VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018

Internship Report
on
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by

SYED RIYAN
3GN21EE038

Under the Guidance of

Prof. T Vinay Kumar

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Mailoor Road, Bidar, Karnataka - 585403
2023-24
 Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Mailoor Road, Bidar, Karnataka (585403)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the internship work entitled ‘‘Electric Vehicle” carried out by SYED RIYAN,
USN: 3GN21EE038, a bonafide student of Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar in
partial fulfillment for the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library.
The Internship work report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of internship work prescribed for the above-mentioned degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of Coordinator Signature of HOD

Prof. T Vinay Kumar Prof. Rohini D Prof. Deepak Ghode

EXTERNAL VIVA

Name of Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.

ii
 Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Mailoor Road, Bidar, Karnataka (585403)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the internship work entitled Electric Vehicle carried out by me and submitted
in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-2024
The matter embodied in this internship report has not been submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Place: BIDAR SYED RIYAN

Date: 30/07/2024 USN:3GN21EE038

iii
 ACKNOWLEDEGMENT

Our most sincere gratitude to GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

BIDAR for giving me an opportunity to pursue Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering and thus, helping me to shape the career.

I would like to express my gratitude to our external guide Mr. TAMIM AHMED , Instructor,
Seventh sense talent solutions for giving an opportunity to do this internship within the
organization.

I would like to express my gratitude to our internal guide Prof. T VINAY KUMAR.
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GNDECB for her
constant support, encouragement and provided valuable insights leading to the completion of
the internship.

I would like to express my gratitude to our Coordinator Prof. ROHINI D. Associate

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GNDECB for her constant
support, encouragement and provided valuable insights leading to the completion of the
internship.

I would also wish to express my gratitude to Prof. DEEPAK GHODE. Professor &
HOD, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GNDECB for his constant support
and encouragement.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. SURESH R REDDY, Principal of GNDECB,

for providing us with a congenial environment to work in.

Finally, I thank and acknowledge the immense help extended by our parents, staff of
Electrical and Electronics department and friends, without whom this report would not have
reached completion.

SYED RIYAN
3GN21EE038

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 VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTION

VISION
To be a premier technological institution that fosters humanity, ethics and excellence in education
and research towards inspiring and developing future torch bearers.

MISSION

M1. To impart quality educational experience and technical skills to students that enables them to

become leaders in their chosen profession.

M2. To nurture scientific temperament and promote research and development activities.

M3. To inculcate students with an ethical and human values so as to have big picture of societal

development in their future career.

M4. To provide service to industries and communities through educational, technical, and

professional activities.

VISION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

VISION
To be a premier department known for its quality education, cutting edge research and accomplished
graduates to serve the society.

MISSION
M1: To provide quality education and skills to the students of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, with focus to develop critical-thinking and problem solving skills to face the challenges
in their career.
M2: To promote research activities and life-long learning required for successful professional
career.
M3: To contribute to the society through technical and professional education that is embedded with
ethics and humanity.

V
CERTIFICATE

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Internship on Electric Vehicles 2023-24

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PG.NO

Acknowledgement iv

Certificate vi
Executive Summary 5
Chapter 1 Company Profile 7
Chapter 2 Introduction 8

Chapter 3 Vehicles And Their Impacts

3.1 Conventional Vehicles 11
3.1.1 Impact Of Conventional Vehicles 12
3.2 Introduction To Ev Technologies 17
3.2.1 History of Electric Vehicles
18

3.2.2 Types Of Electric Vehicles

21
3.3 Motors Used In Electric Vehicles
28
3.4 Controllers And Converters
35

3.5 Connector Types

39

Chapter 4 Project Work [ EV Charger ]

4.1 Abstract 42
4.2 Introduction 42
4.3 Working of EV 44
4.4 Battery Charging process 45
4.5 Schematic and PCB assembly 48
4.6 Conclusion 49
4.7 Future Work 49

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Chapter 5 Conclusion 50

Photo gallery of Internship 52

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 3.1. Conventional Vehicles 11
Fig 3.2. Global Warming 12
Fig 3.3. Climatic Changes 12
Fig 3.4. Acid Rain 13
Fig 3.5. Smog effect 13
Fig 3.6. Deterioration of fields 14
Fig 3.7. Extinct species 14
Fig 3.8. Respiratory Health Problems 15
Fig 3.9. Air Pollution 15
Fig 3.10. Damage Of skin 16
Fig 3.11. Electric Vehicles 17
Fig 3.12. Logos Of Electric Vehicles 20
Fig 3.13. Types of Electric Vehicles 21
Fig 3.14. Battery Electric Vehicle 22
Fig 3.15. Hybrid Electric Vehicle 23
Fig 3.16. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 25
Fig 3.17. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle 26
Fig 3.18. BLDC Hub Motor 29
Fig 3.19. Bosch9s BLDC Hub motor used by 22 Motors 30
Fig 3.20. BLDC Motor In-runner type 30
Fig 3.21. BLDC In-runner type used in Ather Scooter 31
Fig 3.22. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor of Toyota Prius 32
Fig 3.23. Induction Motor 32
Fig 3.24. Three Phase Induction Motor Characteristic 33
Fig 3.25. Reluctance Motor 34
Fig 3.26. Block diagram of EV charger 35
Fig 3.27. Electric vehicle 36
Fig 3.28. Electric vehicle with on board charger 37

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Fig 3.29. DC-DC converters 37

Fig 3.30. DC-AC inverters 38
Fig 3.31. Block diagram of charger 38
Fig 3.32. Type 1 charger 39
Fig 3.33. Type 2 charger 39
Fig 3.34. CCS charger 39
Fig 3.35. CHAdeMO 40
Fig 3.36. GB/T 27930 charger 40
Fig .4.21. EV charging Block diagram 43
Fig 4.22. HT45F5Q-X specifications 43
Fig 4.23. Block diagram of HT45F5Q-X 43
Fig 4.31. Battery Setup 44
Fig 4.41. Battery Charging Curve 45
Fig 4.51. EV charger schematic for 48V/12A 48
Fig 4.52. EV charger PCB assembly 49

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. Electric vehicle Charging Time calculation 40

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Electric Vehicle (EV) Internship Program by Seventh Sense Talent Solutions has been a
transformative experience for me and my fellow interns. This program has provided us with
invaluable hands-on experience, deep industry knowledge, and the essential skills needed to excel in
the fast-growing electric vehicle sector.

