Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25 DOI: 10.

15240/tul/008/2024-1-002

WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH:

A REVIEW

SHAHIDI, SHEILA1; MOAZZENHI, BAHAREH2,3; KALAHROODI, HOSSEINI KIMIASADAT4 AND

MONGKHOLRATTANASIT, RATTANAPHOL5*

1
Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile, 38361-1-9131 6, Arak, Iran
2
Amirkabir University of Technology, Textile Department, 15916-34311, Tehran, Iran
3
Atiyeh Hekmat Abtin Company, Research and Development Department, 19496-35879, Tehran, Iran
4
Alborz University of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 301-810 301-810, Karaj, Iran
5
Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design, Department of Textile
Chemistry Technology, 10300, Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT
To help healing, protect and care the wound from additional damage, a sterile dressing is applied to wound
and injured area. Wound dressing can be a sterile pad or compress that directly contact with the wound area.
Nowadays, different models of wound dressings are used in the medical field. In this review paper different
wound dressings and efforts made on the textile based wound dressings discussed.
KEYWORDS
Wound; Dressing; Healing; Textile; Antibacterial; Nanofibers.

INTRODUCTION physiological conditions and appearance, wounds

are divided into five groups (Figure 2).
For reducing infection in different wound types,
Necrotic wounds are dry, hard, and tend to shrink.
various models of wound dressings are used. Wound
Leg ulcers, burns, and pressure sores are types of
dressings should stop bleeding and start clotting,
greasy wounds. In this situation, the necrotic plaque
absorb excess blood and other fluid from the injured
is removed from the wound surface and a sticky
area and eventually debridement the wound [1].
yellow plaque is formed. This tissue is a mixture of
Wounds are classified as chronic or acute (Figure 1),
protein, fibrin, serous exudate, leukocytes and
due to the nature of the repair procedure [2].
bacteria and is not dead. Granulating tissue is the
Chronic wounds associated with tissue injury heal fresh matrix through healing which appear on the
and heal very slowly and recur regularly as the wound surface with bright color and moist condition
trauma recurs, depending on the immunological with many tiny blood vessels. In epithelializing
problems, the patient's physiological situation and the wounds, epithelium is made on a denuded surface
persistent infection [3]. On the other hand, acute and wound surface seems as pink colored. Infected
wounds are often tissue injuries that heal completely wounds are green, cloudy with smelling fluid drainage
in the estimated time of 812 weeks with slight scarring. [6]. There are many different types of wounds [7] such
Acute wounds include mechanical injuries such as as burns, malignant wounds, radiation wounds,
lacerations, abrasions, burns, cuts, and penetrations, pressure ulcers, vasculitic ulcers that need treatment
as well as chemical injuries induced by chemical [5]. In an open wound, an internal or external break in
caustics [4]. In addition, wounds are categorized the body’s tissue caused that generally reasoned by
based on the number of layers of skin and the area of accidents involving rough or sharp objects that cut
skin affected. In a superficial wound, the skin surface through the skin and trauma created which can
is only affected and contains the epidermis and the exposes the skin and body to dangerous bacteria and
deeper layers of the skin with sweat glands, blood infections [8]. In open wounds, minor cuts can be self-
vessels and hair follicles, which is referred to as a treated, but severe cases need emergency services.
partial wound [5]. Epidermis, dermis, and the Some types of open wounds include Abrasion (When
underlying subcutaneous fat or deeper tissues are the skin rubs in contradiction of a rough surface,
injured while full-thickness wounds occur. Based on abrasions occur. In most cases, wound is not deep

*
Corresponding author: Mongkholrattanasit, R., e-mail: rattanaphol.m@rmutp.ac.th
Received September 18, 2023; accepted March 5, 2024
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

Figure 1. Wounds types due to the nature of the repair procedure.

Figure 2. Wound types based on physiological condition.

