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Module 1 QD 24 25

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190 views69 pages

Module 1 QD 24 25

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reinzkylorias

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#DISIPLINA

AT GALING
# SCJE ATO
NI!

Module In Questioned
Document Examination
(Forensic 4)

2024
1|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1
OVERVIEW
Purpose of the Module:
This learning module has been developed for third-year criminology students so that
they will gain knowledge on the questioned document, familiarize themselves with the
different handwriting characteristics of the individuals, examine standards and questionable
document specimens, and draw conclusions or opinions based on the results of their
examination. In addition, they will also learn the security features of the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP) banknotes so they can distinguish authentic Philippine banknotes from fake
paper money and be aware of the laws on counterfeiting. The knowledge they will learn from
this learning module is valuable when they want to specialize in forensic questioned
document examination.

Module Title and Description:

This learning module is entitled Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4). It
covers scientific techniques for document identification, document verification, handwriting
analysis, document forgery, falsification, and counterfeiting detection. The topics in this
module will enhance your knowledge and skill in Questioned Document Examination.

Module Guide:
For the whole duration of the semester, this learning module will let students
demonstrate knowledge of the background of the questioned document by determining the
role of a questioned document examiner in forensic science, expounding each principle of
identification and how these principles are significant in questioned document examination,
determining the distinction of documents, assessing the quality of handwriting characteristics
using the different writing materials and instruments, and develop an invisible or secret ink
using the available materials. Then, they will evaluate the writing characteristics to determine
the uniqueness of an individual’s handwriting characteristics by assessing the handwriting
characteristics of a daycare student, kindergarten student, elementary student from Grades 1
to 6, junior high school student, senior high school student, and tertiary student, assessing the
quality of the handwriting using the different movement or manner of executions, and
assessing the uniqueness of one’s handwritings through their distinctive handwriting
characteristics.
Furthermore, they will examine the questioned and standard specimens using the ACE-V
method and make your opinion based on the results of their examination through analyzing,
comparing, evaluating, and verifying the handwriting characteristics of the questioned and
standard documents, examining the forged documents to find out how forger copied the
signature through using the ACE-V method. Students will also evaluate the security features
of genuine BSP banknotes and fake paper money.

Module Requirements:
My dear students, you shall be given four (4) weeks to comply with all the activities
in each unit. At the end of the month, your subject instructor will provide feedback on your
output. So you are required to submit and perform the following:

2|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

1. Results of your examination of the standard and questioned specimens applying the
Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) method and opinion or
conclusion based on your examination using the given format.
2. Participate during the mock court presentation of evidence from forensic questioned
document examination

Be Guided!

Please be guided with the course outcomes and intended learning outcomes of this
module.

Chapter 1- Forensic Questioned Document Examination

Course Outcome:
CO1: Examine standard and questioned specimens and make an opinion or conclusion on
the results of the examination using an alternative tool by the ACE-V method.
Intended Learning Outcome
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the background of the questioned document.

3|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

2. Evaluate the handwriting characteristics of standard specimens
3. Analyze, compare, and evaluate the standard and questioned specimens.
4. Write an opinion or conclusion about the result of the examination.

Chapter 2- Court and the Document Examiner

Course Outcome:
CO2: Present the result of the examination of the standard and questioned specimen as an
expert witness in the mock court

Intended Learning Outcome

1. Present a court chart showing the similarities and dissimilarities between the standard
and the questioned specimen.
2. Testify in court about the result of the examination of the standard and questioned
specimen.

TEACHING & LEARNING

TOPICS MODULE ACTIVITIES

I. Forensic Questioned Module in Forensic •Case Study Analysis (F2F)

Document Examination Questioned Document  Students will be divided into
I.1 Introduction to Examination groups and presented with a real-
world QDE case study.
Questioned Document
 Then, each group will analyze the
Examination case, identifying relevant
I.2 Study of Handwriting handwriting characteristics and
I.3 Gender Differences in potential document examination
Handwriting (GAD) techniques.
I.4 Scientific Method in  Groups present their findings to the
Questioned Document class and discuss the challenges
and limitations of QDE.
Examination
•Interactive Lecture (F2F)
I.5 Forgery  Brief discussion on
I.6 Money Counterfeiting introduction to questioned
document examination, the
study of handwriting, gender
differences in handwriting,
scientific method in
questioned document
examination, forgery, and
money counterfeiting.

4|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

 Handwriting Analysis
(asynchronous)
Each student will comply with the
following activities in the Google
Classroom;
 perform the four handwriting
movements in slow, moderate,
and speed manner.
 write a letter, word, or
sentence that shows the
handwriting characteristics.
 determine the handwriting
characteristics on the provided
standard specimens and group
them according to the
component of handwriting
characteristics.
 Handwriting Examination
(F2F)
 Students will be provided with
standard handwriting
specimens from male and
female writers.
 Each student will work with
their assigned group.
 Each group will analyze,
compare, and evaluate the
handwriting characteristics of
male and female handwriting
specimens.
 Each group will present their
findings before the class
emphasizing the gender
differences in handwriting
characteristics.
Questioned Document Examination
(asynchronous)
 Questioned and handwriting
specimens will be provided in the
Google Classroom.
 Each student will conduct
examinations on the standard and
questioned specimens using the
ACE-V method based on the
standard and questioned specimens
provided.
 Then, they will make an opinion or
conclusion based on the results of
the examination.
 Each group will exchange their
results of examination with the
other group for verification
purposes.
Group Activity (F2F)
Each group will present their findings

5|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

on the examination conducted
(verification) emphasizing the
accuracy and reliability of the
examination results of the other group.

Interactive Lecture (F2F)

 Conduct a short class discussion
and a short activity to brainstorm
situations where document
authenticity might be questioned in
legal proceedings (forgery) and
introduce the role of a document
II. Court and the Document examiner, emphasizing their
Examiner expertise in analyzing questioned
II.1 Pretrial Conferences documents.
 Present a clear explanation of the
II.2 Court Displays
legal standards for admitting
II.3 Court Testimony questioned document evidence.
 Chain of custody procedures.
Module in Legal  Frye or Daubert standard for
Standards for Document scientific evidence
Examiners in the admissibility.
Courtroom  Relevance and foundation for
admitting document examiner
testimony.
 Students will participate
through questions and
discussions.
Video Presentation (asynchronous)
 Provide a video (YouTube) of the
questioned document examiner as
an expert witness.
 Students will discuss the role of
the questioned document examiner
as an expert witness and the
admissibility of questioned
document examination results as
evidence in court.
Mock Court Preparation
(asynchronous)
 The class will be divided into two
groups. Each group will be
provided with standard and
questioned specimens for
examination. Then, each group
will have representatives that will
portray a lawyer, expert witness,
and interpreter in a mock court.
 Each group will conduct
examinations of the standard and
questioned specimens. After the
examinations, they will conduct a

6|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

pre-trial conference between the
questioned document examiner
and lawyer and prepare a court
chart of specimens for mock court
presentation.
Mock Court Presentation (F2F)
 Group representative expert
witness will testify about the
results of the examination using
the court chart in the mock court
presentation.
 The Group Representative lawyer
will do the direct and cross-
examination of the expert witness
during the mock court
presentation.

================================================================

Let Us Discover!
I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct
answer by encircling the letter of your choice.

1. Which of the following is the work of a questioned document examiner?

A. Collect the evidence from the crime scene
B. Bring the collected evidence to the laboratory
C. Examine the questioned and standard documents
D. Examine the latent print found in the questioned document
2. One of the questioned document examiners who had shown his dedication and
commitment to his chosen profession and received the title of the “Father of Scientific
Examination of Questioned Document”. Who is this known personality in the field of
questioned document examination?
A. Albert D. Osborn
B. Albert S. Osborn
C. B.J. Vreeland Haring
D. J. Howard Haring
3. Why is a questioned document examiner needed in forensic science?
A. The result of their examination will determine if the questioned documents were
written by one or different persons.
B. They can determine the perpetrator by examining the evidence.
C. They identify the owner of the forged document thorough examination

7|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

D. Prepare the evidence in court presentation
4. Who among the personalities in the questioned document examination studied the
Production and identification of embossing seals?
A. Charles Chabot
B. Dr. Wilson R. Harrison
C. Ordway Hilton
D. Roy Huber
5. Which of the following questioned document examiners became the first questioned
document examiner of the new Crime Laboratory of the Chicago Police Department?
A. Dr. Wilson R. Harrison
B. Hans Scheickert
C. James V.P. Conway
D. Ordway Hilton
6. The writing material is made from fine skins from young calves or kids and is very
useful for bookmaking.
A. Paper
B. Parchment
C. Vellum
D. Wax
7. Which of the following materials is made from cellulose fibers from plants, but
sometimes from cloth rage or other fibrous materials that is formed by pulping the
fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface?
A. Paper
B. Parchment
C. Vellum
D. Wax
8. When was the first paper mill established in the USA?
A. 1495
B. 1549
C. 1690
D. 1705
9. Which of the following writing materials is commonly used today?
A. Metal
B. Paper
C. Stone
D. Wax
10. How to trace the age of the paper?
A. Through examination
B. Through the manufacturer
C. Through the materials used
D. Through watermark
11. The first paper was made more than 2,000 years ago in;
A. China
B. Europe

