want to give back fo those who have given to them, The trick here is to ge in first ‘Thals why charities put @ crummy pen inside a ‘mailout, and why smiling women in supermarkets Ihand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: (HE) People want more of things they ‘can have less of, Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scaeity limit four per customer", "sale must end soon"), and Cialdini suggests parents do too: "Kids want things that are les available, so say “this is an unusual opportunity; you ean only have this fora certain time! Authority: We trust people who know what they're talking bout. So inform people honestly of your crsienils CHES) before you set out to influence them. "You'd be surprised how ‘many people fail to do that” says Cialdini. "They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one study, therapists ‘whose patients wouldn't do their exercises were advised to Aisplay their qualification certificates prominenlly. They did, and experienced an immediate leap inpatient compliance, Commitmenticonsistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting CHER) charitable donations. First ask workmates if they thnk they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Late, return with the sponsorship form to those who sid yes and remind them of their eatier commitment, ELS rt Papers ofred by pedi com cori) iin sy yedmbroeno pile ee, Obi ea, ut itn or Me EOE RIOT RAL chiar team os tated carr hes tn weer rcs eee waning of ce i be ec nccne eanee sey cue ‘surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We favour redicting Fai whe abe sn Cea Ee vctince Sas GS heat ee aed Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing. Useful for parents, says Cialdini, "Find. groups of children who are behaving ina way that you would like your child to, Because the child looks to the side, rather than at you." More perniviously CHEE) , social proof is the force underpinning CETAEREY the competitive materialism of “Keeping up with the Joneses" (BLL) moaBitsexcks:! Questions 28-31 _Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 26-31 on your answer sheet, write (IELTS et papes fered by predcingcom,cpsrigh) TRUE he statement is true FALSE Ute statements false NOTGIVEN i ation isnot given In the passa 28 Robert Cialdni experienced "principles of influence" himselfin ease lie (UELTS st papers fered by reticing.com,cporick) 29 Principle of persuasion has different types in different countries. 30 In New Zealand, people tend to give tips to attendants after being served a chocolate ‘31 Elder generation of New Zealand is easily attracted by extra service of restaurants by principle of reciprocity. Questions 32-37 ‘Use the information nthe passage to match the category (listed AE) with comet scription below, Write he appropriate letrs AE in boxes 32557 on your answer, sheet [NB Yourmay we any leer more thn once. [Respro IF i ioe B Authority © Commitment predicting D_ Liking ‘wwveipredicting.com E_ Social proot 32 Reveal qualification infront of clients. 133 Peer imitation is more effective than parental advice. 34 Free sample offered from a shopping mall (UELTS te papers fered by preicingcom,conprigh) 35 Use a familiar name in a survey. 136 Guests ecologically altered their behavior in towel experiment, 37 Act equally before and after a promises. aRAsam) 49. 5° ee predicting [nme Questions 38-40 Choose the correct eter, A, B,C or D. \Weite your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet ‘38 Which ofthe following is NOT TRUE about Robert Cialdni? ‘A. Heisan academic psychologist in University B_ Heisa representative of saponaceous sales C Hie doesn‘ agree the current persuasion D__ He wrote «bestseller on science of persuasion 39 Which ofthe followings is CORRECT according to towel experiment inthe passage? |A. The experiment inspired from book of Science of Persuasion B Guests act by principle of reciprocity © Customers behave more ecologically afer renewed message D> Hotels eave card asking guest switch off lights 40 Which ofthe followings is CORRECT according to the candy shop experiment ia the passage? A. Presenting way affects diners tips Regular customer gives tps more than regulars B © People give tips only when offered chocolate D_ Chocolate with bil got higher tps omPi sax) 4.3o i FEE EAU Version 10304 Stress of Workplace (QELS est papers fered by predicting com copigh) A How busy is 10 busy? For some it means having 0 miss ‘the occasional long lunch; for others it means missing leh _((BJE aliogetir Fora few, it snot being able to take a "ickie™ GHED) once a month, Then thre sa group of people for ‘whom working every evening and weekend is noma, and ‘omiceBCERBs the tempo of thei ves. For most senior executives, workloads sing between extremely busy and civi(SEBLEN). The vice-president ofthe ‘management constancy AT Kearney and its hed of elecommuniatons forthe AsiaPac region, Neil Pluridgs, says his work weeks vary ffom a ‘nanageale” 