and a little bleeding occurs), Puncture (There are COMMERCIAL WOUND DRESSING
hole-shaped wounds caused by pointy objects such TYPES
as needles, gunshot and nails that called Punctures.
Deep punctures necessitate urgent medical Wound dressings should have several properties
intervention.), Incision (A straight wound caused by (Figure 3) including absorb exudates, alleviate pain,
any sharp object such as a knife or a broken glass is sustain non-toxicity, moist environment, prevent
an incision), Laceration (A laceration is a sharp and infection and contaminant, permeability, ease of
deep cut those results in skin tears and caused heavy application, flexibility, comfortability, antibacterial
bleeding. Frequently it happens through machinery, properties and biodegradability [12]. Wound
mishandle knives, and other sharp tools.), Avulsion (A dressings should have antibacterial properties and
severe wound in the partial or complete tear of the the growth of microorganisms should be controlled or
tissues and skin that frequently occur during violent eliminated in the presence of antimicrobial agents
accidents like explosions, car crashes, and other resident in the fibrous structure [13]. In the wound
incidents called avulsion that involve trauma.), healing process, the dressing defends the injury and
Amputation (An amputation mentions to the loss of an restores skin and epidermal tissue. For this purpose,
extremity which can causes accidently or also be natural polymers such as proteoglycans and proteins
done in a medical procedure to manage certain (e.g. fibrin, collagen, gelatin and keratin),
diseases such as gangrene) [9-10]. An infection polysaccharides and derivatives (e.g. CMC, chitosan,
caused if a major wound is not treated correctly or left alginates and heparin) [14] are widely used, that are
on its own. Some symptoms of infection are fever biodegradable and biocompatible [15]. For effective
(body temperature rising above 37.5°C), malaise and fast wound healing, using the correct dressing is
(tiredness, lack of energy and general feeling of being important. Several features such as the type, size,
unwell), redness, swelling, temperature rise in the position, and harshness of injury impressed on the
area, body aches (persistent pain in and around the type of used wound dressing [16]. Some of the most
wound), vomiting and unpleasant odor. It is difficult to commonly used dressings are shown in Figure 4.
know why some ulcers are not healing and
occasionally out of many local wound dressing Hydrocolloid dressing
materials, some dressing material works wonders The word hydrocolloid was invented in the 1960s with
[11]. the development of mucoadhesives made by
combining carboxymethyl cellulose, tackifiers and
adhesives used to treat mouth ulcers. To prepare
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

Figure 3. Ideal wound dressing specifications [17].

Hydrocolloid dressings made of a self-adhesive and

hydrophilic colloid particle covered with a waterproof
polyurethane film [22]. The surface of hydrocolloid
dressings is coated with materials such as sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose, pectin, gelatin, alginate or
polysaccharides, which can absorb water and form a
gel, which can protect the wound from infection and
keep it clean and does not allow oxygen, water or
bacteria entry on wounds. The outer layer protects
the wound from environmental factors and bacteria
and forms a gel-like phase on the surface of the
wound, which preserves moisture and absorbs
wound secretions and exudates [23]. The main
advantage of hydrocolloid dressings is that they adapt
to the patient's body and adhere well to different sites
[24].
Hydrogel
Figure 4. Synthetic commercial wound dressing type [16].
In recent years there have been many advances in
hydrocolloid dressings, a hydrophilic gellable mass in the management of wounds. Hydrogels are
semi-solid form was applied to a flexible, semi- biocompatible with moisturizing properties and are
permeable support. The first formulation of this widely used in wound dressings [25]. Hydrogel
dressing was in the UK in 1982 and was later dressings are hydrophilic and semi-occlusive. They
launched in 1983 as Duoderm in the US and other can hydrate wounds and re-hydrate eschar.
European markets. Hydrocolloid dressings are often Hydrogels are inexplicable polymers which are
associated with the treatment of chronic wounds. In presented in different forms such as amorphous gel
addition, hydrocolloid dressings can be effective for and sheet. Hydrogels absorb exudate and afford a
treating various acute wounds. They can absorb moist environment for cell migration. One of the most
excess fluid and help with debridement [18]. For benefit of hydrogel dressings is autolytic debridement
wounds that are emitting liquid, burns, pressure and deprived of damage and harm to granulation or
venous ulcers and necrotic wounds hydrocolloid epithelial cells [26].
dressings are useable. Hydrocolloid dressings are the
This dressing allows moisture to stay at the surface
most commonly used modern dressings and are self-
of the wound. Hydrogel dressings can be a solution
adhesive, non-breathable, long-lasting,
to these problems, exhibiting excellent properties
biodegradable, and easy to apply and need no taping.
such as tissue adhesion, swelling, and water
They made from comfortable and flexible materials
absorption. In addition, these hydrogels can be
that made them suitable for all skin types [19-21].
formed in situ and, if necessary, dissolved by
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