From the start, it was clear that this internship aimed to bridge the gap between our academic learning
and real-world industry applications. We were exposed to various aspects of the electric vehicle
ecosystem, including engineering, design, manufacturing, marketing, and sustainability practices.
This holistic approach allowed us to understand the broader picture of the electric vehicle industry
and our potential roles within it.

Working alongside industry experts and seasoned professionals was one of the most rewarding
aspects of the internship. These mentors shared their insights into the latest advancements in electric
vehicle technology and trends, guiding us through structured learning modules and real-world
projects. This mentorship, coupled with the opportunity to work on practical projects, helped us
develop the practical skills and professional networks crucial for our future careers.

Throughout the program, we engaged in hands-on projects that challenged us to apply our knowledge
and think innovatively. We tackled real-world challenges and contributed to creating solutions that
could make a difference in the industry. This practical experience was invaluable, giving us a taste of
what it’s like to work in the electric vehicle sector and preparing us for future roles.

The structured learning modules were comprehensive, covering everything from the technical aspects
of electric vehicle design and engineering to the business side of marketing and sustainability. These
modules provided us with a well-rounded understanding of the industry, and the mentorship we
received ensured that we could navigate these topics effectively.

Networking was another significant benefit of the internship. We had numerous opportunities to
connect with industry leaders, potential employers, and peers. These connections have already proven
to be valuable, opening doors for future collaborations and career opportunities.

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Seventh Sense Talent Solutions ensured that the internship program served as a launchpad for our
future careers. The focus on innovation, sustainability, and professional development empowered us
with the knowledge and skills needed to drive the future of transportation. This program attracted
adiverse group of passionate individuals, and together, we learned and grew in ways that will
significantly impact our professional lives.

Completing the Electric Vehicle Internship Program has been a significant milestone for all of us. It
has equipped us with the tools to make a positive impact in the electric vehicle industry. I am excited
about the future and grateful to Seventh Sense Talent Solutions for this incredible opportunity. This
internship was more than just a learning experience; it was the beginning of our journey toward a
sustainable future in the electric vehicle industry.

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.

CHAPTER-1
COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY OVERVIEW

• Seventh Sense Talent Solutions is a premier talent management and consulting firm dedicated
to transforming businesses through strategic talent acquisition and development.
• With a deep understanding of diverse industries, they provide customized solutions to meet the
unique needs of our clients, ensuring they attract, retain, and develop top-tier talent.

VISION AND MISSION

Vision: To be the most trusted partner in talent solutions, empowering organizations to achieve
their full potential through exceptional human capital.

Mission: To deliver innovative, efficient, and effective talent management services that drive
organizational success and growth.

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CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION

This report documents the internship experience I undertook during the pre-final year of
my Electrical and Electronics Engineering program at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College,
Bidar. This internship, organized by Seventh Sense Talent Solutions and cited by Visvesvaraya
Technological University, focused on the rapidly evolving field of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This
experience allowed me to bridge the gap between academic theory and practical application,
providing me with invaluable insights into one of the most transformative technologies in the
transportation sector.

2.1 Background and Relevance

Electric Vehicles represent a pivotal shift in the automotive industry, moving away from
traditional internal combustion engines towards more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives.
With increasing environmental concerns and stringent emission regulations, the global
automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation. EVs are at the forefront of this
change, promising reduced greenhouse gas emissions, lower operational costs, and enhanced
energy efficiency. The technological advancements in battery storage, power electronics, and
electric drivetrains are critical areas of study for engineers aiming to contribute to this field.
Recognizing the importance of this technological shift, Visvesvaraya Technological
University (VTU) emphasizes practical exposure and industry engagement as part of its
engineering curriculum. The internship program facilitated by Seventh Sense Talent Solutions
was designed to provide students with hands-on experience in the EV sector, aligning with
VTU’s objective of producing industry-ready graduates equipped with the necessary skills and
knowledge to excel in their careers.

2.2 Objectives of the Internship

The primary objective of this internship was to gain a comprehensive understanding of electric
vehicle technology. The specific goals included:
1. Understanding EV Components: Gaining detailed knowledge of the key components of
electric vehicles, including electric motors, batteries, power electronics, and control systems.

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2. Design and Operation: Learning about the design principles and operational mechanisms of
electric vehicles.

3. Charging Infrastructure: Exploring the different types of charging technologies and

infrastructure required to support electric vehicles.

4. Software and Simulation: Using software tools and simulation techniques to model and
analyze EV performance.

5. Industry Trends and Challenges: Understanding the current trends, challenges, and future
prospects in the electric vehicle industry.

2.3 Methodology

The internship was structured to provide a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical
application. The methodology included:

1. Lectures and Seminar: Expert lectures and seminars on various aspects of electric vehicle
technology, providing foundational knowledge and industry perspectives.
2. Hands-on Workshops: Practical workshops where we assembled and tested electric vehicle
components and systems.
3. Software Training: Training sessions on industry-standard software tools for designing and
simulating electric vehicle systems.
4. Project Work: A capstone project that involved designing an electric vehicle subsystem,
allowing us to apply the knowledge gained during the internship.
5. Industry Visits: Visits to EV manufacturing plants and charging stations to observe real-
world applications and understand industry practices.

2.4 Key Learnings

Through this internship, I gained significant insights into the field of electric vehicles. The
key learnings include:

1. Technical Skills: Enhanced understanding of EV components, their functions, and integration

into a complete vehicle system.

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2. Practical Experience: Hands-on experience in assembling and testing EV systems, which

reinforced theoretical knowledge.

3. Software Proficiency: Improved skills in using simulation software for EV design and
analysis, a crucial tool in modern engineering practices.

4. Industry Awareness: A deeper appreciation of the current trends, technological

advancements, and challenges in the EV industry.

