CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

In the growing world of technology and people. Many organization, institutions, and companies
are wasting a lot of time and effort in marking the attendance of every individual on a daily
bases. This research will tell them the suitable, accessible, reliable, efficient, and affordable
attendance system which will cut the effort and cost for them. The most useful and reliable
technology for large no. of employee’s or students is the biometric technology that uses the
ballistic fingerprinting and verification of an individual by analyzing the human finger
characteristics that are widely used in various aspects of life for many purposes, most
significantly in the study the issue of staff attendance. Conflict in the countless advantages of the
fingerprint system and its influence to diverse work sectors across the world, almost all biometric
technology users are facing an issue of physical process to find accurate biometric technology
which will be more cost-effective in solving attendance and proxy problems in the environment
of organization, institution or company. In this research paper, a survey was organized in
engineering college name ABESIT, Ghaziabad in the region of Ghaziabad, in order to determine
the unique biometric which can be used to better the current manual staff attendance system and
student attendance system, currently which is affecting the productivity of the institution. This
study was conducted by using duodecimal method for designing questionnaire for the collection
of data instrument about different biometric technologies. This survey which involved about 50
students and staff member from the institute based on stratified random sampling technique. At
the end of the survey, it was found that fingerprint biometric system is suitable for both staff and
students in the institute for marking their attendance on daily biases. It therefore draws the
attention on recommending biometric technology for improving productivity and transparency of
business process within an organization. The result shows the need of improving the security and
technology in the field of biometrics.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 A Design and Implemention of a Wireless Iris Recognition Attendence Management

System, "Information Technology and Control

AUTHOR NAME: S. Kadry and K. Smaili

YEAR: 2022

While the move towards the digital era is being accelerated every hour, biometrics technologies
have begun to affect people’s daily life more and more. Biometrics technologies verify identity
through cha-racteristics such as fingerprints, faces, irises, retinal patterns, palm prints, voice,
hand-written signatures, and so on. These techniques, which use physical data, are receiving
attention as a personal authentication method that is more convenient than conventional me-
thods such as a password or ID cards. Biometric personal authentication uses data taken from
measure-ments. Such data are unique to the individual and remain so throughout one’s life. This
technology has been applied for controlling access to high-security facilities, but it is now being
widespread developed in information systems such as network, e-commerce, and retail
applications. In these technologies, iris recognition becomes the most mature and popular
biometrics technology used in automatic personal identification. In the beginning, the idea of
using iris patterns for personal identification was originally proposed in 1936 by ophthalmologist
Frank Burch. By the 1980's the idea had appeared in James Bond films, but it still remained
science fiction and conjecture. In 1987 two other ophthalmologists, Aran Safir and Leonard
Flom, patented this idea, and in 1989 they asked John Daugman to try to create actual algorithms
for iris recognition. But now, this technology is also being used in several other applications such
as access control for high security installations, credit card usage verification, and employee
identification. The reason for the popularity of iris recognition verifying is the uniqueness,
stability, permanency and easily taking. Just for this, a number of iris recognition verification
approaches have been proposed until now.

2
2.2 Development of Attendance Management System using Biometrics

AUTHOR NAME: O. Shoewu and O.A. Idowu

YEAR: 2022

In this paper, the development of an attendance management system using biometrics is

proposed. Managing student attendance during lecture periods has become a difficult
challenge. The ability to compute the attendance percentage becomes a major task as manual
computation produces errors, and also wastes a lot of time. For the stated reason, an
efficient attendance management system using biometrics is designed. This system takes
attendance electronically with the help of a finger print device and the records of the attendance
are stored in a database. Attendance is marked after student identification. For student
identification, a biometric (fingerprint) identification based system is used. This process
however, eliminates the need for stationary materials and personnel for the keeping of
records. Eighty candidates were used to test the system and success rate of 94% was recorded.
The manual attendance system average execution time for eighty students was 17.83
seconds while it was 3.79 seconds for the automatic attendance management system using
biometrics. The results showed improved performance over manual attendance management
system. Attendance is marked after student identification.

2.3 A Comparative Study of Biometric Technologies with Reference to HumanInterface

3
AUTHOR NAME: K P Tripathi

YEAR:2022

Traditionally the use of biometric devices has improved our ability to provide authenticated
access to physical installations. Biometrics is the use of a person‟s unique physiological,
behavioral, and morphological characteristic to provide positive personal identification.
Biometric systems that are currently available today examine fingerprints, handprints, iris and
retina patterns, and face. Systems that are close to biometrics but are not classified as such are
behavioral systems such as voice, signature and keystroke systems. They test patterns of
behavior not parts of the body. Over the next few years, the use of biometrics will continue to
grow and become much more commonplace. Today the core technologies have evolved and the
cost of the equipment is going down dramatically due to the integration and increasing
processing power. Certain applications of biometric identification technology are now cost-
effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result, there is no technological or financial barrier
for stepping from the pilot projects to widespread deployment. This paper is an attempt to
highlights the biometric technologies in concern with human interface.