chemical or physical reactions. For second-degree environment. Overall, non-toxic and non-allergenic
and minor burns, donor sites, infected wounds, foam dressings are able to retain moisture at the
pressure ulcers, sore or necrotic wounds and a wound bed and are easily removed, protecting the
variety of wounds that are no fluid or leaking little, wound skin from bacteria. They can adopt and
hydrogel can be used. To reduce bleeding in liver and conform to body shape and maintained the
aortic models, hydrogels can be used as a dressing, temperature with a long shelf life. Foams can be used
which can then be easily removed. Still, there are as a primary or secondary dressing [30]. Foam
many researches on diverse methods to synthesize dressings are essential and important in the care of
these hydrogels. Lu et al. in 2018, investigated four chronic and exuding wounds. Chronic wounds require
strategies for dissolvable crosslinked hydrogels, the creation of a moist, warm wound healing
supramolecular self-assembling hydrogels, and environment and good exudate handling properties,
environmentally sensitive physically crosslinked and foam dressings are good candidates for
hydrogels. They concluded that these hydrogels offer treatment. Mostly, foams are made from polyurethane
cheap and effective methods for in vivo applications with smooth contact surface, thermal insulation,
[27]. Hydrogels are usually used for drug delivery or which are gas permeable. Foam dressings can
tissue/organ repairs. They are water or glycerin absorb exudate in a number of ways. Some foams
based products; crosslinked polymeric networks absorb exudate, some foams can breathe the
extended in biological fluid. They can absorb 30-90% moisture they absorb through a permeable backing.
of their mass in water. Some cooling gels like burn An absorbency and the moisture-vapor permeability
soothe in hydrogels can reduce pain and help to heal are very important factors for foam dressings [31].
wounds and burns and accelerate the healing Kowalczuk et al. in 2020, focused on developing a
process. Hydrogel wound dressings keep the moist possibly antibacterial polyurethane foam wound
wound environment clean and healthy. Hydrogels are dressing that was loaded with bismuth-ciprofloxacin
available in different forms, like film, injectable gels [32]. Wang et al. investigated the wound healing
and spray. Furthermore, smart hydrogel dressings efficacy of silver-releasing foam dressings in
included sensors can transport real-time information competition with silver-containing creams in the
about the wound healing status. In recent times, outpatient treatment of patients with diabetic foot
sprayable hydrogel-based wound dressings have ulcers in 2020. They concluded that silver-releasing
developed as appropriate scaffolds for wound care. foam wound healing in infected diabetic foot was
Many researchers studied on synthesis and more actual and effective than traditional silver
fabrication of hydrogels and emerging new smart sulfadiazine cream [33]. Susy Pramod describes in
hydrogels for several biomedical applications [2, 28]. 2021 the use of the Kliniderm foam silicone dressings
In 2019, various types of injectable self-healing for wound management in oncology. Kliniderm foam
conductive hydrogels using dextran graft aniline silicone dressing is safe, acceptable and effective for
tetramer graft 4-formylbenzoic acid and N- chronic and acute wounds [34]. Foam dressings play
carboxyethylchitosan were synthesized by Guo et al. a key role in the medical management of chronic
Hydrogels revealed superb self-healing. The wounds and in moist wound healing.
conductive and injectable self-healing hydrogels are
admirable candidates as scaffolds or as carriers for Films (Transparent dressings)
cell delivery that can be used for skeletal muscle Transparent dressings are more comfortable than
repair or cell therapy [29]. Jin et al. in a review paper bulky gauze and tape [35]. Semi-permeable sheet is
discussed about hydrogels dressings. They reported, a sterile polyurethane sheet coated with acrylic
by utilizing hydrogels as substrates, it is possible to adhesive. Transparent dressings are breathable,
design hydrogel dressings with pH-sensitive, flexible, impermeable to bacteria and comfortable to
temperature sensitive, glucose-sensitive, and wear and keep the wound dry and clean. These
pressure-sensitive properties. The hydrogel dressings covered the wound with a clear film and
dressings using wound-monitoring utilities may ease wound healing can be monitored and detecting
treatment, by monitoring the results [25]. prospective problems much easier and earlier.
Transparent dressings can be ideal for surgical
Foam dressings
incision sites, ulcers and burns and conform easily to
Polyurethane foam dressings have been used for the patient’s body. Due to the film-like structure, they
exudate management in moist wound healing for the are semi-blocking and can trap moisture. They can
past 30 years. Foams have a porous structure that create a moist environment for wound healing [36].
can absorb liquids into air-filled spaces by capillary Transparent polyurethane dressings have become
action. Silicone foam is also used in the wound popular cause of their consistently secures the
dressing but is often applied as an adhesive wound catheter, it permits immediate visual inspection of the
contact layer. Various thicknesses of foam dressings catheter insertion site. Transparent polyurethane
are made, which can be adhesive or non-adhesive. dressings do not have to be changed repeatedly and
They are rich in film-backing that has the resolution to enables the patient to wash and shower with no worry
provide a water and microbe resistant barrier to the about wetting the dressing. They have significant
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