5. Collaborative Skills: Experience in working collaboratively on projects, reflecting real-world

engineering practices.

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CHAPTER 3

3. VEHICLES AND THEIR IMPACTS

3.1 Conventional Vehicles:

Fig 3.1. Conventional Vehicles

Conventional cars are equipped with an engine that runs on energy generated by burning fossil fuel.
EVs replace the gas and engine with electricity and motors as shown in fig 1.

However, constant use of conventional vehicles leads to many hazardous threats to the environment
like air pollution, extinction of animal species, natural fuels etc.

Any particle that gets picked up into the air or is formed from chemical reactions in the air can be
an aerosol. Many aerosols enter the atmosphere when we burn fossil fuels4such as coal and
petroleum4and wood. These particles can come from many sources, including car exhaust, factories
and even wildfires. Some of the particles and gases come directly from these sources, but others
form through chemical reactions in the air.

The vehicle exhaust contributes up to 30% in Air pollution in India.

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3.1.1 Impact of Conventional Vehicles on the Environment

▪ Global Warming :

Fig 3.2. Global Warming

This is one of the most worrying effects for scientists and environmentalists. Global warming is a
direct consequence of the greenhouse effect as shown in fig 3.2, which is produced by the high
emission of CO2 and methane into the atmosphere. Most of these emissions are produced by the
industry, so this can be remedied by social responsibility and action by companies and factories.

▪ Climate Change :

Fig 3.3. Climatic Changes

Climate Change is another consequence of global warming. When the temperature of the planet
increases, there is a disturbance in the usual climatic cycles, accelerating the changes of these

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cycles in an evident way as shown in fig 3. Due to climate change, the mass of the poles is melting,
and this is leading to flooding and the rising of sea levels.

▪ Acid Rain :

Fig 3. 4. Acid Rain

The gases emitted by industries, power plants, boilers, heating and transport are very toxic. Those
gases include sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) issued into the atmosphere that come
from fossil fuels burning. When those substances accumulate in the atmosphere and react with water,
they form dilute solutions of nitric and sulphuric acid and when those concentrations become rain,
boththe environment and surfaces suffer as shown in fig 4.

• Smog effect :

Fig 3.5. Smog effect

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The smog effect or beret effect happens when there is a kind of dark fog concentrated over the cities
and fields as shown in fig 5. That fog is a load of pollutants and can be of 2 types: sulphurous smog
and photochemical smog, both dangerous and harmful to health.

▪ Deterioration of fields :

Fig 3.6. Deterioration of fields

Acid rain, climate change and smog all damage the Earth surface. Contaminated water and gases
seep into the earth, changing the composition of soils as shown in fig 6. That directly affects
agriculture, changing crop cycles and the composition of the food we all eat.

▪ Extinction of animal species :

Fig 3.7. Extinct species

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As the ice masses of the poles melt and sea levels rise, many animal species, whose survival depends
on oceans and rivers, are threatened as shown in fig 7. Currents change, ocean temperatures change
and migratory cycles change, and many animals are forced to seek food in environments unknown
to them. Deforestation and poor soil quality also mean the disappearance of ecosystems and habitats.
And definitively, an imbalance in the behaviour of many wild species.

▪ Respiratory health problems :

Fig 3.8. Respiratory Health Problems

It is probably one of the most obvious and worrying effects for human beings. Pollutants can cause
respiratory illnesses and allergies ranging from coughs to asthma, cancer or emphysema as shown
in fig 8.

▪ Deterioration in building materials :

Fig 3.9. Air Pollution

Air pollutants also deteriorate and change the constitution of building materials, so many buildings
and infrastructure are weakened, eroded or destroyed at an accelerated rate over time as shown in
fig 9.

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▪ Chemical Sensitivity :

People develop intolerances and allergies to many agents present in the atmosphere and to other
external agents that can go through due to the holes in the ozone layer. This is because there is a
high concentration of chlorofluorocarbons that alter the thickness of the ozone layer.

▪ Skin Damage :

Fig 3.10. Damage of skin

Many of the chemical intolerances directly affect people9s skin. However, one of the worst damage
is skin cancer as shown in fig 10. That disease in many cases develops from the direct incidence of
ultraviolet light rays on the skin. The ozone layer acts as a filter for those rays. If the ozone layer is
thinner, the effectiveness of the filter decreases, letting rays pass, which are very harmful to humans.

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3.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Technology

Fig 3.11. Electric Vehicles

An electric vehicle is the one which uses traction motors for propulsion which get power from either
external storage or internal storage system within them, which is manufactured for use on public
roads as shown in fig 11.

EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred
methods for propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved
by of the time. were the dominant propulsion method for and for about 100 years, but electric power
remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased
focus on and the potential reduction of describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best
contemporary solutions for

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3.2.1 History of Electric Vehicles

▪ 1830: Joseph Henry Introduces the first DC Powered Motor

▪ 1830-1835: Several inventors in US and Europe build their first prototypes of small scale electric
cars.

▪ 1832: Robert Anderson develops the first crude electric vehicle in Britain using non rechargeable
batteries.

▪ 1834: The first (rail) EV was studied and suggested in 1834 by Thomas Davenport in the US.

▪ 1859: French physicist Gaston Plante invents the rechargeable lead-acid storage battery. It was
later improved by Camille Faure in 1881.

▪ 1874: With the advent of the lead acid battery, David Solomous successfully built a rechargeable
battery powered EV.

▪ 1884: English inventor Thomas Parker builds the first practical production electric car in London.

▪ 1889-1891: William Morrison from Lowa creates the first successful electric automobile in the US
an electrified wagon for 6 passenger with top speed of 14 mph.

▪ 1899-1912: The Baker Electric, the first production electric car is produced by Baker Motor Vehicle
Company. Electric car gain popularity as they are quiet, easy to drive and have no emissions. By
1900, electric vehicles accounts for around a third of all road vehicles in US.

▪ 1901: Ferdinand Porsche creates the Lohner-Porshe Mixte, the world9s first hybrid electric car,
powered bya battery and a gas engine.