CHAPTER-3

EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM

4
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

In many institutions, and academic organizations, attendance is a very important criteria

which is used for various purposes. These purposes include record keeping, assessment of
students, and promotion of optimal and consistent attendance in class. In developing
countries, a minimum percentage of class attendance is required in most institutions and
this policy has not been adhered to, because of the various challenges the present method
of taking attendance presents. This traditional method involves the use of sheets of paper or
books in taking student attendance. This method could easily allow for impersonation and the
attendance sheet could be stolen or lost. Taking of attendance is time consuming and it is
difficult to ascertain the number of students that have made the minimum percentage and
thus eligible for exam. Thus, there is a need for a system that would eliminate all of these
trouble spots.
DISADVANTAGES

 Time consumption is more

 Paper documents not safe

 Malpractices takes place

 Cost is high

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Proposed system

Automated Attendance System played important role in the growth, and daily work process of
our modernization. The main purpose of our system is to develop the automated attendance
system is secure and safe. Attendances of all students are maintained in every school, college and
university. In this proposed system, every student is allotted with an RFID tag. The process of
5
attendance can be done by placing the card near the RFID reader. The propose of this system to
take attendance of students through RFID tag and RFID Reader. The design and implementation
of a RFID primarily based automatic attendance system that's the intention and goal of this paper
changed into effectively carried out. This systems gives an effective and handier technique of
taking attendance when in comparison to the manual method.

Important advantage of this system is a single hardware implementation results in designing

three different module.

1. Student attendance detection in college bus

The proposed system Bus security and Attendance management for student using RFID has

used the coherent mechanism how the RFID tag is read by a reader in the student in security

zone as well as maintain the attendance at classroom level. The system should store the

absent student’s and present student’s attendance details is stored in electronic format so that

management of attendance becomes easy.

2. Student attendance detection in gate terminal who are using private service (govt.

bus, own vehicle etc.,)

Each student is given a smart card having a unique identification number. If student is

staying back and does not walk through gates,do not attendance record automatically.

Attendance record will be automatic only when student walk through the gate.,

An RFID reader is installed. Students carrying their smart cards simply have to pass through

the reader and the reader scans their unique identification number and hence the attendance is

marked automatically.

3. Class room based attendance tracking system

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 There are various methods of automating the attendance process and schools can choose a

system that suits their requirements the best. The latest technology in automating attendance

is Radio Frequency Identification(RFID). It uses a very simple mechanism and marks

attendance of the entire class within seconds. Each student is given a smart card having a

unique identification number. At the entrance of the classroom, an RFID reader is installed.

Students carrying their smart cards simply have to pass through the reader and the reader

scans their unique identification number and hence the attendance is marked automatically.

Since the RFID reader is capable of reading several cards at once, the attendance of multiple

students is marked simultaneously. The data from the RFID reader is automatically fetched

by the integrated ERP. Hence, the Schools get the attendance details of every class and

section at once.

Advantage

 Auto-generate diverse types of reviews of class or pupil attendance.

 Increased security and confidentiality with role-based permissions to users.

 Reduce paperwork and save time and money with mobile and cloud-based attendance
management system

 Eliminate duplicate data entry and errors in time and attendance entries

CHAPTER-4

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Hardware specification

 ARDUINO UNO

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  LCD

 RFID READER

 ALARM

 AMPLIFYINGN CIRCUIT

 RESET BUTTON

Software specification

 ARDUINO IDE

 PROTEUS SIMULATOR

CHAPTER-5

BLOCKDIAGRAM

Power Supply Unit

8
MAIN UNIT

IOT Module

CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE EXPLANATION

6.1 Arduino uno microcontroller

Definition

Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board that can be integrated into a wide variety
of makerspace projects both simple and complex. This board contains a microcontroller which is

9
able to be programmed to sense and control objects in the physical world. By responding to
sensors and inputs, the Arduino is able to interact with a large array of outputs such as LEDs,
motors and displays. Because of it’s flexibility and low cost, Arduino has become a very popular
choice for makers and makerspaces looking to create interactive hardware projects. Arduino was
introduced back in 2005 in Italy by Massimo Banzi as a way for non-engineers to have access to
a low cost, simple tool for creating hardware projects. Since the board is open-source, it is
released under a Creative Commons license which allows anyone to produce their own board. If
you search the web, you will find there are hundreds of Arduino compatible clones and
variations available but the only official boards have Arduino in it’s name.

Introduction

Introduction to Arduino Uno. It is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc and based

on Atmega328.Electronic devices are becoming compact, flexible and cheap that are capable of
doing more function as compared to their predecessors that happened to cover more space,
turned out costly with the ability to perform fewer functions. Experts always strive to introduce
innovation in automation that requires minimum effort and gives maximum output. The
microcontroller was introduced in the electronics industry with the purpose of making our tasks
easy that come with even a remote connection with automation in any way. Microcontrollers are
widely used in embedded systems and make devices work according to our needs and
requirements. We have already discussed the controllers like 8051, Atmega16, Atmega328 and
PIC16F877. Arduino Uno is a very valuable addition in the electronics that consists of USB
interface, 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog pins, and Atmega328 microcontroller. It also supports
serial communication using Tx and Rx pins.

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There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like Arduino Uno, Arduino
Due, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, however, most common versions are Arduino Uno and
Arduino Mega. If you are planning to create a project relating to digital electronics, embedded
system, robotics, or IoT, then using Arduino Uno would be the best, easy and most economical
option.

