Automobile Engineering
• Books Recommended:
1. Automobile Engineering by R B Gupta
2. Automobile Engineering by R K Rajput
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• Introduction of Engine and Fuel
System, Classification of Vehicles,
knowledge of major parts of petrol
and diesel engines with their
Constructional and working
principles.
•
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• Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines:
• Heat Engines:
• Any types of engine or machine which derives
heat energy from the combustion of fuel or any
other source and convert into mechanical work is
termed as a Heat Engine. Heat engines may be
classified into two main classes as follows:
• 1. External Combustion Engines
• 2. Internal Combustion Engines
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• 1. External Combustion Engines:
• In this type of engine, combustion of fuel take
place outside the cylinder as in case of steam
engines where the heat of combustion is
employed to generate steam which is used to
move a piston in a cylinder. Other example is
steam turbine. These engines are generally used
for driving locomotives, ships, generation of
electric power etc.
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• 2. Internal Combustion Engines
• In this type of engine, combustion of fuel takes
place inside the cylinder of the engine. The internal
combustion engines group includes engines
employing mixture of combustible Gases and air,
known as gas engines, those using lighter liquid
fuel or spirit known as petrol engines and those
using heavier liquid fuels, known as oil
compression ignition or diesel engines. Now a
days, I.C. Engines are most commonly used in
automobiles.
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• Advantages of external combustion engines over
internal combustion engines:
• 1. Starting torque is generally high.
• 2. Because of external combustion, cheaper fuels
can be used. Even solid fuels can be used
advantageously.
• 3. Due to external combustion of fuel it is possible
to have flexibility in arrangement.
• 4. These units are self starting with the working
fluid whereas in case of internal combustion engine,
some additional equipment or device is used for
starting the engines.
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• Advantages of reciprocating internal combustion
engines over external combustion engines:
1. Overall efficiency is high.
2. Greater mechanical simplicity
3. Weight to power ratio is generally low.
4. Generally lower initial cost.
5. Easy starting from cold conditions
6. These units are compact and thus
require less space.
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• Development of IC engines: Brief History:
• The first fairly practical engine was invented by J.J.E
Lenoir in about 1860. During the next decade, several
hundred of these engines were built with power upto
4.5 kW and mechanical efficiency upto 5%.
• The Otto Langen engine with efficiency improved to
about 11% was first introduced in 1867 and several
thousands of these were produced during the next
decade.
• Otto was the first who build four Stroke cycle
prototype engine in 1876.
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• The Internal Combustion Engines first appeared in
automobiles 1880. Also in this decade the two stroke cycle
engine became practical.
• In 1892, Rudolf Diesel had built Compression Ignition engine.
Early compression engines were noisy, large, slow, single
cylinder engines. They were more efficient than park ignition
engines.
• In 1920s multicylinder compression ignition engines were
used in automobile and trucks.
• Wakdle’s first rotary engine tested at NSV, Germany in 1957.
• The practical stirling engines in small number are being
produces since 1965.
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3. CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES
1. ACCORDING TO CYCLE OF OPERATION
(i) Two stroke cycle engines
(ii) Four stroke cycle engines
2. ACCORDING TO CYCLE OF
COMBUSTION
(i) Otto Cycle engine
(ii) Diesel Cycle engine
(iii) Dual Cycle engine
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• 3. According to arrangement of Cylinders:
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• 4. According to their uses:
• (i) Stationary Engine
• (ii) Portable Engine
• (iii) Marine Engine
• (iv) Automobile Engine
• (v) Aero Engine etc.
• 5. According to speed of the engine:
• (i) Low speed engine
• (ii) Medium speed engine
• (iii) High speed engine.
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6. According to methods of Ignition:
(i) Spark Ignition Engine
(ii) Compression Ignition Engine
7. According to methods of cooling of cylinder:
(i) Air Cooled engine (ii) Cooled
engine
8. According to methods of governance:
(i) Hit and miss governed engine
(ii) Quantity governed engine
(iii) Quality governed engine
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• 9. According to valve arrangement:
(i) Over head valve engine
(ii) L – heat type engine
(iii) T – head type engine
(iv) F – head type engine
• 10. According to number of cylinders:
(i) Single cylinder engine
(ii) Multi cylinder engine
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• 11. According to Air Intake process:
(i) Naturally aspirated. No intake pressure boost
system
(ii) Supercharged Intake air pressure increased
with the compressor driven off the engine crankshaft.
(iii) Turbocharged Intake air pressure increased
with the turbine compressor driven by the engine
exhaust gases.
(iv) Crankcase compressed two stroke cycle
engine which uses the crank case as the intake air
compressor.
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• 12. According to fuel employed:
(i) Oil Engine (ii) Petrol Engine
(iii) Gas engine(iv) Kerosene engine
(v) LPG engine (vi) Alcohol ethyle, methyl engine
(vii) Dual fuel engine (viii) Gasohol (90% gasoline
and 10% alcohol)
• 13. Method of fuel input for S. I. engines:
(i) Carburetted
(ii) Multipoint port fuel injection. One or more injectors at
each cylinder intake.
(iii) Throttle body fuel Injection. Injectors upstream in
intake manifold.
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C. Parts for Diesel engine Only:
(i) Fuel Pump
(ii) Fuel Injector
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