▪ 1908-191: Ford introduced the Model-T and it delivers a blow to electric vehicles due to the high
driving range and affordability. With the invention of the automobile started motor by Ketter in
1912, the need for operating a hand crank to start the ICE vehicle was gone.

▪ 1920-1935: Decline in Electric Vehicles and complete takeover by gasoline vehicles owing to
cheaper cars and low price of oil

▪ 1968-1973: Gas price soar creating renewed interest in the development and use of electric vehicles
amongst several auto manufacturers. Government enact legislation recommending the use

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of electric vehicles as a mean of reducing air pollution. EV prototypes developed in the period
were limited by low range and top speed.

▪ 1971: NASA’s Lunar Rover drives on the moon and runs on electricity.

▪ 1969-1972: BMW debuted its first electric car concept, BMW 1602E at the 1972 Summer olympics
with a lead acid battery and using a 32 KW motor.

▪ 1974-1977: US company Sebring-vanguard launches it’s Citicar, an electric vehicle with a 50 mile
range, 30 mph top speed and using the lead acid battery. The Zele a small electric car is produced
by the Italian company Zagato. The vehicle could reach 45 mph and had a range of 60 miles. The
Enfield 8000 built by Enfield Automotive uses lead acid batteries and has a top speed of 48 mph
and a range of about 40 miles.

▪ 1994: The REVA electric car company formed in India to make Evs exclusively. The first car
REVAi was launched in 2001 with 50mile range.

▪ 1996: GM releases the EV1, an ev with 80mile range using lead acid batteries. It uses a custom
wireless charging system.

▪ 1997: Toyota introduces the first mass produced hybrid, Prius in Japan, which used a Nickel Metal
Hydride battery. It would eventually go onto become the best selling hybrid in the world.

▪ 1997-2000: Research to improve electric vehicles and batteries takes steam amongst several auto
manufacturers and research institutions. Several Evs such as Honda9s EV plus, Ford9s Ranger
pickup EV, Nissan's Altra EV, Chevy9s S-10 EV and Toyota9s RAV4 EV are produced by big car
manufacturers.

▪ 2006: Silicon Valley start-up Tesla unveils the Tesla Roadster which was the first ev with more than
200 mile range using a 53 kwh battery. The car came 3 years after Tesla was founded in 2003 and
sales began in 2008.

▪ 2008: BYD releases the F3DM, the world9s first mass produced plug in hybrid compact sedan in
China with 16 Kwh battery pack. The Think City electric car from Norway and Mitsubishi i-MiEV
are introduced with up to a 100 mile range. GM releases the Chevy Volt, plug in hybrid electric
vehicle which will eventually becomes the bestselling PHEV in the world. Public sales of the i-
MiEV began in 2009 while that of the F3DM and Volt in 2010.

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▪ 2010: Nissan begins sale of the LEAF, an all electric car with 100 mile range using a 24 kwh battery.

▪ 2012: After being unveiled in 2009, Tesla began sale of the Model S EV with 85 Kwh lithium ion
battery and EPA range of 265 miles. In the same year, Tesla unveils the Model X, an electric
SUV/crossover with similar performance to the Model S

▪ 2011-2013: Massive drop in the prices of EV batteries leads to several Evs being launched
commercially.

▪ 2014: numerous 100% electric and plug in hybrid electric vehicles are now on the market from
BMW, BYD, Cadillac, Chevy, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Kia, Mercedes-Benz, Mia, Mitsubishi,
Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Smart, Tesla, Toyota, Via, Volvo, Volkswagen, Wheego.

▪ 2016: GM launches the Chevy Bolt, the world9s first sub 40,000$ EV with a range greater than 200
miles. Tesla announces its affordable Tesla Model III with range of about 200 miles and a base price
of about $30,000.

▪ And so on till today9s date. Today Electric Vehicle industry is the leading among automobile
industries.

Fig 3.12. Logos of Electric Vehicles Companies

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3.2.2 Types of Electric Vehicles

▪ Battery Electric Vehicle

▪ Hybrid Electric vehicle

▪ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

▪ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

Fig 3.13. Types of Electric Vehicles

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Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), also called All-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs entirely on a battery
and electric drive train. This types of electric cars do not have an ICE. Electricity is stored in a large
battery pack that is charged by plugging into the electricity grid. The battery pack, in turn, provides
power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car.

Architecture and Main Components

Fig 3.14. Battery Electric Vehicle

Components of BEV

• Electric motor

• Inverter

• Battery

• Control Module

• Drive train

Working Principles of BEV

• Power is converted from the DC battery to AC for the electric motor

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• The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle9s speed by
changing the frequency of the AC power from the inverter to the motor

• The motor connects and turns the wheels through a cog

• When the brakes are pressed or the electric car is decelerating, the motor becomes an alternator
and produces power, which is sent back to the battery

Examples of BEV

Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford Focus
Electric, Hyundai Ioniq, Karma Revera, Kia Soul, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla X, Toyota Rav4.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

This type of hybrid cars is often called as standard hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV has both an ICE
and an electric motor. In this types of electric cars, internal combustion engine gets energy from fuel
(gasoline and others type of fuels), while the motor gets electricity from batteries. The gasoline engine
and electric motor simultaneously rotate the transmission, which drives the wheels as shown in fig
15.

The difference between HEV compared to BEV and PHEV is where the batteries in HEV can only
charged by the ICE, the motion of the wheels or a combination of both. There is no charging port,
so that the battery cannot be recharged from outside of the system, for example from the electricity
grid.

Architecture and Main Components of HEV

Fig 3.15. Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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Components of HEV

• Engine

• Electric motor

• Battery pack with controller & inverter

• Fuel tank

• Control module

Working Principles of HEV

• Has a fuel tank that supplies gas to the engine like a regular car

• It also has a set of batteries that run an electric motor

• Both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time

Examples of HEV

Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

PHEV is a type of hybrid vehicle that both an ICE and a motor, often called as series hybrid. This
types of electric cars offers a choice of fuels. This type of electric cars is powered by a conventional
fuel (such as gasoline) or an alternative fuel (such bio-diesel) and by a rechargeable battery pack.
The battery can be charged up with electricity by plugging into an electrical outlet or (EVCS).

