补充阅读

一、阅读理解
Eating a juicy steak is worse for the environment than frying up some tofu: that should

come as no surprise. Going vegan can greatly cut the carbon footprint of your diet. But what

about the fewer calories, and lower levels of protein, found in most plant-based foods when

compared with meat?

To make the relative carbon impact of foods easier to understand, The Economist

proposes a banana index ( 指 数 ). It compares popular foodstuffs in three aspects—weight,

calories and protein—compared to the humble banana, a fruit of middling nutritional value

and impact on weather conditions.

Indexing greenhouse-gas emissions to a single food gives a sense of how different

foodstuffs rank. Unfortunately for carnivores ( 食肉动物 ), beef is bad for the environment no

matter how you slice it. Producing one kilogram of mince ( 馅 ) causes as many emissions as

109kg of bananas (call it a “banana score” of 109). As for nutritional value, beef’s banana

score falls to 54 (one calorie of beef mince causes 54 times as much carbon emissions as one

calorie of banana). By protein, it scores seven.

Poultry (家禽) scores 11 bananas by weight and four by calorie. However, as a source of

protein, it is more carbon-friendly than bananas: poultry protein emits just three-fifths of the

same amount of banana protein. The same applies to salmon. Unsurprisingly, plant-based

alternatives to meat do even better: a meat-free burger, for instance, scores just one-fifth of

the emissions of bananas per gram of protein.

Our banana index relies on average emissions for a given food. In the real world some

producers are more climate-friendly than others, and some foods travel farther to consumers.

Our banana index also does not capture other environmental impacts, such as land and water

use (though here too, beef tends to perform poorly).

Voting in Europe suggests that most consumers want to be more climate-friendly—and

with food production responsible for perhaps a quarter of global emission, eating with the

climate in mind would make a difference. Three-quarters of the respondents said they want

labels that would explain the climate impact of their food. In the meantime, our banana index

might help.

1．What’s the most likely reason for bananas to be chosen as an object of reference?

试卷第 1页，共3页
 A．Bananas have fewer calories and less protein.

B．Bananas are a humble fruit.

C．Bananas have the least impact on the environment.

D．Bananas are of medium climate effect and nutrition.

2．According to the index, which one is more carbon-friendly as a source of protein?

A．Beef B．A meat-free burger C．Poultry D．A banana

3．Which aspect of the index does paragraph 5 focus on?

A．Its drawbacks B．Its benefits

C．Its practical meanings D．Its principles

4．What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．An approach to assessing nutritional value of food

B．A way to measure the climate impact of food

C．A great indicator of greenhouse-gas emissions

D．A big helper in deciding what to buy

How does an ecosystem( 生 态 系 统 ) work? What makes the populations of different

species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer,

scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how

much each one eats.

With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.

Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.

When a predator( 掠 食 动 物 ) always eats huge numbers of a single prey( 猎 物 ), the two

species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked.

Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable

over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction( 灭绝) of

one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a

prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may

thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small

changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s,

scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control

over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.

And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top

试卷第 2页，共3页
predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial

scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly

affected the ecological balance.

Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the

system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a

breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention

is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point( 临 界 点 ), it is

remarkably difficult for them to return.

5．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?

A．The living habits of species in food webs.

B．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.

C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.

D．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.

6．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?

A．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.

B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.

C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.

D．The prey species they directly attack will die out.

7．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?

A．Species of commercial value dominate other species.

B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.

C．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.

D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.

8．How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?

A．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.

B．By stopping us from killing large predators.

C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.

D．By getting illegal practices under control.

二、读写任务
9．请认真阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文章。

试卷第 3页，共3页
 Henderson Island is a tiny, unpopulated （ 无 人 居 住 的 ） island in the middle of the

Pacific Ocean,3,000 miles from major city centers. Though it is half the size of Manhattan,

more than 19 tons of plastic waste litter its white, sandy beaches.

Researchers estimate( 估计) that it has the highest concentration of waste of any place in

the world with a total of over 37 million pieces of trash in all on the small island. For every

square meter you walk, on average you’ll find 672 pieces of trash.

