Course Map

Skills
Vocabulary (2): feelings about vocabulary; vocabulary learning strategies

Module

Structures

Topics and Functions

Learner Training

Review & Tests

Module 5 Practice

p. 1

The present perfect (1) Possessives Short forms yet and still

Cause and effect Clothes Shopping

Speaking and listening: recent events; getting ready Pronunciation: short forms Reading: shopping around the world Writing: punctuation

p. 17

Countable and uncountable nouns Quantifiers The present perfect (2) Zero conditional

Quantity and measurement Areas of study Health and the body Appointments

Speaking: offering and requesting Speaking and listening: complaints, making an appointment Listening: in a library Writing: informal letters and emails

Language awareness: native and non-native speakers; formal and informal learning

Module 6 Practice Modules 5-6 Test*

p. 33

will might The first conditional if and when

Prediction and probability Global warming Places and directions

Reading and listening: global warming Speaking and listening: directions and places Pronunciation: silent letters Speaking: contradicting Writing: formal letters and emails

Communication strategies

Module 7 Practice

Listening strategies

p. 49

Comparatives Degrees of comparison Superlatives Comparing quantity good at

World records Free time Sports Ability

Reading and speaking: identifying missing information Listening: song: A Bigger Heart; Buzkashi Pronunciation: sentence stress Writing: linking words

Module 8 Practice Modules 5-8 Revision (p. 219) Modules 7-8 Test*

Additional Material 68

Revision

70

Language Reference

76

Audioscripts 84

Module Five
the present perfect (1) still, yet and already clothes possessives short forms shopping punctuation vocabulary learning strategies

1. The Present Perfect (1)

1.1 Its just happened
A. Do you ever use a mobile phone? Why do people use mobile phones? B. Look at the pictures and read the speech bubbles. What is the difference
between the verbs in italics and the verbs in bold?
Ive nished work, and Im just leaving the ofce. Ive bought the onions, and now Im crossing the street. Ive just caught the linecar, and now Im heading home.

C. Now what is he saying? Match the pictures with the speech bubbles.
a
Ive left the house.

Ive chopped the onions and chillies.

Ive just arrived at your place. Ive just washed my hair.

Weve cooked the food. Its delicious!

Oh, no! Ive spent all my money on phone calls!

5.1

D. Listen and check.

UNIT 5 1

1.2 Forming the present perfect

A. Complete the rules.
1. We form the present perfect with the auxiliary verb have + ________________. 2. In the third person singular, have changes to ______. I/We/You/They ______ arrived home. She/He/It ______ arrived home. 3. We sometimes shorten have and has. I have Ive he has hes we have ____ she has ____ the dog has _______________

C. What are the differences between the three

groups of verbs?

D. Which group do the following verbs belong

to: a, b or c?
take eat love sell drink put buy do get win attend turn arrive sit vote come

break analyse

ride

bring

B. Complete the table with the past participles.

base look a. open decide ght b. teach have go c. write see past simple looked opened decided fought taught had went wrote saw gone / been fought past participle looked

E. Think of some more verbs for each group. F. Have a Team Verb Competition. Work in two
teams. One member of each team comes up to the board. The teacher says a verb in the base form. The team members write the past participle. The rst person to write the past participle correctly gets a point for their team.

1.3 Whats just happened?

A. Look at these pictures. Whats happened? What do you think the people are saying?

5.2

B. Listen to the audio. What has just happened?

1.4 Cause and effect

A. Look at these situations. Why have they happened?
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the present perfect with just.
1. Min Mins hands are green because hes just painted the house. 2. Ma Naung is very tired because 3. The children are angry because 4. Aung Win has no money because 5. Lisa and Jimmy are late for school because 6. Nang Sengs got a lot of money because

B. In pairs, ask and answer Why? questions about the situations.

2 UNIT 5

1.5 Things have changed

A. Look at the pictures. These peoples lives have changed.
Write about the changes, using the present perfect tense. Six months ago, Mya Mya was in school, studying for exams. She didnt wear glasses, and she had very long hair. She was applying for nursing training. Now, things have changed
1. (leave) Shes left school. 2. (pass) Shes passed her exams. 3. (start) 4. (cut) 5. (become)

Last year, Say Paw was pregnant with their rst child, and working in an ofce. Ko Aye was thin and sick. They lived in the city. Now, things have changed
6. (have) 7. (stop) 8. (get) 9. (move)

Three years ago, Johnny was in prison. He had a beard and a moustache, and he was thinking about writing a book. He didnt smoke. Now, things have changed
10. (leave) 11. (shave) 12. (write) 13. (start)

B. How is your life different from last year? Write three sentences using
the present perfect tense. Then tell your partner.

1.6 Getting ready

5.3

done put on a new shirt cleaned shoes prepared CV remembered glasses packed certicates brushed teeth

not done

A. Aung Mon is going to a job interview.

San San Aye is helping him to get ready. Listen to the audio. Have they done these things? Tick the chart.

5.3

B. Aung Mon hasnt done two things. How

does he say this? Listen again. Write down the two examples of present perfect negative.

F. Work in pairs. You are getting ready for an

important meeting. In ten minutes, a lot of people will arrive. Have you prepared everything? Write a checklist of things you need to do: Things to do - get glasses of water - write an agenda

C. How do you form the negative of the

present perfect tense? Fill the gaps.
subject + _______ + not + ______________

D. How many questions does San San Aye ask? E. How do you ask yes/no questions in the
present perfect tense? Fill the gaps.
_______ + subject + ______________

G. Work in pairs. Make a conversation about

getting ready for the meeting. Perform this to the class.
UNIT 5 3

1.7 yet and still

A. There are three mistakes in the following explanation. Correct them.
Yet shows that we dont think something will happen. We use it in positive statements and in questions. Normally, yet goes before the main verb.

B. Put yet in the correct place in these sentences.

yet
1. I havent bought you a present, but Ill get one tomorrow. 2. I havent seen the photos from the ceremony. 3. Were organising a conference, but we havent invited anyone. 4. Have you met my sister? Shes a teacher here at this school. 5. We havent made a decision, so we should continue the discussion.

C. There are three mistakes in the following explanation. Correct them.

Still shows that a situation is changing. We usually put it after the main verb but before the verb to be.

D. Complete the questions and answers, using still and yet.

1. Have they received the rice yet? 2. Are they still here ? 3. Has she gone home yet? 4. ___________________________________? 5. ___________________________________? 6. ___________________________________? 7. Have you nished that book yet? 8. Is Saw Gay Htoo married yet? 9. ___________________________________? 10. __________________________________? No, theyre still waiting for it. No, theyve gone home. No, . No, Im still looking for them. No, hes moved in with his girlfriend. No, Im still quite ill. No, . No, . No, theyve moved to Rangoon. No, theyre still awake.

1.8 Positive and negative

A. What have these people done? What havent they done? Write two sentences for each picture
using the phrases in the box in the present perfect. e.g. a. Shes broken her arm. She hasnt broken her leg.
a. b. c. d.

get some good news break her leg get married lose the game win the game get some bad news get divorced break her arm

B. This is Ko Ko. He is late for school, but hes got a lot of things to do before he
can leave the house. Write the correct positive or negative verb (in the present perfect tense) in the gaps.
Ko Ko needs to get to school by 8.30, and its now 8.00. He s brushed (brush) his teeth, but he hasnt got dressed (get dressed) yet. He ______________ (do) his homework he did it last night but he _______________ (pack) his bag yet. His little brother is still asleep. Ko Ko _____________ (wake him up). They usually walk to school together. They _______________ (have) breakfast yet Ko Ko _______________ (make) it. They _______________ (feed) the chickens and pigs yet. Ko Ko and his brother need to do a lot of work before they leave for school. Theyre not ready to go yet. 4 UNIT 5

1.9 Ive already done it

Nang Seng is going to a conference in the US next month. There are a few things she has to do before she goes. Shes talking to Chuck in the US, who is organising the conference.
Chuck: You need a visa for the US. Get one soon. Nang Seng: Its OK, Ive already got my visa. Chuck: Its cold in New York in November. Bring some warm clothes. Nang Seng: Well, Ive already bought a suit, but Ill get a warm coat as well. Chuck: Have you bought your tickets yet? Nang Seng: No, not yet. C. Jenny and Zaw Zaw are having a party tonight. Heres their to do list. What have A. Tick the things Nang Seng has got. they already done? What havent they done visa ___ suit ___ coat ___ tickets ___ yet? Write sentences using already and yet.

B. Respond to these statements. Use already or yet.

1. You need to study the past simple tense. 2. Have you done Module 5, Section 2?

Theyve already... They havent...

cook food buy drink clean house light candles

2. Present Perfect or Past Simple?

2.1 Which tense?
A. Read the conversation.
Gerry: What have you done to your hair? Mi Mi: Ive cut it short. Gerry: Why did you do that? Mi Mi: I didnt like washing and combing it. Short hair is easy.

C. Choose the present perfect or past simple.

a. Has he woken up / Did he wake up yet? Yes. Hes woken up / He woke up an hour ago. b. Have you been / Did you go into town last weekend? No, but Ive gone / I went two weeks ago. c. Whats Htwe Htwes phone number? Err, Im not sure. Ive forgotten / I forgot it. d. Can I speak to Sai Aw ng? Sorry, hes not here. He hasnt come didnt come home from work yet. e. Can you play football on Saturday? No, sorry. Ive broken / I broke my toe. When have you done / did you do that? Last week.

Which sentences use past simple, and which use present perfect?

B. Ive cut it short.

I didnt like washing and combing it.

Which sentence focuses on the situation now? Which sentence focuses on a past situation?

2.2 Listening: Whats the situation?

5.4

A. Listen to the four conversations and match them with the pictures.
a. b. c. d.

B. Answer the questions.

1. a. Whats the problem? b. Where are the glasses? 2. a. What has happened? b. Where did they meet? 3. a. What has she done? b. What does she do now? 4. a. What has happened? b. How did it happen?
UNIT 5 5

2.3 Find someone who

A. Find people in your class who have done
these things today. Ask questions. If the person has done it, write their name and nd out when they did it. If nobody has done it, write nobody.
Have you washed your hair today? Yes, I have. When did you wash your hair? At 9 oclock.

Who? done homework cooked drunk coffee washed their hair listened to the radio talked to a small child sung a song lost something
Ying washed her hair at 9am today. Nobodys drunk any coffee

When?

B. Tell your partner what you found out.

3. Clothes
3.1 Vocabulary: Casual and formal clothes
A. What clothes do you know? Classify them into
casual and formal clothes, or clothes that can be casual or formal.
casual clothes both casual and formal formal clothes

B. What can you wear on your feet?

What clothes do you wear in cold weather? What jewellery do you know?

3.2 What are they wearing?

A. What are people A-F wearing? Make sentences.

D C B

E F

6 UNIT 5

B. Read the information in the box.

When we talk about traditional clothes, we can describe their ethnicity, e.g. a Karen shirt, a Pa-O headscarf, a Kachin jacket. Or we can use the word from its own language. We often do this with words that have no English equivalent, or are not common in English-speaking countries, such as foods, clothes or cultural events, e.g. mohinga, Geh Toh Ba festival, longyi and pinni. Think about traditional clothes from your culture. What is the best way to describe them to an English-speaking person?

3.3 Clothes from different cultures

A. Here are four dancers from different parts of the world, wearing traditional clothes. The
speaker is a Maori woman from New Zealand. Which picture is she in? Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 2
I work as a dancer in a traditional dance group. I wear an embroidered top, and a skirt made of ax. In my hair, I wear a headband and some feathers. Around my neck I have a jade necklace, and at my waist there are 2 poi I spin them while Im dancing.

3 4

B. Which dancer is wearing?

1. a waistcoat 2. a skirt made of straw 3. a dress made of cotton

UNIT 5 7

5.5

C. Listen to the descriptions of traditional clothing from around the world. Match the descriptions
with the pictures below. Which countries or ethnic groups are these people from? 1 2 3 4

D. What are these clothes made of?

What are your clothes made of?

3.4 When do you wear?

A. Read the box on the right. B. Choose ve of these things and write about
when you wear them.
trousers a longyi sports shoes a hat make-up a tie shorts glasses a scarf

I never wear a tie. I wear make-up when I go out. I wear a hat when its cold, and when its sunny. I wear shorts and sports shoes when I play volleyball. I usually wear a longyi to school. I wear a Karen scarf around my head when I do traditional dancing and when I go to ceremonies and festivals. I wear glasses for reading. I dont wear trousers very often during the week, but I sometimes wear them at weekends.

C. Write three things that people wear:

a. to play football b. to go hunting c. to a formal party d. to go dancing e. in the cold season

3.5 Working clothes

5.6

A. Three people say what they wear to work. Listen and complete the table.
Picture A B C Clothes 1. 2. 3.

B. What do you know about these peoples jobs?

8 UNIT 5

4. Possession
4.1 Whose shoes?
A. Look at the picture. These people are
confused they cant nd the right shoes. Who do you think owns which shoes?
Khin Khin Si Si Baw Baw Angela

B. Complete the table.

Whose shoes are they? Theyre my shoes. Theyre your shoes. Theyre her shoes. Theyre his. Theyre Si Sis shoes. Theyre our shoes. Theyre their shoes. Whose bag is it?

Theyre mine.

Aung Aung

C. So whose shoes are whose? Use the information to complete the chart.
high heels rubber silk leather boots sports shoes ip-ops sandals

Si Si

The sports shoes and the ip-ops are Aung Aungs and Baw Baws shoes made of rubber. are not sports shoes. Their shoes are leather. The sandals are Baw Baws. Angela goes running every evening. The ip-ops are not Aung Aungs. Aung Aung is a soldier. The rubber shoes are Angelas and Khin Khins.

4.2 Expressing possession

A. What ways do you know to say that something belongs to you?
Look at your bag. How many ways can you explain that it is your bag?

B. Write the correct possessive pronoun or possessive noun.

1. - Whose umbrella is this? Is it _____________ (your umbrella) ? - No. _____________ (my umbrella) is green. Perhaps its _____________ (Tin Tin Nyos umbrella). 2. - Which is better, our school or _____________ (their school) ? - _____________ (our school). Its got better teachers. 3. - Excuse me, is that bag ____________ (your bag) ? I think its ____________ (my bag). - Oh, Im sorry. They look the same both bags are white. 4. - Is this Sai Leks coat? I need to borrow it. - The blue coat is _____________ (his coat). This one is Naw Moos coat, I think. - No, _____________ (her coat) is green. Maybe this one is ______________ (the teachers coat).

UNIT 5 9

4.3 Pronouncing the possessive s

A. Look at these sentences. Practise saying them.
5.7

The sandals are Baw Baws. Angelas shoes are white. The cats tail is broken. That book is the teachers.

My brothers wife comes from Sittwe. That house is my sisters. Min Mins coat is blue. I think its Tin Tin Nyos umbrella.

B. Listen to the audio. Did you pronounce the s?

Listen again and repeat.

C. Work in pairs. Test each other on saying the sentences in A. Check that your partner is saying
the s.

D. Play Speaking Stick with your things. Give something to someone in the class, and say Its
mine. That person gives it to another person, and says Its (your name)s. Your thing keeps going around the room until it returns to you. There can be many things going in many different directions.
This is mine.

1.

This is Ko Shwes.

2.

This is Ko Shwes.

3.
Here, Ko Shwe. This is yours.

4.

Thanks!

This is Lu Mehs.

5. Pronunciation: Short Forms

5.1 Contractions
A. How many contractions can you make? Match the possibilities, and write the contractions.
1. I Ive, Im, Ill you we she they where that here Aung Mon the house
5.8

is has have am will are

5.8

2. are is was were will have has did can could

arent

not

B. Listen and check your answers.

C. Listen again and repeat.

We use contractions in spoken English and informal written English. We mostly use them with: 1. auxiliary verbs 2. not 3. be (as a main verb)
Ive done it. He isnt married. Were lazy.

s (= is/has) is the only short form we normally use after: 1. nouns (including names) Mi Mis here. 2. question words Wheres Ko Ko? 3. non-personal pronouns Thats a buffalo. 4. here Heres my house.
10 UNIT 5
NOT: Aung Monll come soon. NOT: Whatve you done? NOT: Thosere my pens. NOT: Herell be my new house.

5.2 Contractions in context

A. Rewrite this text, using contractions where possible.
I am waiting at the bus stop with my sister. The bus has not arrived yet. We are going to a small village near Loikaw to visit our Auntie. Loikaw is a long way away. Auntie has been sick, but she is better now. In her village there was not any medicine. The medic did not have any. The village has not got a car so she could not travel easily. Some of her neighbours walked to Loikaw and got her medicine. I do not know about her illness maybe it was malaria. She is quite old so her health is not so good, but she likes to live alone. She does not want to leave her village. We are trying to persuade her to come and live with us.

5.9

B. Listen and check.

5.9

C. Listen again and repeat.

6. Shopping
6.1 Shopping around the world
A. When did you last buy something?
Where did you buy it? How much did you pay? Did you agree easily about the price?

B. Read the text, and match the vocabulary with the denitions. Shopping around the world In some places, everything is xed price there is one price, and you pay it. In other places, you can bargain. The seller says a high price, you say a low price, and eventually you both agree on a price. In Asia, you can often bargain in markets, and in some shops. You cant usually bargain in supermarkets, restaurants or chain stores. In many non-Asian countries, people dont usually bargain. Almost everything is xed price. Sometimes you can try asking for a discount, especially if you are buying many of the same item. The only time that people usually bargain is when they are buying a large item, like a bike, car or house.
1. xed price 2. bargain 3. item 4. discount 5. common 6. chain store a. money taken off the full price b. thing c. one of a group of shops with the same name and owner d. a price that does not change e. not unusual; found in many places f. to try to agree on the price

6.2 People buying things

5.10

A. In these conversations, people are buying things. The rst one is in Thailand, the second is in
the US, and the third is in Burma. Listen, and ll the gaps.
Conversation 1: The ____________ cost ________ baht. Conversation 2: The ____________ cost ________ dollars. Conversation 3: The ____________ cost ________ kyat.

B. Work in pairs. One person is selling something, the other is buying it. Bargain for:
a kilo of bananas a buffalo two hats

UNIT 5 11

7. Writing: Punctuation
7.1 Capital letters, commas, full stops and apostrophes
We use capital letters for: The rst word of a sentence ( The dogs just died.) Peoples initials, names and job titles ( Ms M. Savage, Director of Courses) The names and initials of organisations and companies ( Myanmar Economics Holdings ASEAN) The names of places ( Great Britain Old Gate Street Shwedagon Pagoda) Languages, nationalities and religions ( Luigi speaks Italian Aye is Thai Khin Khin is a Buddhist) Days, months, and holidays ( Monday October New Years Day) The most important words in the title of books, magazines and lms ( Think English Lord of the Rings War and Peace) The word I ( Should I go?)

A. Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. min min and deborah went to a very nice indian restaurant on christmas day. 2. the lm titanic won many awards in 1997. 3. one of the most important english writers of the sixteenth century was william shakespeare. 4. she has a job as the director of training at microsoft corporation. 5. they are quite an unusual family: the wife is catholic, the husband is jewish and their son is buddhist.

We use a comma in a sentence to show a short pause. For example: With lists ( Alice went to the market and bought apples, mangoes, papayas and bananas.) Between parts of addresses and dates ( Denver, Colorado, USA Tuesday, January 17, 2008. But NOT: Tuesday, January, 17, 2008) To separate two or more adjectives before a noun ( The tired, wet, hungry villagers were pleased to arrive home.)

B. Add commas where they are necessary in the following sentences.

1. My neighbourhood is noisy crowded and very hot. 2. Now that he is retired he spends most of his time in London England. 3. His birth date is Monday October 9 1956. 4. There was so much food at the party: sh seafood meat vegetables and desserts.

We use full stops at the end of sentences. Some points about sentences: They can also end with question marks ( Do you live here? How much does it cost?) or exclamation marks ( Be careful! I really hate that movie!) Dont confuse full stops and commas. You cannot join two sentences with a comma ( My wife works hard. Shes got two jobs. NOT: My wife works hard, shes got two jobs. )

C. Add full stops, commas and capital letters to the following paragraph: i work for a small organisation it helps poor children some children cant go to school because their parents are poor my organisation pays school fees buys school uniforms and builds boarding houses some children cant go to school because there is no school in their village my friends have built four boarding houses in large towns theyve built them in bhamo lashio shwebo and zizaw kachin state the organisation is called access education
We use an apostrophe:
to show missing letters ( I am = Im do not = dont) to show possession with nouns ( Mu Mus book the cats bowl)

12 UNIT 5

D. Read this story about Stevens family, and add apostrophes where necessary. Ive got one sister and one brother. My eldest sister lives in Thailand and shes a nurse. Her husbands a lawyer. My brother lives in England and hes still in school. My sisters names Kathy, and my brothers names John. Johns cats name is Tiger, and his dogs names Lucky. Were a close family, but we dont see each other very often. E. Write a paragraph about your family or your job. Pay attention to capital letters, commas,
full stops and apostrophes.