PHEV typically can run in at least two modes:

• All-electric Mode, in which the motor and battery provide all the car9s energy

• Hybrid Mode, in which both electricity and gasoline are employed.

Some PHEVs can travel more than 70 miles on electricity alone.

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Architecture and Main Components of PHEV

Fig 3.16. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Components of PHEV

• Electric motor

• Engine

• Inverter

• Battery

• Fuel tank

• Control module

• Battery Charger (if onboard model)

Working Principles of PHEV

PHEVs typically start up in all-electric mode and operate on electricity until their battery pack is
depleted. Some models shift to hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising speed, generally
above 60 or 70 miles per hour. Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and the vehicle
operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid as shown in fig 3.16.

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In addition to plugging into an outside electric power source, PHEV batteries can be charged by an
internal combustion engine or regenerative braking. During braking, the electric motor acts as a
generator, using the energy to charge the battery. The electric motor supplements the engine9s power;
as a result, smaller engines can be used, increasing the car9s fuel efficiency without compromising
performance.

Examples of PHEV

Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid , Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion
Energi, Mercedes C350e, Mercedes S550e, Mercedes GLE550e, Mini Cooper SE Countryman, Audi
A3 E-Tron, BMW 330e, BMW i8, BMW X5 xdrive40e, Fiat 500e, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima,
Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid, Volvo XC90 T8.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), also known as fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission
Vehicle, are types of electric cars that employ 8fuel cell technology9 to generate the electricity
required to run the vehicle. In this type of vehicles, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted
directly into electric energy as shown in fig 3.17.

Architecture and Main Components of FCEV

Fig 3.17. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

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Components of FCEV

• Electric motor

• Fuel-cell stack

• Hydrogen storage tank

• Battery with converter and controller

Working Principles of FCEV

The working principle of a fuel cell electric car is different compared to that of a plug-in electric car.
This types of electric cars is because the FCEV generates the electricity required to run this vehicle
on the vehicle itself.

Examples of FCEV

Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Riversimple Rasa, Honda Clarity Fuel Cell, Hyundai Nexo.

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3.3 MOTORS USED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric Motors used in EVs

3. DC Series Motor

4. Brushless DC Motor

5. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

6. Three Phase AC Induction Motors

7. Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

a. DC Series Motor

High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option for traction
application. It was the most widely used motor for traction application in the early 1900s. The
advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also withstand a sudden increase in load.
All these characteristics make it an ideal traction motor. The main drawback of DC series motor is
high maintenance due to brushes and commutators. These motors are used in Indian railways. This
motor comes under the category.

b. Brushless DC Motors

It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because it does not have
the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done electronically in this motor
because of this BLDC motors are maintenance free. BLDC motors have traction characteristics like
high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%, etc. BLDC motors are suitable for high power
density design approach. The BLDC motors are the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle
application due to its traction characteristics.

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BLDC motors further have two types:

i. Out-runner type BLDC Motor:

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present outside and the stator is present inside. It is also called
as Hub motors because the wheel is directly connected to the exterior rotor. This type of motors does
not require external gear system. In a few cases, the motor itself has inbuilt planetary gears. This
motor makes the overall vehicle less bulky as it does not require any gear system. It also eliminates
the space required for mounting the motor. There is a restriction onthe motor dimensionswhich limits
the power output in the in-runner configuration as shown in fig 18. This motor is widely preferred
by electric cycle manufacturers like Hullikal, Tronx, Spero, light speed bicycles, etc. Itis also used
by two-wheeler manufacturers like 22 Motors, NDS Eco Motors, etc.

fig 3.18. BLDC Hub Motor

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Fig 3.19. Bosch’s BLDC Hub motor used by 22 Motors

ii. In-runner type BLDC Motor:

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present inside and the stator is outside like conventional motors.
These motor require an external transmission system to transfer the power to the wheels, because of
this the out-runner configuration is little bulky when compared to the in-runner configuration. Many
three- wheeler manufacturers like Goenka Electric Motors, Speego Vehicles, Kinetic Green, Volta
Automotive use BLDC motors as shown in fig 20. Low and medium performance scooter
manufacturers also use BLDC motors for propulsion.

fig 3.20. BLDC Motor In-runner type

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fig 3.21. BLDC In-runner type used in Ather Scooter

It is due to these reasons it is widely preferred motor for electric vehicle application. The main
drawback is the high cost due to permanent magnets. Overloading the motor beyond a certain limit
reduces the life of permanent magnets due to thermal conditions.

c. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which has permanent magnets on the rotor. Similar to
BLDC motors these motors also have traction characteristics like high power density and high
efficiency. The difference is that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas BLDC has trapezoidal
back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are available for higher power ratings. PMSM
is the best choice for high performance applications like cars, buses. Despite the high cost, PMSM
is providing stiff competition to induction motors due to increased efficiency than the latter. PMSM
is also costlier than BLDC motors. Most of the automotive manufacturers use PMSM motors for
their hybrid and electric vehicles. For example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt EV, Ford Focus
Electric, zero motorcycles S/SR, Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord, BMW i3, etc use PMSM motor for
propulsion as shown in fig 22.

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fig 3.22. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor of Toyota Prius

d. Three Phase AC Induction Motors

The induction motors do not have a high starting toque like DC series motors under fixed voltage
and fixed frequency operation. But this characteristic can be altered by using various control
techniques like FOC or v/f methods. By using these control methods, the maximum torque is made
available at the starting of the motor which is suitable for traction application as shown in fig 23.
Squirrel cage induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction motors can be
designed up to an efficiency of 92-95%. The drawback of an induction motor is that it requires
complex inverter circuit and control of the motor is difficult.

fig 3.23. Induction Motor

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fig 3.24. Three Phase Induction Motor Characteristic

In permanent magnet motors, the magnets contribute to the flux density B. Therefore, adjusting the
value of B in induction motors is easy when compared to permanent magnet motors. It is because in
Induction motors the value of B can be adjusted by varying the voltage and frequency (V/f) based on
torque requirements. This helps in reducing the losses which in turn improves the efficiency.