8|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

C. Japan
D. Spain
12. What writing material has been used for special manuscripts?
A. Paper
B. Parchment
C. Vellum
D. Wax
13. The following are the sources of parchment as writing materials before EXCEPT
A. Skin of Calves
B. Skin of Cow
C. Skin of Goat
D. Skin of Sheep
14. Who produced the first dictionary in China which contained around 10 thousand
characters?
A. Hu Shin
B. Pergamon
C. Ts'ai Lun
D. Wang Chieh
15. When did Arabs start producing paper for their use?
A. After they have discovered a paper.
B. After they have learned its recipe from Chinese prisoners.
C. When they have learned how to write.
D. When they can write a book.
16. It is a hollow part of a large feather usually from a goose and used for writing on a
parchment.
A. Fountain Pen
B. Quill pens
C. Red pen
D. Swamp pen
17. It came from especially selected water grasses found in Egypt, Armenia and along the
shores of the Persian Gulf, were prepared by leaving the under dung heaps for several
months.
A. Fountain Pen
B. Quill pens
C. Reed pen
D. Roller Ball Pen
18. In this type of writing instrument, a reservoir or cartridge has been made for this pen
so that ink flows continuously to the nib.
A. Ball Point Pen
B. Fountain Pen
C. Pencil
D. Roller Ball Pen
19. This is similar with a ballpoint end, but using “water-based liquid or gelled ink.
A. Ball Point Pen

9|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

B. Fountain Pen
C. Pencil
D. Roller Ball Pen
20. Which of the following writing instruments were introduced in the U.S. market as
challenger of the ball point pen?
A. Fiber Tip Pens
B. Fountain Pen
C. Roller Ball Pen
D. Wooden Pencils
21. Which of the following inks made from an aqueous extract of logwood chips and
potassium chromate?
A. Indian ink
B. Logwood ink
C. Iron gallotannate ink
D. Stamp pad ink
22. Which among the following ink is commonly used by spy organization in sending
messages?
A. Indelible ink
B. Iron gallo-tannate ink.
C. Invisible ink
D. Nigrosine & Aniline ink
23. A suspension of carbon black (soot or lampblack) in water to which a glue or a
vegetable gum was added to form an ink. This refers to what kind of ink?
A. Dyestuff Inks
B. Indian Inks
C. Iron Gallotanate Inks
D. Log wood Inks
24. They are made with the acid of substances such as glycerol, glycol, acetin or benzyl
alcohol and water and airline dyes are also added as coloring matter. What kind of ink
is being referred above?
A. Hectograph Inks
B. Printing Inks
C. Stamp Pad Inks
D. Typewriter Ribbon Inks
25. Consist of a mixture of colored pigments, carbon black and a “base” which may
consist of oil, resins, synthetic resins or a mixture of these. This refers to;
A. Hectograph Inks
B. Printing Inks
C. Stamp Pad Inks
D. Typewriter Ribbon Inks
26. Hilda a three-year-old kindergarten pupil follows all the forms and designs of the
letters of her name on the guide paper given to her. What stage of development of
handwriting shown by Hilda?
A. Stage 1

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B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
27. Rex can execute all the letters written by her teacher on the chalkboard. This is what
level of development of handwriting?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
28. Myrna a Grade 5 pupil can write the words as dictated by her teacher. Myrna is on
what level of development of handwriting?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
29. Tricia a Senior High School student did not mind what will be the quality of her
handwriting because she was concentrating on writing down the important points as
discussed by their teacher in their Politics subject. What level of development of
handwriting presented by Tricia?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
30. The child does the penmanship copybook form or blackboard illustration of the
different letters placed before him.
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
Test II. Identification

Directions: Write PrD if it refers to a private document, PuD if it is a public document, OD

for official document, CD for commercial document, and ED for electronic document.
__________1. Memorandum issued by the office of the Governor
__________2. Memorandum issued by the office of the Mayor
__________3. Memorandum of Agreement signed both parties and notarized by a notary
public
__________4. Agreement signed by both parties
__________5. Document showing the right of a person to establish a business in one place.
__________6. Pictures and drawings saved in a computer.
__________7. Memorandum of Understanding signed by both parties and notarized by a
notary public.
__________8. Messages and music saved in an archive and storage media
__________9. A loan form signed by an individual
__________10. BIR and tax forms of the owner of a business establishment.
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Test III. Essay
Below are the three handwriting samples of one person. Please analyze and observe the
similarities and dissimilarities of the three handwriting samples.

Questions:
1. Are there similarities on the three handwriting samples?
2. What are the dissimilarities of the three handwriting samples?
3. Why do the three handwriting samples have dissimilarities which in fact they were all
written by one person?

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

Criteria POINTS
5 3 1
Clarity of Details I Presented my I Presented my I Presented my
thoughts thoughts clearly thoughts vaguely
comprehensively
Organization My concepts or ideas My concepts or My concepts or
are properly organized ideas are almost ideas are not
organized properly organized

================================================================

Forget Me Not!
Addition- any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be
referred to as addition.
Anachronism – the sometimes wrong is time and in place. this means that the forger has
trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it was supposed to have
been written.
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Analysis (Recognition)- Properties or characteristics are observed and measured.
Collected or procured standards - documents executed by an individual’s day to day
business, official or personal activities.
Comparison- Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined thought analysis are
now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of the known items.
Conclusion- a scientific conclusion results from relating observed facts by logical, common-
sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws.
Counterfeiting- Counterfeiting, manufacture of false money for gain, a kind of forgery in
that something is copied so as to defraud by passing it for the original or genuine article.
Because of the value conferred on money and the high level of technical skill required to
imitate it, counterfeiting is singled out from other acts of forgery and is treated as a separate
crime (Britannica.com)
Disguised Writing – a writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hope of
hiding his identity, writing skill is poorer, change in slant, size, altered of capital letters.
Disputed Document- A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the
document, and strictly speaking this is true meaning. In this text, as well as through prior
usage, however, “disputed document” and “questioned document” are used interchangeably
to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.
Document- Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible
that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone. May be in the form of pencil,
ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.
Document Examiner- one who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents
in order to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them. They are also
known as identification experts.
Erasure- the removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure.
Evaluation- Similarities and dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a
certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence. The weight or
significance of each must therefore be considered.
Examination- it is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with
questioned documents, it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them.
Exemplars- A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known
material. Standard is the older term.
Expert Witness- a legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training
or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the
issue, which is involved in a court action.
Guided Signatures – A signature which is executed while the writer’s hand or arm is
steadied in any way is classified as a guide or assisted signature. Under the law of most
jurisdictions such as a signature authenticates a legal document, provided it show that the

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writer requested assistance. Guided Signature are most commonly written during a serious
illness or on a deathbed.
Handwriting – It is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used as whole,
combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long,
continued painstaking effort.
Insertion or interlineation- the term “insertion” and “interlineations” include the addition of
writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole page to a
document.
Natural Handwriting – any writing executed normally without any attempt to control or
alter its identifying habits and usual quality of execution.
Questioned- Any material which some issue has been raided or which is under scrutiny.
Questioned Document- Document is questioned because its origins, its contents, or the
circumstance and story regarding its production arouse suspicion as to its genuineness or it
may adversely have scrutinized simple because it displeases someone.
Requested Standards -are the writings made and given by an individual based on the request
of the investigator for the purpose of comparative examination with the questioned writing.
Signature – the name of a person written with his own hand in a document as a sign of
acknowledgement.
Standard Document– Are condensed and compact-set of authentic specimen which is
adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material form it source. They are
used by the document examiner as the basis for his identification or non-identification of the
questioned document.
Stroke – series of lines or curves written in a single letter. One of the lines of an alphabet or
series of lines or curves within a single letter. The path traced by the pen on the paper.
Stroke Structure – are series of lines or curves within the letters of the alphabet.
Verification- It is the process of double checking the accuracy and correctness of the
examination usually conducted by other experts in the said field.
================================================================
Unit One
FORENSIC QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