8. Thinking about Learning: Vocabulary (2)

8.1 How do you like to learn?
A. These students have different strategies for learning vocabulary.
I like to learn vocabulary by topic. I make lists of types of animals, or adjectives to describe people, or different buildings. - Carmen, Spain I write the word again and again and again. Then I can remember it more easily. - Tashi, Tibet I like listening to the word and repeating it lots of times. - Sophy, Cambodia I translate the word rst, then if I forget it I can look at the translation. - Jeannot, Haiti I write the word on pieces of paper and put them all over my house, and in my pockets. That way I look at them all the time. - Rud, Denmark

How do you prefer to learn new words? Can you think of any other ways?

B. You have ve minutes to learn some words

that your teacher will give you. Learn these words any way that you can.

C. How did you learn the words? Who was the

most successful student in your group? How did s/he learn the words? Is this a good strategy for you, too?

8.2 Vocabulary learning strategies

A. Read these ideas for learning vocabulary. Have you ever done any of these things?
Write words on small pieces of card, with a translation or example on the back. Carry these cards with you, and test yourself when you have free time. Write all your new words down. Make groups with them similar topics, similar sounds, same parts of speech. Write your new words in a notebook, together with information about each word, and an example sentence using it. Make a mind map of vocabulary from a topic you study. Look at each new word carefully. Think of a picture that is connected with the new word. Write the word down and try to draw the picture that goes with it.

B. Try some of these ideas with vocabulary

from the wordlist at the end of this module. Which strategies do you prefer?

C. What other strategies can you think of to

help you learn new vocabulary? Make a class list.

UNIT 5 13

9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. Whats the word?
Write the correct form of the verbs in the puzzle. 1. Hes just (put) on his jacket. 2. Ive (bring) some cakes. Lets eat them now. 3. The children havent (eat) their dinner yet. 4. Weve (wash) the dishes, and now were relaxing. 5. Have you (see) Ma Ma? I want to talk to her. 6. My parents have (go) to the city. 7. Theyve just (get) onto the bus. 8. Have you (speak) to the teacher about the exam? 9. She has (break) her arm. 10. Have you (write) to your parents this week? 11. They havent (leave) the house yet. 12. Ive just (go) to the shop and bought breakfast. 13. Aaah! Ive (cut) my nger! 14. Ive just (take) my little sister to school. Now complete this sentence: These sentences are all examples of the ___________________ tense.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1.

B. Make sentences
Make sentences using the present perfect. Use contractions where possible. 1. The computers working now. I / xed / it Ive fixed it. 2. Hes healthier now. He / stop / smoking 3. My friends arent here. They / not / arrive / yet 4. We havent got any new movies. We / see / all these 5. Dinner isnt ready yet. We / not / make / it / yet 6. Su Su will pass her exam. She / study / a lot 7. Im in love. I / meet / a really nice girl 8. Im sorry, I forgot your birthday. I / not / buy / you / a present 9. My friends are very tired. They / play / two football matches

D. Present perfect or past simple?

Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verb, in either the past simple or present perfect tense. 1. I ________ (build) a new house. I ________ (nish) it yesterday. 2. Do you know where the teacher is? Yes, I ________ (see) her ve minutes ago. Shes in the library. 3. What time will your parents get here? They________ (arrive) already. They ________ (catch) the train yesterday. 4. Whats in the newspaper today? I dont know. I ________ (not / read) it yet. 5. Was the maths exam difcult? I dont know. I ________ (be) sick last week, so I ________ (not / go) to school on Friday. 6. What are you going to study next year? Im not sure. I ________ (not / decide). 7. ________ you________ (have) your dinner yet? No, Im not hungry yet. 8. ________ he ________ (like) the plan? I dont know. I ________ (not / speak) to him yet.

C. just and yet

Write replies using the present perfect form of the verb plus just or yet. Use contractions where possible. 1. Would you like some food? No, thanks. I ve just had lunch. have 2. Do you know where the teacher is? Yes, I _________________ her. see 3. What time will your parents arrive? Theyve _________________. arrive 4. Whats in the newspaper today? I dont know. I __________________. not / read 5. Was the maths exam difcult? I dont know. I __________________. not / do / it 6. What are you going to study next year? Im not sure. I __________________. not / decide 7. Your house is beautiful! When did you build it? We __________________ building it. nish 8. Does Salai like the plan? I __________________. not / tell / him 14 UNIT 5

E. still, yet and already

Add still, yet and/or already to these sentences. In the questions with (1), add one word. In the questions with (2), add two words. yet 1. Im hungry. Have you made dinner ? (1)

G. be made of
Match these things with what they are made of. rubbish bin hat boots (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) bag house metal cotton leather bamboo wood wool plastic rubber

^ 2. My brother hasnt had a job since December. Hes

looking for one. 3. I want to borrow your book. Thats ne. Ive nished it. 4. Ni Ni hasnt graduated. Shes studying. 5. Wheres U Lwin? Has he arrived? Hes left. He came at 6, and left at 6.30. 6. Are you waiting for the bus? I think its gone. 7. Do you want to eat with us? No thanks. Ive eaten. 8. Are your parents living in Pagan? No, theyve moved to Mandalay. 9. Where does Oo Reh work? I dont know. Maybe he works in the factory, or maybe hes got a new job.

Now write four sentences, e.g. A rubbish bin is usually made of metal,bamboo or plastic.

H. Possessives
Rewrite these sentences using a possessive pronoun or s. 1. Thats my pen. 2. These are her books. 3. The necklace belongs to Kyi Kyi. 4. This is his shirt. That pen is mine.

(2)

5. Those are Saw Htoos bags. 6. Thats their house. 7. Thats my fathers coat. 8. Those are my cakes. 9. This is your cup of tea. 10. This money belongs to him. 11. These cows belong to my friend. 12. Thats our motorbike.

10. We havent done it because she wants to wait. (1)

F. What are the clothes?

Read the description of the clothes, and identify what item of clothing it is. 1. People wear these on their legs to play sports, or when they are hot. They are light and comfortable, and you can run easily when you are wearing them. 2. People wear these on their heads, but they are not hats. You wrap them around your head when it is cold or very sunny. Some cultures wear them for formal events, and some women wear them for religious reasons. 3. You wear this around your waist to hold your trousers up. They are usually made of leather or plastic. 4. People sometimes wear these under their shoes, especially when it is cold. 5. Some people wear these to work. They are very formal. 6. People wear these around their necks. They are sometimes very expensive. Expensive ones are made of gold or silver.

I. Write the reply

Write the other half of this conversation. 1. How much is this?
2,000 kyat. That one is cheaper 1,500 kyat. OK 1,300. You can have two for 2,500. Here you are.

2.

3.

4.

5.

UNIT 5 15

9.2 Vocabulary review

A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.

accountant (n) actually (adv) advertisement (n) alone (adj) attractive (adj) award (n, v) bargain (v, n) believe (v) belong to (v) be made of (v) boots (n) casual (adj) cause (n, v) century (n) ceremony (n) certicate (n) conference (n) confuse (v)

congratulations (n) cotton (adj, n) cross (v) CV (n) decision (n) dessert (n) director (n) discount (n) earrings (n) expect (v) festival (n) xed price (n) ip-ops (n) focus on (v) head (v, n) hunt (v) illness (n) jade (n, adj)

jewellery (n) leather (adj, n) make-up (n) matter (n, n) mobile phone (n) non- (prex) pause (n, v) pay attention (v) persuade (v) plastic (adj, n) pocket (n) prefer (v) pregnant (adj) prepare (v) private (adj) retired (adj) rubber (adj, n) scarf (n)

scholarship (n) silk (adj, n) sound (n) staff (n) stuff (n) supermarket (n) technique (n) thick (adj) tie (n, v) topic (n) traditional (adj) unusual (adj) visa (n) waist (n) wool (n) worry (v) wrap (v)

B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. Name four things shoes are made of. 2. Not formal. 3. The people who work for a company or organisation. 4. To try to buy something for a cheaper price. 5. You say this when someone does something special. 6. You put this at the front of a word to mean not. 7. A large meeting. 8. 100 years. 9. Whats the ______? I cant nd my bag. 10. To like a thing more than something else. 11. Not public. 12. To believe that something will happen.

C. Choose ve words from the wordlist not words from B. Write gap-ll sentences with these
words missing. Give them to another student. Can they identify the correct word?

16 UNIT 5

nouns quantity expressions measurement the present perfect (2) for and since health appointments informal writing formal and informal language learning

Module Six

1. Quantity

1.1 What do we need?

A. Bee Bee is planning to
cook a special dinner for his girlfriend. He wants to cook pork curry. What ingredients does he need? Bee Bees kitchen. What has he got?

B. Look at this picture of

C. What other ingredients

does he need to make his pork curry?

6.1

D. Bee Bee rings his

mother, and asks her to buy some things from the market on the way home. Listen. What does he want her to buy?

6.1

E. Listen again. What does he say about these things?

1. pork Can you please buy some pork? 2. things 3. cooking oil 4. eggs 5. onions 6. beans 7. knife

F. Look at the examples of a/an, some and any in exercise E. Whats the grammar rule with a/an,
some and any for countable and uncountable nouns? Complete the chart.
singular countable nouns positive sentences negative sentences questions plural countable nouns

uncountable nouns

any a/an any/some

UNIT 6 17

1.2 a/an, some and any

A. Fill the gaps in these stories with a/an, some and any.
1.

Yesterday I invited ________ important visitors to my house. I bought ________ biscuits from the shop, and ________ cakes from the market. Then I remembered I didnt have ________ coffee, so I went back and bought ________ coffee and ________ tin of milk. When I arrived home, I found I didnt have ________ hot water! There wasnt ________ wood or charcoal, so I couldnt heat the water. I sent my little brother to buy ________ charcoal and ________ sugarcane juice. Fortunately, my visitors didnt want ________ coffee. They liked the sugarcane juice.

2.

I was on ________ train in Mandalay, and I saw ________ man with ________ large packet of tea standing by the open window. As I watched, he took ________ tea and threw it out the window. Then he threw out ________ more. Why are you doing that? I asked. To keep the kangaroos away, he replied. But there arent ________ kangaroos in Burma, I said. You see, he said. It works!

Q
Partner B
You dont want tea. Ask for water.

B. What have you got in your bag? Make sentences and tell the person next to you.

What havent you got in your bag? Make sentences and tell the person next to you.

1.3 some and any in questions

A. In questions we sometimes use some, and
sometimes use any. Look at the examples. What type of questions use some?
- Can I borrow some money? - Do you want some cake? - Are there any bananas? - Do we have any water? - Would you like some more sugar in your tea? - Is there any coffee in the jar? - Have you got any children? - Do you need some more information?

C. Practise asking and answering in pairs. D. Write a dialogue. Partner B: you are a guest
in Partner As house.
Partner A
Offer Partner B tea.

Bring water. Offer coffee.

B. Write questions for these situations.

1. Offer someone coffee. Would you like some coffee? 2. Ask about textbooks in the room. Are there... 3. Ask if someone has orange juice. 4. Offer someone biscuits. 5. Ask if someone has grandchildren. 6. Ask for more water. 7. Ask about noise outside.
Offer sugar.

You want coffee.

Take sugar. Ask for milk.

You dont have any milk. Apologise.

Drink coffee. Thank Partner A. Leave.

E. Perform your dialogue to the class.

18 UNIT 6

1.4 Quantity expressions

A. Khaing Win is describing his lifestyle. Match the bubbles with these topics: hobbies, food,
clothing and exercise.
I like reading. Ive got loads of books, mostly novels but quite a lot of non-fiction books, too. I dont like watching TV or movies. My wife goes to the cinema once a week, but I watch very few movies. I havent got any cassettes or CDs. I have to wear smart, formal clothes to work. Ive got a lot of ties and a few suits. Ive got hardly any jewellery, just a gold wedding ring and a small silver necklace.

1.

2.

3. 4.
I dont like sport. In fact, I get very little exercise. I like to eat lots of fruit and vegetables. I dont drink much alcohol, but sometimes I have a few glasses of beer in the evening.

B. What quantity expressions can you find in

F. Fill the gaps to complete the rules. the text? Can you use them with countable or 1. We usually use much and many in questions uncountable nouns, or with both? and ___________ statements. We can also use Write them in the chart. them in formal positive statements.
both countable and uncountable uncountable

countable

very few

lots of hardly any

not much

2. A little and a few have a positive meaning. Very little/few and not much/many have a ___________ meaning. Compare:
Ive had a little food, so Im not hungry. Ive had very little food, so Im really hungry.

C. Put the quantity expressions in order, from

the most to the least. loads of

G. Read these statements. Do you think they are

true or false?
1. Theres not much snow in Australia. 2. There are very few Muslims in China. 3. Singapore sells a little oil to other countries. 4. The Sahara desert has very little water. 5. George W. Bush has made a few movies. 6. Burma hasnt got many mountains.

D. Answer the questions with full sentences, e.g.

How many books has Khaing Win got? Hes got loads of books. 1. How much exercise does he get? 2. Has he got many ties? 3. Does he wear much jewellery? 4. How many books have you got? 5. How much do you earn? 6. Are there many women in this class? 7. Have you learned much English in this class?

H. Write six sentences about yourself using not

much/many, a little/few and very little/few.

I. The sentences below arent true. Rewrite them

with different quantity expressions, e.g.
There are very few giraffes in Burma. There arent any giraffes in Burma. 1. Very few students want to attend university. 2. There are quite a lot of people on the moon. 3. There are hardly any mosquitoes in Burma. 4. Theres a lot of rain in February. 5. Not many people speak English. 6. Teachers earn lots of money. 7. Theres not much rice in Asia.
UNIT 6 19

E. Write four questions using much and many.

Ask and answer these questions in pairs.

1.6 In the library

A. Lek Tho Teacher Training College has a lot of books in its library. Heres a photo of the social
studies section. Do you know all these topics? Match the topics with their definitions.
History Politics Psychology Gender Environment Geography Economics Religion Development

The study of the human mind The study of beliefs The study of improving living conditions The study of land, water, air and living things The study of the worlds surface, countries, societies, etc. The study of the past The study of power relationships The study of being male or female The study of money, goods and services

Gender

Environment

Economics

History

Geography

Development

Politics Psychology

Health Religion

B. Do you know these words? If not,

look them up in your dictionary.
report publish trafficking overseas donate popular researcher

6.2

E. Listen again. Answer these questions.

1. Who writes most of the reports in the LTTTC library? 2. Where do the history and geography books come from? 3. Why are some history and geography books not useful? 4. Are there many books about Myanmar? 5. Why are there very few psychology books? 6. What languages are the books in? 7. Can high school students visit the library?

C. You are going to listen to an interview with

Cho Cho, the librarian. How many books do you think there are on each topic?

6.2

D. Listen to the interview. Were you right?

F. What topics are you most interested in?

What books would you like to borrow?
20 UNIT 6

1.7 Practice with countable and uncountable nouns

A. Classify these nouns into countable and uncountable.
air birthday breakfast community information interview neighbour toothpaste development blanket culture environment factory holiday journey fruit situation advice container jar onion programme vegetable army bamboo cloth education furniture key opinion shower village assistant ceremony CV discount meal idea stuff research wedding love person
countable uncountable

birthday

air

B. Describe your classroom.

1. There are a lot of ______________. 2. There are lots of ______________. 3. There isnt much ______________. 4. There are very few ______________. 5. There arent many ______________. 6. There is quite a lot of ______________. 7. There are hardly any ______________. 8. Theres very little ______________.

C. Make questions to match these answers.

1. How much water is there in the desert ? 2. __________________? 3. __________________? 4. __________________? 5. __________________? 6. __________________? 7. __________________? Not much. Quite a lot. Hardly any. Lots. A lot. Not many. I havent got any.

D. Ask and answer your questions in pairs.

2. Complaints
and cities:

2.1 too and enough

A. Here are some things you find in towns
traffic schools police tourists crime noise pollution restaurants rubbish cinemas trees water
There are too many cars. There arent enough parks. Theres too much noise. There isnt enough water.

Which do you think are good things? Which are bad things? Which could be both?

B. You are going to hear some people complaining

about where they live. What do you think they will say about the things in exercise A?

6.3

C. Listen and check your answers. D. Think about where you live.
What dont you like about it? Write three complaints using too much, too many and not enough. What are the three most common complaints?

E. Read out your complaints.

UNIT 6 21

2.2 What are their problems?

A. What are these people thinking?
1.
Theres too much loud music . There are too many ______________. There isnt enough ___________.

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with your own ideas.

2.
Theres too much . There are too many ______________. There arent enough ___________.

B. Now write a list of things you can complain about. Complain to the person next to you.

2.3 Cause and effect

A. The left column is a list of causes, and the right column is a list of effects.
Match the causes and effects to make sentences using so.
causes effects

1. There isnt enough charcoal 2. Theres too much salt in this soup 3. There were too many people on the bus 4. I spent too much money 5. I dont get enough exercise 6. I drink too much coffee 7. We dont have enough petrol 8. There arent enough teachers here so

it was a very uncomfortable journey. I cant cook dinner. I cant sleep at night. I cant pay my rent. it tastes awful. some children cant go to school. we cant drive the car. Im very unhealthy.

B. Write five sentences of your own using too or enough with so.

3. Measurement
rice milk

3.1 Units of measurement

A. Look at these nouns. Are they countable or uncountable?
fishpaste coffee oil

B. Put them into these containers. More than one answer is possible for each.
1. A bag of __________ 2. Six bottles of __________ 3. Another jar of __________ 4. A large tin of ___________ 5. Half a cup of __________ 6. Two cartons of __________

What happens when you put uncountable things into a container?

22 UNIT 6

C. The same happens when you measure them.

A kilogram of rice Three litres of water 500 grams of coffee A metre of cloth 10 millilitres of medicine

Fill the gaps with a unit of measurement.

1. Two __________ of string. 2. Half a __________ of oil. 3. 200 __________ of tea. 4. A __________ of fruit juice. 5. Ten __________ of pork.

We also use units with countable nouns.

6. Two __________ of bananas. 7. Half a __________ of onions. 8. 200 __________ of chillies. 9. A __________ of biscuits. 10. Ten __________ of yellow beans.

D. Complete the sentences.

We measure weight using grams and kilograms . We measure length using __________ and __________. We measure volume using __________ and __________.

E. What other units of measurement do you know?

3.2 Pairwork: Listen and draw

Work in pairs. Partner A: look at these pictures. Partner B: look at the pictures on page 68. Describe your pictures to your partner. Draw the pictures your partner describes in the blank spaces.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

In section 7, theres a large bag of rice.

7.

8.

9.

3.3 Gap-fill dictation: The shopping trip

6.4

A. Listen to the audio and write what you hear.

When you hear a ping sound, draw a line.

I needed two PING of rice

I needed two ______________ of rice...

B. Use your own ideas to complete the text.

UNIT 6 23

4. The Present Perfect (2)

4.1 How long?
- live? - work? - stay?

A. Read about Elizabeth.

Where does she

B. Which actions are finished?

Which are still happening? lived there?

Ive lived in Rangoon for six months, teaching English. Before that, I lived in Hong Kong. I work at the Global Learning Centre Ive worked there since June. When I first arrived, I stayed in a guesthouse. I didnt like it very much, so I moved into an apartment near Kandawgyi. Ive been there for three weeks. Its really nice.

D. Ask your partner about work or study.

Then tell the class about your partner.
Mahn Htun works for MyanMart. Hes worked there for two years.

C. Where do you live? How long have you

4.2 for and since

6.5

A. Look at the picture, listen to the conversations

and complete the sentences.
1. The woman arrived at _________. Shes been there since _________. 2. The man arrived at _________. Hes been there for _________. 3. The family arrived at _________. Theyve been there for _________.

B. Fill the gaps with for or since.

1. Weve lived here ________ last August. 2. Min Mins had a car ________ three years. 3. Sarahs worked with us ________ March. 4. Ive only had that computer________ a week. 5. Theyve been married ________ 1942. 6. Ive known Naw Moo ________ a long time.

7. Zau Phan s been in Bago ________ last rainy season. 8. Hes been sick ________ this morning.

4.3 Aung Mon and San San Aye

using for and since.

A. Write about San San Aye and Aung Mon

1. San San Aye has lived in Rangoon since 1992. 2. She ____________________________ 1994. 3. She ____________________________ 2003. 4. They ___________________________ 2005. 5. They ___________________________ years. 6. They _______________________ six months.

B. Answer the questions. There are two ways

you can answer each question. Write both of them.
1. How long has San San Aye lived in Rangoon? since 1992 or for seventeen years (in 2009) 2. How long has she worked for Central Accountants? 3. How long has she known Aung Mon? 4. How long have they lived in Insein Township? 5. How long have they had a computer? 24 UNIT 6

San San Aye was born in 1970, and moved to Rangoon in 1992. She started working for Central Accountants in 1994, where she still works. She met her husband Aung Mon in 2003, and in June 2005 they got married and moved to Dagon Township. Three months later they moved to Insein Township. They bought a computer six months ago.

C. Complete these sentences about yourself.

1. Ive lived here since __________________. 2. Ive lived here for ____________________. 3. Ive studied English for _______________. 4. Ive ______________ for ______________. 5. Ive ______________ since ___________. 6. Ive __________________________ 1999. 7. Ive _____________________ a few weeks.

5. Health

5.1 Body parts

A. What body parts do you know? Put them in
the following categories?
parts of the head and neck parts of the arms parts of the torso parts of the legs organs

B. Play Thingy Says. One person stands in

front of the class. That person is Thingy. She or he says, Thingy says touch your knee. Other students obey. Thingy continues giving orders. However, if Thingy doesnt say Thingy says before the order, students dont obey. If a student touches the wrong body part, or they obey an order without the words Thingy says, they are out and have to leave the game.