45 hours fo 80 hours, but average 60 bous. B_ Three waming signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep, scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he ges les than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights; when he is constanly having to reschedule appointments; "and the third one is on the family side, sys Plumage, the father of three-year-old daughter, and expecting a second child in Octobe. "IFT happen to miss a birthday or anniversary, I know things are out of conto.” Being “too busy" is highly subjective, But for any individual, the perception of being too busy lover « prolonged period can start showing’ up as stress: disturbed sleep, and declining mental and physical health, National workers! compensation figures show stress causes themost lost-time of any workplace injury. Employees suffering test are off work an average of 16.6 weeks. The effects of stress are also expensive. Comcare, the Federal Government insurer, reports that in 2003-04, claims for psychological injury accounted for 7% of claims but almost 27% of claim costs. Experts say the key to dealing with stress is not to focus on relict ~ 8 game of golf or a massage - but to reassess workloads. Neil Plumridge says he ‘makes ita priority to work out what has to change that ‘might mean allocating extra resourees fo a jb, allowing ‘more time or changing expectations. The decision may take several days. He also relies on the advice of colleagues, saying his peers coach each other with ‘business problems, "Just fresh prof eyes over an issue can help.” he says, womExecutive stress is not confined to big organisations. Vanessa Stoykov has been running her own advertising and public relations business for seven years, specialising in work for financial and professional services firms. Evolution Media as grown so fast that it debuted on the BRW Fast 100 list of fastest-growing small enterprises last year - just after Stoykov had her first child. ‘Stoykov thrives on the mental stimulation of running her own business. "Like everyone, I have the oecasional day when T think my head's going to blow of” she says. Because of the growth phase the business is in, Stoykov has to ‘concentrate on short-term stres relief - weekends in the mountains, the occasional "mental health” day - rather than delegating more work. She says: "We're hiring ‘more people, but you need fo train them, teach them about the culture and the clients, so it's actully more work rather than les." D_Mdemtity the causes: (15175 ter papers ofered by Jpreditingcom. coprigh) Jan Elsnera, Melbourne psychologist who specialises in executive coaching, says ‘thriving on a demanding workloed is typical of senior executives and other hhigh-potental business people. She says there is no one-size-fts-all spprosch to stress: some people work best with high-adrenslin periods followed by quieter patches, while others thrive under sustained pressure, "We could take urine and blood hormonal measures and pass a judgement of whether someone's physiologically stressed or not” she says. “But that's not going to give us an indicator of what their experience of stress is, and what the emotional and cognitive impacts of stress are going tobe.” lane's practice is informed by 2 movement known as positive psychology, a school of thought that argues “positive” experiences ~ feeling engaged, challenged, and that one is making a contribution to something meaningful - do not balance out negative ‘ones such af stress; instead, they help people increase their resilience overtime, Good stress, or positive experiences of boing ‘challenged and rewarded, is thus cumulative in the same way as bad stress. Elsner sys many of the senior business people she coaches are relying more on ‘regulating bad stress through methods such as meditation and yogs. She points to research showing that meditation can alter the biochemistry of the brain and actully help people "retrain” the way their brains and bodies react to stress “Meditation and yoga enable you to shit the way that your brain reacts, so if you get proficient at it you're in control” F Recent research, such as last year's study of public servants by the British epidemiologist Sir Michael Marmot, show the most important predictor of stress is the level of job control a person has. This debunks the theory that stress is the prerogative C##68) of high-achieving executives with type-A personalities and womi Bhan te predicting crazy working hours. Instead, Marmot’ and other research reveals they have the best kind of job: one that combines high demands (challenging work) with high control (autonomy). The worst obs are those tat combine high demands and low control, Peope with demanding jobs but litle autonomy have upto four times the probability of depression and more than double the risk of heart disease, LaMontagne says. "Those to 7 time com fia enor por of cane ff Zit hho ee eee ee predicting table part." Oversees, particularly in