Mismanaged waste from land goes into waterways, which feed into larger rivers, which

in turn empty into ocean. In this way, plastic from far inland can travel many miles to the

coastline, bringing an estimated 9 million tons of plastic every year.

Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of animals every year. Nearly 700

species have been reported to be affected by it. Species of all sizes, from zooplankton （浮游

动物）to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one-fifth of an inch across.

[写作内容]

1. 用约 30 个单词写出上文概要；

2. 用约 120 个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：

(1) 造成“塑料垃圾污染海洋”的原因；

(2) 你对如何解决这一问题的建议（至少两条）。

[写作要求]

1. 不能直接引用原文语句；

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3. 不必写标题。

[评分标准]

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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试卷第 4页，共3页
三、短文改错
10．短文中有 10 出语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。

修改：在错的词下面一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：
1、 每句不超过 2 个错误;

2、 每处错误及其修改均限一词;

3、 只允许修改 10 处，多者(从第 11 处起)不计分。

I went away home without my parents when I was 10. I went on a school trip with my

classmate to Beijing Zoo. We all left home earlier in the morning. We traveled to Beijing by

bus and spend the whole day here. I remember seeing a elephant for the first time. I was very

exciting! At noon, we ate our picnic lunch, . It was fantastic. At five o’ clock, they got on the

bus and returned. It was the best trip I can remember it.

11．假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。

文中共有 10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修

改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。

2.只允许修改 10 处，多者（从第 11 处起）不计分。

Last week our class voted on how to do for you class outing: visit the Singapore Zoo and

go to the Night Safari( 夜间动物园 ). We girls wanted to go to the zoo, but since we are in

minority, we lost to the boys, that all wanted the safari. We got the admission rate for the

students, which was great since I still had not enough money to buy a brochure about the park

as well as something at the souvenir shops. The safari was scary( 吓人的 )but real fun. As we

took the ride across the park’s dark jungle, we could see the eyes of many creatures look at

us. Most of the animal there sleep when there sunlight and wake up at night.

试卷第 5页，共3页
 参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种衡量食物对气候影响的方法——香蕉指数。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段话“It compares popular foodstuffs in three aspects—weight,

calories and protein—compared to the humble banana, a fruit of middling nutritional value and

impact on weather conditions.(它从重量、卡路里和蛋白质这三个方面比较了流行的食物和普

通的香蕉，香蕉是一种营养价值中等、对天气状况影响不大的水果。)”可知，香蕉被选为

参照物的原因很可能是因为香蕉营养价值中等，对天气影响不大。故选 D 项。

2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段话“However, as a source of protein, it is more carbon-

friendly than bananas: poultry protein emits just three-fifths of the same amount of banana protein.

The same applies to salmon. Unsurprisingly, plant-based alternatives to meat do even better: a

meat-free burger, for instance, scores just one-fifth of the emissions of bananas per gram of

protein.(然而，作为一种蛋白质来源，它比香蕉更环保：家禽蛋白质的排放量仅为香蕉蛋白

质的五分之三。这同样适用于鲑鱼。不出所料，以植物为基础的肉类替代品效果更好：例

如，一个无肉汉堡每克蛋白质的排放量仅为香蕉的五分之一。)”可知，更环保的蛋白质来

源应该是一个无肉汉堡。故选 B 项。

3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段话“Our banana index relies on average emissions for a given

food. In the real world some producers are more climate-friendly than others, and some foods

travel farther to consumers. Our banana index also does not capture other environmental impacts,

such as land and water use (though here too, beef tends to perform poorly).(我们的香蕉指数依赖

于一种特定食物的平均排放量。在现实世界中，一些生产商比其他生产商更环保，一些食

品到达消费者手中的路程更远。我们的香蕉指数也没有考虑其他环境影响，比如土地和水

的使用(尽管在这方面，牛肉也往往表现不佳)。)”可知，本段讲述了香蕉指数的不足。故选

A 项。

4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段话“To make the relative carbon impact of foods easier to

understand, The Economist proposes a banana index (指数).(为了让人们更容易理解食物的相对

碳影响，《经济学人》提出了一个香蕉指数。)”以及最后一段话“Three-quarters of the

respondents said they want labels that would explain the climate impact of their food. In the