It is an open-source platform, means the boards and software are readily available and anyone
can modify and optimize the boards for better functionality. The software used for Arduino
devices is called IDE (Integrated Development Environment) which is free to use and required
11
some basic skills to learn it. It can be programmed using C and C++ language. Some people get
confused between Microcontroller and Arduino. While former is just an on system 40 pin chip
that comes with a built-in microprocessor and later is a board that comes with the
microcontroller in the base of the board, bootloader and allows easy access to input-output pins
and makes uploading or burning of the program very easy. People with the non-technical
background can easily get a hands-on experience with Arduino, while learning microcontroller
requires some expertise and skills. Nevertheless, we can say every Arduino is basically a
microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an Arduino. I’ll try to cover each and everything
related to Arduino Uno, so you get a clear idea of what it does, its main features, working and
everything you need to know.

 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc which is an open-

source electronics platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328.
 First Arduino project was started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2003 by David
Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi with the intention of providing a cheap and flexible way
to students and professional for controlling a number of devices in the real world.
 The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6 analog input pins, 14
I/O digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits. Out of 14 I/O
ports, 6 pins can be used for PWM output.
 It allows the designers to control and sense the external electronic devices in the real
world.
 This board comes with all the features required to run the controller and can be directly
connected to the computer through USB cable that is used to transfer the code to the
controller using IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software, mainly developed
to program Arduino. IDE is equally compatible with Windows, MAC or Linux Systems,
however, Windows is preferable to use. Programming languages like C and C++ are used
in IDE.
 Apart from USB, battery or AC to DC adopter can also be used to power the board.

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  Arduino Uno boards are quite similar to other boards in Arduino family in terms of use
and functionality, however, Uno boards don’t come with FTDI USB to Serial driver chip.
 There are many versions of Uno boards available, however, Arduino Nano V3 and
Arduino Uno are the most official versions that come with Atmega328 8-bit AVR Atmel
microcontroller where RAM memory is 32KB.
 When nature and functionality of the task go complex, Mirco SD card can be added in the
boards to make them store more information.

Features of Arduino Uno Board

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 Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is added on the board to develop
serial communication with the computer.
 Atmega328 microcontroller is placed on the board that comes with a number of features
like timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and based on a 16MHz clock that
helps in producing more frequency and number of instructions per cycle.

 It is an open source platform where anyone can modify and optimize the board based on
the number of instructions and task they want to achieve.
 This board comes with a built-in regulation feature which keeps the voltage under control
when the device is connected to the external device.
 Reset pin is added in the board that reset the whole board and takes the running program
in the initial stage. This pin is useful when board hangs up in the middle of the running
14
 program; pushing this pin will clear everything up in the program and starts the program
right from the beginning.
 There are 14 I/O digital and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the
external connection with any circuit with the board. These pins provide the flexibility and
ease of use to the external devices that can be connected through these pins. There is no
hard and fast interface required to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the
external device into the pins of the board that are laid out on the board in the form of the
header.
 The 6 analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These
pins measure from 0 to 5V, however, they can be configured to the high range using
analogReference() function and AREF pin.
 13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of instructions in the form of code.
 Only 5 V is required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port
or external adopter, however, it can support external power source up to 12 V which can
be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V based on the requirement of the project.

Arduino Uno Pinout

Arduino Uno is based on AVR microcontroller called Atmega328. This controller comes with
2KB SRAM, 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM. Arduino Board comes with 14 digital
pins and 6 analog pins. ON-chip ADC is used to sample these pins. A 16 MHz frequency crystal
oscillator is equipped on the board. Following figure shows the pinout of the Arduino Uno
Board.

15
Pin Description

There are several I/O digital and analog pins placed on the board which operates at 5V. These
pins come with standard operating ratings ranging between 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-up
resistors are used in the board that limits the current exceeding from the given operating
conditions. However, too much increase in current makes these resisters useless and damages the
device.

LED:

Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin 13. Providing HIGH
value to the pin will turn it ON and LOW will turn it OFF.

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Vin:

It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. It is different than 5 V supplied through a
USB port. This pin is used to supply voltage. If a voltage is provided through power jack, it can
be accessed through this pin.

5V:

This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is used to provide output
regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the board or
DC power jack. USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage
ranges between 7V to 20V. It is recommended to operate the board on 5V. It is important to note
that, if a voltage is supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they result in bypassing the voltage
regulation that can damage the board if voltage surpasses from its limit.

GND:

These are ground pins. More than one ground pins are provided on the board which can be used
as per requirement.

Reset:

This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running on the board. Instead of
physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature of resetting the board through
programming.

IOREF:

This pin is very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is used to read the
voltage across this pin which then select the proper power source.

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PWM:

PWM is provided by 3,5,6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to provided 8-bit output
PWM.

SPI:

It is known as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK)
provide SPI communication with the help of SPI library.

AREF:

It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a reference voltage to the analog
inputs.

TWI:

It is called Two-wire Interface. TWI communication is accessed through Wire Library. A4 and
A5 pins are used for this purpose.