A document is part of our lives from conception to death. It started when we were still
in the womb of our mother, who often visited her doctor for a check-up until we were born.
Then, documents such as the baptismal certificate, live birth and medical records were used.
When we started our schooling period, documents were also used until we graduated and
landed a job. Documents are also useful when we get married, establish a business, and until
14 | Q u e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a t i o n ( F o r e n s i c 4 ) - M o d u l e
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we die. So, documents are very important anywhere. All transactions, either private,
government or work-related, need documents.
What is a document? A document is any material containing marks, symbols, or
signs either visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to
someone. It can be in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper
(Gonzales, 2008). Then, it will become a questioned document when it is disputed or
attacked, either in whole or in part as to its date or age, as to its source or origin, as to the
material used in their production, and as to its relation in some other document. Questioned
document and disputed document are used interchangeably to signify a document is under
special scrutiny. Some of the questioned documents which are useful to the questioned
document examiners, police investigators and other investigative agencies are checks,
passports, automobile registrations, driver’s license, wills and testaments, deed, school
records, marriage certificate, birth certificate, suicide note, anonymous letter, threatening
letter, anonymous confession notes and other notes left by the perpetrators.
The perpetrator may mutilate and destroy the documents to hide the true facts or
prevent the discovery of their criminal acts. Some of them falsified the documents by
alteration, addition, insertion or interlineation and erasure to conceal their personal identity.
When the document is being questioned, the questioned document examiner will be needing
standard document/s as the basis for his identification or non-identification of the
questioned document. This are condensed and compact-set of authentic specimen which is
adequate and proper. Some document examiners and attorneys are also using the term
exemplar instead of standard document to characterize known material.
Standard documents can be collected or procured and requested. Collected or
procured standards can be obtained from files of documents executed by an individual’s
day to day business, official or personal activities. While requested standards are the
writings made and given by an individual based on the request of the investigator for the
purpose of comparative examination with the questioned writing.
The questioned document examiner will examine the collected or requested standard
documents to determine the natural handwriting of the writer. A natural handwriting is the
normal writing of the writer without any attempt to control or alter his identifying habits and
usual quality of execution. Sometimes, the writer may hide his personal identity through
disguised writing in which a writer tries to alter his usual writing habits by making a writing
skill poorer, changing the slant, size, and altering of capital letters. There are also instances
that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it
was supposed to have been written which is called Anachronism. So, the questioned
document examiner will also consider the writing instrument and materials used in standard
and questioned document.

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================================================================

Let Us Find Out!

Activity A
Directions: Please collect samples of handwriting from daycare, kindergarten, elementary,
secondary, and tertiary students and take a screenshot and put them inside the box. Then,
you discuss the distinction between their handwriting.

Day care pupil Kindergarten Pupil

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Grade 1 pupil Grade 5 pupil

Junior High School Student College Student

Activity B
Directions: Perform the finger, hand /wrist, forearm and whole arm movement and do the
handwriting movement in Slow, Moderate, and Fast speed. Execute each through writing
anything in two (2) sentences.

A. Finger Movement
 Slow
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Moderate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Fast
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Hand Movement/Wrist Movement
 Slow
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Moderate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Fast
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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C. Forearm Movement
 Slow
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Moderate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Fast
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
D. Whole Arm Movement
 Slow
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Moderate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Fast
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity C
Directions: Write a letter, word or sentence which show the hand writing characteristics.
Put an arrow to emphasize the writing characteristics.
1. Form
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Slope/Slant
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Size
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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4. Proportion
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Ratio

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12. Line Quality

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Medium:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Good:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
16. Pen Pressure

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Tremor of illiteracy:

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Tremor of weakness:

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

d. Tremor of fraud:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Ball pen

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Porous pen

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Writing Position
1. Sitting position
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Standing position
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Kneeling position
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Writing while walking
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

19. Rubric/Embellishment

___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________

Activity D
Directions: Please examine the handwriting below. Determine the handwriting
characteristics and group it according to the component of handwriting characteristics.

pinterest.com

Component of Handwriting Characteristics

General Formation

Relation to Baseline

Line Quality

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Ratio and Proportion

Variation

Activity E
Directions: Write two paragraphs and ask your friend or relative to copy your handwriting.
Then, analyze, compare and evaluate the standard and questioned handwritings.
Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen

____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
23 | Q u e s t i o____________
ned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module
____________
1
Activity F
Directions: Collect 5 samples of handwriting from male and female writers. Analyze and
compare the samples taken from them through their handwriting characteristics. Take a
screenshot and put them inside the box and discuss the differences.
Male Handwriting Samples Female Handwriting Samples

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Activity G
Directions: Please analyze, compare and evaluate the standard and questioned signatures
and make your opinion or conclusion.

Comparative Examination
Directions: Write the handwriting characteristics that belong to each component of
handwriting characteristics in a paragraph form.
Standard Signature Questioned Signature

General
Formation

Relation to
Baseline

Line
Quality

Ratio and
Proportion

Variation

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Dissimilarities:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Opinion
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________
Registered Criminologist
PRC License No. ____________
PTR No. ___________________
Issued at __________________
Valid until __________________

Activity H
Directions: Write all the security features of each BSP Bank note.

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BSP Bank Notes Security Features

P20.00 P50.00
1. __________________________ 1. _________________________
2. __________________________ 2. __________________________
3. __________________________ 3. __________________________
4. __________________________ 4. __________________________
5. __________________________ 5. __________________________
6. __________________________ 6. __________________________
7. __________________________ 7. __________________________
8. __________________________ 8. __________________________

P100.00 P200.00
1. __________________________ 1. ___________________________
2. __________________________ 2. ___________________________
3. __________________________ 3. __________________________
e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a4.
4. u__________________________
28 | Q t i o__________________________
n (Forensic 4)-Module
1 5. __________________________ 5. __________________________
6. __________________________ 6. __________________________
7. __________________________ 7. __________________________
8. __________________________ 8. __________________________

P500.00 P1,000.00
1. __________________________ 1. __________________________
2. __________________________ 2. __________________________
3. __________________________ 3. __________________________
4. __________________________ 4. __________________________
5. __________________________ 5. __________________________
6. __________________________ 6. __________________________
7. __________________________ 7. __________________________
8. __________________________ 8. __________________________
9. __________________________ 9. __________________________
10. __________________________ 10. __________________________

Let Us Analyze!

Analysis A
1. How does an individual learn how to write?
2. In what stage of handwriting development did individual masters the execution of
letters?
3. What stage of handwriting development that an individual has his own design of
letters and style of handwriting?

Analysis B
1. What can you say on the quality of your handwritings using the finger movement,
hand movement, forearm and whole arm movement?
2. What factors affect the quality of handwriting?
3. Were you comfortable writing using the movement or manner of execution which you
did not use to it? Why?
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Analysis C
1. Are there changes happened on the quality of your handwriting while doing the
different positions in writing?
2. Do writing instruments used in writing affect your handwriting characteristics? Why?
3. Have you find the difference between the genuine tremors from tremor of fraud? How
and why?

Analysis D
1. What have you observed on the general appearance of the handwriting?
2. How is the direction of the handwriting?
3. Is the spacing constant? Why did you say so?
4. Was there a sign of hesitation on the part of the writer? Why?

Analysis E
Directions: Determine the handwriting characteristics of standard and questioned
handwritings in Activity E
(Specific Description)
Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
Comparative Examination
Directions: Write the handwriting characteristics that belong to each component of
handwriting characteristics in a paragraph form.
Sample 1 Sample 2

General
Formation

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Relation to
Baseline

Line
Quality

Ratio and
Proportion

Variation

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Analysis F
Directions: Discuss the similarities and dissimilarities of the handwriting samples taken from
the male and female writers based on their handwriting characteristics.
1. What are the similarities between male and female handwriting?
2. What are the differences between male and female handwriting?

Analysis G
1. How did you come up your opinion or conclusion?
2. How did the forger forge the signature of the victim?
3. Was your opinion accurate and reliable? Why?

Analysis H
After determining the security features of each BSP bank note, please answer the
questions below.
1. What security features that can be found in 1,000.00 and 500.00-peso bill but cannot
be found in 20.00, 50.00, 100.00 and 200.00-peso bill?
2. What are the security features of BSP bank note that hard to imitate? Why?
3. What is the easiest way of determining whether the BSP bank note is authentic or
fake?
4. What apparatus is useful in examining the authenticity of the BSP bank note?

================================================================

Let Us Learn!

FORENSIC QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

EXAMINATION

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Forensic Document Examination (FDE) is a forensic science discipline in which
expert examiners evaluate documents disputed in the legal system. The questioned document
examiner will not directly conduct an actual examination of the questioned specimen. Since
the first specimen that will arrive in the hands of the questioned document examiner is the
questioned specimen, he will first conduct a preliminary examination so that he will
determine the number of standard specimens to be collected, and the style of handwriting if it
was written in hand lettering, script, cursive, or block style. Then, the age of the standard
specimens to be collected. During the preliminary examination, the questioned document
examiner could estimate when he would finish the actual examination.

After procuring or collecting the minimum amount of standard specimens, the

questioned document examiner will now apply the scientific examination of handwriting. He
will first analyze the writing characteristics of both the questioned and standard specimens.
Then, the determined writing characteristics of the questioned and standard specimens will be
compared. Evaluation is the next step after comparison in which the similarities and
dissimilarities of the questioned and standard specimens will be determined. The questioned
document examiner will make his conclusion or opinion based on the result of the
examination and submit it to the requesting party. To ensure that the result of the examination
of the first questioned document examiner is accurate, it would be verified by another expert.
However, this will only be done once there is a court order or the court allows another expert
to re-examine the specimens.