5.2 At the clinic

A. What do you think is wrong with this man?

Whats the matter? All my joints ache. My knees hurt, my shoulders hurt, my wrists and elbows hurt. Ive got a sore neck, and sore eyes. Ive got a pain in my back. Ive got a headache, and a fever. Ive also got a rash on my arms, legs and stomach.

B. What words can go in these gaps?

My stomach ________s. My stomach ________s. Ive got a ________ in my stomach. Ive got a ________ stomach.

C. What are the symptoms of?

malaria a cold a broken leg

D. Choose a health problem, and describe the

symptoms to your partner. Can your partner guess your problem?

Ive got a pain in my neck. My

Whats the matter?

UNIT 6 25

5.3 Be careful!
6.6

A. Listen to the conversations and match them with the pictures. What is each mans problem?
1. 2. 3.

B. Which conversation is each sentence about? Write a, b or c.

1. He went to a party. 2. He slipped and fell over. 3. He tried to lift a heavy bag. 4. He doesnt like cigarette smoke. 5. He cant stand up. 6. He decided to lie down. 7. He thinks he has broken something. 8. Hes got a sore back.

5.4 Cures

A. Match the problems with the cures. How

many useful sentences can you make?
I have a cold, I have a fever, I have sore neck, If When I beat my pillow. I take paracetamol. I stay in bed.

C. Write down your cures for two of these

I have a headache, I get a massage.

problems on pieces of paper, but dont say the problem! Give your pieces of paper to the teacher.

B. What do you do in these situations?

Write sentences. 1. you have a cold 2. you get malaria 3. you have a headache 4. you cant sleep 5. you have toothache 6. you get a sore back

I drink a lot of water. I wear warm clothes a hat and coat. Sometimes I stay in bed and take medicine. My aunt makes medicine with herbs.

D. Work in groups. The teacher will give you

some cures. Decide what problems they are for. Put all the cures for each problem together.

Discuss these problems with a partner.

5.5 A healthy lifestyle

healthy.

A. Brainstorm things you can do to stay

B. Work in pairs. Interview your partner about

her/his health using the survey below.
Health Survey

1. Do you smoke? 2. Do you exercise regularly? 3. Do you sleep more than 10 hours per day? 4. Do you sleep less than 5 hours per day? 5. Do you eat a lot of oil?

6. Do you eat a lot of sugar? 7. Do you drink a lot of alcohol? 8. Do you eat a lot of fruit and vegetables? 9. Do you live in a large city? 10. Do you work or study more than ten hours a day?

C. Add up the score. For questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10, score 0 points for a yes, 1 point for a
sometimes, and 2 points for a no. For questions 2 and 8, score 2 points for a yes, 1 point for a sometimes and 0 points for a no. 14-20: You are very healthy. Well done. 8-13: Not bad. You are fairly healthy. Less than 8: Maybe you should change some things about your lifestyle.
26 UNIT 6

6. Making Appointments
6.1 Cho Chos appointment
6.7

A. In what situations do you make appointments? Think of a few. B. Cho Cho, the librarian from Lek Tho Teacher Training College, wants some money for library
books. She thinks the Town Education Committee might give her some money. She needs to meet U Aung, the chairperson from the Education Committee. Listen to the phone conversation and fill the gaps. U Aung: Cho Cho: U Aung: Cho Cho:
Hello? Hello, is U Aung there, please? ________ is U Aung. How can I ________ you? Im Cho Cho from the Teacher Training College Library. Id __________ to make an ___________ to meet with you. about Monday morning, 11.30?

U Aung: Well, Im away __________ week, but Ill be back __________ week. How Cho Cho: Thats fine. U Aung: OK, _________ you then. Cho Cho: Thank you. See you on Monday.

C. What can Cho Cho say if?

1. She is busy on Monday. 2. 11.30 is a bad time for her. 3. U Aung wants to know the topic of the meeting.

D. Work in pairs. Choose one of the situations

in C. Change the conversation from B to match the new situation.

E. Practise your conversation in pairs.

6.2 An appointment with Ban Ki-moon

A. Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, is coming to visit

your town. You work for Freedom magazine, and you want to interview him. However, hes very busy. Hes only in town for one day, and he has a full schedule. You phone him to arrange an appointment. Write your conversation. Schedule for Ban Ki-moon You: Hello. Im _________ from
Freedom magazine. Id like to interview you when you are in _______.

7.30: 8.00: 9.00: 10.45: 11.30: 12.30: 1.30: 4.15: 5.00:

Arrive Breakfast with leaders Speech to youth groups Radio interview Meeting with NGOs Lunch with Teachers Association Workshop with Womens Group Meeting with Health Committee Leave

Ban Ki-moon: Well, Im ve ry busy that day. Ill look

at my schedule. Hmmm

You: __________________________________? Ban Ki-moon: Sorry, Im meeting the NGOs at 11.30. You: __________________________________?

B. Work in pairs. Write the rest of the conversation.

Can you find a time to meet, or is he just too busy? Perform your conversation to the class.

UNIT 6 27

7. Writing: Informal Letters and Emails

7.1 Informal letters
An informal letter is usually written to friends or family. It doesnt have strict rules. In an informal letter you usually: put the date in the top right-hand corner address the person by name end the letter informally June 21, 2009 Hi Htoo Aung! A. When do you send informal How are you? I havent heard from you letters? for ages. I want to invite you and your family to my sisters birthday party on Saturday, B. Label the parts of the letter. July 9. It will start at 1pm. We want to have 1. Date a barbecue, so I hope there isnt too much 2. Greeting rain! Let us know if you can make it (Tel: 3. Main message 0813610095). 4. Closing Hope to see you soon. 5. Signature Neil C. Match the types of informal letters on the left (1-4) with the phrases on the right (a-d):
1. Invitation 2. Rejecting an invitation 3. Accepting an invitation 4. Thank-you letter a. Wed love to come. b. Just a quick note to say thank you. c. Sorry, but we cant come. d. Wed love you to come.

7.2 Emails

There are no exact rules for informal emails. Most email accounts automatically include your email address and the date. You type the email address of the person you are emailing, the subject of your message and the message. Many people ignore grammar and spelling rules in emails (e.g.how r u? for How are you?). However, if you want people to understand your message, you should use standard English.

A. Look at this email

and find:
1. Your email address 2. The email address of the person you are emailing 3. The subject 4. The date 5. The greeting 6. Introduction 7. Main message 8. Ending comment 9. Closing

From: htwehtwe442@bizmail.com

To: sansanaye@centralaccounting.com Subject: job news send delete save

21/01/09

Hi Ma San San Aye, How are you? I hope you and Ko Aung Mon are well. Ive quit my job. There were too many problems in that organisation, and they didnt pay me enough. So now Im looking for a new job. I want an interesting job that pays a lot, but there are hardly any jobs available at the moment. Have you got any ideas? Lets meet for lunch later this week. Are you free on Thursday? See you soon, and say hi to Ko Aung Mon from me! Love, Htwe Htwe xxx

B. Summarise the main

points of the email in fewer than 20 words.

a greeting contact information

C. Write an informal letter or email inviting a close friend or relative to a party. Be sure to include:
why, when and where the event is happening a closing

28 UNIT 6

8. Thinking about Learning: Language Awareness

8.1 Whos speaking?
6.8

A. Listen to these people. Match the voice with the picture.

Nicolas _____ Ros _____ Tun Tun _____ Tze Ming _____ Tanny _____ 3. 4. 1.

2.

5.

B. Why did you decide this? Discuss in groups.

8.2 Native speakers?

6.8

A. Listen again. Who is a native speaker of

native speakers

non-native speakers

English? Who is a non-native speaker who speaks English as a foreign language? Which speakers are difficult to understand? Why? Speaker 2 is from Burma. Who is easier to understand? Why?

B. Which speakers are easy to understand? Why?

6.9

C. Listen to the audio. Two people will read out the same text. Speaker 1 is from New Zealand.

8.3 Formal and informal language learning

A. Think of all the languages you can speak. Which ones can you also read and write? B. How did you learn each language? Was it formally (by studying it) or informally (just by using it
in your daily life)? Discuss: Did you study the grammar of each language? Did you practise the pronunciation? Did you try to remember vocabulary items?

C. Discuss: What are the advantages and disadvantages of formal and informal language learning?

UNIT 6 29

9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. Countable or uncountable?
Classify these nouns into countable and uncountable:
qualification roof solution pollution appointment fruit development traffic disease pocket instructions wool language receipt make-up meat entertainment advice divorce interview

E. few and little

Fill the gaps with a few, a little, very few or very little. 1. There was ______ traffic on the road, so I arrived an hour early. 2. Can I please borrow ______ dollars? I need to buy a present for the teacher. 3. People dont like him. He has ______ friends. 4. Shes got ______ money, so she wants to get a car. 5. I love Bagan. I went there ______ years ago, and I want to return soon. 6. The hotel is dirty and uncomfortable, so ______ tourists stay there. 7. The farmers are having problems this year, because there has been ______ rain. 8. I like ______ sugar in my coffee, but not loads.

countable

uncountable

B. some and any

F. too much/many

Complete the sentences or questions using some or any, e.g. She doesnt have any bananas 1. There is ______ water in the bucket. 2. There arent ______ goats in the compound. 3. He wants ______ more friends. 4. My parents havent got ______ trees in their garden. 5. Are there ______ children in your house? 6. Could I borrow ______ shampoo? 7. We are waiting for ______ visitors. 8. I havent heard ______ news on the radio.

These people have some bad habits. Make sentences about them using words from the table. Add too much or too many.

C. Offers and requests

Write questions, e.g. Ask to borrow soap powder: Can I borrow some soap powder? 1. Offer someone sugar for their coffee. Would you like... 2. Offer someone cake. 3. Offer someone fruit. 4. Ask to borrow money. 5. Request more pens for your class. 6. Request more tea.

meat. He She drinks smokes watches eats too much too many beer. cigarettes. TV. cake. coffee. 1. He drinks too much beer. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

D. Quantifiers

Read about the situations and choose the best quantifier. e.g. Mahn Htun makes 80,000 baht a month for his job. He makes lots of / hardly any money. 1. Ma Thet sleeps for 9 hours every night. She gets a little / quite a lot of sleep. 2. I saw only three cars and one motorbike on the way to work today. Theres not much / not many traffic today. 3. He's only got 50 kyat left. Hes hardly got any / hasnt got any money left. 4. Ive seen some / a lot of good movies recently. I saw one on Saturday and two last week. 5. I havent got any / much petrol, so I cant start the car.

G. not enough

Complete these sentences using not enough, e.g. I want to cook dinner, but (charcoal)
there isnt enough charcoal.

1. We want to go to the conference, but (time) 2. Were trying to grow a vegetable garden, but (seeds) 3. The students cant go to school because (teachers) 4. Im trying to write a report, but (information) For questions 5 and 6, use your own ideas: 5. I want to invite you over for dinner, but 6. The organisation needs a new computer, but

30 UNIT 6

H. Measurement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. soap rope gold potatoes pineapple juice cloth petrol shampoo

What measurements (not containers) do you use for: grams or kilograms

L. Body and health crossword

U Zaw Oo is not healthy at the moment. He is at the doctors clinic. Look at the picture, identify the body parts and fill the gaps in the conversation. Then write the answer in the crossword. Number 2 down has already been done. i.

e.

c. b.

h. d.

I. Containers

What containers can you use for the following? Sometimes more than one answer is possible. e.g. oil bottle 1. biscuits 2. oranges 3. juice 4. honey 5. curry What can you keep in the following containers? Many answers are possible. Think of at least two for each. e.g. sack rice, potatoes 6. bag 7. packet 8. jar 9. tin 10. carton

f. a.
UZO: A mosquito bit me on the Ive got (1 across).

g.
(a: 2 down). I think

Doctor: What are your symptoms? Do you have a (3 down)? UZO: Yes, I feel really hot. My (b: 4 down) hurts as well. Also, my (6 across) ache I havent brushed
them since last week. My (c: 1 down) is bleeding. And I have a pain in my 8 across), and a (e: 8 down) ache.

J. for and since

(d:

Fill the gaps with for or since. 1. Naing Lin and Ma Htay have been married ______ twenty years. 2. Ive had this bike ______ 1992. 3. Theyve lived there ______ April. 4. Shes studied Japanese ______ three weeks. 5. Eh Soes known us ______ last year. 6. The students have been here ______ Monday. 7. Sayama Win has taught here ______ eight months. 8. Hes been asleep ______ 3.00. 9. It hasnt rained ______ five days. 10. Its been hot and sunny ______ this morning.

Doctor: Whats wrong with your UZO: I

hurt my my

(f: 5 across)?

(11 down) over a rock in the road. I also (g: 9 down). I think theres a problem with (h: 7 across).

Doctor: You probably need new glasses. Here are some pills. Take (12 across) every day, and dont (14 across) any heavy lifting. UZO: Oh, and Ive also got a (i: 13 across).
1 2

(10 down)

K. Making an appointment
- How about 2.30? - Yes, its quite important. - Yes, thats fine. - Is it important? - Yes, I can.

Put this conversation in the correct order.

6

a n 5k l 7 e
9 10 12 13

11

- OK. Can you com e here tomorrow afternoon? - Id like to make an appointment to see Ms Park, please.
14

UNIT 6 31

9.2 Vocabulary review

A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.

accept (v) ache (v, n) ankle (n) apologise (v) appointment (n) area (n) arrange (v) automatically (adj) available (adj) awful (adj) beliefs (n) bleed (v) brain (n) breast (n) complaint (n) charcoal (n) chest (n) chin (n) comment (n, v) committee (n) communicate (v) contact (v)

cure (v, n) daily (adv) desert (n) development (n) disease (n) donate (v) effect (n) elbow (n) experience (n, v) fall over (v) fever (n) gender (n) goods (n) heart (n) heat (v, n) hurt (v) ignore (v) include (v) joints (n) kidney (n) length (n) librarian (n)

liver (n) lung (n) measure (v) nearly (adv) noise (n) obey (v) offer (n, v) organ (n) overseas (adj, adv) pain (n) power (n) psychology (n) publish (v) qualifications (n) quantity (n) quit (v) rash (n) regularly (adj) reject (v) relationship (n) roof (n) scales (n)

schedule (n, v) shoulder (n) skin (n) slip (v) social studies (n) sore (adj) special (adj) string (n) surface (n) survey (n, v) symptoms (n) throat (n) traffic (n, v) trafficking (n) voice (n) volume (n) weight (n) workshop (n) wrist (n)

B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. Development and geography are part of this subject. 2. The opposite of accept. 3. You attend this to improve your knowledge or skills. 4. The organ that covers the outside of your body. 5. You need this if you want to meet a busy person. 6. Name four body parts. 7. Things that you think are true. 8. This person works with books. 9. To share information, ideas or feelings with someone. 10. The things that you have done in your life. 11. Amount 12. To make something hotter.

C. Do a Word Mime activity. Work in two teams. Your teacher will give one member from each

team a word. That person will try to communicate that word to the rest of the team without speaking. The first team to guess the word gets a point.

32 UNIT 6

Module Seven
will might conditionals prediction and probability places and directions silent letters contradicting formal writing communication strategies

1. Predicting the Future

1.1 Fortune telling
A. Have you ever been to a fortune teller? What
did they predict? Was it correct or not?

B. Look at the picture and the pieces of text

in the box. What do you think the fortune teller is saying? Use will and wont.

university graduate meet a handsome American man like him a lot ask you to marry agree marry move to America parents like America baby miss your family return happily ever after.
7.1

C. Listen to the audio. Were you correct? D. Will is a modal verb. How do we make
sentences using will and wont? Write the headings in the chart.
base verb
______ You It We ______ will wont will

E. Which of these sentences are correct?

Correct the wrong ones.
1. She wills take you to the bus station. 2. I wont come before six oclock. 3. He will to be a teacher next year. 4. Eh Soe will eats with us tonight.

modal verb
______ win rain be

subject

the competition. tomorrow. rich and famous.

5. They will not leave tomorrow. 6. Ma Yin wont like this movie.

Module 7 33

F. Make two predictions about each situation, one with will and one with wont.
Use the verbs in the box.
pass forget catch go miss stay go win fail lose

1. Min Min has a terrible memory. His mother asked him to buy a bag of sugar. Hell forget to buy sugar. He wont go to the shop. 2. Naw Moos exams are tomorrow. She hasnt done any work. 3. Maung Maungs bus leaves at 8.30. Its 8.25, and hes just woken up. 4. The class is having a party tonight. Mi Mi is sick. 5. My cousins team is playing football tomorrow. The other team is much better.

G. What will happen tomorrow? Make some

predictions of your own. Write two sentences with will and two with wont.

H. Read your predictions to the class. Do they

agree with you? Do you agree with other students predictions?

1.2 Questions with will

A. How do we make questions with will? Write the headings in the chart.
modal verb
___________ Where How many will

verb

subject

question word
___________ eat? be? leave tomorrow?

modal verb

___________ you there she

B. Ask questions with will. Some are yes/no questions, some are wh- questions.
1. Maybe our football team will win the game, but Im not sure. Will our football team win the game? 2. Well need three ducks. Or maybe four. Or ve. 3. Maybe the car will leave at 3.00. Or 4.00. Or 6.30. 4. Maybe it will rain tomorrow, but maybe it wont. 5. Maybe there will be food at the party. 6. Youll go to the cinema tomorrow. Or to the library. Or to the market. 7. Ill see you again tomorrow. Or next week. Or next year. 8. The books will cost 500 kyat. Or 1,000 kyat. Or 1,200 kyat. 9. Maybe the meeting will start on time, but maybe it wont. 10. Maybe the new teacher will be single.

1.3 Roleplay: Tell a fortune

A. What do you know about fortune telling? How do people do it in your community? Do you
know any others ways?

Chinese astrology is based on the stars. The position of the stars when you are born tells your future.

Some fortune tellers use cards to help predict the future.

34 Module 7

Some fortune tellers look into balls made of crystal, a type of glass.

Palm reading is popular all over the world. Palm readers tell your future from the lines on your hands.

B. What questions do you want to ask about

your future?
Who? What? How much? Where? When? How many?

C. Work in pairs. Partner A is the customer

and Partner B is the fortune teller. Partner A: ask your questions. Partner B: predict your partners future. Then change roles.

1.4 Pairwork: A visitor from the future

A. What do you think life will be like in 3050? Make some predictions.
Do you think people will be able to travel through time?

B. Work in pairs. Partner A: look at this page. Partner B: turn to page 68.
You are a time traveller. You live in the year 3050. You come back to talk to the people who are living now. This is what you say about life in 3050:
Computers control everything. There are computers in all houses, cars and streets. All the teachers, doctors, farmers and workers are computers now. People dont need to work because computers do everything. There are still some diseases. We dont have malaria or AIDS, but we still have cancer, and we still cant cure the common cold! We also have many new diseases. Health care is good, though. Most people live to be about 150. The Earths population got too big, so people went to live on other planets. There is a large human population on Mars. People go on holiday to other planets, too. People also like going on holiday in the past, or in the future. Time machines are very expensive, though! Only rich people can travel through time.

Answer Partner Bs questions.

C. Now change roles. You are living now. A time traveller from the year 3050 is visiting.
You want to know about the things below. Make questions, and ask Partner B.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. there / be / enough food and water? people / have / wars? there / be / refugees? who / be / Secretary-General of the United Nations? cars / use / petrol? which / animals / extinct? there / be / trees?

Module 7 35

2. Probability
2.1 It might happen
7.2

A. Aung Mon is going to a job interview in

another town. San San Aye, his wife, is giving him some advice. Listen. What does San San Aye want him to take?

C. San San Aye has some more suggestions.

Why might Aung Mon need these things? Write some suggestions for Aung Mon. Take some water. You might get thirsty.

7.2

B. Listen again. Why does San San Aye say he

should take these things?
1. umbrella - it might rain 2. 3. 4.

D. What other things could he take? Why?

2.2 might
A. Rewrite the following sentences using might.
1. Im not sure if it will rain. It might rain. 2. I dont know if I will see him again. 3. Ive got no idea if Si Si will be late. 4. Maybe my friends will visit me. 5. I dont know if he is sick. 6. I dont think she will come, but Im not sure. 7. Im not sure if they will invite us. 8. Maybe my brother will study next year. 9. Ive got no idea if hes Thai. 10. Perhaps shes playing her piano.

B. Ko Moe and Nyi Nyi are looking for their

friend, Simon. Complete the conversation with might and the words in brackets.

KM: I cant nd Simon. Have you seen him? NN: He might be (he / be) on the football eld. Or _________ (he / be) in the library. KM: No, Ive already tried those places. NN: _________ (you / nd) him in his room _________ (he / be) asleep. KM: I dont think so. NN: Well, heres Ma Ma Shwe. _________ (she / know) I suggest you ask her.

2.3 The next three years

A. What do you think will happen in your life
in the next three years? Make some predictions from the table.
go overseas Ill Ill probably I might I probably wont I wont get a job write a novel live in Burma have lots of money smoke cigarettes learn another language get married buy a car become famous work for an NGO

B. Make ve predictions of your own.

1. Ill 2. Ill probably 3. I might 4. I probably wont 5. I wont

C. Tell other students your predictions.

36 Module 7

3. if
3.1 Global warming
A. What do you know about global warming? How do you think it might affect you? B. What do these pictures show? How are they related to global warming?