Tesla Model S is the best example to prove the high performance capability of induction motors
compared to its counterparts. By opting for induction motors, Tesla might have wanted to eliminate
the dependency on permanent magnets. Even Mahindra Reva e2o uses a three phase induction motor
for its propulsion. Major automotive manufacturers like TATA motors have planned to use Induction
motors in their cars and buses. The two-wheeler manufacturer TVS motors will be launching an
electric scooter which uses induction motor for its propulsion. Induction motors are the preferred
choice for performance oriented electric vehicles due to its cheap cost. The other advantage is that
it can withstand rugged environmental conditions. Due to these advantages, the Indian railways has
started replacing its DC motors with AC induction motors.

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e. Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

Switched Reluctance Motors is a category of variable reluctance motor with double saliency.
Switched Reluctance motors are simple in construction and robust. The rotor of the SRM is a piece
of laminated steel with no windings or permanent magnets on it. This makes the inertia of the rotor
less which helps in high acceleration. The robust nature of SRM makes it suitable for the high speed
application. SRM also offers high power density which are some required characteristics of Electric
Vehicles. Since the heat generated is mostly confined to the stator, it is easier to cool the motor. The
biggest drawback of the SRM is the complexity in control and increase in the switching circuit. It
also has some noise issues. Once SRM enters the commercial market, it can replace the PMSM and
Induction motors in the future Insights for Selecting the Right Motor for your EV.

fig 3.25. Reluctance Motor

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3.4 Controllers & Converters

1. EV Controller

2. DC-DC Converter

3. DC-AC Inverters

Inside an EV

Battery Electric Vehicles use the energy stored in batteries for vehicle propulsion. The gasoline
engine is replaced by an electric motor. The electric motor gets its power through a controller from
rechargeable batteries. The heart of an electric car is the combination of electric motor, controller,
and batteries. The accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometers (variable resistors), and these
potentiometers provide the signal that tells the controller how much power itis supposed to deliver.
The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the driver floors
the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between as shown in fig 26.

fig 3.26. Block Diagram of EV Charger

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fig 3.27. Electric Vehicle

Controllers

Control systems: A vital part of all automobiles and are more complex in electrified vehicles where
additional components must be monitored and controlled appropriately. Additional components of
electrified vehicles include high voltage batteries, motors, inverters, converters, pumps, regenerative
brakes, and additional accessories. These components must be controlled for correct and efficient
operation. The controls of these components are performed through dedicated modules which
communicate with each other to determine the correct control procedure for components.

Applications of Controllers

Industrial Automation: Controllers are widely used in industrial settings to automate machinery
and processes, ensuring consistent quality and productivity.

Power Systems: In power generation and distribution, controllers manage the flow of electricity,
maintain voltage

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AC-DC convertors (OBC: On Board Charger)

fig 3.28. Electric Vehicle with on-board charger

The onboard charger, which is built in your car, converting the AC power into DC energy so that it
can be stored in the battery as shown in fig 28.

DC-DC convertors

DC3DC converters are used to Covert high voltage DC to low voltage (12-28 volts) DC that canbe
used to charge the 12 volt auxiliary battery and operate light load devices such as lighting, radio,
AC and windows etc as shown in fig 3.29. (EV controller is operated by Aux battery )

fig 3.29. DC-DC converters

DC-AC Invertor bi-directional

An inverter is a device that converts DC power to the AC power used in an electric vehicle motor.
The inverter can change the speed at which the motor rotates by adjusting the frequency of the

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alternating current. It can also increase or decrease the power or torque of the motor by adjusting
the amplitude of the signal as shown in fig 3.30.

fig 3.30. DC-AC inverter

fig 3.31. Block Diagram of charging

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3.5 Connector Types in Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging

Type 1 / Industrial connector (IEC 60309): Used for AC Charging up to 3.3KW. It can be used
to charge electric vehicle models such as TATA TIGOR EV, MAHINDRA E VERITO as shown in
fig 3.32.

fig 3.32. Type 1 Charger

Type 2 (IEC 62196-2): Used for AC Charging up for regular (≤ 22 kW) charging of electric vehicles.
It can be used to charge electric vehicle models such as such as MAHINDRA E- VERITO,
HYUNDAI KONA, MG ZS EV, TATA NEXON EV, BYD Bus as shown in fig 3.33.

fig 3.33. Type 2 Charger

CCS Combined Charging System (CCS 2): Enhanced version of type 2 with additional power
contacts for DC fast charging. CCS is compatible with AC and DC and CCS is the standard for fast
charging in Europe since 2017 as shown in fig 3.34. It can be used to charge electric vehicle models
such as suchas HYUNDAI KONA, MG ZS EV, TATA NEXON EV, BUSES -TATA, JBM,
ASHOK LAYLAND.

fig 3.34. CCS Charger

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CHAdeMO: Exclusively used for DC Fast Charging as shown in fig 3.35. This is the standard for fast
charging in Japan.

fig 3.35. CHAdeMO

GB/T 27930: This connector is exclusively used for DC Charging as shown in fig 3.36. This is the
standard for fast charging in China. used to charge electric vehicle models such as TATA TIGOR
EV, MAHINDRAE-VERITO, BYD Bus.

fig 3.36. GB/T 27930 Charger

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Electric vehicle Charging Time calculation

Table 3.1. Electric vehicle Charging Time calculation

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CHAPTER 4
PROJECT WORK
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGER
4.1 Abstract
Electric vehicles are a new and upcoming technology in the transportation and power sector
that have many benefits in terms of economic and environmental. This study presents a
comprehensive review and evaluation of various types of electric vehicles and its associated
equipment in particular battery charger and charging station. A comparison is made on the
commercial and prototype electric vehicles in terms of electric range, battery size, charger
power and charging time. The various types of charging stations and standards used for
charging electric vehicles have been outlined and the impact of electric vehicle charging on
utility distribution system is also discussed.