Scientific Method in Questioned Document

Examination

The ACEV methodology is one of those ways of organizing and evaluating data for
scientific classification and comparison purposes. ACEV is an acronym for an established
forensic methodology analogous to the scientific method that is used to "individualize or
exclude prints or objects originating from or occurring from an identical source." Process in
which the information collected is analyzed to determine its specificity and relevance; C
represents the comparison stage, or the stage in which it is determined whether the verifier's
predictions are valid, invalid or inconclusive; and E stands for Evaluation, which is based on
the auditor's training and experience to evaluate the information obtained during the analysis
and comparison phases of the ACEV method. The final stage of the ACEV methodology is
verification, in which a second knowledgeable document reviewer retests the original

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hypothesis using the ACE process to determine whether it is possible to formally single out
or exclude certain sets of information used for comparison.
1. Analysis (Recognition)- Properties or characteristics are observed and measured.
Example:

Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen

Semi-Angular Loop Angular Loop
Narrow Distance Narrow Distance
Semi-Angular Loop Angular Loop
Round Loop Oval Loop
Garland Arc
Flying Terminal Stroke Terminal Spur

1. Comparison- The properties or characteristics of the unknown items determined

through analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of the
known items.
Example:

Standard Questioned
Gen. Formation Generally, it forms a Gen. Formation Generally, an angular
semi-angular loop in loop in a wider
a narrow distance in distance in the initial
the initial handwriting
handwriting execution, an oval
execution, a round loop, or arcaded
loop, or garlanded formation, ends in a
formation, ending in terminal spur.
a flying terminal
stroke.
Relation To Indicative to straight Relation To Indicative to upward
Baseline direction Baseline direction
Line Quality Blunt initial writing Line Quality Pen tremors and
execution is hesitation are signs
indicative of less of slower
handwriting pressure handwriting speed.
and greater
handwriting speed.
Ratio And A larger initial Ratio And The constant size of
Proportion writing execution in Proportion the initial and middle
a short distance handwriting
resulted in a smaller execution in a wider
size. distance resulted in a

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decreasing size.
Variation Changes within the Variation Changes beyond the
primary controlling primary controlling
pattern pattern

2. Evaluation- Similarities and dissimilarities in properties or characteristics that have a

certain value for identification are determined by their likelihood of occurrence. The
weight or significance of each must therefore be considered.

Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen

GF P P P GF N
RB P P P RB N
LQ P P P LQ N
RP P P P RP N
V P P P V N
P-Positive
N-Negative

3. Verification- It is the process of double-checking the accuracy and correctness of the

examination, which is usually conducted by other experts in the said field.
Opinion
a. Expert view: an expert assessment of something (Encarta dictionary)
b. A view or judgment, or appraisal formed in the mind about a particular matter
(Merriam dictionary)
c. A position arrived at after consideration (Thesaurus dictionary)

Conclusion
a. Decision based on facts: a decision made or an opinion formed after considering the
relevant facts or evidence (Encarta dictionary)
b. An opinion arrived through a process of reasoning (Thesaurus dictionary)
Example:
As per comparison of distinctive handwriting characteristics among standard and
questioned specimen signatures of Director Arianne Supat as submitted for examination, the
questioned specimen signature reveals a significant difference compared to the standard
specimen signatures. Therefore, the undersigned examiner established the opinion that the
standard specimen signatures and the questioned specimen signatures were written by
different people as products of simulated forgery.
____________________
Registered Criminologist

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PRC License No. ____________
PTR No. ___________________
Issued at __________________
Valid until _________________

Questions:
1. Why do questioned document examiners follow the scientific method of questioned
document examination?
2. How do questioned document examiners make their opinion or conclusion?

Forgery
This is committed by any person who, with intent to defraud, signs the name of
another person, or of a fictitious person, knowing that he has no authority to do so; or falsely
makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any check, draft, or due-bill for the payment of money or
property; or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting of another, knowing the same to be
fake, altered, or forged or counterfeit with intent to prejudice, damage, or defraud
Kinds of Forgery
1. Simple Forgery or Spurious Signature – A fraudulent signature in which there was
no apparent attempt at simulation or imitation. This kind of forgery is best termed as
“a spurious signature”.
2. Simulated or Freehand Imitation Forgery – A fraudulent signature which was
executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature
can be referred to as a freehand imitation or simulated forgery.
3. Traced Forgery – Any fraudulent signature which was executed by actually
following the outline of a genuine signature with a writing instrument.
Different Process of Tracing
a. Carbon Process or Carbon Outline Method
A carbon paper is placed between the genuine signature (top sheet) and the fraudulent
document (below). The outline is finally rewritten or retraced with suitable ink strokes
(Gonzales, Jonas A., 2008).
b. Indentation Process
An intended or “canal-like” outline of the genuine signature is produced in the
fraudulent document (lower sheet) by tracing (with suitable pressure or force) the outline of
the genuine signature (top sheet) with a pointed instrument. The outline is first retraced
lightly with a pencil before it is finally retraced with suitable ink (Gonzales, Jonas A., 2008).
c. Projection Process or Transmitted-Light Process

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A document is placed immediately over the genuine signature, with strong light
directed through the two sheets of paper from below or behind. The outline that is seen
through the upper sheet is then traced (Gonzales, Jonas A., 2008).
d. Cut and paste
A person attempts to extract the signature from one document, then places the signature on
another document, claiming that the second document is an authentic document (Walkshull,
n.d).

Questions:
1. Which among the methods of forgery commonly used by the forger? Why?
2. What method of forgery could easily be identified even without using laboratory
apparatus? Why?

COUNTERFEITING
Counterfeiting, the manufacture of false money for gain, is a kind of forgery in which
something is copied so as to defraud by passing it off as the original or genuine article.
Because of the value conferred on money and the high level of technical skill required to
imitate it, counterfeiting is singled out from other acts of forgery and is treated as a separate
crime (Britannica.com)

Security Features of BSP New Generation Currency Note

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================================================================

CONNECT!
Application A
Directions: Please read and understand the scenario.

Scenario:
Your instructor required you to produce standard specimens to be compared with the
questioned specimen given to you. Then, you will do examinations following the
scientific method of questioned document examination. But your problem is that you
do not have a sufficient number of standard specimens.

Questions:
1. What will you do first before you collect the standard specimens?
2. What will you do to collect standard specimens?
3. What are the sufficient amount of standard specimens? Why examination of standard
and questioned specimens need a sufficient amount of standards?

Application B
Please read the scenario and assume that you are the questioned document examiner.

Scenario:
You are the questioned document examiner for the Philippine National Police.
Then, you have received a document with a questioned signature. The document
was the last will and testament of Don M. So you will need standard signatures to
compare with the questioned signature. The investigator provided you with a
sufficient number of standard specimens. But during your examination, you found
out that there were lots of similarities in the handwriting characteristics of the
standard and questioned specimens.

Questions
1. What method of forgery used by the forger in forging the signature of Don M?
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2. What will you do to determine whether the standard and questioned signatures were
written by one and the same person or written by two different persons?

Application C
Please read the scenario and answer the questions below.

Scenario:
You are employed as a cashier in one of your neighborhood's businesses. While you
are scanning the items on the counter, one of the customer approaches and asks you
if you can change her 1,000-peso bill. Since you are new to your job, you are very
careful about doing your job. The customer handed you the money, but when you
touched the note, you felt that it was plain paper. When you were about to get your
phone with an infra-red light, the customer grabbed her money and hurriedly went
out of the establishment.

Questions:
1. Why does the customer grab her money and hurriedly went out from the
establishment?
2. If you are not careful of doing your job, is there a possibility that you become a victim
of receiving fake money? Why?
3. What will you do to arrest the woman so that she would be stopped from her modus
operandi?

Assess your Learning!

Standard Signature

Questioned Signature

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Analysis
Directions: Determine the handwriting characteristics of standard and questioned signature.
(Specific Description)
Standard Signature Questioned Signature
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
Comparative Examination
Directions: Write the handwriting characteristics that belong to each component of
handwriting characteristics in a paragraph form.