Serial Communication:

Serial communication is carried out through two pins called Pin 0 (Rx) and Pin 1 (Tx). Rx pin is
used to receive data while Tx pin is used to transmit data.

External Interrupts:

Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An interrupt is called by providing LOW
or changing value.

Communication and programming

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Arduino Uno comes with an ability of interfacing with other other Arduino boards,
microcontrollers and computer. The Atmega328 placed on the board provides serial
communication using pins like Rx and Tx. The Atmega16U2 incorporated on the board provides
a pathway for serial communication using USB com drivers. Serial monitor is provided on the
IDE software which is used to send or receive text data from the board. If LEDs placed on the Rx
and Tx pins will flash, they indicate the transmission of data. Arduino Uno is programmed using
Arduino Software which is a cross-platform application called IDE written in Java. The AVR
microcontroller Atmega328 laid out on the base comes with builtin bootloader that sets you free
from using a separate burner to upload the program on the board.

Application

Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are using
Arduino boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific research.
Following are some main applications of the board.

 Embedded System
 Security and Defense System
 Digital Electronics and Robotics
 Parking Lot Counter
 Weighing Machines
 Traffic Light Count Down Timer
 Medical Instrument
 Emergency Light for Railways
 Home Automation
 Industrial Automation

6.2 LCD

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical

device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
19
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or
fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset
words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while
other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative),
depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight
will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character
negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the
backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic
appearance. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer
monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small
LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches,
calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on
consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD
screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications.
LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with
LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television
receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different
shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and
viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use
a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels
increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power
consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs,
however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive
electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors,
OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays,
whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not
yet widespread. Attempts to increase the lifespan of LCDs are quantum dot displays, which offer
similar performance as an OLED display, but the Quantum dot sheet that gives these displays
their characteristics can not yet be recycled.
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Pin Diagram:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.

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The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn
more about internal structure of a LCD.

Pin Description:

Pin
Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

Selects command register when low; and data register Register

4
when high Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 8-bit data pins DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3

11 DB4

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 12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

General characteristics

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent
electrodes, and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular), the axes of transmission of
which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between
the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second
(crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal
molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN)
device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and
so the molecules arrange themselves in a helicalstructure, or twist. This induces the rotation of
the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large
enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted
and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal
layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be
blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid
crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus
constituting different levels of gray. Color LCD systems use the same technique, with color
filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the
device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low
information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such
that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark

23
state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and
smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using
backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are
used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs
feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, in particular
in smartphones such as iPhones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material
contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period
of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This
is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric
field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of
the polarity of the applied field).

Quality control

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are
commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs),
LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers' policies for
the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-
tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea. As of 2005, though, Samsung adheres to the
less restrictive ISO 13406-2 standard. Other companies have been known to tolerate as many as
11 dead pixels in their policies.

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate
the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard.
However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is
quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most
ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm
wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas
rejection of the whole LCD panel would be a 0% yield. In recent years, quality control has been
improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and
customers can request an exchange for a new one.[according to whom?] Some manufacturers,

24
notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are
located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which
can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels.[original research?] Many manufacturers would
replace a product even with one defective pixel. Even where such guarantees do not exist, the
location of defective pixels is important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be
unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. LCD panels also have defects known as
clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance.
It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

"Zero-power" (bistable) displays

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by Qinetiq (formerly DERA), can retain an image
without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and
power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ
who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a
"no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLCD). In 2009
Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it
to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed. In 2004 researchers at the
University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on
Zenithal bistable techniques. Several bistable technologies, like the 360° BTN and the bistable
cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard
strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC mixtures similar to the traditional monostable
materials. Other bistable technologies, e.g., BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface
properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Specifications

 Resolution

The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels
(e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue
one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform

25
 among different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among
pixels and add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of
a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

 Spatial performance:

For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close
distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is
consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with
televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices
having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be
important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display
technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

 Temporal performance:

The temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the
accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given.
LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-
induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate. [91] But a lower refresh rate can mean
visual artefacts like ghosting or smearing, especially with fast moving images. Individual
pixel response time is also important, as all displays have some inherent latency in
displaying an image which can be large enough to create visual artifacts if the displayed
image changes rapidly.

 Color performance:

There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display.
Color gamut is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the
fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight
forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the
professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the content being shown on the
screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of

26
 a certain specification. There are additional aspects to LCD color and color management,
such as white point and gamma correction, which describe what color white is and how
the other colors are displayed relative to white.

 Brightness and contrast ratio:

Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD I
tself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight
that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum
light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD
and the brightness of the backlight. In general, brighter is better, but there is always a
trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

Advantages

 Very compact, thin and light, especially in comparison with bulky, heavy CRT displays.

 Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being
displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use less than half of the power a CRT
monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models
typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor would use.

 Little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.

 No geometric distortion.

 The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.

 Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes
(which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

 Sharp image with no bleeding or smearing when operated at native resolution.

 Emits almost no undesirable electromagnetic radiation (in the extremely low frequency
range), unlike a CRT monitor.