4.2 Introduction
The popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing rapidly in India. According to a
survey, the EV market in India is estimated to increase from 3 million units in 2019 to 29million
units by 2027 with a CAGR of 21.1 per cent. As a result, demand for AC/DC chargers, the
smart chargers for EVs, will also increase.
In order to charge the batteries efficiently, and to ensure their long life, we need a smart
battery management or charging system. To realise such an EV charging system, Holtek has
come up with smart Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Solutions based on their low-cost ASSP
flash microcontroller (MCU) HT45F5Q-X for charging EV batteries.
At present, three EV charger designs suitable for Indian market—with specifications of
48V/4A, 48V/12A and 48V/15A—are available for rapid development of the product. This
semiconductor-based smart charging system can support both lithium-ion as well aslead-acid
battery types.
Here, battery charger ASSP flash MCU HT45F5Q-X is the heart of EV charger circuitry,
with in-built operational amplifiers (OPAs) and digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) thatare
necessary for battery charging function.

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fig 4.21. EV charger block diagram

Specifications of the battery charger flash MCU HT45F5Q-X series are shown in Fig.4.22 .
Designers can choose an appropriate MCU from HT45F5Q-X series according to their application
requirement.

fig. 4.22. HT45F5Q-X specifications

The features and working of EV charger solution for 48V/12A specification is briefly explained
below. This EV charger design utilises HT45F5Q-2 MCU for implementing battery charging
control function.

fig. 4.23: Block diagram of HT45F5Q-2

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The MCU incorporates a battery charging module, which can be utilised for closed-loop charging control
with constant voltage and constant current for efficiently charging a battery.Internal block diagram of
MCU HT45F5Q-2 is shown in Fig. 4.23.
The battery charging module in HT45F5Q-2 has built-in OPAs and DACs that are neededfor charging
process. Therefore the design reduces the need for external components like shunt regulators, OPAs and
DACs, which are commonly used in conventional battery charging circuits. As a result, the peripheral
circuit is compact and simple, resulting in a smaller PCB area and low overall cost.

4.3 Working of EV charger

Input power to the EV charger is an AC voltage in the range of 170V to 300V. The EV charger
uses a half-bridge LLC resonant converter design, because of its high-power and high-efficiency
characteristics, to obtain DC power for charging the battery.
The design utilises a rectifier circuit for converting input AC voltage to high-voltage DC output,
and it also has an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter to eliminate high- frequency noise from input
power source. A pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller IC, like UC3525, can be used for driving
the MOSFETs of half-bridge LLC converter.
The battery charging process is supervised by the MCU HT45F5Q-2. It monitors the battery
voltage and charging current levels and gives feedback to the PWM controller IC. Based on the feedback,
the PWM controller varies the duty cycle of its PWM signal and drives the MOSFET circuit to obtain
variable output voltage and current for charging the battery.
For better protection, HT45F5Q-2 is isolated from rest of the circuit (i.e., high-voltage
components) using a photo-coupler. Battery-level LED indicators are provided for knowing the charging
status.

How it Works?

fig. 4.31: Battery setup

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4 Major Items:
1. Motor
The vehicle has one or more motors. Depending on size and performance, the total power ranges between
15 and 200 kW.
Example: 48 kW (65 hp) for a small 4-seater sedan.
2. Batteries
Battery technology has made very significant progress in recent years. Lead has gradually been replaced
by other, more efficient compounds. Research continues with a view to improving capacity and reducing
weight .The most common technology at present is lithium-ion .These new batteries have no memory
effect and can therefore be charged without having to be completely empty beforehand. They are present
in telephones, laptop computers, and some aircraft, as well as in electric vehicles.
3. On-board charger
The vehicle is fitted with one battery charger supplied in AC by the charging station that defines the
maximum charging current available. In some vehicles the battery charger may also be supplied in DC
by the charging station.
4. Charging inlet
The vehicle is fitted with at least one inlet for AC charging. In some vehicles the inlet can also be used
for DC fast charging or is completed by a second inlet for DC fast charging.

4.4 Battery charging process

The change in charging voltage and current during the charging process is graphically illustrated in
Fig.4.41. If the battery voltage is too low when connected for charging, low charging current (i.e., trickle
charge (TC)) will be set initially and charging process will start.

Fig. 4.41: Battery charging curve

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When the battery voltage increases to a pre-defined level (Vu), constant voltage (CV) and constant
current (CC) is applied for charging and continued until the battery is fully charged. Battery is considered
to be fully charged when voltage reaches VOFF. When charging current drops to Iu, final voltage (FV)
is set. The voltage, current and temperature control process in this EV charger are explained below.

1. Voltage control
The charging voltage is decided based on the initial voltage of battery when it is connected for charging.
As the charging progresses, charging voltage changes accordingly and, finally, when battery is fully
charged, the final voltage is set. The charging-voltage decision levels for 48V/12A battery charger are
explained below.
• If Battery Voltage <36V, TC(0.6A) Charging, Voltage Setting FV(56V)
• If Battery Voltage <40V, TC(0.6A) Charging, Voltage Setting CV(58V)
• If Battery Voltage >40V, CC(12.0A) Charging, Voltage Setting CV(58V)
• When fully charged, voltage is set to FV(56V). If battery voltage is lower than FV, the charging
current will be reset to CC (12.0A).

2. Current control
Charging current is set depending on the battery voltage. Initially, if the battery voltage is too less,
trickle-charge current would be set for charging the battery. Once battery voltage reaches certain level,
constant current is supplied for charging, until battery is charged fully. The charging-current decision
levels for 48V/12A battery charger are listed below.
• Recharging Current <1.2A, determine the end of charging
• Recharging Current >0.2A, determine the start of charging

3. Over-temperature protection
The EV charger has a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor to monitor the temperature and
a fan to regulate the heat. When temperature increases, the fan is automatically switched on to dissipate
the heat; it gets switched off when the temperature is reduced to the lower set threshold. Also, the fan
turns on when charging current is high and turns off when charging current is low.
• When NTC temperature >110°C, the charging current will be reduced to 50 per cent of charging
current and will be monitored periodically.