Standard Signature Questioned Signature

General
Formation

Relation to
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Baseline

Line
Quality

Ratio and
Proportion

Variation

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Opinion
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________
Registered Criminologist
PRC License No. ____________
PTR No. ___________________
Issued at __________________
Valid until __________________

Please be guided with this rubric

Criteria Above Average Sufficient (3) Developing (2) Needs
(4) Improvement (1)

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for identification have a certain value for identification are for identification are
are determined by for identification are determined by their determined by their
their likelihood of determined by their likelihood of likelihood of
occurrence. likelihood of occurrence. occurrence.
occurrence.
Verification The examination’s The examination’s The examination’s The examination’s
accuracy and accuracy and accuracy and accuracy and
correctness have correctness have correctness were not correctness were not
been double- been checked by all checked by other checked by other
checked by other other examiners. examiners. examiners.
examiners.
Opinion A decision made or A decision is made A decision made or A decision made or
an opinion formed or an opinion formed opinion formed was an opinion formed
was based on all based on some based on few was not based on the
relevant facts or relevant facts or relevant facts or relevant facts or
evidence. evidence evidence. evidence

Remember!
The Scientific Method in Questioned Document Examination is very important in
conducting the questioned and standard examination. In analysis, properties or characteristics
are observed and measured while in comparison properties or characteristics of the unknown
items are determined through analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded
properties of the known items. Then, similarities and dissimilarities in properties or
characteristics that have a certain value for identification is determined by its likelihood of
occurrence will be done on evaluation. The weight or significance of each must therefore be
considered. The last method is verification that double check the accuracy and correctness of
the examination usually conducted by other experts in the said field.
In addition, he three kinds of forgery that may be used by the forger are simple
forgery or spurious signature, simulated or freehand imitation forgery, and traced forgery
which has four different process such as carbon process or carbon outline method, indentation
process, projection process or transmitted-light process, and cut and paste method. Moreover,
BSP bank notes consist of security features that hard to counterfeit. These are watermark,
see-thru mark, security fibers (red and blue fibers), security thread, serial numbers, concealed
value, optically variable ink (OVI), optically variable device (OVD), embossed print and
portrait.

[2] Camara, Richard T. (2016) Questioned Document Examination. Wisemans’ Books of

Trading.
[3] Gonzales, Jonas A. (2008). Forensic Questioned Documents Examination. Wiseman’s
Book Trading
[4] Mendoza, Gregorio B., (2012). The Questioned Document Examination and Practices.
Wiseman’s Book Trading

================================================================

Test!

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Directions: Please analyze, compare and evaluate the standard and questioned signature
and make your opinion or conclusion.

Standard signature

Questioned signature

Analysis
Directions: Determine the handwriting characteristics of standard and questioned signature.
(Specific Description)
Standard Signature Questioned Signature
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
Comparative Examination
Directions: Write the handwriting characteristics that belong to each component of
handwriting characteristics in a paragraph form.
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Standard Signature Questioned Signature

General
Formation

Relation to
Baseline

Line
Quality

Ratio and
Proportion

Variation

Evaluation:
Similarities:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Dissimilarities:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Opinion
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

_______________________
Registered Criminologist
PRC License No. ____________
PTR No. ___________________
Issued at __________________
Valid until __________________
Test II

Directions: Below is an image of a fake and genuine 1000-peso bill. Look closely and
discuss the big difference of the fake and genuine 1000-peso bill based on its security
features.

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D&R Rice Supply, 2020

Questions:
1. Why does the above 1000-peso bill note become fake?
2. Were the security features of the 1000-peso bill able to be copied by the suspects?
Why?
3. How could you determine the genuine peso bill from the fake one

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

Criteria Above Average Sufficient (3) Developing (2) Needs
(4) Improvement (1)

Analysis All properties or Almost all properties Some properties or A few properties or
characteristics or characteristics characteristics characteristics
present in the present in the present in the present in the
specimens are specimens are specimens are specimens are
observed and observed and observed and observed and
measured measured. measured measured.
Comparison All the properties or The properties or The properties or All properties or
characteristics of characteristics of the characteristics of the characteristics of the
the standard standard specimens standard specimens standard specimens
specimens that were that were determined that were determined were determined
determined through through analysis are through analysis through analysis and
analysis are almost compared were not all were not compared
compared with the with the questioned compared with the with the questioned
questioned specimen's questioned specimen (s)
specimen (s) characteristics. specimen's characteristics.
characteristics. characteristics.
Evaluation All similarities and Almost all Some similarities A few similarities
dissimilarities in similarities and and dissimilarities in and dissimilarities in
properties or dissimilarities in properties or properties or
characteristics that properties or characteristics that characteristics that
have a certain value characteristics that have a certain value have a certain value
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for identification have a certain value for identification are for identification are
are determined by for identification are determined by their determined by their
their likelihood of determined by their likelihood of likelihood of
occurrence. likelihood of occurrence. occurrence.
occurrence.
Verification The examination’s The examination’s The examination’s The examination’s
accuracy and accuracy and accuracy and accuracy and
correctness have correctness have correctness were not correctness were not
been double- been checked by all checked by other checked by other
checked by other other examiners. examiners. examiners.
examiners.
Opinion A decision made or A decision is made A decision made or A decision made or
an opinion formed or an opinion formed opinion formed was an opinion formed
was based on all based on some based on few was not based on the
relevant facts or relevant facts or relevant facts or relevant facts or
evidence. evidence evidence. evidence

================================================================
Unit Two
COURT AND THE DOCUMENT
EXAMINER
Three main sources currently guide the admissibility of evidence and testimony.
1. The Frye Standard – Scientific Evidence and the Principle of General
Acceptance
In 1923, the District of Columbia Court in Frye v. The United States [1] rejected the
scientific validity of the lie detector (polygraph) because the technology did not find
significant general acceptance at the time. The court issued guidance to determine the
admissibility of scientific evidence:
Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental
and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone, the

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evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while the courts will go a long
way in admitting experimental testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific
principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently
established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it
belongs.
In essence, to apply the "Frye Standard", a court had to decide whether the procedures,
techniques, or principles in question were generally accepted by a significant portion of the
relevant scientific community. This standard has prevailed in federal courts and some states
for many years.
2. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702
In 1975, more than half a century after Frye was ruled, the Federal Rules of Evidence
were adopted for litigation in federal courts. They contained rules for expert reports. His
alternative to the Frye standard became more widely used, as it did not necessarily require
general acceptance and was considered more flexible.
The first version of the Federal Evidence Rule 702 introduced that a witness that is
qualified as an expert in knowledge, experience, training, or education, in the form of an
opinion, or otherwise, if:
a. the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
b. the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
c. the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
d. the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
While the states are allowed to adopt their own rules, most have adopted or modified the
Federal rules, including those covering expert testimony. In a 1993 case, Daubert v. Merrell
Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the United States Supreme Court held that the Federal Rules of
Evidence, and in particular Fed. R. Evid. 702, superseded Frye’s "general acceptance" test.
3. The Daubert Standard – Court Acceptance of Expert Testimony
In Daubert and subsequent cases [2], the court stated that the federal standard includes
general acceptance, but also examines science and its application. Trial judges are the final
arbiters or "guardians" of the admissibility of evidence and the acceptance of a witness as an
expert witness in their courtrooms. In deciding whether to admit the science in question and
the expert in question, the judge should consider the following:
a. What is the basic theory and has it been tested?
b. Are there standards controlling the technique?
c. Has the theory or technique been subjected to peer review and publication?
d. What is the known or potential error rate?
e. Is there general acceptance of the theory?
f. Has the expert adequately accounted for alternative explanations?
g. Has the expert unjustifiably extrapolated from an accepted premise to an unfounded
conclusion?

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The Daubert Court also found that concerns about uncertain evidence could be allayed
through rigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful burdens of
proof. In many states today, the testimony of scientific experts is subject to this Daubert
standard. However, some states still use a modification of the Frye standard.
Who can serve as an expert forensic science witness in court?
These issues are also discussed at the Fed. R. Evid. 702. It only admits experts who
are
a. “qualified by knowledge, skills, experience, education or training”.
In general, being considered a true expert in any field requires a substantial level of
training and experience. Different forensic disciplines follow different training plans, but
most of them include in-house training, practical exams, and assessments, as well as
advanced training. Oral presentation practice, including mock court experience, is very
helpful in preparing examiners for cross-examination at trial.
Typically, the person who prepared the lab report would act as an expert witness in court.
By creating a report, that person takes responsibility for the analysis. This person can be a
supervisor or technical manager but does not necessarily have to be the one who performed
the analysis. The opposition may also use experts to rebut this testimony, and both witnesses
are subject to the standard (Frye, Daubert, Fed. R. Evid 702) used by this court in terms of
their experience.
Any court can accept anyone as an expert, and there have been cases where people
without the proper training or background have been appointed as experts. If necessary, the
opponent may interview potential witnesses to show that they do not have the relevant
experience and are not qualified to testify on the matter. The decision on admissibility is left
to the judge.

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Let Us Find Out!

Directions:
a. Please watch the YouTube video about the difference between an expert and a fact
witness and the qualifications of an expert witness based on the Daubert Case by
clicking these links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wl92bHtrOvA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnjmNCstCjw
b. Prepare your discussion based on the videos that you have watched.

Guide Questions:
1. How do expert witnesses differ from fact witnesses?
2. Why does an expert witness need more qualifications than a fact witness?
3. How does Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals defend their case against the Daubert
family?
4. Why do courts accept evidence from Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals more than from
Daubert?
5. What was the decision of the courts to accept the scientific evidence?

================================================================

Let Us Analyze!