27
  Can be made in almost any size or shape.

 No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a
single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is
commonly called stacked resolution.

 Can be made in large sizes of over 80-inch (2 m) diagonal.

 Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization,
creating the illusion of higher image quality.

 Unaffected by magnetic fields, including the Earth's.

 As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or
HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native
fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.

 Many LCD monitors are powered by a 12 V power supply, and if built into a computer
can be powered by its 12 V power supply.

 Can be made with very narrow frame borders, allowing multiple LCD screens to be
arrayed side-by-side to make up what looks like one big screen.

Disadvantages

 Limited viewing angle in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation,
contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing
angle.

 Uneven backlighting in some monitors (more common in IPS-types and older TNs),
causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges ("backlight bleed").

 Black levels may not be as dark as required because individual liquid crystals cannot
completely block all of the backlight from passing through.

28
 Display motion blur on moving objects caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and eye-
tracking on a sample-and-hold display, unless a strobing backlight is used. However, this
strobing can cause eye strain, as is noted next:

 As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use pulse-width modulation

(PWM) to dim the display,[99] which makes the screen flicker more acutely (this does not
mean visibly) than a CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire
screen is strobing on and off rather than a CRT's phosphor sustained dot which
continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing
severe eye-strain for some people.[100][101] Unfortunately, many of these people don't know
that their eye-strain is being caused by the invisible strobe effect of PWM. [102] This
problem is worse on many LED-backlit monitors, because the LEDs switch on and off
faster than a CCFL lamp.

 Only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler,
causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using 1:1
pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to
run off the lower or right edges of the screen.

 Fixed bit depth (also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display
262,000 colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly
better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

 Low refresh rate. All but a few high-end monitors support no higher than 60 or 75 Hz;
while this does not cause visible flicker due to the LCD panel's high internal refresh rate,
the low input refresh rate limits the maximum frame-rate that can be displayed, affecting
gaming and 3D graphics.

 Input lag, because the LCD's A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been
output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do post-processing
before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which
adds an additional lag. Further, a video scaler must be used when displaying non-native

29
 resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done
in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some
delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to
reduce perceivable input lag.

 Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or after a period of use. A stuck
pixel will glow with color even on an all-black screen, while a dead one will always
remain black.

 Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be
permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours in badly designed
displays.

 In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal management,

in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of
the screen.

 Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In
sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of
supplemental heating.

 Loss of contrast in high temperature environments.

6.3 RFID READER

INTRODUCTION

MF RC522 is a highly integrated read and write card chip applied to the 13.56MHz contactless
communication. Launched by the NXP Company, it is a low-voltage, low-cost, and small-sized
non-contact card chip, a best choice for intelligent instrument and portable handheld devices.
The MF RC522 uses advanced modulation and demodulation concept which fully presented in
all types of 13.56MHz passive contactless communication methods and protocols. In addition, it
supports rapid CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm to verify MIFARE products. MFRC522 also
supports MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact communication, with a two-way data

30
transmission rate of up to 424kbit/s. As a new member of the 13.56MHz highly integrated reader
card series, MF RC522 is much similar to the existing MF RC500 and MF RC530 when there are
also great differences. It communicates with the host machine via the serial manner which needs
less wiring. You can choose between SPI, I2C and serial UART mode (similar to RS232), which
helps reduce the connection, save PCB board space (smaller size), and reduce cost.

Description

Features: 13.56Mhz, S50, Mifare One

RC522 IC Brief Introduction

MF RC522 is used in highly integrated 13.56MHz contactless communication card chip to read
and write, of NXP for “three” and the application launched a low voltage, low cost, small size,
non-contact card chip to read and write, intelligent instruments and portable handheld devices
developed better.

The MF RC522 use of advanced modulation and demodulation concept completely integrated in
the 13.56MHz all kinds of passive contactless communication methods and protocols. 14443A
compatible transponder signal. The digital part handles the the ISO14443A frames and error
detection. In addition, support Quick CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm, the term verification

31
MIFARE series. MFRC522 support MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact communication,
two-way data transfer rates up to 424kbit / s.

As 13.56MHz highly integrated card reader series chip new family, the MF RC522 MF RC500
MF RC530 there are many similarities, but also have many of the characteristics and differences.
Communication between it and the host SPI mode, helps to reduce the connection, reduce PCB
board volume and reduce costs.

RFID Module Brief Introduction

MF522-AN module uses Philips MFRC522 original chip design circuit card reader, easy to use,
low cost, suitable for equipment development, the development of advanced applications reader
users, the need for RF card terminal design / production users. This module can be directly
loaded into the variety of reader molds.Module uses voltage of 3.3V, simple few lines through
the SPI interface directly with any user CPU board is connected to the communication module
can guarantee stable and reliable work, reader distance.

RC522 - RFID Reader / Writer 13.56MHz with Cards Kit includes a 13.56MHz RF reader cum
writer module that uses an RC522 IC and two S50 RFID cards. The MF RC522 is a highly
integrated transmission module for contact-less communication at 13.56 MHz. RC522 supports
ISO 14443A/MIFARE mode.