C. Read the text then match the sentence halves.

The worlds temperature will probably rise by about ve degrees centigrade in the next 100 years. Since 1900, it has already risen 0.6 degrees. We call this global warming. Almost all scientists agree that this is caused by humans. People use too many fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. This puts more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide keeps the heat from the sun close to the earth. Deforestation increases global warming too, because trees absorb carbon dioxide. Here are some of the possible effects of global warming: Natural Disasters The sea level will rise. Many at areas will be under water. There will be more storms, oods and hurricanes. Health Some parts of the world will become too hot to live in. There will be more mosquitoes. This will lead to more disease such as malaria and dengue fever. Plants and Animals Some plants and animals will not be able to live in hotter temperatures. Many plants and animals will become extinct. Food In some areas of the world, people will not be able to grow enough food. In other areas, people will be able to grow different food crops.

1. If there are fewer trees, 2. If sea levels rise, 3. If there are more mosquitoes, 4. If people cant grow food crops,

they wont have enough to eat. there will be more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. many areas will be under water. more people will get malaria.

D. Look at your sentences. What tense is the rst part? What about the second part?
This sentence structure is called the rst conditional.

E. Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

1. If a village oods, the people there will 2. If plants cant live in an area, animals will 3. If there isnt enough food, people will 4. If people can grow different food crops, they will
7.3

F. Here is an interview with Lucy Rogers,

an environmental activist. She is talking about things we can do to reduce global warming. Listen, and list her suggestions. - use less fossil fuels - dont use cars and motorbikes

7.3

G. What does Lucy say about:

1. bicycles? 2. rubbish? 3. trees? 4. governments?

Module 7 37

3.2 The rst conditional

We use the rst conditional to talk about things that might happen:
If it rains, we will stay home. condition clause If I get a job, Ill have more money. main clause condition clause Ill call you if I have any problems.

A condition clause (if or when clause) can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence:
main clause If I have any problems, Ill call you.

These have the same meaning.

A. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs.

1. If I miss the bus, I ll get a taxi. 2. We _______ late if we _______ soon. 3. If I _______ for a few minutes, _______ you _______ the baby? 4. We _______ to the city if I _______ a job here. 5. You _______ more friends if you _______ nice to people. 6. _______ you still _______ me if I _______ you? (miss, get) (be, not leave) (go out, watch) (not move, nd) (have, be) (love, leave)

B. Do a Conditional Consequences activity. Start with this sentence:

If it rains tomorrow, Ill stay at home.

The rst student thinks of a consequence of this, e.g.

If I stay at home, Ill read my books.

Continue to go around the class, making sentences by adding consequences.

3.3 if and when

A. Put this conversation in order.
___ And be careful! ___ Do you have enough money? ___ OK, Ill send a postcard when I get to Bangkok. ___ Dont worry, Ill contact you if I have any problems. 1 Goodbye Dont forget to call me. ___ And send me a postcard. ___ I think so, but if I dont have enough, Ill borrow some from Uncle Bob. ___ OK, Ill phone when I get to the bus station.

B. When do we use if?

When do we use when?

C. Fill the gaps with if or when.

1. Its time to leave now. ____ we get home, Ill start cooking dinner. 2. _____ I wash the dishes, will you make a cup of tea? 3. I cant decide what job to get. _____ I become a teacher, I wont make much money, but I enjoy teaching. 4. Im going shopping now. Ill pick up my new clothes _____ I get into town. 5. Will you still love me _____ Im very old?

What do you think is the relationship between the speakers?

3.4 Conditionals with other modals

Conditionals can use lots of different modal verbs and modal-like structures.

A. Match the sentence halves.

1. If he touches me, 2. I can buy a car 3. If you have a problem, 4. When you get up, 5. If you want to learn Chinese, 6. Rivers are quite dangerous 7. When you go to university, 8. If I dont post the letters now 38 Module 7 if I get a lot of money. if you cant swim. youll have to work really hard. Im going to hit him. you should have a shower. I might help you. I must do it later. you should speak with Chinese people.

B. Complete the sentences.

1. If I get a high-paying job 2. You must study hard 3. If I dont nish school 4. When you nish cooking dinner 5. We can go to the beach 6. Everything will be really good 7. I might be able to give you a ride 8. If you annoy me 9. If you have free time tonight 10. If the dog becomes angry

4. Places and Directions

4.1 Indoors and outdoors
A. What places do you know? Make a list. B. Classify these places into indoors (inside),
outdoors (outside) or both.

indoors

outdoors

both

C. Which of these places have you been to?

4.2 Around town

A. Here are some visitors:
1. 2.
I just want to eat, drink and relax. Were interested in sport. Where can we get some exercise?

3.

4.
Were students. We want to learn about different cultures, and get some information. Where can I take the children?

We want to go out dancing at night. Wheres the nightlife in this place?

5. 6.
I like nature. I prefer to spend my time outdoors.

Here are some places. What are they?

a. c. b.

f. d. e.

h. g.

Module 7 39

i.

j.

k.

l.

m.

n.

o.

p..

B. Which places should the visitors go?

Make a list for each person or group of people.

C. These visitors are visiting you. Where should

they go near you? Make lists of places.

4.3 Listening: Living in Chiang Mai

7.4

A. U Ba Shwe and Alice are both teachers living and working in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Alice
teaches at a nursery school. U Ba Shwe teaches English Literature at Chiang Mai University. Listen to their opinions of life in Chiang Mai. Alice U Ba Shwe Which things does Alice talk about? 1. cost of living Which does U Ba Shwe talk about? Put ticks in the correct boxes. 2. entertainment

B. What do they say about each thing?

1. cost of living: U Ba Shwe says its expensive, he has to pay 3,000 baht per week for his apartment. Alice says she doesnt have enough money. 2. entertainment: 3. food:

3. food 4. security 5. pollution 6. education

4. security: 5. pollution: 6. education:

C. What about your place? What is it like? Write sentences.

1. cost of living: 2. entertainment: 3. food:
40 Module 7

4. security: 5. pollution: 6. education:

4.4 How do I get to?

A. Paw Paw is visiting her friend Lu Lu Aung. Lu Lu Aung is showing her around the
neighbourhood. What questions might Paw Paw ask?
Is there a __________? Wheres __________? How do you get to __________?

B. Look at these phrases. Do you know what they mean? Match the phrases with the pictures.
go past the park go through the market take the second left turn right into Bridge Street go around the market go down Central Street
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.5

C. Paw Paw is going to stay with her friend Lu Lu Aung. Listen to the conversation. Wheres
Lu Lu Aungs house? Wheres the photocopy shop?
hairdresser

restaurant primary school

River Road
shop

Station Road

teashop

Central Street
market

bus station

Park Street

cinema

petrol station

Module 7 41

D. Follow the directions. Where are you?

1. From Lu Lu Aungs house, go out onto River Road and turn right. Cross over the bridge and immediately turn left and go along the river. Walk past the house. 2. From the market, cross Central Street and go through the park. Go around the small shop then turn left into River Road and its on your right 3. From the primary school turn left down River Road. Take the second right into Park Street. Go past the park, and left into Central Street. Go around the market.

E. Write the directions.

1. You are at Lu Lu Aungs house. How do you get to the petrol station? 2. From the petrol station, how do you get to the market? 3. You want to visit the teacher, who lives opposite the primary school. How do you get to her house from the market? 4. The teacher asks you to come with her to the cinema. How do you get there?

4.5 In your neighbourhood

A. Someone is visiting your English class.
They want to do these things:
1. Buy some shampoo 2. Catch a bus 3. Watch a movie 4. Get a haircut

B. Work in pairs. Ask for and give

directions to the places in A.

Where can they go? Write some directions for them.

5. Pronunciation: Silent Letters

5.1 Code puzzle
A. All these words have silent letters. Cross off the silent letter in each word.
1. whisper 2. mechanic 3. chemistry 4. calm
7.6

5. cupboard 6. who 7. sign 8. knock

B. Listen and check. C. Put the silent letters from the words in A into the gaps, and spell a message, e.g. H e l l o
1

You
2

ave nearly finis ed Module Seven,

3 5

a e
7

forty-t o. Good
6

uc !
4 8

D. Write sentences using as many of the words from A as possible.

1 word in a sentence 1 point 2 words in a sentence 2 points 3 words in a sentence 3 points etc. e.g. I put my chemistry books in the cupboard. = 2 points

Who can get the highest score in ve minutes?

42 Module 7

5.2 Common silent letters

A. Some of these words have a silent h.
In some, you pronounce the h. Classify the words into silent and sounded h.
when perhaps white hotel whisky honest home whole ache
silent h sounded h

D. Some of these words have a silent b.

In some, you pronounce the b. Classify the words into silent and sounded b.
obey bomb number comb debt bus beer biscuit climb bath rob
sounded b

silent b

B. Some of these words have a silent w.

In some, you pronounce the w. Classify the words into silent and sounded w.
two away wrist wrong answer wing west who walk wheel
silent w sounded w

E. Some of these words have a silent p.

In some, you pronounce the p. Classify the words into silent and sounded p.
psychology appear peace cup grandparents escape receipt put rope
silent p sounded p

C. Some of these words have a silent k.

In some, you pronounce the k. Classify the words into silent and sounded k.
knife kick kill awake knowledge knee kiss break know kitten
silent k sounded k

F. Close your books, and listen to the audio.

7.7

You will hear twelve sentences. Write down the sentences you hear. words with silent letters. Write down three sentences.

G. Think of sentences that use at least two

H. Work in pairs. Read your sentences to

your partner. Write down the sentences your partner tells you. Check each others sentences.

6. Contradicting
6.1 Listen and answer
7.8

A. Listen to the audio. You will hear some questions. Answer them.
No, were not.
Are you sick?

B. Work in pairs. Write a list of yes/no questions.

Join with another pair. Ask a question. They will answer. Then change roles. They ask, you answer.
Is there any water in the classroom? Yes, there is...

Module 7 43

6.2 Listen and contradict

7.9

A. Listen to the audio. You will hear many things that are wrong.
Contradict these statements.
No they dont!

Rabbits eat meat.

B. Work in pairs. Write a list of false statements.

Join with another pair. Read a statement. They will disagree with you. Then change roles. They read, you disagree.
Were Mexican. No youre not!

7. Writing: Formal Letters and Emails

7.1 Formal letters
You usually write formal letters to people you dont know well. Here are some common rules: Put your address in the top right Write the date under your address. Write the name and address of the person you are writing to on the left-hand side, lower than your name and address. Do not use informal language (e.g. slang, contractions). Sign the letter and write or type your name underneath your signature.
Ms Stefanie Gray Northopia University Northopia 46QT55 Dear Ms Gray, I am writing in reference to your science scholarship programme in 2010. I recently graduated from the Rangoon Academy of Arts and Sciences with a bachelors degree in environmental science. I would be grateful if you could send me some more information about masters courses in environmental science. I would also like some information about scholarships for these courses. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, 26E Anawrahta Road Rangoon Burma July 30, 2007

A. Label the parts of the formal letter on

the right.
1. Your address 2. The name and address of the person you are writing to 3. The date 4. The greeting 7. Ending comment 5. Introduction 8. Closing 6. Main parts 9. Signature

Myo Win
Myo Win

B. Put the following sentences and

phrases from a formal letter into the correct order.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Please could you look into this matter? Yours faithfully, Dear Sir/Madam, I am afraid that I have not received my book yet. I am writing to enquire about the book I ordered two months ago. On the 29th of March I ordered a copy of The Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela. I sent thirty-seven dollars for the book plus postage costs.

C. Identify the following sentences and phrases as formal (F) or informal (I).
1. Lots of love 2. Yours sincerely, 3. Please could you send me 4. Thanks a lot! 5. I look forward to hearing from you. 44 Module 7 6. I am writing to enquire about 7. See you later. 8. Just writing to say hi 9. Please contact me if you require more information. 10. Yours faithfully,

7.2 Formal emails

Formal emails are very similar, but you dont usually need to write addresses or dates because email addresses and dates are automatically included in the email. A few points: Use the same language rules as for formal letters. Dont use text talk (e.g. r for are, l8r for later). Use standard English. . Dont use emoticons such as

A. Jacki is emailing U Win Htut, the director

of MyanMart, to ask about a job. Identify the mistakes in this email.

Hi U Win Htut, Im writing 2 enquire about the job of receptionist. Im very interested in this job. Can u please send me the application form? See you soon, Jacki :-)

B. Write a letter or email to Singapore

College (3150 Rafes Avenue, Singapore 098550). You want to know what courses they are offering next year. Find out the dates, costs and subjects of the courses.

8. Thinking about Learning: Communication Strategies

8.1 Situations
A. Read the situations, and answer the questions.
Situation 1: You are speaking your own language, with someone who only understands it a little. Do you change the way you speak? How? Situation 2: You are speaking English with someone who speaks less English than you. Do you change the way you speak? How? Situation 3: You are speaking English with someone who speaks much more English than you. How do you get them to change the way they speak?

B. Match these words with the denitions.

repeat rephrase clarify translate check
7.10

to say the same message using different words to say the same message in a different language to ask if you understood the message correctly to make the message clearer to say the same message again

C. What strategies do these people use to understand?

Listen to these conversations, and complete the sentences.
1. In conversation 1, the woman ___________. 2. In conversation 2, the woman ___________ and ___________ the message. 3. In conversation 3, the woman ___________ and the man ___________ and ___________.

8.2 Pairwork: Shopkeepers and customers

A. Your teacher will give you a picture of an
item. You want to buy it, but you dont know what it is called in English. You have to communicate what it is without using your own language. Which strategies will you use?

B. Work in pairs. One person is the customer

and one is the shopkeeper. Can the shopkeeper guess the item?
I want a little brown thing made of wood. I use it to sit on when I eat.

zifxdkifcHk
Module 7 45

9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. will and wont
Make sentences with will and wont. 1. It / rain / tomorrow. It will rain tomorrow. 2. She / not pass / her maths exam. 3. I / not get married. 4. The school committee / have a meeting / next week. 5. The party / be / fun. 6. Htay Htay and Mi Mon / not be / in class tomorrow. 7. The teacher / be / annoyed. 8. There / be / a lot of people at the game. 9. Su Su / meet us / at 5.00. 10. There / not be / any dinner tonight.

D. Probability
will happen Nang Seng is going to China - make a speech to attend a conference. Look at - organise a the information on the chart and workshop ll the gaps. Nang Seng is going to a conference in China. At the conference she will make a speech and ____________________. Shes sure about that. But she doesnt know where she will stay. She ____________________, but her friends might be away. She ____________________. She doesnt like hotels. - stay with friends - go to the museum

- go shopping - go to the theatre

- stay in a hotel

B. Questions with will

Write questions using a wh- question word with will, e.g. He will go to Mandalay / Bago / Heho. Where will he go? 1. He will eat chicken / pork / vegetables. 2. Khaing Oo will leave tomorrow / on Monday / next week. 3. Well invite the students / my cousin / John. 4. 12 / 20 / 50 people will come. 5. Theyll get married in May / July / next year. 6. The teachers will eat in a restaurant / at home / in your house. 7. Ko Ko will cook some food / do some exercise / do his homework after school. 8. Well walk for 2 kilometres / 5 kms / 10 kms. 9. My aunt will travel by car / by boat / on her bicycle. 10. Youll need 3 litres / 4 litres / 8 litres of oil.

- go out dancing She is interested in Chinese history and culture, so in her wont happen free time she ____________________, and she ____________________. She ____________________, but she hasnt got much money. Some of her friends want to go out at night, but she ____________________. She hates dancing.

E. if and when
Complete these sentences using the verb in brackets. Use will/wont or the present simple. Use contractions where possible. 1. I ll phone (phone) you when I arrive (arrive). 2. Im going to the meeting. I ________ (tell) you about it when I ________ (get) home. 3. If we ________ (not do) something now, it ________ (be) too late. 4. Im going to the shop. If Ko Ko ________ (call) when Im out, I ________ (call) him back. 5. We ________ (visit) my uncle when we ________ (go) to Magwe. 6. We ________ (be) late if we ________ (not hurry).

C. might
Complete the sentences using might + a verb from the box. need wake rain not eat bite not come want break not like slip 1. Take an umbrella. It might rain . 2. Dont be so noisy. You __________ the baby. 3. Be careful, theres a lot of mud. You __________. 4. That dog is dangerous. It __________ you. 5. I bought Sarah a shirt, but she __________ it. Its bright pink, and she usually wears dark colours. 6. I dont want to take the children to the museum. They __________ something. 7. Lets take some money. We __________ to buy some food. 8. I spoke to Maung Htoo. He says hes very tired. He __________ to the festival with us. 9. Dont throw away that letter we __________ it. 10. U Khaung will visit us, but he __________ dinner. He usually eats very early. 46 Module 7

F. Conditionals and modals

Match the rst half of the sentences with the clauses in the box. 1. I might come to the party 2. My sister can ght really well 3. When you nish your homework, 4. If you like sh, 5. If you can speak Shan, you can visit your friends. you should visit Ni Nis seafood restaurant. when she has to. if Im not busy. its easier to learn Thai and Lao.

G. Directions
a

River Road

Grass Street

Main Street

TEA
Shoes

Write directions: 1. From the bus station to the hospital. Leave the bus station and turn left onto River Road, then turn right into Main Street. Cross Grass Street, and the hospital is on the left, opposite the school. 2. From the hospital to the big house. 3. From the big house to the teashop. 4. From the shoe shop to the bus station.

J. Contradicting
This person is telling you a lot of lies. Contradict them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
My father speaks 20 languages. Mosquitoes arent dangerous. My mother is the US president. Im 120 years old. Ive got an aeroplane. Kangaroos can y. It wont rain in July. There are a lot of giraffes here.

No he doesnt.

H. Where are you?

1. Start at a. Go past the small houses, and turn left. Walk a block and turn right. What is on your left? The school 2. Start at a. Go past the houses, and turn left. Walk a block and a half. What is on your left? 3. Start at b. Walk two blocks past the hospital, and turn right. What is on your right? 4. Start at c. Go past the shops. Turn left and walk one block. Turn left. What is on your right? 5. Start at d. Walk two blocks, and turn left. What is on your left?

I. Places
Where can you go to do these things? More than one answer is sometimes possible. 1. swim swimming pool, river, lake, beach 2. see some traditional dancing 3. play sports 4. use a computer 5. pray 6. borrow a book 7. eat some food 8. post a letter

K. Silent letters
Circle the silent letters in this paragraph.

Today Ive got an ache in my wrist, a pain in my shoulder and a sore back. Yesterday I cut myself with a knife. I tried to lift a heavy cupboard, and hurt my back. I dont know how I do it! So I went to see three doctors. The rst doctor gave me some medicine, and told me to take it when I eat dinner. The other was a psychologist. He asked me a lot of questions, e.g. Why do you think you have accidents? He questioned me for two hours. The third examined my eyes. She said I needed to wear better glasses. She thinks I have the wrong glasses, and cant see danger. I will wait and see which doctor is right!
Module 7 47

9.2 Vocabulary review

A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.

absorb (v) action (n) activist (n) affect (v) agriculture (n) air conditioning (n) annoy (v) atmosphere (n) be based on (v) blame (v) bomb (n, v) caf (n) calm (adj) cancer (n) careful (adj) centigrade (n) clarify (v) climate (n)

consequence (n) contradict (v) crop (n) damage (v) debt (n) deforestation (n) degree (n) directions (n) documents (n) enquire (v) extinct (adj) fail (v) fault (n) ood (n) fossil fuels (n) global (adj) ground (n) honest (adj)

hurricane (n) in reference to (prep) increase (n, v) lead to (v) level (n) literature (n) logging (n) look forward to (v) machine (n) mechanic (n) memory (n) miss (v) mosque (n) nature (n) permit (n, v) petrol (n) planet (n) playground (n)

produce (v) product (n) puzzle (n) receipt (n) reduce (v) refugee (n) repair (v) require (v) rise (v) slang (n) storm (n) suggest (v) tax (n, v) temperature (n) whisper (v)

B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. To x. 2. To speak very quietly. 3. You get this after you buy something. 4. To make the meaning clearer. 5. This has two meanings: a unit of temperature, and a university qualication. 6. To become bigger, or to make something bigger. 7. To become higher. 8. To make someone a little angry. 9. Cutting down trees so you can sell the wood. 10. This place sells coffee, tea and snacks. 11. In all the world. 12. Coal, oil and gas are examples of this.

C. Work in pairs. Choose ve words each from the wordlist. Partner A: say a word from your list.
Partner B: say a different word. Both partners: make a sentence using both of the words. Check your partners sentence.
planet suggest

I suggest we move to another planet.

48 Module 7

comparatives superlatives comparing quantity free time good at sentence stress linking words listening strategies

Module Eight

1. Comparing Things
1.1 Which is better?
Our bamboo house is cheaper and easier to build. Its also more environmentally friendly. However, its weaker so it gets damaged easily, especially in the rainy season.

A. Look at the conversations. What are these people comparing?

Our concrete house is more expensive, but its bigger and stronger. Its also cooler in the hot season.