答案第 1页，共2页
meantime, our banana index might help.(四分之三的受访者表示，他们希望标签能够解释其食

品对气候的影响。与此同时，我们的香蕉指数可能会有所帮助。)”可知，香蕉指数可以帮

助我们测量食品对气候的影响。故选 B 项。

5．D 6．A 7．C 8．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家利用食物网的数学建模了解食物链的关系，

以及顶端捕食动物数量变化对其他物种的影响，进而指出人类无计划的活动会给生态系统

带来极大的破坏，呼吁人们维持生态系统的平衡。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“With such models, scientists have found out some key principles

operating in food webs.”（通过这些模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原理。）可

知，科学家发现了食物网运作的关键原则。故选 D 项。

6．推理判断题。根据第三段“In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a

food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—

including species they did not directly attack.”（20 世纪 60 年代，科学家们提出，食物网顶端

的捕食者对其他物种（包括它们没有直接攻击的物种）的种群规模有着惊人的控制力。）

可知，如果食物网中顶级捕食者的数量大幅下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。

故选 A 项。

7．细节理解题。根据第四段“These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.”（这

些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。）可知，不受控制的人类活动极大地扰乱了生态系统。故

选 C 项。

8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human

activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an

ecosystem back from the borderline.”（理想情况下，该系统会告诉我们何时适应将生态系统

推向崩溃的人类活动，甚至允许我们将生态系统从临界点拉回来。）可知，早期的预警系

统是通过发出需要采取预防行动的紧急信号来帮助我们维持生态平衡的。故选 A 项。

9．What happened to Henderson Island tells us that plastic waste from far inland can travel many

miles to remote islands, polluting the ocean and posing great threat to marine life.

What are the reasons behind? In some sense, marine plastic pollution seems to trace back to

one cause---over-consumption of plastic. For the sake of convenience, people use plastic in their

daily life, leaving large amounts of waste. But the bad news is that many countries lack waste-

答案第 2页，共2页
collection systems, which leads to mismanaged plastic waste. When the waste empties into rivers

and oceans, pollution happens.

We shouldn’t meet our own needs at the cost of the environment. It’s time we changed our

life-style completely, limiting the use of plastic products. Also, alternative materials should take

the place of plastic. Meanwhile, plastic trash should be managed effectively. It’s mankind’s

responsibility to find answers that are good for everyone, and everything else (150)

【分析】本书面表达属于读写任务写作。考生先要概括文章概要，然后分析造成“塑料垃

圾污染海洋”的原因，最后写出解决这一问题的建议。

【详解】本书面表达属于读写任务写作。动笔前，首先要认真阅读原文，并理解其内容。

其次，认真看清题目要求，在稿子上列出提纲。最后，根据要求写出文章。这篇书面表达

写作内容：1. 用约 30 个单词写出上文概要；2. 用约 120 个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：

(1) 造成“塑料垃圾污染海洋”的原因；(2) 你对如何解决这一问题的建议（至少两条）。

写作要求:1. 不能直接引用原文语句；2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；3. 不必写标

题。写作的时候，要按照要点去表达，不能有遗漏，要注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连

贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己会的单词、词组和句型，同时也要注意使用一些高级语

法和句型，使自己的文章更有文采。

【点睛】高分句型：1 What happened to Henderson Island tells us that plastic waste from far

inland can travel many miles to remote islands, polluting the ocean and posing great threat to

marine life.这句话运用了主语从句和现在分词作状语。

2. For the sake of convenience, people use plastic in their daily life, leaving large amounts of

waste.这句话中运用了现在分词作状语。

3. But the bad news is that many countries lack waste-collection systems, which leads to

mismanaged plastic waste.这句话中运用了名词性定语从句。

4. It’s mankind’s responsibility to find answers that are good for everyone, and everything else 这

句话中运用了不定式作主语。
10．1. away 后加 from 2. classmate → classmates 3. earlier → early 4. spend → spent 5. here