Directions:

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a. Please watch the YouTube video about the A Mock Trial Proceeding presented by
4th-year Criminology Students of Metro Manila College by clicking this
linkshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv7utrUm6yk
b. Prepare your discussion based on the videos that you have watched.

Guide Questions:
1. How did the mock court presentation start?
2. Who are the important persons in the court presentation? Why?
3. How did the Bailiff, Judge, Defendant lawyer, Prosecutor, Clerk, and witness perform
their roles? Discuss their roles.

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Let Us Learn!

COURT AND THE DOCUMENT

EXAMINER

Pretrial Conferences
The final role an auditor plays in forensic drama is to testify to the results of their
examination in court. This statement is usually the reason the test was conducted. Ideally, the
auditor (now assuming the role of an expert) will conference with his attorney before court
testimony to determine the best type of interview that will convey the auditor's opinion with
the greatest clarity and impact. Many examiners choose to provide the attorney with a pre-
planned list of qualifying questions. This pre-established list of qualifying questions is not
intended to replace a pre-negotiation conference but may become a necessity due to time
constraints that may preclude the possibility of a pre-negotiation conference. In this case, the
lawyer should be advised that a deviation from the prescribed questions may lead to
completely different answers than what he expects to hear.
The preliminary hearing is the ideal forum to speculate on cross-examination issues.
Generally, the questioning attorney tries to limit the witness to simple "yes" or "no" answers.
Of course, the expert need not limit himself to these restrictions. However, routing should be
designed to cross-examine any question containing simple monosyllabic responses when a
longer explanation is appropriate.
For the council to implement the testimony as effectively as possible, a discussion
with the expert is often helpful. There are many reasons for that.

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a. First, in a complicated case, you can make it clear what evidence you are referring to
and the order in which you present it.
b. Second, the expert can clarify the reasons for his conclusions, as well as his strengths
and weaknesses. He can indicate what he might answer to certain questions when
asked; it is an advantage if your subsequent responses do not surprise the attorney he
calls.

Court Testimony
a. Conduct of the Witness
The technique of evidence is vital to the work of the document auditor. Without the
ability to convince the court of his conclusions, all the work he previously did will go to
waste. A perfectly correct conclusion can be lost in the confusion of a situation in which the
examiner cannot adequately present his findings. On the contrary, a properly prepared action
that is presented and, if necessary, well-illustrated, convinces the court of the validity of the
conclusion. The objective should not be to make the opinion indisputable without giving
reasons other than the status of its author. Rather, the witness must explain the reasons in a
logical, precise, and convincing way so that the evidence will convince the judge and jury
and judge themselves that the conclusion is justified.
b. Dress
Testimony is important. The judge or jury will be impressed by your statement,
depending on clarity and logic, but other factors such as appearance and dress should not be
ignored. A survey in the US found that the majority expected the appraiser to be smart and
sober. Although clothing is now less formal and more attention is likely to be paid to what is
said than to a more superficial personal appearance, a lack of courtesy can be inferred from
inappropriate dress.
c. Manner of Giving Evidence
The evidence is essentially intended for the judge and jury, not the attorney calling it,
so it is best not to answer the questions to the attorney, but to the jury or judge. Since he will
write much of what has been said, the glances in his direction indicate how quickly the
testimony should be given. The reviewer will be more valued by the jury for directing his
testimony to them, and by observing the reception of his words you will see if he is
expressing himself clearly.
d. Presentation Method
The first step in creating charts is choosing which display method to use. This can be
in the form of printed diagrams, overhead projector slides, 35mm slides, or computer
presentation programs and videos. Classic 35mm slides have been effectively superseded by
the use of electronic computer presentation methods. There are a few factors that will help the
forensic document reviewer decide which method is most effective:
What is there to prove?

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If the problem is handling photocopies and the original document is available,
transparencies and an overhead projector may be the easiest way to present. If you want to
show the court how an instrumental technique works, a video of the equipment used will be
of great help.
How is the layout of the courtroom?
If you want to use the video, is there enough space in the courtroom to use it? If this
cannot be determined in advance, it is best to plan another method or have a backup plan
available.
How much prep time is available?
No matter how effective a photographic diagram may be, it will take some time to
prepare. If there is not enough time, an alternative should be considered.
Who should the presentation be directed to?
An individual presentation before a judge or hearing officer may require one form of
presentation, while another is more appropriate for presenting the material to a jury.
What equipment and skills are available to the auditor?
While video may be desirable, the forensic document reviewer may lack the necessary
equipment or skills to make this task necessary. A computer presentation method requires a
computer, a digital projector, and a screen. The court may not have the required projector and
screen, so it will be necessary to rent and arrange a setup before testifying.
Content
There are two approaches to chart content.
1. Incorporating a large number of images in a single chart
This graphic style has provided a lot of information, but also for the judge and the jury to
focus their attention on certain characteristics, given the detailed amount.
2. Simpler illustrations with less detail.
In some cases, multiple charts can be used, each of which clearly shows a specific point
or a small number of features.

================================================================

Connect!
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Directions:
a. Class will be divided into two groups
b. Each group will be provided with standard and questioned specimens for examination
c. The group will conduct the examination of the standard and questioned specimens
using the ACE-V Method and an alternative tool in conducting the examination and
will prepare an opinion or conclusion.
d. Then, the group will help the expert witness to prepare the evidence to be presented in
the mock court
e. Each group will have representatives that will portray as a defendant lawyer,
prosecutor, expert witness, bailiff and interpreter in the mock court.
f. The expert witness and the lawyer will do the pre-trial conference before the actual
mock court presentation.
g. The mock court presentation will be conducted virtually.

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

WITNESS
Responded appropriately to questions, demonstrated clear understanding of facts.

● UNDER DIRECT EXAMINATION: Convincingly tells the story, responsive to questions, doesn’t sound
rehearsed, uses voice inflection, clear story, appropriate gestures and facial expressions.

● UNDER CROSS EXAMINATION Witness remains calm, unshaken and is consistent in story

5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing

Character portrayal Portrayal is credible; Credible, effective Portrayal of role is credible,
infused with personality portrayal. Some however, it’s clear the
Uses voice inflection, character personality witness is not in complete
appropriate gestures, and evident. command of the witness
facial expression. testimony
Conveys Answers to questions are Answers to questions Answers unclear and/or
story; true to witness responsive and are responsive and sound too rehearsed
statement correspond to witness correspond to witness
statement. Seems as if statement
witness is testifying to
actual events
Delivery Poised; consistent eye Poised; some eye Speaks too
contact with jurors; contact with jurors; softly/loudly, or too quickly.
articulate; confident articulate Little eye contact.
Under Cross Maintains credibility & Generally credible Confused, unable to stay in
examination demeanor during cross during cross character. Simple yes/no
examination examination answers on cross.
Source: Classroom Law Project (n.d). Classroom Mock Trial Evaluation & Rubric Resources. Retrieved from
https://classroomlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Classroom-Mock-Trial-Evaluations-Rubrics.pdf

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

ATTORNEY QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES
Questions supports overall strategy, uses good speaking skills.
1. DIRECT: Effectively asks witness to provide background, establishes effective rapport with witness, reacts
appropriately to witness responses, reasonable objections and/or responses to objections.

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2. CROSS: Questions related to direct or witness statements, suggested the answers, short and simple; places
witness’ credibility in question, reasonable objections and/or responses to objections.
5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing
Questions related to Questions show relationship to All questions develop Purpose of several
case theory and help advance case theory. testimony consistent with questions unclear;
Purpose of questioning clear case theory not consistent with
and effective. case theory
Responsive Listened and reacted Listened and reacted Unaware of
effectively to witness appropriately to witness witness responses.
responses responses
Direct Exam = open Direct examination questions Direct examination questions Some direct
ended are open ended, NOT leading NOT leading examination
questions are
leading or attorney
tells too much of
story
Cross Leading questions in cross Leading questions in cross Some open-ended
Exam = cast doubt on opponent’s case cast doubt on opponent’s questions; Many
Leading theory. No irrelevant case theory. Few irrelevant questions
questions questions. irrelevant..