E en veeach ising comps Yo reecgn 3 Milenio coma ‘organizational practices to increase employees autonomy, cutting sbsenessm and lifing productivity The Australian vice-president of AT Keamey, Neil Plumridge, says: "Often stress ‘caused by our siting unrealistic expectations of ourselves. Il promise a client do something tomorow, and thea [promise] another client the same thing, ‘when I rally know i's not going to happen. Ive pu stress on myself when T could hhave said to the clients: ‘Why don't I give that to you in 48 hours? The client doesnt care.” Overcommittng is something people experience as an individual problem, We explain it as the result of procrastination or Parkinson's law: that ‘work expands to fil the time availble. New research indicates that people may be hard-wired to doit, IELTS et papers offered by predicting com. copyright) HA Study in the February issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology shows that people alvays believe they willbe less busy in the future than now. This is 2 ‘misapprehension (HR) , according to the authors of the report, Professor Gal Zauberman, of the University of North Carolina, and Professor John Lynch, of Duke University. "On average, sn individual wil be jut a8 busy two weeks or a:month from now as he or she i todayBut that is not how it appears to be in everyday lif,” they wrote. "People often make commitments long in advance that they would never make ifthe same commitment requited immediate action. That i, they discount future time investments relatively stepl.” Why do ‘we perceive @ greater "surplus" of time in the future than in the present? The researchers suggest that people underestimate completion times for tasks ‘sretching ito the future, and that they are bad at imagining future competition for their ime, maxLL: Questions 14-18 ‘Use the information inthe passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once (UBLIS et papers offered by predicsing com copyrigh) Fits eos predicting Grr Speeditingcom 14 Work stress usually happens inthe high level of a business. 15. More people involved would be beneficial for stress relief 16 Temporary holiday sometimes doesn't mean less work 17 Stress leads to a wrong direction when trying to satisfy customers. 18 Itis commonly accepted that stress at present is more severe (ELT text papers ofere by predising.com coppigh) Questions 19-21 Choose the corteteter, A, B, CoD. ‘Wit your answers in boxe 19-21 on your awe see, 19 Which of the following workplace stress is NOT mentioned according 10 Plumridge ia the following options? [Not enough time spend on family ‘Unable to concentrate on work Inadequate time of steep Alteration of appointment wom 20 Which of the following solution is NOT mentioned ia helping reduce the work pressure according to Plumridge? Allocate more personnels Increase more time Lower expectation Do sports and massage come wu21 What is point of view of Jan Elsnera towards work stress? A Work pressure might affect physical endocrine B Index of body samples plays determined role ‘C Emotional ection is superior to physical one D_ One well designed solution can release all stress Questions 22-27 Sian ae reaierng Summary Complete te following summary ofthe paragraphs of Reading Passage, using 0 more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, Statistics from National worker's compensation indicate stress, plays the most important role in _22___. Staffs take ‘about 23 __ for absence from work caused by stress. Not just time is our main concern but great expenses generated, consequently. An official insurer wrote sometime that about 24 __ of all claims were mental issues whereas nearly 27% costs in all claims. (BLS sx papers offer! by ‘pedeing com, coprigh) Sports suchas 25, aswell as 26, could be a treatment to release stress; However, specialists recommended another practical way out, analyse__27__once again. (BLS et papers offerel by predising com copyright | omMusic: Language We All Speak Section A: Music is one of the human species relatively few universal bites, Without formal tining, ny individual, fom Stone Age teibesman to suburban teenager has the ability to recognize music and, in some fashion to make it. Why this shouldbe ao is a mystery. Afr all music int necesary for geting through the day, and if aids in reproduction, it docs 20 only in highly indirect ways. Language, by ‘contrat, salto everywhere- but for reasons that arc more obvious. With Iangusge, {you andthe members of your tribe can organize a migration across Africa, bild reed ‘oats and cross the seas, and communicate at night even when you cant sce cach other. Moder culture, in alls technological extravagance, sping dirty fom the ‘human talent for manipulating symbols and syntax. Scientists , Ihave always been intrigued by the conection between music sand language. Yet over the yeas, words and melody have scquied a vastly diferent stats inthe lb and the seminar room. While language has long been