Ive got a new motorbike! Its faster and more fun. Its more convenient, too. Sure, its more dangerous, but I dont mind!

I prefer my bicycle. Its slower, but its more enjoyable, and more reliable. I never have accidents! Anyway, I dont like hurrying.

I like working on my farm. Country life is healthier and more relaxing. I am more independent on my farm.

Working in a factory is harder, but the work is more regular. The pay is better, too. City life is more dangerous, but more exciting.

B. According to the speakers, what are the advantages and disadvantages of these things?
advantages bamboo house concrete house motorbike bicycle farming working in a factory Module 8 49
cheaper, more environmentally friendly

disadvantages

C. Answer the questions.

In your opinion 1. Which is more comfortable, a bamboo house or a concrete house? 2. Which is more beautiful, a bamboo house or a concrete house? 3. Which is safer, a bicycle or a motorbike? 4. Which is more dangerous, city life or country life? 5. Which is more exciting, city life or country life?

1.2 Forming comparatives

A. Read the information in the box.
What are the rules for the different kinds of adjectives?
Comparative Forms One-syllable adjectives: tall taller large larger big bigger Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y: friendly friendlier ugly uglier friendly friendlier Most other adjectives: boring more boring interesting more interesting stupid more stupid Irregular adjectives: good better bad worse far further

B. Reply to these statements. Use a comparative.

1. Rangoons a big city, isnt it?

Yes, but Tokyos bigger.

2. I think dogs are very intelligent animals.

Yes, but
3. Dogs are very dangerous animals, arent they?

Yes, but
4. I think English is a very difficult language.

Yes, but
5. The other school has a good football team.

Yes, but
6. March is very hot, isnt it? 7. India is a poor country. 8. There are a lot of people in Russia. 9. The primary school is very noisy, isnt it?

Yes, but Yes, but Yes, but Yes, but

nice

C. What are the comparative forms of these adjectives?

violent crowded dry experienced

D. Can you add any of the comparative adjectives in C to any of the sentences in B?
...Tokyos bigger and more crowded.

E. Work in pairs. Have conversations based on exercise B, including new comments from D.
Rangoons a big city, isnt it? Yes, but Tokyos bigger, and more crowded.

F. Have a Team Adjective Competition. Work in two teams. One member of each team comes up to
the blackboard. The teacher says an adjective. The team member writes the comparative. The first person to write the correct form gets a point for their team.

50 Module 8

1.3 Song: A Bigger Heart

This song is about a difficult situation. It is an American love story about two men who love the same woman. This situation is called A Love Triangle.
8.1

A. Listen to the audio. Tim, Carol and Max are talking.

Which face belongs to which person?

B. Answer these questions.

1. How long have Tim and Carol known each other? 2. What does Tim do? 3. Why hasnt Tim asked Carol to marry him? 4. How long have Max and Carol known each other? 5. Why does Carol like Max? 6. How often does she see Max? 7. Does Carol like Tim? 8. Has Max had a girlfriend before? 9. Why does he like Carol? 10. Has Max asked Carol to marry him?
8.2 8.2

C. Listen to the song. Who do you think is singing it? D. Listen again. Fill the gaps with comparative adjectives.
His arms are stronger than mine His legs are _____________ mine His clothes are always _____________ And his trees are so much _____________ But my heart is _____________ his And my love for you is _____________ his My love for you is _____________ His hair is _____________ mine His habits are _____________ mine His eyes are _____________ And his faults are _____________ But my heart is _____________ his And my love for you is _____________ his My love for you is _____________ Hes _____________ Much _____________ More charming and _____________ than me Hes more responsible Much _____________ Hes everything I long to be His father is _____________ mine His smile is _____________ mine He walks so much _____________ And his problems are _____________ But my heart is _____________ his And my love for you is _____________ his My love for you is _____________

E. Answer these questions.

1. Who is more intelligent, Max or Tim? 2. Who has shinier hair, Max or Tim? 3. Who has more faults, Max or Tim? 4. Who loves Carol more, Max or Tim? 5. What does his habits are tidier than mine mean? 6. What does my heart is bigger than his mean?
She should marry Max. Hes richer and has more cars.

F. In your opinion, what should Carol do?

Should she marry Tim? Should she marry Max? Should she marry neither of them? Think of some reasons to support your opinion, and tell others.

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51

1.4 Degrees of comparison

A. Look at the pictures, and read the text.

B. Rewite the example sentences using

opposite adjectives.
2. Boxes: 1. Box A is a bit smaller than box B. 3. T-shirts: 4. The black T-shirt... 5.

A.

B. C.

Box B is a bit bigger than box A. Box B is a little bigger than box A. Box C is much bigger than box A.

C. Write two sentences about each of the

situations below. Use a bit, a little or much + a comparative.

1,000 k

1,200 k

8,000 k

1. Aung Mon is 32. San San Aye is 33. Aung Mon is a little younger than San San Aye. San San Aye is a bit older than Aung Mon. 2. Yesterday I felt very sick. Today I feel great! 3. I can carry 50 kgs. My brother can only carry 48 kgs. 4. U Tin Gyi is bald. Si Si has very long hair. 5. Chinas population is over 1 billion. New Zealands population is 4 million.

The grey T-shirt is a bit / a little more expensive than the black T-shirt. The white T-shirt is much more expensive than the grey T-shirt.

2. Superlatives
2.1 Schools

A. These high school students are discussing their plans for next year. They have to choose

between three education institutions: the Future Education Institute, the Youth Learning Centre and the Slow Learning Programme. Which school do you like best?
Im going to study at the Future Education Institute in Rangoon. Theyve got the most attractive teachers, the newest buildings, and the most modern facilities. And the campus is the largest and the most beautiful in the country. The only problem is that its the most expensive school around!

Im going to the Youth Learning Centre in Mawlamyine. Its the poorest school in the area but I think theyve got the best teachers. The entrance examination is the most difficult in the country. I think students there have to work the hardest, but they get the best results.

I think Ill go to the Slow Learning Programme in the next village. Its the most relaxed school. The students dont have to work hard. The teachers are the laziest in the world, they hardly ever come to class. Theres no homework. The school has the biggest TV, the nicest students and the most delicious food.

B. How many superlative forms can you find?

52 Module 8

C. Can you make rules for forming superlatives?

D. Answer the questions.

1. Which school is the most easy-going? 2. Which school is the most academic? 3. Which school is the richest? 4. Which school is the friendliest?

2.2 Do you agree?

A. Do you agree with these statements?
- Football is the most boring game in the world. - 30 is the best age to get married. - The safest way to travel is by motorbike. - Chickens are the most intelligent animals. - Burmese cooking is the best in the world. - English is the easiest language to learn. - Money is the most important thing in life.

B. Work in pairs. Either agree with or contradict the statements.

Football is the most boring game in the world. I agree. No, tennis is the most boring game in the world.

2.3 Objective and subjective

A. Can you answer these questions about your class?
1. Who is the tallest in the class? 2. Who can speak the best English? 3. Whos got the largest family? 4. Who got the highest mark in the last English test? 5. Who lives the furthest from the school? 6. Who is the youngest? 7. Whose name is the longest (in English)?

B. Work in groups. Which group can find the

answers the fastest? If someone asks you a question, you must answer honestly! or subjective (opinion)? What about these questions?

D. Think of some more objective and subjective

questions about people outside your class, e.g.

C. Were the questions you asked objective (fact)

- Who is the most hard-working student? - Who is the best guitar player?

Who is the oldest person in the village? Who is the most attractive person in the world?

E. Look at the texts in 2.1 A. Which superlative

statements are objective, and which are subjective?

2.4 World records

A. What world records can you find in the box?
Some words are used more than once. Write six more sentences.
1. The Vatican is the smallest country in the world.

The Vatican China Russia The whale The cheetah The Nile Mount Everest high small large fast long population mountain river country animal

B. Make questions about these records using

how + adjective, e.g.
The Vatican is the smallest country in the world. How small is it? 8.3

C. Guess the answers to the questions you

made in B.

D. Listen to the audio and check your guesses.

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53

2.5 Pairwork: More world records

Partner A: look at this page. Partner B: look at page 69.

A. Here are some more world records. Some

information is missing. What questions can you ask to get this information?

B. Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions

to get the missing information.

1 - The oldest person in the world was a French woman, Jeanne-Louise Calment. When she died she was ____________ years old. 2 - Kin Narita and Gin Kanie, born August 1, 1892, in ____________, were the oldest twins. Kin died on January 23, 2000, at the age of 107. 3 - William Meredith (1874-1958) became the oldest international football player when he played for England in ____________, aged ____________. 4 - A tortoise from Madagascar called Tui Malila was probably the oldest animal. In 1777 British explorer Captain Cook gave it to the Tongan royal family. It died in ____________, so it was at least 188 years old. 5 - The worlds rarest living creature is also a tortoise, an Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise. An old male named Lonesome George is the only survivor. When he dies, the species will be extinct. 6 - The heaviest person in the world was Robert Hughes of the US. He had a rare disease, which made him get fatter and fatter. When he died, he weighed ____________ kg. 7 - The heaviest snake is a Burmese python weighing ____________. She is 21 years old and 8.23 metres long. Her name is Baby, and she lives in a snake zoo in the USA. 8 - The city with the largest population is ____________, with an estimated population of 26.4 million people. 9 - Shamsher Singh of Punjab, India, had the longest beard. It was 1.83 metres long. 10 - India holds the record for the longest dance party. ____________ people danced continuously for 50 hours in 1999. 11 - Usain Bolt from ___________ is the worlds fastest man. In 2008 he ran 100 metres in 9.69 seconds. 12 - The shortest war happened in Zanzibar in 1896. British ships bombed the island of Zanzibar at 9am on August 27. At ____________ Zanzibar surrendered.
54 Module 8

3. Comparing Quantity
3.1 more, less and fewer
A. Look at these examples. B. Make comparisons using more, fewer
and less.
1. On average, men have about 6 litres of blood. Women have about 5 litres. 2. The planet Jupiter has 7 moons. Saturn has 21. 3. In the USA, the average family has 1.8 children. In Indonesia, the average family has 3.3 children. 4. Cows eat about 60 kgs of grass per day. Sheep eat about 20 kgs of grass per day.

I have two pumpkins. Mi Mi has four pumpkins.

Mi Mi has more pumpkins than me. I have fewer pumpkins than Mi Mi.
Rice grown per year China Thailand 190 million tons 25 million tons

C. Work in pairs. What have you got? What

brothers and sisters jewellery books teaching experience

China grows more rice than Thailand. Thailand grows less rice than China.

has your partner got? Make comparisons.

What are the rules for using less and fewer?

3.2 most, least and fewest

A. Look at these examples.
Hla Min 55% Si Si 28%
Naing Oo

C. Read the information about these rich

Mary 77%

people.

84%

Naing Oo got the most marks in the test. Si Si got the fewest marks.
Oil Barrels produced per day Saudi Arabia USA Iran 8.1 million 6.5 million 3.6 million

Saudi Arabia produces the most oil. Iran produces the least oil.

B. Look at the information about these

companies, and who they employ.
MyanMart employs 83 men and 86 women. Daw Hlas Clothing Company employs 5 men and 107 women. Interfish Fishing Boats employs 130 men and 11 women.

Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft computer company, is the third richest person in the world. He has 47 billion dollars. Madonna, one of the highest paid musicians in the world, has about 700 million dollars. Queen Elizabeth of England has only 330 million dollars.
Write sentences comparing Bill Gates, Queen Elizabeth and Madonna. Bill Gates has the most money. He has more money than Madonna.

Write sentences about them with most, least and fewest. Interfish employs the fewest women.

Module 8

55

3.3 Listening: The most and the fewest

8.4

A. You will hear three people (A, B and C) talking about the languages they speak and the
countries they have visited.
1. Which speaker speaks the most languages? 2. Which speaker speaks the fewest languages? 3. Which speaker has visited the most countries? 4. Which speaker has visited the fewest countries? 5. Which speaker has been to Mexico? 6. Which speaker has been to China? 7. Which speaker has been to Bangladesh? 8. Which speaker could understand people in Shan State? 9. Which speaker could understand people in Mexico? 10. Which speakers could understand people in Australia?

B. In your class
1. Which student speaks the most languages? 2. Which student speaks the fewest languages?

3.4 Random comparison

A. How can you compare these things?
Use your imagination!
A banana and a chicken A maths textbook and a house A fish and a bicycle

B. Think of a noun.
Your teacher will point to two people, who say their nouns. Students have to think of ways to compare the nouns.

3.5 Usage Noughts and Crosses

Play this game in teams of three or four. Join with another team. One team is Os, one team is Xs. Take turns to make a sentence using the word in a square. If your sentence is correct, write an O or X in it. If your sentence is wrong, you dont get the square, and the other team has a turn. When your team gets three squares in a row, you win.

more enough a bit

less most too

fewer much many

56 Module 8

4. Free Time
4.1 Activities
A. What free time activities do you know? B. Which of these activities can you use
with go? go swimming, go running... with play?

D. Which of these activities do you do?

Which would you like to do? Work in pairs. Tell your partner what you do, and what you would like to do.

C. Which of these activities can you use

play football, play table tennis...

E. Tell the class about your partner.

Mi Mi sometimes goes running, and she plays chess. She would like to go birdwatching and motor racing.

4.2 Things people do

A. Who is who? Match the pictures below with the sentences in the middle. B. What do you think these people do in their free time? Write sentences. For each person, use two
words from the box below, and add one idea of your own.
weave stamps chess violin guitar knit crosswords cycling novels poetry caneball theatre concerts shells

a. g. b.

f.

1. Nang Si loves collecting things. She collects shells and stamps. She also enjoys collecting old books. 2. Saw Htoo enjoys exercise and sport. 3. Ko Than spends all his time reading. 4. Marys very musical. 5. U Tin Oo and Daw Myint enjoy cultural events.

c.

e.

d.

6. Mi Chan is good at making things with her hands. 7. Zaw Zaw likes games and puzzles.

C. Which person are you most similar to?

Module 8 57

4.3 Sports
A. What sports do you know? Who plays sports? Where do people play sports?
What equipment do they use? What are sports competitions called? Brainstorm as many sports words as you can think of. Use your dictionaries if you like. Write them in this chart.
sports players places equipment competitions

football

footballer

pitch

ball

match

B. Complete this crossword.

In volleyball, there are six 4 on a 2 . They 1 the ball over the 13 with their hands. In table tennis, there are two or four 4 . They play on a 15 . They 1 the ball over a 13 with a 11 . In caneball, there are three 4 on each 2 . They 8 the ball over the 13 . Both caneball and volleyball are played on a 7 . In football, each 2 has eleven 4 . They 8 the ball, and try to score a 10 . People play football at a football 9 or on a football 14 .
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9

10

11

12 14

13

15

For most races running, motor racing, horse racing competitors run, 12 around a 3 . In boxing, competitors 1 each other. They do this in a boxing Thai), they can 8 or 1 each other.

or

6 . In Thai boxing (Muay

4.4 3-2-1: Sports

A. You are going to speak for three minutes
about sports. What can you talk about? Think about it, and make notes.

C. Change partners. Now tell your sports story

in two minutes.

B. Work in pairs. Tell your sports story to your

partner. You must talk for three minutes.

D. Change partners again. Now tell your sports

story in one minute.

58 Module 8

4.5 Listening: Buzkashi

A. Look at the picture. What is happening? B. Do you know these words?
whip (n) to protect (v) fierce (adj) except (prep) deliberately (adv) opponent (n)
8.5

C. Listen to the first part of the audio. Are these

sentences true or false?
1. The aim of Buzkashi is to get the dead goat into the other teams goal. 2. Games can involve a lot of riders. 3. Games always last one day. 4. Riders try to hit each other with their whips. 5. The goal is a circle at the end of the field.

8.6

D. Listen to the second part. A man is describing a game of Buzkashi he watched when he went to
Afghanistan. Describe the steps of preparing a goat for a Buzkashi game.
1. First, you cut off 2. Then you 3. Sometimes, you 4. For important games, you

E. Would you like to play Buzkashi? Why/why not?

5. Ability
5.1 good at
A. These students have just finished their mid-year exams. Here are the results: Aung Ko got 79% in his maths exam hes good at maths but only 32% in his English exam. Nu Nu got 83% in her Burmese exam, 77% in her English exam and 87% in her Japanese exam. However, she only got 35% in her maths exam shes not very good at maths! Naing Naings quite good at social studies he got 63% in his social studies exam. But he only got 41% in his science exam, and 5% in his English exam! Mi Mis the best student in the class. She got 100% in her science exam.
Complete the sentences, using information from the text.
1. Aung Ko is not very good at ____________. 2. ____________ is good at languages, but shes no good at ____________. 3. Naing Naing is ____________ science. 4. ____________ is very bad at English. 5. Mi Mi is really good at ____________.
Module 8 59

B. These phrases express ability. Put them on the chart.

not very good at very good at very bad at quite good at good at quite bad at no good at
low ability high ability

very good at

C. Do you know any other phrases that express ability?

Put them in the chart.

5.2 Comparing ability

A. Look at this opinion. Do you agree with it? B. Think about your family.

I think women and men are good at different things. Women are better at some things, and men are better at other things.

Who is the best at the activities in the chart? - a female? (your mother, your aunt, your daughter, etc.) - a male? (your uncle, your grandfather, your nephew, etc.) Write M, F or nobody in the chart.
M/F 1. building houses 2. cooking 3. learning languages 4. looking after sick people 5. football 6. arguing 7. writing letters 8. organising money 9. mending clothes 10. listening to peoples problems 11. chopping wood 12. making music

Compare your results with other students.

C. Complete these sentences.

1. Im good at 2. Im very good at 3. Im no good at 4. Im better at than 5. In my family, Im the best at
60 Module 8

D. Tell your partner about your ability.

Talk about:
swimming singing organising your time remembering peoples names English volleyball

6. Pronunciation: Sentence Stress

6.1 How many words?
8.7

A. Listen. How many words do you hear in

each sentence? e.g. Hows your mothers dog? = 4 words.
1. 8 words 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8.

B. Listen again, and write the sentences.

1. If she asks, Ill tell her everything. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

6.2 Stressed words

8.7

A. Look at the stress patterns for 1, 2 and 3. Listen again to the sentences.
Notice the sentence stress.
1. 2. 3.

What kind of words are stressed? What kind of words are weak (unstressed)?
8.7

B. Now look at the stress patterns for 4-8.

a. b. c. d. e.

Listen again. Which stress pattern matches which sentence?

8.7

C. Listen again and repeat.

Make sure you put the stress in the correct places. Listen to your partners sentence stress. How well did they do?

E. Where do you think the stress is in these

sentences?
1. Where are you going? 2. I dont like bananas. 3. I work for my parents in their shop.

D. In pairs, practise saying the sentences.

Practise saying the sentences with a partner.

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61

7. Writing: Linking Words

of teaching.

7.1 Advantages and disadvantages

A. Work in groups. Think of the advantages (good points) and disadvantages (bad points) B. Sayama Win teaches in a school in the

countryside. Read what she writes about her job. What is the main point of each paragraph? in the correct order, but you might need to change some of the punctuation.
because also as Therefore, However, Firstly, Secondly, For example, Most importantly, In conclusion,

C. Where can you put these linking words? They are

I like teaching. It is more interesting than other jobs. You do different things every day. I think it is the most useful job you can do. Education is the most important way to develop our community. If you become a teacher, you know that you are helping your students to improve their lives. Teaching is more rewarding than other jobs. There are many disadvantages to teaching. It is very hard work. The pay is very low most other jobs pay more than teaching. Taxi drivers often earn more money than teachers. The working conditions are often very hard. Many schools have hundreds of students, but very few teachers. Rural schools are usually poorer than city schools, so rural teachers have a more difficult job. I am happy to be a teacher. It is sometimes tiring, but I think it is the best job in the world. F. Complete the sentences.
1. Some children have to leave school because 2. Plastic bags are bad for the environment. Therefore, 3. Id like to buy a car, but petrol is expensive. Cars are also 4. Some people are not very friendly. For example, 5. People have children for many reasons, most importantly

D. Which of these
linking words are used to:

1. Show a result? 2. Show an ending? 3. Show a reason? (x2) 4. Show an example? 5. Add a similar point? 6. Order a list of points? (x2) 7. Show an opposite idea? 8. Prioritise an idea?

E. Use the linking words from 7.1 C to fill

the gaps.
1. I like most sports and games. _____, I dont like volleyball. 2. Some people dont eat pork _____ their religion says it is wrong. 3. There are many reasons to study languages. It is useful to get a good job, and languages are interesting. _____, you can learn a lot about other cultures. 4. I dont like meat. _____, I never eat it. 5. Many animals in Asia are endangered, _____, tigers and elephants. 6. Bicycles are cheaper than motorbikes. They are _____ much safer.
62 Module 8

G. Write a text about the advantages and

disadvantages of one of the following:
learning Chinese moving to a different country having a large family

Make sure you use at least five appropriate linking words, and write at least three paragraphs.

8. Thinking about Learning: Listening Strategies

8.1 How do you listen?
A. These students give their opinions of listening in English:

I get annoyed because I cant always understand everything. - Noi,Thailand

I dont mind if I dont understand everything. The main ideas are enough. - Paul, The Netherlands

Who are you similar to? How do you feel about listening to English? Write a sentence. Discuss this in groups. Choose one person in your group to report back to the class.
8.8

B. Ma Thida is asking for directions in London.

She doesnt understand the mans directions. What problems is she having? Why does she have difficulty understanding?