→ there 6. a→ an

7. exciting → excited 8. visited → visiting 9. they → we 10. 删去 it

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文中讲述的是作者在 10 岁那年，和同学们去北京动物园参加

学校旅行的经历。

答案第 3页，共2页
【详解】1.考查固定搭配。句意：我 10 岁的时候离开父母回了家。句中 away form 为固定

搭配，意为“远离”。故在 away 后加 from。

2.考查名词。句意：我和我的同学去北京动物园参加了学校的旅行。句中 classmate 意为

“同学”为可数名词。此处表示复数意义。故将 classmate 改为 classmates。

3.考查副词。句意：我们一大早就离开家了。句中 early 为副词，修饰动词作状语。此处无

比较级意义。故将 earlier 改为 early。

4.考查时态。句意：我们乘公共汽车去了北京，在那里待了一整天。句中描述的是过去发

生的事实，故使用一般过去时。故将 spend 改为 spent。

5.考查副词。句意：同上。根据句意，此处表示在那里待了一整天。故将 here 改为 there。

6.考查冠词。句意：我记得第一次看到大象的情景。句中 elephant 为可数名词，其开头字母

为元音因素。故将 a 改为 an。

7.考查形容词。句意：我很兴奋！句中形容词作表语，修饰 we 应该使用-ed 结尾的形容词，

以-ing 结尾的修饰物。故将 exciting 改为 excited。

8.考查非谓语动词。句意：中午，我们吃了我们的野餐午餐，在参观爬行动物馆之前。句

中 before 为介词，后接动名词作宾语。故将 visited 改为 visiting。

9.考查代词。句意：五点钟的时候，我们坐公共汽车回来了。句中描述的是作者和同学们

去北京动物园参加学校旅行的经历。故将 they 改为 we。

10.考查定语从句。句意：那是我记忆中最棒的一次旅行。分析句子，“I can remember”是

省略了 that 引导的定语从句，that 引导词在从句中作宾语，故 it 多余。故将 it 删除。

11．

答案第 4页，共2页
【详解】本文主要讲述在一次班级活动中，女生票数不敌男生，最终全班一起去了夜间动

物园的事情，虽然夜间动物园很吓人，但是很有趣。
“Last week our class voted on how to do for you class outing”，分析句子结构，vote on 为

动词短语， to do for you class outing 为从句，且从句缺少主语，故将 how 改为 what 。

“visit the Singapore Zoo and go to the Night Safari(夜间动物园)”，根据前文的投票，可知

是在两者之间进行选择，故将 and 改为 or。

“We girls wanted to go to the zoo, but since we are in minority, we lost to the boys”，根据

wanted 可知，句子时态为过去时态，故将 are 改为 were。

“we lost to the boys, that all wanted the safari”，分析句子结构，we lost to the boys 为主句，

all wanted the safari 为从句，all 指代 boys，主句与从句之间用逗号隔开，应使用非限制性定

语从句，故将 that 改为 which。

“We got the admission rate for the students, which was great”，分析句子结构，先行词为

主语 We，故将 which 改为 who。

“since I still had not enough money to buy a brochure about the park as well as something at

the souvenir shops”，根据 buy a brochure about the park as well as something at the souvenir

shops 我买了小册子还有一些纪念品，可知作者还是有钱的，故将 not 删掉。

“ The safari was scary(吓人的)but real fun”，fun 为形容词，应使用副词修饰，故将 real

改为 really。

“As we took the ride across the park’s dark jungle”，through 强调从人群或物体中间穿过，

答案第 5页，共2页
across 指在某一空间从一端到另一端或呈十字交叉穿过，本句讲的是从公园中穿过，故将

across 改为 through。

“we could see the eyes of many creatures look at us”，see sb/sth doing sth 看见某人/物正在

做某事，故将 look 改为 looking。

“Most of the animal there sleep when there sunlight and wake up at night”，根据 most of 大

多数，后面加可数名词复数形式，故将 animal 改为 animals。

答案第 6页，共2页