considered essential to tnlockng the-mechanims. of burnan ineligene, musics ‘generally trated as an evoitionary fippery ~ mere "anditory cheesecake," asthe Harvard cognitive scientist Steven Pinker pus Section B: But thanks toa @Cedeong wave “of Mature mwas neuroscience researc, that tune is changing. A funy of TCUKOScIence recent publications suggest that language and music may ‘equally be able to tellus who we are and where we're fom - not just emotionally, but biologically. In July, the journal Natwe Neuroscience devoted a special issue to the topic. And in an article in the August 6 issue ofthe Journal of Neuroscience, David. Schwartz, Catherine Howe, and Dale Purves of Duke University argued that the sounds of music and the sounds of language are intricately connected. To grasp the originality of this idea, ifs necessary to realize wo things about how music has traditionally been understood, First, musiologiss have long emphasized that while each culture stamps a special identity onto its music; music itself hes some universal qualities, For example, in virally al cultures sound is divided into some or mKAll ofthe 12 intervals that make up the chromatic scale - that i, the scale represented by the Keys on a piano, For centuries, observes have attributed this preference for ‘certain combinations of tones to the mathematical properties of sound itself. Some 2,500 yeass ago, Pythagoras was the fist to note a direct relationship between the Iharmoniousness ofa tone combination and the physical dimensions ofthe object that roduced it. For example, a plucked string wil always play an octave lower than a imilar string half ts size, and a fifth lower than a similar string two-thirds is length, ‘Ths link between simple ratios and harmony hs influenced musi theory ever since. ‘Seetion C: This musi-is-moth idea is ofen accompanied by the notion that music ‘formally speaking at least, exists apart from the world in which it was ereated, Writing recently in The New York Review of Books, pianist and critic Charles Rosen discussed the long-standing notion that while painting and sculpture reproduce at lest some aspects of the natural world, and writing describes thoughts and feelings we are all familiar with, musie is entirely abstracted from the world in which we live. Nether idea is right, according to David Schwartz and his colleagues. Human musical preferences are fundamentally shaped not by elegant algorithms or ratios but by the messy sounds of real life, and of speech in particular -whih in tur is shaped by our evolutionary heritage.” The explanation of muse, lke the explanation of any product ‘ofthe mind, must be rooted in biology, notin numbers per se,” says Schwartz. Schwartz, Howe, and Purves analyzed a vast selection of speech sounds fom a variety of languages to reveal the underlying patterns common to all utterances. In order to focus only on the raw sound, they discarded all theories about speech and ‘meaning and sliced sentences into random bites. Using a database of over 100,000 brief Segments of speech, they noted which frequency had the greatest emphasis in cach sound. The resulting set of frequencies, they discovered, corresponded closely to the chromatic sale. In short, the building blocks of music are to he found in speech. Fer from being abstract, music presents a strange analog to the pattems created by the sounds of speech. "Music, like the visual ars, is rooted in our experience of the natural word," says Schwartz." It emulates our sound environment in the way that visual arts emulate the visual environment." In music we hear the echo of our basic sound-making instrument the vocal tract. The explanation for human musi is simple; ‘till than Pythagoras’s mathematical equations. We like the sounds that are familar to us specifically, we like sounds that remind us of ws. ‘This brings up some chicken-or-egg evolutionary questions. It may be that music imitates speech diretly the researchers say, in which case it would seem that language evolved first. It's also conceivable that music came fist and language isin cffect an Imitation of song - that in everyday speech we hit the musical notes we especially lke. Alterately, it may be that musi imitates the general products of the Jhuman sound-making system, which just happens to be mostly speech. "We cant ‘know this” says Schwartz, "What we do know is that they both come from the same mamkx system, and itis this that shapes our preferences,” Section D: Schvart’'s study alo cass light on the Fong runing question of whether snimals understand or appreciate music. Despite the appareat abundance of "music* inthe natural world birdsong, whelesong, well howls, synchronized chimpanzee hooting previous a studies have found tat many laboratory animals dont show a great afinty forthe human variety of ‘music making. Mae Hauser and Josh MeDermot of Harvard argued in the July issue of Nature [Newrsclence that animals don't create or perceive ‘music the way