Mi Mi and Win Tin think listening is difficult, because people speak too fast. If people speak slowly, they can understand. Sai Sai likes listening he likes the sound of English. I like to understand everything I hear. This is a problem for me.

8.9

C. Listen to some of the sentences again. Mark the stress.

You go up to the top of the street, right? Turn left, carry straight on, youll see the tube station on your right Go past that, turn left and youll have Tottenham Court Road.

What happens to the words between the stressed words? What kind of words are stressed?

D. How can you use this information to help your listening skills?

8.2 Listening for gist

8.10

A. Look at the pictures below. You will hear a conversation in three parts. This conversation

might be difficult to understand: The speakers have quite strong regional British accents. They are speaking quite quickly. A lot of the vocabulary might be unfamiliar to you. Listen to the parts of the conversation. Can you identify the conversation topics by listening for stressed words? Which picture goes with which part of the conversation?

a.

b.

c.

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63

B. Write down the words in each part that helped you to decide.
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

8.3 Listening for detail and gist

8.11

A. Sometimes its important to hear and understand everything. This is called listening for

detail. Sometimes you need to hear and understand only the main idea. This is called listening for gist. Listen to these conversations. Do you think the woman needs to listen for detail or gist? Conversation 1: __________ Conversation 2: __________

8.11

B. Listen again to the detail conversation.

What are the important details in this conversation?

D. Three of the situations in C require

Situation A: Situation B: Situation C:

listening for detail. What details might be important in each?

C. Look at these listening situations. Do you

need to listen for detail (D), or gist (G)? Why?
1. A leader is making a speech at the New Year celebration. 2. Your teacher is giving instructions for sitting a class test. 3. Your friends want to go to the movies, and are discussing what movies are playing at the cinema tonight. 4. Your sister is telling you about her exciting new job. 5. Your friend is teaching you how to play a new song on the guitar. 6. Your aunts and uncles are discussing their opinions of modern clothes.

E. Think of some more listening situations and

put them into the following table.
Listening for gist Listening for detail

8.4 Listening problems

A. In groups, make a list of problems you
have when listening to English.

C. Read and discuss the suggested solutions.

Are they useful? Discuss them with the class.

Our group has a problem with new words. If we hear new words we sometimes cant understand the whole message. One solution is to ask the speaker to explain the new words.

B. Exchange problems with another group. In

your group, think of some solutions to the other groups problems. Write them on the paper, and give them back.

64 Module 8

9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. Comparatives
Rewrite each sentence using an opposite adjective, e.g. Dogs are smaller than elephants Elephants are bigger than dogs 1. Gold is more expensive than silver. 2. Primary school children are younger than high school students. 3. Metal is heavier than plastic. 4. Indonesia is wetter than the Sahara Desert. 5. Flying is more difficult than driving. 6. Africa is poorer than Europe. The first letters of the adjectives in the answers to questions 1-6 give the missing word below: 7. Mars is ____________ than Venus.

D. Superlatives

Who is who? Read the information in the chart and the list of clues to identify each person.

a d

b e g

c f

Name Hla Hla Bo Bo Sita Fred Kaythi Than Win Deborah

M/F Age f m f m f m f 75 19 25 43 28 44 58

Job doctor student student artist singer writer engineer

Height 161 cm 161 cm 140 cm 180 cm 153 cm 175 cm 175 cm

B. More comparatives

Add to these sentences, using the adjectives in the box. There are many possible answers, e.g. Cats are more intelligent than dogs.
Theyre also friendlier and more reliable.

friendly ugly safe dry reliable kind popular famous fast intelligent useful boring exciting rich experienced hot powerful dirty 1. Cars are more comfortable than motorbikes. They... 2. Madonna is older than Britney Spears. She... 3. Historical films are more educational than action movies. 4. My house is cheaper than yours. 5. Playing football is more fun than walking. 6. Our German teacher is better at teaching than our French teacher. 7. The USA is bigger than Cambodia. 8. Its less cloudy today than it was yesterday.

1. The oldest person is behind the youngest woman. 2. The tallest woman is behind someone who is thirty years younger than her. 3. The shortest person is in front of the doctor. 4. The tallest man is next to the tallest woman. 5. The youngest person is shorter than the person on his right. 6. The man on the right of the male student is behind the tallest person. 7. The youngest person is the same height as the person on his left. 8. The 28 year old singer is not next to anyone.

E. Sentences

Make sentences with superlatives. 1. Si Si / short student / in the class Si Si is the shortest student in the class. 2. Mosquitoes / dangerous / animal / in Asia. 3. U Tin Maung / kind / person I know. 4. The roses / beautiful flowers / in the garden. 5. This watch / cheap / in the shop. 6. New Zealand / far / country from Britain. 7. Su Su / Ma Mas / good / friend. 8. Mangoes / delicious / fruit available here.

C. Degrees of comparison

Write a sentence about each of these situations. 1. Bo Aung has 1,000,000 k. Mu Mu has 1,000 k. Bo Aung is much richer than Mu Mu. 2. My father is 1.85 m tall. My mother is 1.79 m tall. 3. Im very healthy. My friend has a fever, a sore throat and a broken leg. 4. Im quite intelligent. My teacher is very intelligent. 5. Dogs are a little bit dangerous. Tigers are the most dangerous animals in the jungle. 6. I think the Irrawaddy river is very pretty, but Inle Lake is really beautiful.

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F. Comparison of quantity

Below is a table with information about five languages. It shows the percentage of the worlds population who speak each language as their native language. Write three sentences about the information using comparatives, and three sentences using superlatives. Of these five languages:
- Chinese has the most native language speakers.

G. good at

Rewrite these sentences using good/better/best at. 1. My sister cant play table tennis. 2. I can run faster than Nyi Nyi. 3. My parents are both very clever maths teachers.

Language Chinese Hindi English Spanish Japanese French

Native Speakers 14% 6% 5.6% 5.6% 2% 1.2%

4. Daw Nu won a prize for her weaving. 5. I really like your cooking. Its delicious. 6. Naw Moo always has accidents on her bicycle. 7. Mya Mya Than is the top student in English. 8. Devi gets higher marks in her science exams than Ali.

1. There are 25 free time and sports words in the box. Can you find them all? 2. Which of these words are sports?

H. Free time and sports

h i s v i o l i n l p o t o k t e i r n t v e o m l u g n c h l c n g a e p e l a r i h f c d u h t e a m e b a t e n n i s r t n p p c o p e s d t s y i y r h a t x h

r b a l l g u u m x l y r p

c e z s t a m p s o y a u h

m n s w i m m i n g c z o o

f u g d t e l w a e z c c t

a s a r x t c p o a q i i y

w r i t i n g c t w c i n r

u m e o m r d a n c e k g t

s i n b a d m i n t o n t s

4. Which are places where you can you do sports or exercise?

3. Which of these activities do you need more than one person to do?

5. Which of these words are musical instruments?

I. Sentence stress
1. What are you doing? 2. Im good at English. 3. Hows your sister?

Where does the stress normally go in these sentences?

J. Translation

Translate these sentences into your language. 1. July is wetter than May. 2. My grandfather is much older than my grandmother. 3. Bill Gates is the richest person in the world. 4. Indias got more people than Burma. 5. Im not very good at sports. 6. My teacher is the best in the world!

4. Im studying at university. 5. I like writing poetry. 6. My mother is shorter than me.

66 Module 8

9.2 Vocabulary review

A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.

academic (adj) accent (n) according to (prep) adult (n) aim (v, n) allow (v) appropriate (adj) badminton (n) bald (adj) blood (n) collect (v) conclusion (n) concrete (n) confident (adj) convenient (adj)

cycling (n) deliberately (adv) detail (n) develop (v) easy-going (adj) employ (v) equipment (n) estimate (v, n) except (prep) facilities (n) fact (n) fall apart (v) for example (adv) forever (adv) good at (prep)

grow up (v) hard-working (adj) involve (v) kind (n, adj) knit (v) manager (n) modern (adj) motor (n) objective (adj) protect (v) race (n, v) rare (adj) replace (v) responsible (adj) rural (adj)

salary (n) sand (n) shell (n) skilled (adj) species (n) stamp (n, v) subjective (adj) surrender (v) survivor (n) table tennis (n) therefore (adv) violent (adj) weave (v) whale (n)

B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. You use this to power an engine. 2. Suitable. 3. A running, cycling, car or motorbike competition. 4. To guess an amount, using information you already have. 5. Name three sports. 6. To make things using wool and big needles. 7. Not shy. 8. In the countryside, not in the city. 9. To develop into an adult. 10. Not common. 11. Name two things you often find on a beach. 12. Money you get for doing a job.

C. Choose three words from the wordlist, and think of questions that use these words. Ask another
student your questions.
Yes, sometimes. I think they can be quite exciting.

Do you like violent films?

Module 8

67

Additional Material
6.3.2 Pairwork: Listen and draw
Work in pairs. Partner B: look at these pictures. Partner A: look at the pictures on page 23. Describe your pictures to your partner. Draw the pictures your partner describes in the blank spaces.
1 2

from page 23
3

In section 7, theres a large bag of rice.

7.1.4 Pairwork: A visitor from the future

B. Work in pairs. Partner B: look at this page. Partner A: look at page 35.
1. computers / control everything? 2. what / people / do? 3. there / be / diseases? 4. 5. 6. 7.

from page 35

You are living now. A time traveller from the year 3050 is visiting. You want to know about the things below. Make questions, and ask Partner A.
how long / people / live? people / live / Mars? time travel / be / cheap? there / be / cancer?

C. Now change roles. You are a time traveller. You live in the year 3050. You come back to talk
to the people who are living now. This is what you say about life in 3050:
In 3050, there is enough food and water for everyone. Scientists have discovered ways to grow a lot of food with only a little land, so now there is no hunger. Unfortunately, there is still war. We cant stop humans fighting each other yet! At the moment, Japan and Canada are at war. Canadian terrorists put a bomb in Tokyo city, so Japan is bombing Canada lots of Canadian refugees are crossing the border into the US. The United Nations is trying to stop this war the Secretary-General of the UN is a woman from Jupiter. There are no cars now, everyone drives small aeroplanes that look like bicycles. They dont need petrol you just put water in them, so they are very cheap! Many animals are extinct. There are no more elephants, tigers or chickens. Fortunately, there are a lot of trees. Logging is illegal in every country now.

Answer Partner As questions.

68 Additional Material

8.2.5 Pairwork: More world records

Partner B: look at this page. Partner A: look at page 54.

from page 54
B. Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions
to get the missing information.

A. Here are some more world records. Some

information is missing. What questions can you ask to get this information?

1 - The oldest person in the world was a French woman, Jeanne-Louise Calment. When she died she was 122 years old. 2 - Kin Narita and Gin Kanie (born ____________ in Japan) were the oldest twins. Kin died on January 23, 2000, at the age of ____________. 3 - William Meredith (1874-1958) became the oldest international football player when he played for England in 1920, aged 45. 4 - A tortoise from Madagascar called ____________was probably the oldest animal. In ____________ British explorer Captain Cook gave it to the Tongan royal family. It died in 1965, so it was at least 188 years old. 5 - The worlds rarest living creature is also a ____________. An old male named Lonesome George is the only survivor. When he dies, the species will be extinct. 6 - The heaviest person in the world was Robert Hughes of the US. He had a rare disease, which made him get fatter and fatter. When he died, he weighed 484 kg. 7 - The heaviest snake is a Burmese python weighing 183 kg. She is 21 years old and ____________ metres long. Her name is Baby, and she lives in a snake zoo in the USA. 8 - The city with the biggest population is Tokyo, Japan, with an estimated population of ____________ million people. 9 - Shamsher Singh of Punjab, India, had the longest beard. It was ____________ metres long. 10 - India holds the record for the longest dance party. 56 people danced continuously for ____________ hours in 1999. 11 - Usain Bolt from Jamaica is the worlds fastest man. In 2008 he ran __________ in 9.69 seconds. 12 - The shortest war happened in Zanzibar in ____________. British ships bombed the island of Zanzibar at 9am on August 27. At 9.45am Zanzibar surrendered.

Additional Material 69

Revision: Modules 5-8

A. Present perfect and past simple
A: B: A: B: A: B: Complete the conversation with the past simple or present perfect form. Have you ever lost (lose) anything important? Yes, I 1._______ (lose) my English dictionary two weeks ago. 2. _______ you _______ (find) it yet? No. So I 3._______ (buy) a new one yesterday. Look! Wow! Thats really nice. Where 4._______ you _______ (buy) it? I 5._______ (get) it at the bookshop in town. What about you? 6. _______ you ever _______ (lose) anything important? A: Yes. I 7._______ (leave) my mobile phone in the movie theatre last month. B: Oh! So thats why you 8._______ (not call) me for a long time! A: Sorry I 9._______ (lose) your number, so I couldnt call you.

B. Planning a party

Zaw Min and Ma Aye are planning a birthday party for Tin Maung. Fill the gaps to make correct sentences. There is more than one possible answer for some gaps. Zaw Min: Have you invited all Tin Maungs friends? Ma Aye: No, I havent told them yet. I 1._______ do it tomorrow. But Ive 2._______ a lot of my friends! What about a present? 3._______ you bought a present for him yet? Zaw Min: Yes, I have. Its a book about fishing. Tin Maung really likes fishing! Ma Aye: How many people do you think 4._______ come to the party? Zaw Min: 5._______ of people will come. Tin Maung has a lot of friends. Ma Aye: Yes, but its raining a lot, so some people 6._______ not come. Zaw Min: Who can make a cake? Ma Aye: I 7._______ my cousin yesterday. Hell make one. Zaw Min: Lets make a shopping list. What do we need to buy? Ma Aye: OK, do we have 8._______ balloons left from the previous party? Zaw Min: I think Ive got 9._______ in my house. Ma Aye: Good. I will make mohinga so we need to buy a few 10._______ of noodles, a 11._______ of onions, 12._______ cucumbers, and some bananas. Do you have any chillies in your 13._______? Zaw Min: I dont have very 14._______, but I probably have some. Ma Aye: Great! I think we have a good plan! What are you going to 15._______? Zaw Min: I dont really like to wear formal clothes. I think I will just wear my 16._______ and a 17. _______. Ma Aye: Oh, really? I think I will wear my new 18._______ with big flowers and my new red highheeled 19._______. Zaw Min: OK, we dont have 20._______ work now. Just remember to invite Tin Maungs friends!

C. Possessive pronouns

Replace the words in brackets with a possessive pronoun. 1. Your bicycle is faster than (my bicycle). 2. Your house is bigger than (our house). 3. Our teachers are friendlier than (their teachers). 4. My cousin is more intelligent than (your cousin). 5. Your food is more delicious than (his food). 6. His job is easier than (her job). 7. Your exams were harder than (my exams).
70 Revision

mine _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

D. Clothing

Complete these sentences with information about yourself, your friends and your family. 1. I always wear _______ in I always wear flip-flops in the hot season. 2. I usually pay _______ for 3. I sometimes wear _______ when 4. In my culture, a lot of people wear 5. I never wear _______ because 6. My best friend often wears _______ because 7. My uncle doesnt wear _______ because

E. Quantity: Find the mistakes

Find the mistakes in these sentences and correct them. There is one mistake in each. 1. How many furniture is there in your house? How much furniture is there in your house? 2. Can you give me an information about the bus to Mandalay? 3. Hurry! We dont have many time before the film starts. 4. This tabletop is made of a glass. 5. I have to write a letter. Can you give me a paper and an envelope. 6. I went to the shop and bought some packet of sugar. 7. There are too many traffics today, so it took a long time to get to work.

F. Too many problems

Write the other half of this conversation, describing the problems. 1. (too much) Theres too much rubbish! 2. (too many) 3. (not enough) 4. (too many) 5. (not enough) 6. (too much)
Yes, there are dirty plastic bags everywhere. Yes, its really crowded in the linecar. So you cant buy it. Right there are more tourists than local people! Yes, everybody wants to go to university. Yes, the water is really dirty.

G. for and since

Complete these sentences with for or since. 1. Shwe Oo has lived in Bagan since 2001. 2. I have played table tennis _______ several years. 3. Thida was a student in Mandalay _______ four years. 4. Im so tired. Ive been awake _______ 4:00 this morning. 5. My aunt and uncle have been married _______ about 45 years. 6. My mother has had the same hairstyle _______ she got married. 7. How are you? I havent seen you _______ your wedding. 8. Where have you been? Ive been waiting _______ two hours!

H. Contradictions

Complete the statements and the contradictions. 1. He still hasnt paid the rent. 2. (They / not / buy / food / yet.) They havent bought food yet. 3. I think I have malaria! 4. (It / probably / rain / tonight.) 5. Petrol is cheaper now. 6. (Your sister / very good at / singing.) 7. My friends are bad at writing in English. 8. (I / not very / good at / fishing).

Contradiction

Yes he has. Yes they have. No it wont. Yes she is. Yes you are.

Revision 71

I. Small town and big city life

Min Zaw needs some advice. He needs to choose between living in a small town or in a big city. Compare the two places to help him decide. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a small town and a big city? + means better - means worse 1. There are more opportunities for Small Town Big City education in a big city. Education + There are fewer opportunities for education in a small town. Cost of Living + Friendly People Food Pollution Security Entertainment Jobs Health Care

J. Conditionals

Shopping

Match the sentence halves. 1. If I go out tonight, 2. If you come over, 3. Cats eat rice 4. If you have a party, 5. It is difficult to buy nice clothes 6. When you are sick, 7. If we eat in a restaurant tonight, 8. I might stay home 9. If I move to another city, 10. Ill pay you back

+ + + -

+ + + + +

a. we dont have to cook! b. when you dont have any money. c. I might cook d. Ill go to the cinema. e. will you invite me? f. if they dont have any meat. g. if it rains. h. you must visit me. i. you should go to the clinic. j. when I get a good job.

K. Superlatives

Ma Win is asking you questions. Complete her questions. Use a superlative + present perfect. Answer the questions with your own ideas. 1. Ma Win: (What / good / movie / you see?) Whats the best movie youve seen? You: The Titanic. 2. Ma Win: (Which / large city / you / go to?) You: 3. Ma Win: (Who / interesting person / you / meet?) You: 4. Ma Win: (What / unusual food / you / eat?) You: 5. Ma Win: (How much / expensive thing / you / buy?) You: 6. Ma Win: (What / bad illness / you / have?) You: 7. Ma Win: (Where / cold place / you / go?) You: 8. Ma Win: (Who / lazy person / you / know?) You:

72 Revision

L. Crossword
Across 2. A large meeting. 5. A lot of containers are made of this light, cheap material. 8. Nobody knows a ____ for cancer. 10. Making living conditions better. 12. A celebration, usually with music and dancing. 15. A ____ person doesnt work any more. 17. People wear these in their ears. 18. The natural world. 20. A crossword is a type of ____. 21. Everything not made by people. Down
2

1 3 4

6 7 9 8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1. Buddhism is a ____. 17 3. A light material you use to make clothes. 4. A pain or uncomfortable feeling. 18 6. A big shop where you can buy a lot of different things. 7. My ____ is to pass this course. 20 8. A piece of paper you get after you finish studying. 9. Often made of gold or silver, people wear this to look nice. 11. A place where you can drink coffee or tea and eat snacks. 13. Should I get married or stay single? This is a very difficult ____. 14. To make plans and prepare for something. 16. Money you borrow, and need to pay back. 19. A part of your foot.

19

21

M. Check your knowledge

Think about all the things you have learned while studying Modules 5-8. Complete this checklist. Give yourself a score of 1-5. 1 = very badly 5 = very well. Which ones have the lowest scores? What can you do to improve your ability in them?
I can 1 2 3 4 5

talk about things that have just happened identify appropriate clothing for different situations buy things and bargain use different vocabulary learning techniques talk about quantity complain make an appointment make predictions about the future talk about the probability of something happening give and understand directions to a place contradict someone use a range of communication strategies compare things discuss free time activities use appropriate listening strategies
Revision 73

Revision Answers: Modules 5-8

A. Present perfect and past simple
Answers: 1. lost 2. Have you found 3. bought 4. did you buy 5. got 6. Have you ever lost 7. left 8. didnt call 9. lost

E. Quantity: Find the mistakes

B. Planning a party

Some gaps have more than one correct answer. Possible answers: 1. will 2. invited 3. Have 4. will 5. loads 6. might 7. asked 8. any 9. some 10. packets 11. kilo 12. some 13. house 14. many 15. wear 16. longyi 17. T-shirt 18. dress 19. shoes 20. much

Answers: 2. Can you give me information about the bus to Mandalay? 3. Hurry! We dont have much time before the film starts. 4. This tabletop is made of glass. 5. I have to write a letter. Can you give me some paper and an envelope? 6. I went to the shop and bought a packet of sugar. OR: I went to the shop and bought some packets of sugar. 7. Theres too much traffic today, so it took a long time to get to work.

F. Too many problems

C. Possessive pronouns
Answers: 2. ours 3. theirs 6. hers 7. mine 4. yours 5. his

Possible answers: 2. There are too many people. 3. There is not enough pork in the shop. 4. There are too many tourists. 5. There are not enough places in university. 6. There is too much rubbish in the water.