Delivery Articulate, ideal volume and Articulate, good volume and Difficult to hear/
speed, clear enunciation, speed, clear enunciation, understand. Spoke
effective use of pauses and some pauses and gestures, too quickly or
gestures, effective eye contact some eye contact with jurors slowly; no or
with ineffective
jurors gestures. Little eye
contact with jury.
Objections Objections and responses to Objections show familiarity No objections
opponent demonstrate clear with mock trial made.
grasp of mock trial

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

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• Effective, creative • Details sometimes fit,
conclusion. sometimes
misplaced.
• Undeveloped
conclusion.
Public speaking / Skillful delivery Solid Delivery with minor Delivery more weak
Delivery: Articulate, ideal volume and weaknesses than strong
• Eye contact speed, clear enunciation, Articulate, good volume Difficult to hear/
effective use of pauses and and speed, clear understand. Spoke
• Enunciation and too quickly or slowly;
pronunciation gestures, effective eye enunciation, some pauses
and gestures; eye contact frequent space fillers
• Variations in rate, contact with jurors.
with jury present but not (“um”, “like”); no or
volume, tone, voice ineffective gestures.
appropriate to consistent
Little eye contact with
audience jury.
• Fluent delivery
• Appropriate use of
nonverbal techniques
(i.e., facial
expressions,
gestures, body
movements, stage
presence)

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

CLOSING ARGUMENT
5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 - Developing
Content Includes: • Clearly, accurately and • Clearly and accurately • Mostly accurate
• introduction of self specifically includes & includes & explains and/or clear
• Review of case theory explains all required content. all required content. explanation of
• Numerous references to • Some references to required content.
• summary of witness
testimonies testimony in trial testimony in trial • • OR left out one
• Case theory / theme /motto Case theory / aspect of required
• specific references to
clear and memorable. theme /motto clear. content.
helpful / damaging
testimony from • Legal elements and review of• Legal elements and • No references to
actual trial law correct and phrased in review of law correct testimony in trial
• legal elements and jury-friendly language. and understandable. • Case theory /
review of applicable law • Clearly states how jury/ judge• Tells how jury/judge theme /motto
Content Explains: should decide case. should decide case. unclear or not
included.
• what you want
judge/jury to decide and • Aspects of legal
elements and
• why the jury should review of law
decide that way unclear or
incomplete.
• Did not tell
jury/judge how to
decide case.
Organization • Effective, creative • Recognizable • Introduction
• Includes introduction introduction introduction undeveloped
and conclusion • Clear sequencing that • Clear sequencing of • Sequencing of
• logically organized logically weaves together all ideas ideas unclear or not
• tells story of case required content / required content effective
• Effectively tells story of case • Tells story of case • Partially tells story
• Balanced details • Details fit of case
• Effective, creative conclusion. • Effective conclusion. • Details sometimes
fit, sometimes
misplaced.
• Undeveloped
conclusion.
Public speaking / Skillful delivery Solid Delivery with Delivery more weak
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Delivery: Articulate, ideal volume and minor weaknesses than strong
• Eye contact speed, clear enunciation, Articulate, good Difficult to hear/
effective use of pauses and volume and speed, understand. Spoke
• Enunciation and
gestures, effective eye contact clear enunciation, too quickly or slowly;
pronunciation
with jurors. some pauses and frequent space fillers
• Variations in rate, (“um”, “like”) ; no or
volume, tone, voice gestures; eye contact
ineffective gestures.
appropriate to audience with jury present but
Little eye contact
• Fluent delivery not consistent
with jury.
• Appropriate use of
nonverbal techniques
(i.e., facial expressions,
gestures, body
movements, stage
presence)

MOCK TRIAL PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE

SELF-EVALUATION SCORING

Based on everything you’ve just considered, please determine an honest score for yourself, based on your
preparation for and performance in the Mock Trial. Because this is a team effort, the weight falls on preparation,
not on performance.

- What grade have you earned? (see below) HIGHLIGHT applicable descriptors:

5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 –Developing 2 – Beginning Student Teacher

(let team
down)

Teamwork, Offers Offers Limited Provides no

cooperation & leadership, constructive assistance, assistance,
attitude: all for constructive assistance, poor attitude, exhibits
the team assistance, flexibility, open little flexibility. detrimental
adaptability, and attitude; shares 60-70% effort attitude, and
a helpful vibe. understanding throughout. inflexibility.
100% effort as needed. 80- • Teamwork: Doesn’t
throughout. 90% effort Limited care. Less
• Teamwork: throughout. assistance than 50%
Collaborates • Teamwork: • Attitude: effort
well; Collaborates • Teamwork: ___/20 ____/20
attitude
constructively well; offers negative Provides no
shares constructive over 30% of assistance
understanding assistance; to team;
the time.
as needed; shares unhelpful
understandin Little
encourages • Attitude:
focus; a g as needed flexibility.
attitude
leader • Attitude: detrimental
• Attitude: Generally to team;
Consistently positive; flexible inflexible.
positive,
helpful and
flexible -
adapts well

Preparation & Over prepared Prepared and Often Unprepared;

focus and always on knows what’s unprepared; others do your
task; can going on; mostly focus often work for you;
compensate for focused (90%). wavers rarely focused
others. • Has all mock • Mock Trial • Rarely brings
• Always has all trial materials, materials materials
mock trial and other often missing • Relies on
materials and team-agreed • Occasionally others to
other team- materials. revise your
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agreed arrives with work or rally
materials. • Often arrives revised work. you to action ___/20 ____/20
with revised
• Consistently • More on task • Mostly off
and improved
arrives with than not task
work.
revised and • Occasionally • You pull
improved work • Almost always pulls others others off
• Always on task on task
off task task

Mock Trial My performance My performance My My

Performance in the mock trial in the mock trial performance performance
helped my team helped my team. didn’t help my harmed my
achieve success. team, but it also team
didn’t harm my ___/10 ____/10
team.

Total out of 50

Source: Classroom Law Project (n.d). Classroom Mock Trial Evaluation & Rubric Resources. Retrieved from
https://classroomlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Classroom-Mock-Trial-Evaluations-Rubrics.pdf

================================================================

Assess your Learning!

Directions:
1. Discuss the court setting in conducting a mock court trial (Min. of 500 words)
2. Discus how to be an effective expert witness. (A min. of 300 words)

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

Criteria POINTS
5 3 1
Clarity of Details I Presented my I Presented my I Presented my
thoughts thoughts clearly thoughts vaguely
comprehensively
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Organization My concepts or ideas My concepts or My concepts or
are properly organized ideas are almost ideas are not
organized properly organized

Remember!
The technique of evidence is vital to the work of the document auditor. Without the
ability to convince the court of his conclusions, all the work he previously did will go to
waste. A perfectly correct conclusion can be lost in the confusion of a situation in which the
examiner cannot adequately present his findings. On the contrary, a properly prepared action
that is clearly presented and, if necessary, well-illustrated, convinces the court of the validity
of the conclusion. The objective should not be to make the opinion indisputable without
giving reasons other than the status of its author. Rather, the witness must explain the reasons
in a logical, precise, and convincing way so that the evidence will convince the judge and
jury and judge for themselves that the conclusion is justified.

[1] National Forensic Science Technology Center (n.d). A Simplified Guide to

Forensic Document Examination. Retrieved from
http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/docs/QuestionedDocuments.pdf

[2] Norwitch Document Laboratory (n.d) Court and The Document Examiner. Retrieved from
https://www.questioneddocuments.com/questioned-document-overviews/court-and-the-document-
examiner/

[3] Sodhi, G.S. et.al., (n.d). The Court Testimony. Retrieved from
http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000016FS/P000695/M011514/ET/
1516250955FSC_P8_M35_e-text.pdf

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================================================================

Test!

Directions:
a. Each student will participate in the group that he or she is assigned to. They will
examine the questioned and standard specimens provided to them.
b. The group will conduct the examination of the standard and questioned specimens
using the ACE-V Method and alternative tools for conducting examinations, and will
prepare an opinion or conclusion.
c. Each group will submit the examination report to their subject instructor for
evaluation and verification, containing the following:
1. Letter of transmittal to the requesting party
2. Documents being examined are described in detail
3. Descriptive and comparative findings
4. Comparative tables
5. Detailed description
6. Oath of Verification
7. Judicial affidavit
d. Then everybody will help the expert witness prepare the evidence to be presented in
the mock court.

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e. Each class will have representatives that will play the roles of a defendant, lawyer,
prosecutor, expert witness, bailiff, and interpreter in the mock court.
f. A Mock court trial is a competition between two sections and will be held virtually.

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

WITNESS
Responded appropriately to questions, demonstrated clear understanding of facts.

● UNDER DIRECT EXAMINATION: Convincingly tells the story, responsive to questions, doesn’t sound
rehearsed, uses voice inflection, clear story, appropriate gestures and facial expressions.

● UNDER CROSS EXAMINATION Witness remains calm, unshaken and is consistent in story

5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

ATTORNEY QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES
Questions supports overall strategy, uses good speaking skills.
3. DIRECT: Effectively asks witness to provide background, establishes effective rapport with witness, reacts
appropriately to witness responses, reasonable objections and/or responses to objections.

4. CROSS: Questions related to direct or witness statements, suggested the answers, short and simple; places
witness’ credibility in question, reasonable objections and/or responses to objections.
5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing
Questions related to Questions show relationship to All questions develop Purpose of several
case theory and help advance case theory. testimony consistent with questions unclear;
Purpose of questioning clear case theory not consistent with
and effective. case theory
Responsive Listened and reacted Listened and reacted Unaware of
effectively to witness appropriately to witness witness responses.
responses responses
Direct Exam = open Direct examination questions Direct examination questions Some direct
ended are open ended, NOT leading NOT leading examination
questions are
leading or attorney
tells too much of
story

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Cross Leading questions in cross Leading questions in cross Some open-ended
Exam = cast doubt on opponent’s case cast doubt on opponent’s questions; Many
Leading theory. No irrelevant case theory. Few irrelevant questions
questions questions. irrelevant..