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4. LED indications for charging status

These are listed below.
• TC charge, red light flashes slowly (0.3 sec on, 0.3 sec off)
• CC, CV charge, red light flashes quickly (0.1 sec on, 0.1 sec off)
• When not charging, green light is on
• When charging time exceeds eight hours, red and green lights are bright

5. Charging duration
When charging duration is exceeded (duration depends on battery capacity), the voltage drops to FV,
the current is reduced to TC, and charger repeatedly monitors the battery voltage.

Where to charge
• At home
A charging station for private use installed in the garage.
• At home — condominium
A charging station for indoor or outdoor use, installed in a private parking place.
• At work
More and more companies have installed charging stations in their own parking areas. They have a
choice of whether users can charge their batteries for free or pay a fee.Municipal fleets and th fleets of
delivery services, as well as government departments generally have parking areas fully equipped to
charge their electric vehicles.
• In private parking area
To meet new customer demands, the operators of public and semipublic parking areas (for instance,
commercial buildings, shopping malls, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, etc.), frequently offer EV charging
services. Charging stations can generally be accessed with a badge or a mobile app based on various
commercial conditions. Municipalities and car park managers are now developing these services.
• On street
Involved in new green mobility deployment, municipalities are giving access to a network of charging
stations located on the street or in public parking areas. Charging stations can generally be accessed with
a badge or thanks to a Smartphone App., based on various commercial conditions. Electric car sharing
is another service offer that municipalities now promote. Charging station networks allow combined use
by car-sharing services and electric vehicle drivers.

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• At service station
Service stations equipped for fast charging are appearing at test locations in some countries. Customers
use the less than 30 minutes charging time to take a break or shop in the supermarket.

4.5 Schematic and PCB assembly

The schematic of Holtek EV charger design for 48V/12A type is shown in Fig. 5 for reference and its
PCB assembly is shown in Fig. 4.51.

fig. 4.51: EV charger schematic for 48V/12A

The ASSP flash MCU HT45F5Q-2 can also be used for designing higher-wattage solutions. It offers a
programmable option for setting parameter thresholds, which makes it very convenient for EV charger
designs. Holtek provides technical resources such as block diagram, application circuits, PCB files,
source code, etc to help designers in rapid product development and speed up time-to-market.

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fig. 5.52: EV charger PCB assembly

EV charger development platform for HT45F5Q-X series will also be available soon. Using this software
tool, users would be able to easily select the charging voltage/current and other parameters to create a
program. This application will also be able to generate a program containing a standard charging process,
thereby significantly simplifying the development process.

4.6 Conclusion
Electric vehicles are expected to enter the world market such that by 2030, 10% of the vehicles will be
of EV type. To have a better understanding on EV technology, this study outlines the various types of
EV, battery chargers and charging stations. A comprehensive review has also been made on the standards
currently adopted for charging EV worldwide. For better understanding on the state of the art EV
technology, a comparison is made on the commercial and prototype electric vehicles in terms of electric
range, battery size, charger power and charging time.

4.7 Furure Work

While many countries still have some homework to do in terms of increasing and improving the existing
EV Charging infrastructure, some innovative alternatives and the willingness of local governments to
invest in an EV future will definitely play a key role in the success of electric vehicles. We need to
ensure reliable access to charging infrastructure to keep accelerating the acquisition of electric vehicles.
In the same way that platforms have been developed for people to profit on their personal assets by
sharing them with strangers (Uber, Airbnb), personal/home EV chargers may become “shared” assets to
make sure everyone can get a charge.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

The internship on "Electric Vehicles," organized by Seventh Sense Talent Solutions and cited
by Visvesvaraya Technological University, was a transformative experience that significantly
enhanced my understanding and skills in the field of sustainable transportation. Over the course of
the internship, I gained comprehensive knowledge about the various components and systems that
make up electric vehicles, including electric motors, batteries, power electronics, and control systems.
The hands-on workshops and practical sessions provided invaluable experience in assembling and
testing these components, reinforcing the theoretical knowledge acquired in my academic studies. A
critical aspect of the internship was the focus on the design and operational principles of electric
vehicles. By engaging in software training and simulation exercises, I developed proficiency in using
industry-standard tools for modeling and analyzing EV performance. This skill is essential for modern
engineering practices, where simulation and digital twin technologies play a pivotal role in the design
and optimization of complex systems. Further more, the internship provided an in-depth
understanding of the charging infrastructure necessary to support electric vehicles. I learned about
the different types of charging technologies, their operational principles, and the challenges
associated with developing a robust and efficient charging network. This knowledge is crucial as the
adoption of electric vehicles continues to grow, necessitating advancements in charging solutions to
meet increasing demand. The capstone project was a highlight of the internship, allowing me to apply
the knowledge and skills gained to a real-world challenge. Working on the design of an electric
vehicle subsystem provided practical experience in problem-solving, project management, and
teamwork. These are vital skills for any engineer and will be invaluable in my future career.
Laboratory visits and expert lectures offered insights into the current trends, challenges, and future
prospects of the electric vehicle industry. Understanding the market dynamics, regulatory
environment, and technological advancements has given me a broader perspective on the sector and
its potential for growth and innovation. It has also highlighted the importance of continuous learning
and staying updated with the latest developments in this fast-evolving field.
In conclusion, this internship has been invaluable in preparing me for a future in the electric
vehicle industry. It has provided a strong foundation of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and
industry insights. The lessons and experiences gained will be essential as I pursue a career in
sustainable transportation and engineering innovation.

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REFERENCES

https://skilldzire.com/short-term-online-courses/
https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/skilldzire-technologies/U74999TG2020PTC144924
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC−to−DC_converter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter
https://skilldzire.com/course/electric-vehicle-technology-internship/
https://skilldzire.com/placements/

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PHOTO GALLERY OF INTERNSHIP

Introductory Class Introductory Class

Learning about DC Motor Learning about Piston

Learning about Engine Learning about Electric vehicle prototype

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Learning about Electric vehicle prototype Preparing Charts About Electric vehicles

Presentation of Charts Presentation on Electric vehicles

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