D. Clothing

Possible answers: 2. I usually pay a lot of money for my clothes. 3. I sometimes wear a suit and tie when I go to work. 4. In my culture, a lot of people wear longyis. 5. I never wear jeans because they are uncomfortable. 6. My best friend often wears high-heel shoes because she wants to look taller. 7. My uncle doesnt wear dresses because he is a man.

G. for and since

Answers: 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. for 6. since 7. since 8. for

H. Contradictions

Answers: 3. No, you dont 4. It will probably rain tonight. 5. No, it isnt. 6. Your sister isnt very good at singing. 7. No, they arent. 8. I am not very good at fishing.

Revision 74

I. Small town and big city life

Possible answers: 2. The cost of living is lower in a small town. It is higher in a big city. 3. People are more friendly in a small town. People are less friendly in a big city. 4. There is better food in a big city. A small town only has a few types of food. 5. There is more pollution in a big city than in a small town. 6. Security is usually better in a small town. A big city is often more dangerous. 7. Entertainment is better in a big city. There is usually less entertainment in a small town. 8. There are more jobs in a big city. There are fewer jobs in a small town. 9. There is better health care in a big city. health care in a small town is probably worse. 10. Shopping is better in a big city. Small towns dont have as many shops.

L. Crossword

Across: 2. conference 4. plastic 8. cure 10. development 12. festival 15. retired 17. earrings 18. environment 20. puzzle 21. nature Down: 1. religion 3. cotton 4. ache 6. supermarket 7. aim 8. certificate 9. jewellery 11. caf 13. decision 14. arrange 16. debt 19. toe

M. Check your knowledge

Answer the questionnaire and make a plan for improving your weakest skills.

J. Conditionals

Answers: 1. d. Ill go to the cinema. 2. c. I might cook. 3. f. if they dont have any meat. 4. e. will you invite me? 5. b. when you dont have any money. 6. i. you should go to the clinic. 7. a. we dont have to cook! 8. g. if it rains. 9. h. you must visit me. 10. j. when I get a good job.

K. Superlatives

Answers: 2. What is the largest city youve been to? 3. Who is the most interesting person youve met? 4. What is the most unusual food youve eaten? 5. How much is the most expensive thing youve bought? 6. What is the worst illness youve had? 7. Where is the coldest place youve been? 8. Who is the laziest person youve known?

75 Revision

Language Reference
Module Five
The present perfect (1)
The present perfect links the past with the present. Sometimes we use it to talk about past events with a present result. The time of the event is unknown or unimportant.
Ive had my dinner. (So Im not hungry.) Hes broken his leg. (So hes in pain.) Theyve arrived. (So theyre here now.) Shes become a doctor. (So shes a doctor now.)

Questions and answers

To make questions in the present perfect, we put the auxiliary (have/has) before the subject. 1. yes/no questions and short answers statement: They have arrived.
question: answer:

Have they arrived? Yes, they have. Yes, theyve. No, they havent. not: No, theyve not. It has stopped.
not:

statement: question: answer:

We use the adverb just to show that it happened a short time ago.

Has it stopped? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt

not:

Ive just eaten. (I ate 10 minutes ago.) My friend has just got married. (He got married last week.)

Yes, its not: No, its not.

2. wh- questions

Statements
subject I/You/We/They She/He/It

Which places has she visited? not: Which places she has visited? Where have you been? not: Where you have been?

We make the present perfect with the auxiliary have + the past participle.
auxiliary ve havent s hasnt past participle cooked eaten dinner. finished

yet
We use yet to show that we expect something to happen (we think it will happen). 1. In statements we use not yet to say that something that we expected has not happened before now. She hasnt left yet. (But she will leave later.) 2. In questions, we use yet to ask if something has happened that we expect to happen.
Have you eaten yet?

NOTE: ve = have, s = has, nt = not

Spelling

1. Regular past participles are the same as regular past simple verbs. (See Language Reference Module 4 for spelling and pronunciation rules.)
Ive just washed my hair. Schools just finished.

3. Yet usually goes at the end of a clause.

2. Verbs with an irregular past simple form also have an irregular past participle. Sometimes the past participle is the same as the past simple verb, and sometimes it is different.
base be bleed do fall see fall past simple was/were bled did fell saw fell past participle been bled done fallen seen fallen

The bus hasnt arrived yet, so Im going to be later for my appointment The bus hasnt arrived yet, so Im going to be late for my appointment.

still
1. We use still to say something is unchanged.
- Has Aye Aye moved to Mandalay? - No, shes still living in Lashio. I still love you. Were still eating.

2. It usually goes before the main verb. 3. It goes after the verb to be.

Im still here. There is still some rice in the pot.

There is a list of irregular verbs on page 82.

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already
1. We use already in statements to show something has happened earlier than expected or believed.
- Here Ko Ko, Ive made you some dinner. - I dont want any, thanks. Ive already eaten.

Module Six
Countable and uncountable nouns
1. Some nouns are countable. We can count them. They have a singular and plural form.
I want an apple. I want four apples. three apples seven bags a thousand dollars

2. It usually goes before the main verb, but after the verb to be.
Ive already told her about you. Theyre already here.

Present perfect or past simple? (1)

1. The present perfect links the past with the present. We use it when we are interested in the result, not the time it happened.
Ive done my homework, so I can relax.

2. Some nouns are uncountable. We cannot count them. They have only one form.
I want some fruit.
not:

three fruits seven oils a thousand petrols I want four fruits.

2. The past simple describes a completed action in the past. We use it when: a. we are interested in the action, not the result.
Ive hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder. I gave you my essay last week.

a/an, some and any

1. We use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound.
Its a university, not a school. Please pass me an apple. I need a box. He hasnt got a bicycle. Is there an airport? Ill get some sugar.

b. we are interested in the time of the event. NOTE: When there is a time expression which refers to a finished time in the past (last year, yesterday, a minute ago, at 6am) we must use the past simple.
I ate at 6 oclock. not: Ive eaten at 6 oclock.

2. We use a/an in all kinds of sentences.

3. We use some in positive statements. 4. We use any in negative statements and most questions.
There isnt any milk. Is there any pork in the fridge?

When the time expression includes the present (today, this week, this year, in my life, never, always), we can use the present perfect.
Have you eaten today?

Possessives
My, your, our, their, his, her and its are possessive adjectives. We use them before nouns. Mine, yours, ours, theirs, his and hers are possessive pronouns. We use them alone, not before a noun.
possessive adjectives This is my pen. Those are your bags. This is her bicycle. That is his drink. These are our children. That is their house. This is its food. possessive pronouns This pen is mine. Those bags are yours. This bicycle is hers. That drink is his. These children are ours. That house is theirs.

5. We use some in requests and offers.

Can you buy some oil, please? Would you like some tea?

We use s to make nouns possessive.

This is Na Nas shirt. This shirt is Na Nas.

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Quantity expressions
Quantity expressions tell us how much or how many of something there is.
loads of a lot of / lots of quite a lot of a few / a little, not many / not much very few / very little hardly any not any

too and enough

1. We usually use too when there is a problem.
Theyre too young. (So they cant get married). This coffees too sweet. (So I dont like it).

2. Too much / too many means more than I want or more than is suitable for the situation. There is a problem.
There is too much noise here. (So I cant read my book). Theres too much salt in the curry. (So it tastes bad).

1. We only use a few and not many with countable nouns, and a little and not much with uncountable nouns.
Pass me a few onions, please. Theres a little oil in the cupboard.

NOTE: Too much does not mean a lot.

I eat a lot of meat. (Maybe this is good, maybe bad.) I eat too much meat. (This is bad.) We have enough chairs. (We dont need more.)

3. Enough means the amount I want, or more.

2. We use loads of, a lot of, lots of, hardly any and not any with both countable and uncountable nouns.
Weve hardly got any carrots or sugar.

4. Not enough means less than I want or less than I need. There is usually a problem.
There isnt enough chilli in the curry (so it doesnt taste very nice). There isnt enough medicine (so people are sick).

3. Loads of is very informal.

much and many

1. We use much with uncountable nouns in questions and negative statements.
How much orange juice have we got? There isnt much furniture in the house.

Present perfect or past simple (2)

We sometimes use the present perfect for a continuing situation when an action started in the past and continues to the present. We use the past simple when an action finished in the past.
Ive lived here for three years. (And I still live here now.) Before that, I lived in Pegu. (But I dont live there now.)

2. We use many with countable nouns in questions and negative statements.

How many people died? I cant see many psychology books.

3. We can use much and many in formal positive statements.

Many people died in the cyclone.

for and since

for a moment We use for with a period of time. for nine years for a long time since 1992 We use since with a point of time. since last week since one oclock

1. For and since are very common in the present perfect.

Ive lived here for a really long time. Ive been sick since last Tuesday.

2. We can also use for in other tenses.

I lived in Thailand for two years, and then I moved to Malaysia. I play football for an hour every weekend.

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3. We cannot use since in the past simple or present simple because it means from a point in the past until now.
Ive been here since Tuesday. = I arrived on Tuesday and Im still here now. not: I was here since Tuesday. not: I am here since Tuesday.

Questions and answers

To make questions with modals, we put the modal before the subject. 1. yes/no questions statement: They should get married.
question: answer:

Module Seven
will
We use the modal auxiliary will to make predictions or general statements about the future.
In the future, people will have enough to eat. Hurry up, or well be late for class.

Should they get married? Yes, they should. No, they shouldnt.

2. wh- questions

What will happen? How many languages can you speak?

NOTE: Most modal verbs talk about the present or future. Only can has a past tense: could.
I could ride a bike when I was four.

See below for more information about modal verbs.

might
We use the modal auxiliary verb might to show that we are not sure.
Things might get better. = Maybe things will get better. He might not live. = Maybe he wont live.

Modal auxiliary verbs: General

The following are modal auxiliary verbs (also called modal verbs or just modals).
can might should could will shall may would must

Probability
100%
It will rain It will probably rain It might rain It probably wont rain

They have different meanings and uses, but the structure is similar for all of them.

Statements
I He She It We You They subject modal base

will can should

be. dance. come.

0%

It wont rain

Note the word order:

He probably wont die. not: He wont probably die. He will probably die. (He probably will die. is also possible, but

1. We always use the base form of the verb after modal auxiliary verbs. There is no -s in the third person singular.
She will fall in love. not: She will falls in love.

less common.)

The first conditional

1. We use the first conditional to talk about things that might happen.
If you get up late, youll miss the bus.

2. We form the negative with not. There is no does/doesnt.

I cant speak Kachin. not: I dont can speak Kachin.

3. We can often form short negatives with modal + nt.

cant couldnt mustnt wouldnt may not might not shant maynt mightnt shallnt

2. We usually use the present simple in the condition clause (if/when clause) and will in the main clause.
If you pay me, I will be happy.

condition clause main clause

BUT: wont not: willnt

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not:

If you will pay me, I will be happy.

3. The condition clause can go before or after the main clause. If it is before, we usually put a comma at the end of the if clause.
If it rains, we wont play football. We wont play football if it rains.

Degrees of comparison
1. If there is a small difference, we use a little, a bit or a little bit.
My son is a little younger than his friends. Nilar is a bit more intelligent than Aye Aye. Your shoes are a little bit bigger than mine.

4. We use if for a possible (but unsure) condition. We use when for a definite (sure) condition.
Ill phone you if the bus is late. (The bus might be late.) Ill phone you when I arrive. (Im sure Ill arrive.)

We can use a little in any situation. A bit and a little bit are informal. 2. We use much / a lot if there is a big difference.
Real coffee is much nicer than instant coffee. Youre a lot taller than last time I saw you.

5. We can use the same structure with many conjunctions, not just if and when.

We can use much in any situation. A lot is informal.

Before I fall asleep, Ill read my book. You can go out after you finish your work.

Superlatives
1. We use superlatives to compare a person, place or thing with the whole group.
Maung Aye is the tallest in the class. This is the best school. not: This is best school.

6. We can use other modal verbs in the same structure.

You should phone me if the bus is late. If you get up late, you might miss the bus.

Module Eight
Comparatives
1. We use comparatives to compare two people, places or things.
Maung Aye is taller than Ma Thet.

2. We use the before a superlative. 3. We often use in after the adjective to show the group.
Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.

Spelling

The spelling follows the same pattern as comparatives. 1. For one-syllable adjectives, add -est.
young youngest largelargest nicenicest strongstrongest

2. We often use than after a comparative.

Spelling

1. For one-syllable adjectives, add -er.

youngyounger largelarger nicenicer

If the adjective ends in -e, we just add -st. If the adjective has one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant.
hothottest bigbiggest

strongstronger

If the adjective ends in -e, just add -r. If the adjective has one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant.
hothotter bigbigger

2. For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, remove the -y and add -iest.
busybusiest easyeasiest

2. For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, remove the -y and add -ier.
busybusier easyeasier

3. For adjectives with two or more syllables (where the second syllable is not -y), put more before the adjective.
violentmore violent intelligentmore intelligent goodbest badworst farfurther

3. For adjectives with two or more syllables (where the second syllable is not -y), put most before the adjective.
violentmost violent intelligentmost intelligent goodbest badworst farfurthest

4. Some adjectives are irregular. There is no rule.

4. Some adjectives are irregular. There is no rule.

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more, less and fewer

1. We use more, less and fewer to compare the quantities (amounts) of two things.
Ko Ko got more marks than San San. England has less oil than Iraq. Fewer people live in Laos than in Thailand.

go, play and do

We go swimming, dancing, running, jogging, cycling, fishing, bird watching, motor racing, hunting. We play chess, table tennis, basketball, badminton, caneball, football, the guitar/violin. NOTE: With musical instruments, we use play the + the name of the instrument. With sports and games, we use play without the.
I play football. She plays chess. I play the piano. He plays the guitar.

2. We use more with both countable and uncountable nouns.

I need more water. I need more pens. I have less money than you. not: I have less shoes than you.

3. We use less with uncountable nouns. 4. We use fewer with countable nouns.

We do photography, karate/judo, crosswords, puzzles, homework, housework, the dishes. We knit, sew, write, read, paint, draw, watch TV, make models, collect stamps, weave.

You bought fewer oranges than me. not: You bought fewer rice than me.

most, least and fewest

1. We use the most, the least and the fewest to compare the quantity of something with the whole group.
Nilar does the most work in class. Abdul speaks the least English. My town has the fewest hospitals.

Ability
1. We use good at to say someone can do something well.
Hes good at football.

2. We use most with both countable and uncountable nouns.

She ate the most rice. This room has the most chairs.

2. We can use adverbs of degree, comparatives and superlatives with good at.
Shes really good at caneball. Toms better at cooking than me. Im the best at science in my class.

3. We use least with uncountable nouns.

I have the least money in the class. not: I have the least pens in the class.

3. There are many ways of saying someone is not good at something.

not very good at no good at quite bad at very bad at / really bad at

4. We use the fewest with countable nouns.

You bought the fewest oranges. not: You bought the fewest curry.

4. Adjective + at is always followed by a noun. Often we use a gerund (a present participle used as a noun).
Hes really good at knitting. Im not very good at speaking English.

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Irregular Verbs
base
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light

past simple
was/were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit

past participle
been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit

base
lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep speak spend split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strike swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

past simple
lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept spoke spent split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

past participle
lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept spoken spent split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

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83 Language Reference

Audioscripts
5.1 - On the phone
Ive finished work, and Im just leaving the office. Ive bought the onions, and now Im crossing the street. Ive just caught the linecar, and now Im heading home. Ive just washed my hair. Ive chopped the onions and chillies. Weve cooked the food. Its delicious! Ive left the house. Ive just arrived at your place. Oh, no! Ive spent all my money on phone calls! San San Aye: And your certificates? Have you packed your certificates? Aung Mon: Yes, Ive just done that. San San Aye: And have you brushed your teeth? Aung Mon: Yes, of course Ive brushed my teeth! Im not a baby!

5.4 - Whats the situation?

1. A: What are you doing? B: Ive lost my glasses. I had them here a minute ago. Maybe theyre behind here. A: Have you looked in your pocket? B: Yes, I have. A: Hmmm. What about the Oh, hey! Here they are on the table. B: Oh, thanks. 2. A: Hello Ko Soe. What a tiny baby! Is she yours? B: Yes. Ive just become a father. Shes one week old. A: Really? I didnt even know you were married. B: I got married two years ago. I met my wife at work shes an accountant in my office. A: Well, congratulations! 3. A: Wheres your motorbike? B: I havent got a motorbike any more. Ive sold it. A: Sold it? Why? B: I needed the money. So now I go everywhere by bicycle. Its much cheaper and healthier. 4. A: Whats happened to your arm? B: Ive broken it. A: Oh dear. How did you do that? B: Well, I was on my bike, and a car came out suddenly, and I fell off. I had to go to hospital.

5.2 - Whats happened?

Woman: Yes! Man: What is it? Woman: Ive got a scholarship to study at university in Chiang Mai! Man: Thats great! Congratulations! Woman: You guys look unhappy. Whats the matter? Man 1: Weve just lost a very important match. Woman: Oh dear. What was the score? Man 2: Five nil. Man: Oh, no! Woman: What is it? Man: A trees just fallen on my house! Woman: Ooooh was anyone inside? Man: No, luckily! My wifes at work and the children are at school.

San San Aye: OK, have you bought a new shirt? You cant go to an interview wearing your old shirt! Aung Mon: Yes, I bought a new shirt yesterday. Im wearing it now. Do you like it? San San Aye: Oh yeah. Its nice. Have you cleaned your shoes? Aung Mon: Oh, no, I havent. Uhh wheres the shoe cleaning stuff? San San Aye: Dont worry, Ill do it. Give them to me. Aung Mon: Thanks. I havent prepared my CV. Ill do that now. San San Aye: What about your glasses have you remembered them? You forgot them yesterday. Aung Mon: Yes, Ive put them in my bag.

5.3 - Are you ready?

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5.5 - Clothes from different cultures

A. This person is from Afghanistan. Hes wearing a turban on his head, and a chapan a thick coat made of wool. It gets very cold in the mountains in Afghanistan! B. Many women in India wear the sari. A sari is usually made of cotton or silk, and it is five or six metres long. To wear a sari, you wrap it around your body. C. In Japan, men and women can wear the kimono, although they are very different shapes and colours. Mens kimonos are usually dark colours black is very popular. Traditional Japanese shoes are made of wood. D. Zulu women wear an isicholo, a wide hat made of straw and decorated with beads, and a skirt made of leather which is also decorated with beads. This woman is also wearing a necklace made of beads.

5.8 - Contractions
Im thats youre well wont Ill heres weve theyll havent were Aung Mons theyve arent hasnt theyre the houses youve isnt didnt shes wasnt cant wheres Ive shell werent youll couldnt

5.9 - My auntie

5.6 - Working clothes

A: I work in an expensive restaurant. I have to dress attractively, so the men buy more drinks from me. I have to wear a short skirt and high-heeled shoes, and a lot of make-up. Sometimes the men are very rude. I hate this job, but I need the money. B: Well, I work for an NGO. Our office is very casual, so I usually wear comfortable clothes like jeans, shorts and T-shirts. I never wear make-up its very uncomfortable. We have an air-conditioner in the office, so sometimes I wear a long-sleeved shirt. I hate air-con its too cold! C: I work in Singapore, at a private school. Families pay a lot of money to send their children to us. All our teaching staff wear very smart, formal clothes. I always wear a suit and tie, with black shoes and socks. I actually like wearing suits I think they look good. After work I relax, and put on some jeans.

Im waiting at the bus stop with my sister. The bus hasnt arrived yet. Were going to a small village near Loikaw to visit our auntie. Loikaws a long way away. Aunties been sick, but shes better now. In her village there wasnt any medicine. The medic didnt have any. The village hasnt got a car, so she couldnt travel very easily. Some of her neighbours walked to Loikaw and got her medicine. I dont know about her illness maybe it was malaria. Shes quite old so her health isnt so good, but she likes to live alone. She doesnt want to leave her village. Were trying to persuade her to come and live with us.

5.7 - Pronouncing the possessive s

The sandals are Baw Baws. Angelas shoes are white. The cats tail is broken. That book is the teachers. My brothers wife comes from Sittwe That house is my sisters. Min Mins coat is blue. I think its Tin Tin Nyos umbrella.

1. A: How much is this shirt? B: Its 325 baht. A: No, thanks. B: Wait, wait 250 baht. A: 125. B: 225. A: No, I dont think so. B: 200? A: 150. B: 175, OK? A: OK. Here you are.

5.10 - People buying things

2. A: Hello? Im ringing about the motorbike. B: The Yamaha 750? A: Yes. Your advertisement says its 7000 dollars. Is that the final price? B: Im afraid so. I bought it for 8000, and its in very good condition. A: I can give you 6500. B: Sorry, its 7000. A: Well, I want to look at it. Can I see it this afternoon? B: Yeah, sure. Come round about four.

85 Audioscripts

3. A: Fish fish delicious fish only 300 kyat a kilo B: Mmm. Id like some fish for dinner. How much for three kilos? A: Well, 300 for one kilo, so three kilos is 900 kyat. B: Can I have a discount? A: OK, well 800 kyat. These are really delicious fish! B: All right. Three kilos, please.