RC522 - RFID Reader features an outstanding modulation and demodulation algorithm to serve
effortless RF communication at 13.56 MHz. The S50 RFID Cards will ease up the process
helping you to learn and add the 13.56 MHz RF transition to your project.
The module uses SPI to communicate with microcontrollers. The open-hardware community
already has a lot of projects exploiting the RC522 – RFID Communication, using Arduino.

Pin Function

 Electrical Parameters
 Operating current: 13—26mA/DC 3.3V
 Idle current: 10-13mA/ DC 3.3V

32
 Sleep current: <80uA
 Peak current: <30mA
 Operating frequency: 13.56MHz
 Supported Cards: mifare1 S50, mifare1 S70, mifare UltraLight, mifare Pro, mifare Desfire
 Physical features: size: 40mm×60mm
 Ambient operating temperature: - 20-80 degrees centigrade
 Ambient storage temperature: - 40-85 degrees centigrade
 Ambient relative humidity: 5%—95%

Specification:

 Module Name: MF522-ED

 Working current：13—26mA/ DC 3.3V
 Standby current：10-13mA/DC 3.3V
 sleeping current：<80uA
 peak current：<30mA
 Working frequency：13.56MHz
 Card reading distance ：0～60mm（mifare1 card）
 Protocol：SPI
 data communication speed：Maximum 10Mbit/s
 Card types supported ： mifare1 S50 、 mifare1 S70 、 mifare UltraLight 、 mifare
Pro、mifare Desfire
 Dimension：40mm×60mm
 Environment
 Working temperature：-20—80 degree
 Storage temperature：-40—85 degree
 Humidity：relevant humidity 5%—95%
 Max SPI speed: 10Mbit/s
 Operating Current :13-26mA / DC 3.3V

33
 Idle Current :10-13mA / DC 3.3V
 Sleep Current: < 80uA
 Peak Current: < 30mA
 Operating Frequency: 13.56MHz
 Supported card types: mifare1 S50, mifare1 S70 MIFARE Ultralight, mifare Pro, MIFARE
DESFire
 Environmental Operating Temperature: -20 - 80 degrees Celsius
 Environmental Storage Temperature: -40 - 85 degrees Celsius
 Relative humidity: relative humidity 5% - 95%
 Reader Distance: ≥ 50mm / 1.95" (mifare 1)
 Module Size: 40mm × 60mm
 Module interface: SPI
 Data transfer rate: Maximum 10Mbit/s
RC522 - RFID Reader

 Integrated MF RC522
 13.56MHz contactless communication card chip.
 Low-voltage, low-cost, small size of the non-contact card chip to read and write.
 Suitable for Smart meters and portable handheld devices.
 Advanced modulation and demodulation concept completely integrated in all types of
13.56MHz passive contactless communication methods and protocols.
 14443A compatible transponder signals.
 ISO14443A frames and error detection.
 Supports rapid CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm, terminology validation MIFARE products.
 MFRC522 support MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact communication, two-way data
transmission rate up to 424kbit/s.
 Low cost, and ideal for user equipment development.
 The reader and RF card terminal design meets advanced applications development and
production needs.
 Can be directly loaded into the various reader molds, very convenient.

34
6.4 ALARM

In this project we are using the alarm for give a sound indication to blind peoples. A
buzzer or alarm is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles,
household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a
number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button
was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button
or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or
beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was
identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).
ALARM CIRCUIT

BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most
commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that
determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a
light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a
continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an

35
electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which
makes the ringing noise).

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a
sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a
circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this
circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based
piezoelectric sounder like a Son alert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were
hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the
pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The buzzer is connected in the Q2 transistor collector
terminal.

When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor is conducting
and close the collector and emitter terminal so zero signals is given to base of the Q2 transistor.
Hence Q2 transistor and buzzer is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is turned
OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and buzzer is
energized and produces the sound signal.

6.5 Amplifiying circuit

Introduction to BC547. It is basically an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The word
transistor is a combination of two words, transfer and resistor. So, the basic purpose of transistor
is transfer of resistance. A transistor is normally used for amplification of current.

The larger current at the emitter and collector can be controlled by the small amount of current at
the base. BC547 can be used commonly for amplifiers and switches. Similar to all the other
transistors BC547 has also three terminals e.g. collector terminal, base terminal and emitter
terminal respectively. The amount of current flowing from base to the emitter controls the

36
amount of the current flowing through the collector. BC547 is usually used for amplification and
switching purposes. Its maximum current gain is around 800. A fixed DC voltage is required for
its proper operation in desired region. Proper voltage supply is known as biasing. BC547 is
biased in a way that it is partially on for all the applied inputs, for the amplification purpose. The
input signal is amplified at the base and then transferred to the emitter.

BC547 is an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor. Mostly it is used for the switching purpose as
well as for amplification purposes. Similar to the other transistors BC547 is also used for the
amplification of current. The smaller amount of current at the base is used to control the larger
amount of currents at collector and emitter as well. Its basic applications are switching and
amplification. The transistor, BC 547 is shown in the figure below. The larger current at the
emitter and collector can be controlled by the small amount of current at the base. BC547 can be
used commonly for amplifiers and switches. Similar to all the other transistors BC547 has also
three terminals e.g. collector terminal, base terminal and emitter terminal respectively. The
amount of current flowing from base to the emitter controls the amount of the current flowing
through the collector. BC547 is usually used for amplification and switching purposes. Its

37
maximum current gain is around 800. A fixed DC voltage is required for its proper operation in
desired region. Proper voltage supply is known as biasing. BC547 is biased in a way that it is
partially on for all the applied inputs, for the amplification purpose. The input signal is amplified
at the base and then transferred to the emitter.