adhesion, cost effective and easy to use [37]. felt is keeping the wounds dry and warm. One of the
Efficiency and success of a transparent film dressing biggest problems with traditional dressings was their
for peripheral intravenous catheters was studied by adhesion to the wound and the difficulty of removing
Atay and Yilmaz Kurt in 2021. They concluded that them from the wound surface [45]. In recent times, by
the use of a transparent film dressing for addition of impregnating paraffin onto the gauze, coating viscose
peripheral intravenous catheter may increase fiber with polypropylene or adding polyamide contact
catheter indwelling time and reduce the incidence of layer, the adherence of traditional dressings were
complications [38]. The effectiveness of transparent fixed [24].
compression bandages in inhibiting pain, discomfort
and hematoma was reviewed by Sharma et al. TEXTILE DRESSINGS FOR WOUND
checked. They reported that transparent dressing is a HEALING
superior choice in patients with femoral/groin
Textile materials have numerous superior features
dressings after cardiac catheterization. Also, they
and are used in various industries. Textile materials
reported that transparent dressings are more comfort
have different properties such as compatibility, good
and effective in prevention of pain [39].
mechanical properties, non-allergenic,
Gauze dressings hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties, air and moisture
permeability etc. and can be used in all types of dry
Gauze dressings are produced in extensive range of and wet dressings. For human existence, healthcare
shapes and sizes which made of non-woven or is very essential, and in recent years developing
woven materials. These can be used for infected textile materials for biomedical purpose have
wounds, draining wounds, wounds which need increased extensively. Wound healing is a complex
packing and very frequent dressing changes. Gauze process and the manufacture of wound dressings for
dressings are available readily and are cheaper than complex unhealed wounds requires further
other wound dressing types and can be used on investigation. For caring open wounds or broken skin
almost all wound types. In the other hand, gauze areas such as cuts, grazes or areas of delicate skin
dressings should frequently combine with another in minor injuries, cloth dressings are used widely.
wound dressing and often is not effective for moist Cloth dressings are available in different shapes and
wound healing. Gauze dressing is still routinely used sizes, in addition to pre-cut dressings, in a roll choice
for long-term wound care in hospitals and clinics [40]. that can be cut to suitable size. According to the
Balasubramanian et al. in 2013 studied about cause, textile wound dressings can be used as
carboxymethylated cotton gauze dressing. Moist protective layers, drug carriers, contact layers and
conditions are maintained by increasing surface reinforcements of wound healing composites. Textile
carboxyl content. The samples were padded with wound dressing structures can be changed by using
different concentrations of ornidazole and ofloxacin different raw materials and changing production
as antibacterial agents. Carboxymethylated cotton parameters [4]. Porosity, strength, flexibility,
gauze treated with antibacterial agents may be capillarity, absorption, three-dimensional structures,
suitable for the manufacture of antibacterial wound moisture permeability, air permeability, drape ability,
dressings [41]. Soares et al. in an integrative review extensibility, different fiber types and lengths, cross-
in 2020, reported that sterile gauze with Vaseline, sectional shape and geometry, fineness,
reduced the amount of pain after the bandages. This combinability with medicines, etc. are the major and
bandage provided pain relief, increased mobility, and significant properties to produce an effective textile
improved sleep patterns, offer the client more comfort wound dressings. Natural fibers such as cotton and
and more willingness and energy for self-care [42]. silk and synthetic fibers such as polyester, polyamide,
Paraffin gauze dressing helps keep the skin graft polypropylene, polyurethane, etc. can be used as the
moist, reduces adhesion and allows for non-traumatic wound dressing. The key benefits of new dressings
removal, and creates a moist environment that are exudate transport, wound closure and on-demand
facilitates migration of epithelial cells. In addition, drug delivery to the wound environment. Recently,
paraffin gauze dressings have some disadvantages, innovative fibers and gels have been made from
such as: B. the need for a secondary dressing, they natural polymers such as polysaccharides (alginates,
do not absorb exudate and require frequent dressing chitin and chitosan), proteins, polyglycolic acid,
changes to ensure they do not dry out and damage regenerated cellulose, etc. [6].
good cells when the dressing is removed [43]. Fang
Wound dressings play a critical role in wound care
et al. in 2021 developed a reusable ionic liquid-
and wound healing. Chitosan-based wound
grafted antibacterial cotton gauze wound dressing
dressings are biodegradable, biocompatible and
using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, glycidyl
antibacterial and have increased significant attention
methacrylate, 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide
in recent years. Chitosan is a natural polymer derived
and butyl acrylate. They reported that the treated
from chitin, which is originate in crustacean shells and
gauze pad is reusable and showed good antibacterial
has been widely considered in diverse presentations
activity even after three repeated antibacterial tests
[46-47].
[44]. Traditional wound dressings such as gauzes and
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