Interviewer: So are most of your books in English? Cho Cho: Yes, mostly English, but quite a lot in Myanmar, and a few in Kayin and Kachin. We havent got any in other languages, though. Interviewer: What people use the Teacher Training College Library? Cho Cho: Teachers, and a few researchers. Sometimes high school students come here to look at our books, which is fine.

6.1 - What do we need?

Bee Bee: Hi Mum! Can you please buy some things for me? Mum: Sure. What do you need? Bee Bee: Well, Im making pork curry. Can you buy some pork, please? Mum: OK. Is there any cooking oil in the house? I used a lot with breakfast. Bee Bee: No, there isnt. Please get some oil too. And some potatoes. Mum: Have we got any eggs? Bee Bee: Weve got some eggs, and some tomatoes. We havent got any onions. Or any garlic. Mum: OK onions, garlic, oil, potatoes, pork. Anything else? Bee Bee: Chilli. And beans No, its OK, there are some beans next to the rice. Oh, and we havent got a large knife. Can you get a knife, too? Mum: Theres a new knife in the cupboard. I bought it yesterday.

6.3 - Complaints

1. Theres too much traffic, and too much pollution and noise from all these cars and motorcycles. 2. There arent enough trees. I love birds, but here there isnt anywhere for birds to live. There isnt enough water in this city either. Sometimes we cant wash in the mornings. 3. There are too many police. There are police on every corner these days. And there are too many tourists. 4. There arent enough schools. My six year old daughter has fifty students in her class. Thats too big. And theres too much rubbish in the streets. It smells awful. 5. Theres too much crime Im afraid to go out at night. My friends bicycle got stolen last week. There arent enough restaurants or cinemas.

6.4 - The shopping trip 6.2 - In the library

Interviewer: So Cho Cho, youve got a lot of social studies books. Cho Cho: Yes, about 400. Weve also got quite a lot of reports on environment and health issues you cant see them in the photo. Maybe about 200 reports. There are lots of local groups writing reports, and publishing them. For example, this one arrived recently. Its a report about malaria in the mountain areas, written by the Shan State Health Education Network. Its very good. Interviewer: OK. So, I see youve got a lot of books on history and geography. Where do they come from? Cho Cho: Mostly from overseas people donate them. Some are really good, but a lot are not very useful. Interviewer: Why not? Cho Cho: Theyre written for people in Western countries about British geography, American history Weve got a few books on Southeast Asia, but hardly any on Myanmar. Interviewer: And youve got very few books on psychology or religion. Why is that? Cho Cho: Most books on psychology are very difficult. There are hardly any easy ones.

I needed two ping of rice and more ping, because there were so many relatives in my house! I went to the market. I bought the rice, and also a ping of potatoes, a packet of ping and two litres of ping. After this, I was very thirsty, so I sat down and drank a ping of juice. On my way home, I stopped at the fish shop and bought two ping of fish for dinner. Im cooking it with ping and a few spices. All my relatives are hungry!

Woman 1: Whats the time now? Woman 2: Nearly 12. How long have you been here? Woman 1: Since 11. Man: Ive been here for three hours. Woman 1: How about you two? How long have you been here? Woman 2: Weve only been here for ten minutes.

6.5 - for and since

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86

6.6 - Be careful!

a. A. Be careful here, its wet Careful! Are you all right? B. Im not sure. Oh, my knee hurts! A. Try to stand up. B. Aaaah! A. OK? B. No, it really hurts. I think Ive broken it. b. A. Ah, my head! B. Have you got a headache? A. Yes, it was all that cigarette smoke at the party. It always gives me a headache. B. Oh dear. Do you want some medicine? A. No, I think Ill just go and lie down for a bit. c. A. Aaaah, my back! B. What happened? A. I tried to lift this sack of rice I need to carry it to the storeroom. B. Oh, its very heavy. You cant lift this! A. Yes, I know. B. Come on, Ill take you to the clinic. Can you walk?

6.8 - Whos speaking?

Hello. Im Nicolas. Im a scientist. Im just 21 years old. Ive got two brothers. Ive got a twin brother. His name is Sebastian. Ive got a younger brother. His name is Benjamin, and hes just 15 years old. Hello, Im Ros. I work at a university, and Im 43 years old. Im married, and I have three children. I have two girls and one boy. I like swimming. I go swimming every day. Hello, my name is Tun Tun. I am married and I have five children. I have a printing business. I live in Mawlamyine. Hello, my name is Tze Ming, and I am a travel agent. I am 25 years old, and I enjoy running and reading, and I also enjoy going to coffee shops and watching live music. I am an only child. My name is Tanny. I am 18 years old. Im a student at the university. I live with my two sisters. I like swimming.

6.9 - Native speakers

6.7 - Making an appointment

U Aung: Hello? Cho Cho: Hello, is U Aung there, please? U Aung: This is U Aung. How can I help you? Cho Cho: Im Cho Cho from the Teacher Training College Library. Id like to make an appointment to meet with you. U Aung: Well, Im away this week, but Ill be back next week. How about Monday morning, 11.30? Cho Cho: Thats fine. U Aung: OK, see you then. Cho Cho: Thank you. See you on Monday.

Speaker 1 There is a lot of mis-information about native and non-native speakers. In many countries, an unqualified, inexperienced native speaker can easily get a job as an English teacher. A qualified, experienced non-native teacher has more difficulty. For example, in Thailand, most language schools prefer native speakers as teachers, even if they have no experience. Foreign teachers also normally get paid a lot more than local teachers, even if local teachers have higher qualifications. Some people think that native speakers are always better teachers than non-native speakers. In my opinion, good teaching techniques and the ability to communicate are more important than fluency in the language. Many native and non-native teachers have got these skills. Speaker 2 The words are the same as Speaker 1.

7.1 - Fortune telling

You will go to university, and graduate with very high marks. You will meet a handsome American man. You will like him a lot. He will ask you to marry him. At first, you wont agree. But later, you will marry him and move to America. Your parents will be unhappy. You wont like America. You will have a beautiful baby daughter, but you will miss your family a lot. Eventually, you will all return to your country, and everyone will live happily ever after.

87 Audioscripts

7.2 - It might happen

San San Aye: Have you got your umbrella? It might rain. Aung Mon: Good idea, thanks. San San Aye: And how much money have you got? Aung Mon: About 6000 kyat. San San Aye: Oh, you need more than that. You might need to stay overnight. Aung Mon: OK, Ill take more. San San Aye: And a warm jacket you need a warm jacket. The weather might be very cold there. Aung Mon: Yes, a warm jacket. OK. Anything else, dear? San San Aye: Yes. Take an extra shirt. You might get dirty on the bus. Aung Mon: All right. An extra shirt.

7.4 - Living in Chiang Mai

Alice: I like living in Chiang Mai because there are so many things to do here. I go to English classes twice a week. I can go to the cinema, or to the shops there are lots of interesting shops. Unfortunately I dont have enough money to buy much! But there are some cheap places, too I can walk in the parks, or go to the zoo. There are plenty of cheap restaurants as well: Thai food, Myanmar food, Chinese food, Western food all kinds! Chiang Mai is an exciting, busy city. U Ba Shwe: I dont like living in Chiang Mai. Its large and polluted, and theres too much traffic, too many people. Its also very expensive we have to pay 3000 baht a month for a small, ugly apartment. Securitys bad here as well I have a work permit but my wife doesnt, so shes afraid to leave the house. And theres no school for our children, so they have to stay inside Myanmar. I have a good job here but I want to leave soon to go back to my home.

7.3 - Interview with an environmental activist

Interviewer: So Lucy, what are some things people can do to reduce global warming? Lucy: Well, the most important thing is for people to use less fossil fuels. Try not to use cars and motorbikes. If you walk or ride a bicycle, its better for the environment. And youll get exercise. Flying is also bad because aeroplanes put a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. If you take a bus or train, youll produce less carbon dioxide. Interviewer: And in the home? Lucy: Dont use air conditioning use a fan instead. Turn off lights when you arent using them. Dont buy things you dont need. And dont burn your rubbish if you burn rubbish, youll put more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Is there anything we can do as a community? Lucy: Well, if we plant more trees, theyll absorb carbon dioxide that will help a little bit. But a bigger problem is deforestation. We have to try to reduce the number of trees cut down for logging and agriculture. Interviewer: Some people blame businesses for global warming. Are they right? Lucy: Yes and no. Its true that companies cut down a lot of trees and use a lot of electricity when they make things in factories. But they only do this because people especially rich people want to buy their products. If we dont buy them, theyll stop making them. So you can say its the publics fault as well. Interviewer: And what about governments? Are they doing enough? Lucy: No, theyre not. They think that if they take strong action, such as increasing taxes on fossil fuels, theyll damage the economy. Theyre also afraid of businesses, because some big oil and logging companies wont be happy if they lose money and they will cause problems if the government tries to control them.

7.5 - Directions

Lu Lu Aung: Hi, Paw Paw. Did you get your bus ticket? Paw Paw: Yes. The bus gets in at 2pm. Lu Lu Aung: 2pm? Oh, sorry, I cant come to meet you. Im working until 3. Paw Paw: Thats fine. I can find your house. How do I get there from the bus station? Lu Lu Aung: Its quite easy. You come out of the bus station, and youre opposite the hospital. Paw Paw: OK. Out of the bus station, opposite the hospital. Lu Lu Aung: Turn right into Central Street, cross over Station Road, and walk past the teashop. Paw Paw: Right, cross Station Road, past the teashop. Lu Lu Aung: Turn left. Walk past the park. My house is on the right, just after the park. Theres a large restaurant opposite the house on River Road, and a small shoe shop on the opposite corner. Paw Paw: OK. Oh, just one more thing I need to copy my documents. Is there a photocopy shop near the house? Lu Lu Aung: Oh yes, very near. Just come out of the house on River Road and turn left. Walk past the shoe shop, and the photocopy shop is next to it, on your right. Paw Paw: OK. See you when you get home from work! Lu Lu Aung: See you!

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7.6 - Silent letters

1. whisper 2. mechanic 3. chemistry 4. calm 5. cupboard 6. hour 7. sign 8. knock

7.9 - Listen and contradict

7.7 - Silent letter sentences

1. I keep my comb in the cupboard next to my knives. 2. I wrote the wrong answers in my psychology exam. 3. I fell down and hurt my wrist, and now my knee aches too. 4. Two hours ago I ate a whole chicken. 5. Who took my white shirt? 6. Hes an honest man, but he drinks a lot of whisky. 7. When will she pay her debts? 8. That trucks got eight wheels, so it can climb large mountains. 9. She has the knowledge of chemistry to make bombs. 10. Please read the sign, and then knock on the door. 11. The mechanic wants a receipt for the work. 12. Be calm, and whisper if you need to speak.

Rabbits eat meat. Theres a kangaroo in the classroom. You drank wine for breakfast. Your grandmother was a princess. Its snowing. You cant cook. You are teachers. George W Bush is the president of Thailand. Mother Teresa lived in Malaysia. Elephants can fly. You arent studying English. There are lots of tigers here. China is a small country. Your teachers got a big car. Youll go to Bangkok after class. Youve got too much money. There arent any pens in the classroom. It wont rain next July. I am the Queen of England. Gandhi didnt live in India. Your teacher hasnt had breakfast.

7.10 - Communication strategies

7.8 - Listen and answer

Are you sick? Will you study science tomorrow? Are there any students in the classroom? Do you like dancing? Can you play the guitar? Do you come from Myanmar? Did you eat meat last night? Have you done your homework? Is your teacher married? Are you sitting on a chair? Is there a chicken in the classroom? Were you at high school last year? Have you got any sisters? Are you Chinese? Did the class learn maths yesterday?

1. Woman: Can you please give me your telephone number? Man: 09 453 8901. Woman: 09 453 8910? Man: No, its 09 453 8901. Woman: 09 453 8901. Man: Yes, thats right. 2. Man: Excuse me, is there a chemists shop near here? Woman: Yes, theres a large chemists shop just up there, on the corner of Main Street and Centre Road, just opposite the cinema to the left of the bicycle repair shop. Man: Sorry, can you please speak more slowly? Woman: Theres a chemists on the corner of Main Street and Centre Road, opposite the cinema. Man: Can you please repeat that? Woman: On the corner of Main Street and Centre Road, opposite the cinema. Man: Thank you very much.

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3. Man: So, are you ready to leave? Have you packed your things? Woman: Yes, Im ready. What time does the car leave? Man: Quarter to five from the office. Woman: Is that fifteen past five? Man: No, four forty-five. av;em&Dav;q,fig; Woman: Oh, I see. Thanks.

8.2 - A Bigger Heart

His arms are stronger than mine His legs are longer than mine His clothes are always cleaner And his trees are so much greener But my heart is bigger than his And my love for you is stronger than his My love for you is stronger His hair is shinier than mine His habits are tidier than mine His eyes are bluer And his faults are fewer But my heart is bigger than his And my love for you is stronger than his My love for you is stronger Hes more intelligent Much more confident More charming and polite than me Hes more responsible Much more dependable Hes everything I long to be His father is wiser than mine His smile is wider than mine He walks so much taller His problems are smaller But my heart is bigger than his And my love for you is stronger than his My love for you is stronger than his

8.1 - A love triangle

Tim: Hi, Im Tim. Im a good friend of Carols. Well, actually, I want to be more than a good friend. Ive known Carol for 18 years, and Im 26 now. We were in primary school together. When we were young, I used to tell her that wed get married when we grow up. Well, now weve grown up and I still want to marry her. I dont earn much money, but I like my gardening job and I work hard. Ive saved enough money to take Carol on a short holiday after were married well, thats if she agrees to marry me. I havent asked her yet. Im too nervous to ask. You see, I know theres another man who wants her attention and she seems to be giving it to him. But oh, I dont think Ill ever meet another woman as wonderful as Carol. Carol: Im Carol. Im 25 and I live in New York. I went to a great party last month. So many of my friends were there, like Tim, Anne and Tims sister. That night I met a really handsome and intelligent man. His names Max. I really like talking with him hes so interesting and has many exciting stories to tell about places hes been and things hes seen. Since that night, Ive seen Max nearly every day. I havent seen my friends for a while because I go out with Max so much. I miss Tim. Tims been a good friend for longer than anyone else. Hes a great guy. I think well stay friends forever. Max: Good morning, my names Max. Pleased to meet you. What can I tell you about myself? Well, Im the manager of a big hotel. Im 35 years old. Ive got three cars and a big house by the sea. I like parties. I went to a party about a month ago, and met a lovely woman called Carol. Shes fun to be with warm and friendly. Ive had many girlfriends over the past few years, but Carol is special. I know we met only recently, but I wonder what shed say if I asked her to marry me? Hmmm.

8.3 - World records

There are only 1000 people living in the Vatican, making it the smallest country in the world. It gets a lot of visitors, though. China, on the other hand, has a population of 1.2 billion and an area of 9.5 million square kilometres. Russia is nearly twice the size. It has an area of 17 million square kilometres, but a population of only 150 million. The blue whale is the largest animal. The average adult is 25 metres long. Cheetahs can run up to 100 kilometres per hour. The Nile, in North Africa, is 6,695 kilometres long. Mount Everest in Nepal, the worlds highest mountain, is 8,872 metres high.

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8.4 - The most and the fewest

1A Im afraid I only speak English, and a little school French. I really only speak English. 1B My mother is Lisu and my father is Pa-O, so I can speak both those languages. Also Myanmar, and a bit of Shan. I can speak some Thai enough to have a conversation. And some English. Oh, a little Chinese, too. 1C Ive got a Spanish father and as a boy I learnt both Spanish and English. I lived in South India for a few years, so I can speak quite a lot of Tamil, and I also learnt some Hindi. 2A Im sorry to say Ive never been out of Britain. I must try to go away some time. 2B Ive travelled a bit in Thailand, and went to China once, about three years ago. My auntie lived there. I wanted to go back and visit her again, but she died last year. 2C Oh, Ive travelled a lot Ive been to most of the countries in Europe. Ive also been to Canada and the US, and also down to Mexico, which was lovely. I worked in India for five years, and while I was there I visited Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh.

8.6 - Buzkashi interview

8.5 - What is Buzkashi?

Man: You cant actually see much detail when you are watching a game of Buzkashi, as there are so many horses running up and down the field. The best part is when one of the riders takes the goat away from all the others and rides into the scoring circle alone. The crowd goes wild. Thats two points for that team. Interviewer: So this dead goat is dragged across the ground, thrown around, hit with whips for several days. Doesnt it fall apart, doesnt it break? Man: Youd think so, wouldnt you? What they do is they prepare the goat the night before the game. They cut off its head, and also the legs at the knees. Then they leave it in water for 24 hours to make the skin harder, and sometimes they also fill the body with sand, to make it heavier. For important games, they use a calf a young cow as theyre stronger than goats. Interviewer: What happens when the game starts? Man: The goats put inside the starting circle in the middle of the field. The referee blows the whistle and both teams try to take the goat. Once you get the goat, you ride as fast as you can towards the scoring circle, and the other team use their whips to try to get the goat off you. Interviewer: It sounds dangerous. Man: Yes, it is. Players wear heavy clothes. Although you are not allowed to hit people with your whip, its very difficult to control when there are lots of horses, all riding as fast as they can. Top Buzkashi players are very skilled. They usually start training when theyre teenagers, and most of the top players are over 40 because it takes a long time to become a skilled enough rider. The horses need a lot of training, too some say the horse is even more important than the rider.

Buzkashi is the national sport of Afghanistan. In Buzkashi, two teams of horseback riders try to get a dead goat into a goal. Riders carry whips to keep other riders and horses away, and they usually wear heavy clothes to protect themselves from other players whips and boots. Sometimes hundreds of players participate in one game, and there is no limit on the size of the playing field. Sometimes a field might include a river or stream. Games sometimes last for several days. Competition is fierce. Players can do anything to stop the other team from scoring, except deliberately knock an opponent off their horse, or deliberately hit an opponent with a whip. The aim is to get the goat into your goal, which is a circle drawn at the end of the field.

8.7 - Sentence stress

1. If she asks, Ill tell her everything. 2. Whatll you do if they dont arrive? 3. Ill write if I have time. 4. Well phone if the bus is late. 5. How will they get here if its snowing? 6. If she goes, will you stay? 7. Well take you if you like. 8. I wont come if you dont want.

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8.8 - Getting directions

Ma Thida: Er, excuse me please, um Man: Yeah? Ma Thida: Er, excuse me, where is, er, Tottenham Court Road? Man: What? Ma Thida: Er, Tottenham Court Road? Man: Oh, Tottenham Court Road. Ma Thida: Yes, yes. Man: Er, well, look, you go up to the top of the street, right? Turn left, carry straight on, youll see the tube station on your right Ma Thida: Yes. Man: Yeah? Go past that, turn left and youll have Tottenham Court Road. Cant miss it. All right? Ma Thida: Thank you very much.

Part 2 B: Well, how about money? Was there any money in it? A: Uh, no, I dont think so. No, all my moneys here, in my pocket. B: Well, thats one thing A: Yeah, but I had all my ID cards in there. B: Oh, no! A: And my drivers license that was in there. B: Well, we can replace those. A: Oh, but my passport! We need to fly out next week. What can I do? B: Lets think. When did you last see it? Are you absolutely sure it was in your bag? I remember you took it out yesterday to check the visa stamps. A: Oh, I cant remember where I put the bloody thing. B: Lucky weve still got all the money anyway. Part 3 A: If my passports lost Ill have to go and get a new one I dont know, can they do it in three days? And it might cost loads of money to get a new one, know what I mean? B: OK, wait. Dont start worrying just yet. Listen, wed better go back to the caf, and go see if someone found it. You never know. A: No, Ill call them first. B: OK, good idea. A: Oh! Can you lend me your phone? Mine was in my handbag. B: Yeah, sure. Here you are. A: Thanks. Well, lets hope

8.9 - Four sentences

You go up to the top of the street, right? Turn left, carry straight on, youll see the tube station on your right Go past that, turn left and youll have Tottenham Court Road. You cant miss it. All right?

8.10 - Listening for gist

Part 1 A: No, sure I did. Its right here in my Oh no! Its gone! B: What? Whats happened? Whats the matter? A: My handbag! Its gone! I dont believe it! B: Your handbag? Where did you last have it? A: Umm I dont know. Um I had it when we were in the caf. In there, I guess. B: Lets think back. We left the caf, we went to the bookshop did you have it in the bookshop? A: Just trying to think I cant remember. We didnt buy anything there so I didnt really notice. B: Well, dont worry. What was in it? Can you remember? A: It had my passport and my phone oh, everything! This is awful!

8.11 - Gist or detail?

Conversation 1 Woman: So, where shall I send the books? Man: 167 Bridge Road South, Smallsville TN8534. Phone me if there are any problems my phone numbers 071 673 2212. Conversation 2 Woman: Hi, Jason! How are you? I havent seen you for ages! Man: Well, not so good actually. You see, I got a new bike the other day but Ive had no end of problems with it. I went for a ride yesterday and after a while the crank started creaking, and I didnt have the right size spanner to tighten it up with, so it just got worse and worse as I went on it was driving me mad. And as if that wasnt enough, I noticed the front wheel wobbling a bit. Turns out the spokes were loose so the wheel was gradually getting more and more out of shape, and there was nothing I could do about it because I didnt have a spoke wrench on me. I think theres something wrong with the brakes and all. So Im going to take it back to the shop tomorrow.

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