BC547 is an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor. Mostly it is used for the switching purpose as
well as for amplification purposes. Similar to the other transistors BC547 is also used for the
amplification of current. The smaller amount of current at the base is used to control the larger
amount of currents at collector and emitter as well. Its basic applications are switching and
amplification. The transistor, BC 547 is shown in the figure below.

BC547 Pinout

 BC 547 has three pins in total similar to the other bipolar junction transistors.
 All of these three pins i.e. collector, base and emitter along with symbol are shown in the
table given below.

38
BC547 Pins Configuration

 The properly labeled pin configuration diagram of BC 547 along with its animation is
shown in the figure given below.
 From the figure shown above, you can see the properly labeled animation of BC 547,
its symbolic representation and the real BC 547 for the better understanding of the
user

BC547 Working Principle

 When the input voltage is applied at its terminal, some amount of current starts to
flow from base to the emitter and controls the current at collector. The voltage
between the base and the emitter (VBE), is negative at the emitter and positive at the
base terminal for its NPN construction. The polarity of voltages applied for each
junction is shown in the figure below.

39
BC547 Ratings

The current, power and voltage ratings of BC547 along with their values and System
International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.

40
Moreover, the storage temperature as well as operating temperature for the transistor BC 547 is
also given in the table shown above.

BC547 Thermal Characteristics

The thermal characteristics associated with BC 547 are provided along with typical values, in the
table shown below.

BC547 Applications

 There are a lot of applications associated with BC547, a few of the major applications
are given below.
 BC547 can be used for switching purposes.
 We can also use it for the amplification purposes.

6.6 RESET BUTTON

BUTTON

APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound record/replay IC incorporating flash analogue

storage technique. Recorded sound is retained even after power supply is removed from the
module. The replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise level. Sampling rate for a 60
second recording period is 4.2 kHz that gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to 2.1
kHz. However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as high as 8.0 kHz can be
achieved. This shortens the total length of sound recording to 32 seconds. Total sound recording
time can be varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the value of a single resistor. The

41
IC can operate in one of two modes: serial mode and parallel mode. In serial access mode, sound
can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode, sound can be recorded in 2, 4 or 8
sections. The IC can be controlled simply using push button keys. It is also possible to control
the IC using external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers and computers. The APR9600
has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and
replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 mA. The
APR9600 experimental board is an assembled PCB board consisting of an APR9600 IC, an
electret microphone, support components and necessary switches to allow users to explore all
functions of the APR9600 chip. The oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total recording
period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. The board measures 80mm by 55mm.

APR9600 Experimental board

APR9600 Pin-out of the APR9600 is given in Figure 1. A typical connection of the chip is given
in Figure 2 (This is the circuit diagram of the module). Pin functions of the IC are given in Table
1. During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone pre-amplifier
amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the pre-
amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and resistor. If the voltage
level of a sound signal is around 100 mV peakto-peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC
42
through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a sampling and hold
circuit. The analogue voltage is then written into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs

It has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and
replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 mA.

43
During sound replaying, the IC’s control circuit reads analogue data from flash RAMs. The
signal then passes through a low-pass filter, a power amplifier and output to an 8 to 16 Ohm
speaker. There are different sound recording and replaying modes (see Table 2). These modes
are selected using MSEL1 (Pin 24), MSEL2 (Pin 25) and –M8 (Pin 9). –M1 to –M7 keys have
different functions in different modes.

44
Notes: · RE=0 to record sound. RE=1 to replay sound · Press -M1 to -M8 once to replay a sound
track. Press the key again to stop replaying the track · Press and hold –M1 to -M8 continuously,
the corresponding track will be replayed repeatedly · During recording, -M1 to M8 should be
pressed while the sound is being recorded. Releasing the key terminates recording.

APR9600 module

The circuit diagram of the module is shown in Figure 2. The module consists of an APR9600
chip, an electret microphone, support components, a mode selection switch (-RE,MSEL1,
MSEL2 and – M8) and 9 keys (-M1 to –M8 and CE). The oscillation resistor is chosen so that
the total recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. Users can change the
value of the ROSC to obtain other sampling frequencies. It should be noted that if the sampling
rate is increased, the length of recording time is decreased. Table 3 gives the details. An 8-16
Ohm speaker is to be used with the module. Users can select different modes using the mode
selection switch. The module is measured 80mm´55mm. Connection points (0-8, C and B) can
connect to other switches or external digital circuits. In this cased, on-board keys M1 to M8 and
CE are by-passed.