Recently, many researchers have focused on using reported that chitosan– Vaseline dressing is useful for
biological materials such as chitin and chitosan [48]. wound healing [54]. The treatment of cotton gauze
Chitosan acetate theoretically has extensive with a nanocomposite of Ag/chitosan/ZnO can also
biologically valuable properties such as antimicrobial improve wound care ability, increased wicking, drying
activity, homeostasis and stimulation of healing, drug time and water absorption capacity on the way to
delivery, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Chitosan modern wound dressings [48]. Pinho et al. reported in
is the soluble form of chitin, which is mainly in marine 2018 on composite wound dressings obtained by
arthropod shells and is a biopolymer consisting of crosslinking between cotton fabric and cyclodextrin-
poly-N-acetylglucosamine and prevalent in nature. cellulose-based hydrogels. They reported that it is
The antimicrobial properties of chitosan depend on possible to synthesize antimicrobial composite
the degree of chitosan polymerization, substrate wound dressings with natural compounds and eco-
chemical and/or nutrient composition; type (plain or friendly techniques using gallic acid [55].
derivative); environmental conditions like moisture As it was mentioned before, hydrogels are developing
and host natural nutrient constituency. The site of as one of the best dressings because of their
action of chitosan is on the microbial cell wall and the biocompatibility, drug loading capability and
antimicrobial effect occurs immediately on fungi and extracellular matrix imitating structure. Though,
algae and then on bacteria [32]. The use of chitosan current hydrogel dressings reveal unfortunate
accompanied by various antibacterial agents such as environmental compliance, limited breathability,
Ag, Zn, CuO, TiO2 and Fe has been studied by many probable drug resistance, and partial drug options,
researchers in recent years [48]. Antimicrobial and which particularly confine their working conditions
scar-preventive wound dressings were developed by and therapeutic result. Jiang et al. presented the first
coating a mixture of chitosan, polyethylene glycol and model of hydrogel textile dressings by innovative
polyvinylpyrrolidone on the cotton fabric and gelatin glycerin hydrogel (glyhydrogel) fibers invented
subsequent freeze drying by Anjum et al. in 2016 [49]. by the Hofmeister effect through wet spinning method.
Multilayered or composite dressings are frequently a Through the exceptional knitted structure, the textile
mixture of the described dressings. Blend of a dressing features admirable breathability and
semi/non-adherent layer with an extremely absorbent stretchability (535.51 ± 38.66%). Totally these
fibrous layer such as cotton is typically useful for properties can not be reachable via traditional
burns, lacerations, abrasions or surgical incisions [31]. hydrogel dressings and offer a novel tactic for the
The wound healing has different phases and different growth of hydrogel dressings [56].
wound dressing can be used in each phase of healing An innovative bio-printed textiles based on fish skin
procedure. As a primary or secondary dressing, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) for wound
combination dressings can be used. Composite healing was presented in 2023. Due to the good
dressings are combination of dressing types and are biocompatibility of fish-derived dECM, bioprinted
simply a combination of a gauze dressing and a textiles show excellent functionality due to cell
moisture retentive dressing. Depends on the type of adhesion and proliferation. Considering that the
dressing, it is useable on different wound. Although it dECM-based hydrogels are produced by the bio
is easy for clinicians to use and is available printing method, the bio printed textiles exhibit a
extensively. The composite dressing may contain suitable and tunable porous structure with good air
hydro-fiber inner layer and a viscoelastic hydrocolloid permeability throughout the fabric. Furthermore, a
outer layer, which can be used for post-operative variety of active molecules can be loaded onto the
applications, such as following a total knee hydrogel skeleton according to the porous structure,
replacement procedure [50]. Zhang et al. in 2021 and increasing the wound healing effect [57].
engineered a nontoxic, biocompatible, and
Alginate dressings which are easy removal, have
antibacterial chitosan-collagen dressing with water
extremely great absorbing effectiveness and can
retention property [51]. Effect of alginate/chitosan
remove great amounts of exudate. Alginate dressings
hydrogel with different amounts of hesperidin on
can be used also in clean or infected wounds [58].
wound healing was reviewed in 2020 by Bagher et al.
examined. They concluded that the produced For higher state pressure ulcers, packing wounds,
hydrogel has suitable properties for wound healing burns, venous ulcers and wet wounds with high liquid
applications and shows promise overview for drainage, alginate dressings are suggested as
successful wound treatment [52]. Purwar et al. made primary dressings. Alginate is an ionic polysaccharide
a composite wound dressing by embedding hydrogel which can be used in different wound dressings and
on cotton fabric for drug release in 2014. The can improve the wound healing procedure. Alginate
prepared dressing showed drug release at different cross-link with various organic or inorganic materials,
pH values with maximum drug release in acidic which can aid in healing properties. Bioactive alginate
medium [53]. A therapeutic and cost-effective has hydrogel properties such as biodegradability,
chitosan–Vaseline gauze dressing was industrialized optimal water vapor permeability, exudate absorption
by Fang et al. in 2020 through coating the Vaseline and intrinsic swelling properties. These properties are
and chitosan on sterile gauze following drying. They beneficial for a sterile dressing and wound healing
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