we do. The act that laboratory ‘monkeys can show recognition of human tunes is evidence, they say, of shared general features of the auditory system, not any specific chimpanzee musical ability. As forbids, those most musical beasts, they generally recognize their own tunes - a narrow repertoire = but don't generate novel melodies ike we do. There are no avian Mozars But what's boon played to the animals, Schwarte notes, is human music. If animals evolve preferences for sound as we do - based upon the soundscape (88H) in ‘which they live - then ther "music" would be fundamentally different from ours. In the same way our scales derive from human utterances, a cats idea of @ good tune ‘would derive from yowls and meows, To demonstrate that animals dont appreciate sounds the way we do, we'd need evidence that they don't respond to "music ‘constructed from their own sound environment Section Et No matter how the connection between language and music is parsed, ‘what is apparent is that our sense of music, even our love fori is a deeply rooted in cour biology and in our brains as language is. This is most obvious with babies, says Sandra Trehub atthe University of Toronto, who also published a paper inthe Nature Dewroseience special issue. For babies, music and spoedh are on Continuum, Mothers use musical speech to "regulate infants’ emotional states." Trehub says. Regardless of what language they speak, the voice all mothers use with babies isthe same: "something between speech and song.” This kind of communication "pus the baby in tance-ike state, which ‘may proceed to sleep or extended periods of rapture” So ifthe babies ofthe world ‘could understand the latest research on language and music, they probably wouldnt bbe very surprised. The upshot, says Trehub, is that music may be even more of a necessity than we realize haps boston com nes lobefdeaarticle/ 200911030 momBivssscss Questions 27-31 Reading Passage 3 has five sections A-E, (Choose the correct heading fr each section from thelist of headings below: rite the correct number iit in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Animal sometimes make musi. Recent research on music (Culture embedded in music Historical theories review Communication in musi with animals Contrast betwoen music and language (Questions on a biological ink with human and music Musi is good for babies. i a vi iit 27. Section A 28. Section B 29. Section C 30. Section D 31. Section E Questions 32-38 Look a the following people and list of statements below. ‘Match each person withthe correct statement ‘Waite the correct eter A-Gin boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet, nomList of Statements ‘Music exits outside ofthe world in which itis created. ‘Music has a common feature though cultural influences affect ‘Humans need music, “Music priority connects to the disordered sound around. Discovery of mathematical musical foundation. “Music is not treated equally well compared with language Humans and monkeys have similar raisin perceiving sound, Questions 39-40 (Choose the correc eter 4, B, CorD Write your answers in bes 39-40 on your answer sheet 39 Why was the study of animal's music uncertain? ‘A. Animals don' have the same auditory systemas humans. B Experiments on animals music ae limited (C tunes ae impossible for animal to make wp. D_ Animals don' have spontaneous ability forthe tests 40 Whats the main subject ofthis passage? Language and psychology. Music formation. Role of music in human society Music experiments for animals, woee xoomFEE RELIG Version 10306 Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control A. In 1476, the farmers of Beme in Switzerland decided, according to this story, there was only one way to rid their fields of the curwormsC¥E4R) attacking their crops. They took the pests to court The worms were tied, found guilty and E excommunicated by the ucibishop CR3E#) «In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control, Rather than rly on divine intervention (GHPEIRPED they pur ther faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were ‘encouraged to nap up CPF) the pests inthe pudes CFE) andthe occasional plague of locsis Clk) . But the notion of biological contro! began with an ant ‘More specifically, the story says, it started with the predatory yellow css CH ‘ant Occophylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off ETM pests Jn the ‘orange groves of southern China for at least 1700 yeas. The yellow cit tC ‘HEAR is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a’neat, tentlike nest In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants! nest here and there. But it wasn't long before growing demand led tothe development ofa thriving ‘rade in nests and a new type of agriculture~ant farming. 1 Fe es et i eT A My pte ny Peet ete el ier net ir casted seni ha Aa thos eee eeu cre Oe ome gen tee Ht prealcting their lt groves healthy and producve. The story QP aap coms Se ee ey Se ee eee woim