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

OPENING STATEMENT
5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 - Developing
Content Includes: • Clearly, accurately and • Clearly and accurately • Mostly accurate
introduction of self and specifically includes & includes & explains all and/or clear
co-counsel explains all required required content. explanation of
credible case theory/ content. • Case theory / theme /motto required content.
theme / motto • Case theory / theme /motto clear. • OR left out one
summary of what clear and memorable. • Legal elements and review aspect of required
• Legal elements and review of of law correct and content.
happened
summary of witness law correct and phrased in understandable. • Case theory /
jury-friendly language. • Analogies fit theme /motto
testimony
• Analogies fit and enhance • Tells how jury/judge should unclear or not
legal elements and included.
jury understanding. decide case.
review of applicable
law • Clearly states how jury/judge • Aspects of legal
should decide case. elements and
Content Explains:
review of law
what you want judge/jury unclear or
to decide incomplete.
• Did not tell
jury/judge how to
decide case.
Organization • Effective, creative Recognizable introduction • Introduction
• Includes introduction and introduction Clear sequencing of ideas undeveloped
conclusion • Clear sequencing that / required content • Sequencing of ideas
• logically organized logically weaves together Tells story of case • Details unclear or not
• tells story of case all required content fit effective
• Effectively tells story of case Effective conclusion. • Partially tells story of
• Balanced details case
• Effective, creative • Details sometimes fit,
conclusion. sometimes
misplaced.
• Undeveloped
conclusion.
Public speaking / Skillful delivery Solid Delivery with minor Delivery more weak
Delivery: Articulate, ideal volume and weaknesses than strong
• Eye contact speed, clear enunciation, Articulate, good volume Difficult to hear/
effective use of pauses and and speed, clear understand. Spoke
• Enunciation and too quickly or slowly;
pronunciation gestures, effective eye enunciation, some pauses
and gestures; eye contact frequent space fillers
• Variations in rate, contact with jurors.
with jury present but not (“um”, “like”); no or
volume, tone, voice ineffective gestures.
appropriate to consistent
Little eye contact with
audience jury.
• Fluent delivery
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• Appropriate use of
nonverbal techniques
(i.e., facial
expressions,
gestures, body
movements, stage
presence)

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

CLOSING ARGUMENT
5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 - Developing
Content Includes: • Clearly, accurately and • Clearly and accurately • Mostly accurate
• introduction of self specifically includes & includes & explains and/or clear
• Review of case theory explains all required content. all required content. explanation of
• Numerous references to • Some references to required content.
• summary of witness
testimonies testimony in trial testimony in trial • • OR left out one
• Case theory / theme /motto Case theory / aspect of required
• specific references to
clear and memorable. theme /motto clear. content.
helpful / damaging
testimony from • Legal elements and review of• Legal elements and • No references to
actual trial law correct and phrased in review of law correct testimony in trial
• legal elements and jury-friendly language. and understandable. • Case theory /
review of applicable law • Clearly states how jury/ judge• Tells how jury/judge theme /motto
Content Explains: should decide case. should decide case. unclear or not
included.
• what you want
judge/jury to decide and • Aspects of legal
elements and
• why the jury should review of law
decide that way unclear or
incomplete.
• Did not tell
jury/judge how to
decide case.
Organization • Effective, creative • Recognizable • Introduction
• Includes introduction introduction introduction undeveloped
and conclusion • Clear sequencing that • Clear sequencing of • Sequencing of
• logically organized logically weaves together all ideas ideas unclear or not
• tells story of case required content / required content effective
• Effectively tells story of case • Tells story of case • Partially tells story
• Balanced details • Details fit of case
• Effective, creative conclusion. • Effective conclusion. • Details sometimes
fit, sometimes
misplaced.
• Undeveloped
conclusion.
Public speaking / Skillful delivery Solid Delivery with Delivery more weak
Delivery: Articulate, ideal volume and minor weaknesses than strong
• Eye contact speed, clear enunciation, Articulate, good Difficult to hear/
effective use of pauses and volume and speed, understand. Spoke
• Enunciation and too quickly or slowly;
pronunciation gestures, effective eye contact clear enunciation,
some pauses and frequent space fillers
• Variations in rate, with jurors.
gestures; eye contact (“um”, “like”) ; no or
volume, tone, voice ineffective gestures.
appropriate to audience with jury present but
Little eye contact
not consistent
• Fluent delivery with jury.
• Appropriate use of
nonverbal techniques
(i.e., facial expressions,
gestures, body
movements, stage
presence)

65 | Q u e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a t i o n ( F o r e n s i c 4 ) - M o d u l e
1
MOCK TRIAL PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE
SELF-EVALUATION SCORING

- What grade have you earned? (see below) HIGHLIGHT applicable descriptors:

5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 –Developing 2 – Beginning Student Teacher

(let team
down)

Teamwork, Offers Offers Limited Provides no

Preparation & Over prepared Often Unprepared;

and always on Prepared and unprepared; others do your
focus
task; can knows what’s focus often work for you;
compensate for going on; mostly wavers rarely focused
others. focused (90%). • Mock Trial • Rarely brings
• Always has all • Has all mock materials materials
mock trial trial materials, often missing • Relies on
materials and and other
• Occasionally others to
other team- team-agreed
arrives with revise your
agreed materials.
revised work. work or rally
materials. • Often arrives you to action ___/20 ____/20
• More on task
• Consistently with revised
than not • Mostly off
arrives with and improved
work. • Occasionally task
revised and pulls others • You pull
improved work • Almost always
off task others off
• Always on task on task
task

Mock Trial My performance My performance My My

66 | Q u e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a t i o n ( F o r e n s i c 4 ) - M o d u l e
1
Total out of 50

================================================================

REFLECTION
Directions: Please feel free to write down all the things you
have learned from the lesson and those that you think are
hard for you to understand.

A. Things that I have learned from the lesson:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
B. Difficulty in Understanding the Lesson
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
67 | Q u e s t i o n e d __________________________________________________
Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module
1 __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
68 | Q u e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a t i o n ( F o r e n s i c 4 ) - M o d u l e
1
BiPSU is an
internationally recognized Brilliance – We excel at what we
university responsive to do
the needs of the local and Innovation – We think outside the
global communities. box
Progress – We go beyond better
Service – We help change lives
Unity – We work as a team

To provide quality and

relevant instruction, research,
and extension services for the
empowerment and
development of our people.

69 | Q u e s t i o n e d D o c u m e n t E x a m i n a t i o n ( F o r e n s i c 4 ) - M o d u l e
1

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Module 1 QD 24 25

Uploaded by

Module 1 QD 24 25

Uploaded by

#DISIPLINA

Module Title and Description:

2|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

Chapter 1- Forensic Questioned Document Examination

3|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

Chapter 2- Court and the Document Examiner

Intended Learning Outcome

TEACHING & LEARNING

I. Forensic Questioned Module in Forensic •Case Study Analysis (F2F)

4|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

5|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

Interactive Lecture (F2F)

6|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

1. Which of the following is the work of a questioned document examiner?

7|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

8|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

9|Questioned Document Examination (Forensic 4)-Module 1

Directions: Write PrD if it refers to a private document, PuD if it is a public document, OD

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

Let Us Find Out!

Day care pupil Kindergarten Pupil

Junior High School Student College Student

Component of Handwriting Characteristics

FORENSIC QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

After procuring or collecting the minimum amount of standard specimens, the

Scientific Method in Questioned Document

Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen

1. Comparison- The properties or characteristics of the unknown items determined

2. Evaluation- Similarities and dissimilarities in properties or characteristics that have a

Standard Specimen Questioned Specimen

3. Verification- It is the process of double-checking the accuracy and correctness of the

Security Features of BSP New Generation Currency Note

Assess your Learning!

Standard Signature Questioned Signature

Please be guided with this rubric

[2] Camara, Richard T. (2016) Questioned Document Examination. Wisemans’ Books of

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

Let Us Find Out!

COURT AND THE DOCUMENT

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

MOCK TRIAL PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE

5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 –Developing 2 – Beginning Student Teacher

Teamwork, Offers Offers Limited Provides no

Preparation & Over prepared Prepared and Often Unprepared;

Mock Trial My performance My performance My My

Assess your Learning!

Please be guided with this Self-Assessment Checklist

[1] National Forensic Science Technology Center (n.d). A Simplified Guide to

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

5 - Exemplary 4 - Proficient 3 - Developing

SCORING GUIDE FOR MOCK TRIALS

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

MOCK TRIAL SCORING GUIDE

5 - Exemplary 4 – Proficient 3 –Developing 2 – Beginning Student Teacher

Teamwork, Offers Offers Limited Provides no

Preparation & Over prepared Often Unprepared;

Mock Trial My performance My performance My My

A. Things that I have learned from the lesson:

To provide quality and

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