[59]. Alginate dressings can contain some medicines spun cellulose fiber (Tencel), by replacing the -OH
like sodium and seaweed fibers, that can absorb high group in cellulose by sodium carboxymethyl groups.
amounts of fluid, and more they are biodegradable Fiber is insoluble in water, yet the sodium
after use. Alginates are mixed water-soluble Na carboxymethyl groups draw enough water into the
and/or K, Ca and Mg salts of alginic acid. Alginates fibers and cause the fibers to swell and form a gel.
are mostly gained from brown sea algae. Hydrofiber nonwoven felts are strong, soft and
Biocompatibility, biodegradability, gelation, high conformable, unlike the alginate fibers which are
absorbency, non-irritating, non-toxic, easy application brittle, weak and light brown. Hydro-fibers gel wound
and blending and swelling are the superior properties dressings are highly absorbable and can be easily
of alginate fiber. The alginate can absorb 15 to 20 removed after use [64]. Aquacel Ag® (ConvaTec,
times its weight in liquid. Many researchers have Princeton, NJ, USA) is a hydro-fiber wound dressing
worked on applications of alginate in wound made from soft, non-woven fibers of sodium
dressings. Alginate can be mixed with other textile carboxymethylcellulose that incorporate ionic silver. It
fibers like cotton and chitosan [60]. Commoto et al. in is antimicrobial and is a moisture retaining wound
2019 produced an alginate-based hydrogel with dressing and forms a gel on contact with wound fluid.
implanted biologically active materials that was In 2009, Barnea et al. reported on the use of hydro-
breathable for at least 72 hours and had excellent fiber dressings with silver (Aquacel Ag®) in wound
mechanical properties. Curcumin and t-resveratrol as care. They concluded that Aquacel Ag® is an
antioxidants were individually encapsulated in the effective, antibacterial and safe dressing for acute
alginate-based hydrogel. The prepared hydrogel was and chronic wounds [65].
biocompatible and was not toxic for human Collagens are the greatest abundant protein originate
keratinocytes. The hydrogel encapsulated with in the body. For wound healing, these collagens are
curcumin was more effective against bacterial growth. created by fibroblasts and improved into different
The hydrogel dressings produced are useful in many morphologies. Wound healing and tensile strength of
skin diseases and can modulate the immune healed skin depend on the amount, type and
response while controlling bacterial growth [61]. organization of collagen [66]. Collagen-based
Hydro fiber Technology (HT) was founded on a new biomaterials have been used for wound dressings
sodium CMC hydrocolloid fiber material. Definitely, it cause of easy to apply, low immunogenicity,
was industrialized for wound care to include the biocompatibility and ability to reactivate wound
required features of more traditional dressings (cotton healing responses. Typically, the normal sources of
gauze, alginates and foams) and for increasing collagen are bovine, equine, avian, or porcine. The
aspects of exudate controlling. Mike Walker and use of animal-based collagen products is associated
David Parsons in 2010 reported that the initial with allergic problems, microbial contamination and
material is advanced form of cellulose. In wound care, the spread of prion diseases. In addition, other natural
usually cotton gauze used as natural form. Cotton is (marine) or genetically engineered (recombinant
very useful but its absorbency or the ability to retain human collagen from bacterial or plant material)
fluid is not enough because of the physical spaces in sources of collagen have been considered. Collagen
cotton fabrics tightly bounding in the cellulose. has been used as matrices/scaffolds for tissue
Changing the macroscopic fiber structure and engineering, hemostats, soft tissue repair, and in
introducing several pathways for moisture recent years as a drug delivery system. Collagen can
permeability and fiber gelation confirm that be combined with natural and synthetic polymers
improvements in both absorption and retention such as hyaluronic acid, poly(L-lactic acid),
properties are being achieved in hydrofiber dressings. polyethylene oxide, elastin and silk fibroin, alginate,
Number of sodium carboxymethyl groups in the chitosan. Some additives such as insulin, antibiotics
molecular structure should be controlled. or nanoparticles have been added for wound healing.
Subsequently, HT dressings afford hydration Biocompatible nanocollagen is a fairly new material
properties which make them different from other produced by electrospinning processes and this
wound dressing [62]. Hydro fiber based dressings are nanosize offers a higher surface area to volume ratio
able to lock in wound exudate and have antibacterial that can be used for therapeutic drug delivery
properties and removed bacteria and proteolytic systems [67].
enzymes which may presence in the fluid from the Chitosan and collagen are used as natural polymers
wound area. Hydrofiber products have wonderful along with textiles for wound dressing. In a research
properties such as gel blocking, high fluid absorption work, a collagen-containing wound dressing was
capacity, fluid retention under pressure (e.g. >90%) prepared using non-woven fabric with a collagen
and are easy to apply and allow for non-traumatic layer.
dressing removal as demonstrated by in vivo and in
For burns, chronic, surgical or stalled wounds,
vitro studies [63]. After achievements of alginate
transplant sites, pressure sores, ulcers and injuries;
wound dressings, a gel-forming CMC fiber was
collagen dressing can be offered. Collagen dressings
produced as wet healing dressing under the name of
may remove dead tissue, grow fresh blood vessels,
Hydro-Fiber. This hydrofiber made from the solvent-
and help to bring the wound edges together and act
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