45
Using the APR9600 module

Parallel mode recording and replaying Record sound tracks. This is an example of recording 8
sound tracks. The mode switch should have the following pattern: MSEL1=1(switched to left-
hand side of the mode selection switch), MSEL2=1 (left-hand side). –M8=1 (left-hand side).
RE=0 (right-hand side). The maximum length of the 8 tracks is 7.5 seconds. Press –M1
continuously and you will see BUZY LED illuminates. You can now speak to the microphone.
Recording will terminate if –M1 is released or if the recording time exceeds 7.5 seconds.
Similarly, press –M2 to -M8 to record other sound tracks.

CHAPTER 7

46
 SOFTWARE EXPLANATION

Arduino IDE

Flashing the Arduino Dock

The Arduino Dock allows the Omega and the ATmega328P microcontroller interact with each
other. Having an OS with the connectivity power of the Omega communicate easily with a
microcontroller can be very powerful used effectively. We can do amazing things with the
Omega communicating with the ATmega328P chip such as flashing the microcontroller
wirelessly.

Programming and flashing a microcontroller mean the same thing, you are taking compiled code
and uploading it to a microcontroller. The terms are often used interchangeably.

We’ll first cover how to setup your computer and Omega, and then move on to cover how to
actually flash your Arduino Dock.

Prerequisites

You’ll need to first make sure that your Omega has connected to internet.

Then you’ll want to ssh into the Omega’s terminal in order to install the arduino dock package.

To install this package you’ll need to use opkg. Enter the following commands on the command-
line:
opkg update
opkg install arduino-dock-2

Accessing the Omega

The Omega must be accessible via its URL http://omega-ABCD.local where ABCD is your
Omega’s unique code.

47
 The requirements vary depending on your Operating System:

Operating System Actions Required

Windows Install Apple’s Bonjour Service

OS X Nothing, good to go

Linux Zeroconf services should already be installed, should be ok

Arduino IDE

This has to be done just once to enable flashing wirelessly.

Install the latest Arduino IDE from the good folks over at Arduino. We did all of our testing
using Version 1.8.0.

Installing the Arduino Dock Device Profile

Open the Arduino IDE and go to File -> Preferences. Copy this URL to our Arduino Dock
device profile:

https://github.com/OnionIoT/Onion-Arduino-Boards/raw/master/IDE_Board_Manager/
package_onion.io_index.json
And paste it into the Additional Boards Manager URLs section near the bottom of the window.

48
If you already have links to other custom boards in your IDE, click on the button on the right of
the text box. You can then add the URL in a new line.

Click OK, then go to Tools -> Boards -> Board Manager (at the top of the menu). In the search
bar, type “Onion” and hit Enter. When the Onion Arduino Dock entry pops up, click on Install.
49
Click on Close to return to the IDE. The editor will now download the settings for the Arduino
Dock and make it available as a board in the Tools -> Boards menu!

Doing the Actual Flashing

Now we get to the fun part, flashing sketches to the ATmega chip!

There are two methods for flashing the ATmega328P chip using the Omega:

 Using the Arduino IDE wirelessly

 We strongly recommend this option as it will work in almost all cases.
 Compiling the file on your computer, copy it to the Omega, and then flash the chip from the
command line
 Only use this method as a backup plan in case you cannot upload using the IDE
50
Wireless Flashing with the Arduino IDE

Thanks to the setup you did on your computer and the Arduino Dock, you can actually use the
Arduino IDE on your computer to wirelessly flash Sketches to the Arduino Dock, so long as
your computer and the Omega on your Arduino Dock are on the same WiFi network.

The process that takes place with this method:

1. Your computer and the Arduino IDE compile the Sketch

2. The compiled sketch is transferred to your Omega using SSH
3. The Omega will flash the microcontroller
The Steps: In the Arduino Tools menu, select “Onion Arduino Dock” for the Board (near the
bottom of the menu), and your Omega-ABCD hostname as the

51
If your Omega does not show up in the Port menu as a network port, restart the Arduino and wait
for 30 seconds:

When your sketch is ready, hit the Upload button. Once the sketch is compiled, it will prompt
you for your Omega password to upload the sketch. The password is onioneer by

52
default:

The IDE actually creates an SSH connection with the Omega to transfer the compiled hex file,
and the Omega with then flash the ATmega microcontroller using 4 GPIOs.

53
Once the upload completes, the info screen will show something along the lines of:

The ATmega chip is now running your sketch, enjoy!

Note: An orange message saying ash: merge-sketch-with-bootloader.lua: not found may appear
in the info screen. You can safely ignore this message, it does not affect the sketch upload.

Manually Flashing on the Command line

Like we mentioned before this method should only be used as a backup to using the Arduino
IDE. This is handy if the Arduino IDE cannot detect your Omega as a Network Port due to
any connection/setup issues.

54
First, enable verbose output during compilation in the Arduino IDE Preferences:

55
Hit the verify button to compile the sketch, once it’s complete you will have to scroll
to the right to find the path to the compiled hex file:

CHAPTER-8

56
 CONCLUSION

The system successfully took the attendance both at lectures and examinations. The prototype
successfully captured new fingerprints to be stored in the database; scanned fingerprints
placed on the device sensor and compared them against those stored in the database successfully.
The performance of the system was acceptable and would be considered for full
implementation especially because of its short execution time and reports generation. Everyone
who tested the system was pleased and interested in the product being developed for use in
schools.

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