as a scaffold for new cells. Santhanam et al. in 2020 diameters in the nanometer and micrometer range.
reported about the role of collagen for wound These wound dressings have different properties that
treatments [68]. Doillon and Silver in 1986 were can accelerate the wound healing process. In a 2021
determined the effect of hyaluronic acid and review, Akhmetova and Heinz gave an overview of
fibronectin in a collagen-based wound dressing [69]. cytocompatible and biodegradable fibrous wound
Amirah et al. studied antibacterial collagen dressings dressings produced by electrospinning proteins and
for diabetic foot ulcers in 2020. Encouraging results peptides of animal and plant origin [76]. Campa-
have been reported using a collagen-based dressing Siqueiros et al. in 2020 described electrospun
with integrated antibacterial components such as nanofibers from gelatin, chitosan and chitosan-
polyhexamethylene biguanide and silver for diabetic polyvinyl alcohol that made through electrospinning
foot ulcer wound healing [70]. method. The produced nanofibers provide good
In the other point of view, nanofibers are widely used antimicrobial efficiency and can be used as wound
in numerous biomedical uses for example cancer healing dressings [77]. Multifunctional nanofiber
therapy, gene delivery, drug delivery, cell therapy, dressings are effective for wound healing process
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [71]. due to their great biocompatibility, biodegradability
Nanofiber composites can be used efficiently for and bioactivity, and can be produced by mixing
wound healing and conformal tissue regeneration. various natural or synthetic polymers and combining
Currently electrospinning, phase separation, self- drugs, nanoparticles and bioactive agents through the
assembly, and template synthesis are main methods electrospinning process. Electrospinning of natural
for nanofibers preparation [72]. Among others, and synthetic biopolymers has larger structures for
electrospinning is a modern, cheap and efficient making wound dressings and tissue engineering
method for large scale production of continuous fine scaffolds, and hence is valued for modern wound
nanofibers with tunable diameter and can process care and medical industry and other specific
both natural and synthetic polymers to solve specific structures [78]. Wound dressings based on
wound problems. hydrophilic polyurethane with peppermint extract as a
natural and herbal anti-inflammatory and
These fibers can be used in filtration, composite
antimicrobial agent were prepared through
materials, wound dressing and membrane industry.
electrospinning method. Prepared nanofibers have
Nanofibers are favorable materials for assisting
potential wound healing property for diabetic ulcers
wound healing and skin regeneration. Electrospun
[79].
meshes have high surface area and microporosity
which can be loaded by biomolecules or drugs and Natural polymers such as glucan and galactan-based
can be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. carbohydrate are inexpensiveness, natural,
Subsequently, different materials such as chitosan, biocompatibile, biodegradable and are good
gelatin, collagen, fibrinogen, poly lactic acid, candidate for using in wound healing dressings
polyurethane, poly caprolactone and polyvinyl alcohol process. In addition, nanofibrous mesh have great
can be electrospun and used as appropriate wound surface area and are similar to the ECM (extracellular
dressing [73-74]. The electrospun nanofibers have matrix) and supports fine proliferation and migration
specific properties such as large surface areas, of fibroblasts. Therefore, nanostructured dressings
changeable morphologies, high porosities, and derivative from glucans and galactans like chitosan,
manageable mechanical properties and can be used pullulan, carrageenan, agar or agarose and curdlan
for drug delivery applications [75]. Various antibiotics do not have the problems of traditional wound
and anticancer drugs can be combined into dressings` [80].
electrospun polymeric nanofibers for making In the other research work nanofibrous wound
desirable wound dressings. Usually, these active dressings with synergistic antibacterial activity were
ingredients are incorporated into nanofibers by mixing developed. The process involves the layerwise co-
them into the polymer and then electrospinning the assembly of benzalkonium chloride (BC) and metal–
mixture or core-shell electrospinning. Iacob et al. organic framework nanoparticles (MOFs, PCN-224)
described in 2020 a summary of widely used onto poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun
polysaccharides of animal, plant, fungal and bacterial nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) using a tannic acid
origin for the production of nano-wound dressings. (TA)-assisted adhesion strategy. The prepared nano
Drugs and biological molecules can be encapsulated composite presents a novel method for enhancing
in electrospun nanofibers and wound healing wound disinfection in clinical settings [81].
processes can be improved and accelerated. They The inappropriate managing of wound exudate
concluded that electrospun polysaccharide nanofiber around the diabetic wound bed is one of the key
dressings had more desirable and appropriate parameters leading to delay diabetic wound healing.
properties such as cost-effectiveness, ease of Zhuo et al., introduced a new diabetic wound dressing
preparation, efficient drug delivery, and better wound for achieving fast wound healing by electrospinning
healing time compared to traditional dressings [75]. hydrophobic nanofibers on a hydrophilic modified
Recently, many researchers are investigating non-woven fabric. The double-layer structure of the
electrospun polymeric wound dressings with fiber
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

self-pumping dressing divert excessive exudate away infection. They claimed that Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
from diabetic wounds, ultimately promoting wound (PMP) fabric can remove bacteria from infectious
healing [82]. wounds through dressing changes based on its
efficient bacterial adhesion. Also, they reported PMP
ANTIMICROBIAL WOUND DRESSING fabric could inhibit the twitching motility of bacteria,
With a global market of US$20.4 billion by 2021, skin which is beneficial for inhibiting infection. In a rat
wound dressings are a core part of the wound care wound model, ability of the Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
industry. Natural polymeric nanofibers loaded with fabric was demonstrated in vivo for wound healing
antibacterial and biofunctional agents are intelligent acceleration. They reported, by treating with the PMP
classes of bioactive wound dressings and can be fabric dressing, pathogenic bacteria in the wound
replaced by classic wound dressings [83]. In order to were removed through dressing change; therefore,
manufacture antimicrobial dressings, several the wound exhibited better healing speed than when
performance criteria are important, such as wound the commercial dressing was used. The low bacterial
surface protection, absorption of wound exudate, and concentration effectively stimulated the expression of
ease of application and removal. Usually, textile growth factors and inhibited wound inflammation and
wound dressings can combine with antimicrobial accelerating wound healing. They claimed that PMP
agents through different methods such as 1) fabric has been approved for use in clinical treatment
antimicrobial creams and ointment (betadine solution by the Food and Drug Administration, no antibacterial
and betadine cream or silver antimicrobial wound gel), agent or probiotics were used for preparation and the
2) textile fabric impregnated with antimicrobial active fabric could be manufactured through an industrial
ingredients, 3) antimicrobial coated textile substrate, production process [85].
4) textile fibers containing antimicrobial active Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the useful
ingredients, 5) textile composite containing herbal medicines to prevent the bacteria infection.
antimicrobial fibers. Wound dressings come in direct The extract of Clove has phenolic compounds such
contact with injured skin and should be safe, non- as eugenol and this plant have great antioxidant,
toxic and free from allergy problems. It must be antimicrobial and anti-inflammation properties.
effective on broad-spectrum of bacteria without Parham et al. endeavored to develop the flexible
bacteria resistance and antimicrobial effect should cellulosic textile nanocomposite by dipping the
sustained during the shelf time. cellulosic textile in a nano emulsion containing clove
Studying about functional wound dressings with rapid herbal medicine (32%wt). This clove treated textile
hemostasis and antimicrobial efficiency is necessary improve the in vitro cellular compatibility and in vivo
for the managing of severe bleeding wounds. In wound healing and approximately 85% of the
general, cotton dressings are used in clinical practice; procedure of wound was mended in14 days [86].
but, few number of dressings may concurrently have In the other research in 2019, a wound dressing able
antimicrobial properties and fast hemostasis. Zeng et to release chlorhexidine (CHX) as antiseptic agent,
al. in 2023 developed a versatile cotton dressing in ensuring long-lasting antibacterial efficacy during the
name of (GCQCNF-5) by deposition catechol healing was designed by Aubert-Viard et al [87]. In
modified quaternary chitosan (CQCS) and gelatin similar research, the sandwich-like composite
onto a cotton nonwoven fabric surface. They reported, hydrogel wound dressings were settled by adding
cause of presence of a gelatin sponge layer with nonwoven fabrics for interior layer and chitosan and
suitable thickness and porosity on its surface, gelatin hydrogel treated with Centella asiatica as a
GCQCNF-5 exhibits a particular enhanced base material. After treating with Centella asiatica,
hemostatic effect compared to raw nonwoven fabric the treated wound dressing revealed brilliant
both in vitro and in vivo, which is even somewhat antibacterial activity and drug release properties. This
superior to a commercial gelatin hemostatic sponge. work indicates that the nonwoven composite
They reported by exerting a rapid hemostasis effect, hydrogels have wide application in the field of medical
GCQCNF-5 can exploit catechol modified quaternary care in the future [88].
chitosan to apply excellent immediate antimicrobial
and long-lasting bacteriostatic properties. By in vivo APPLICATIONS OF SMART MATERIALS
wound healing experiments they indicated that IN WOUND CARE
GCQCNF-5 could significantly promote rapid healing
Topical improvements on dressings like hydrogel
of infected wounds by effectively sterilizing, absorbing
dressings using combined treatment functions and
exudates, and providing moist healing environments
monitoring, using intelligent materials or sensors to
[84].
sense modifications in the wound situation and
Generally fibrous biomaterials are used for wound healing are ongoing. These dressings support
manufacturing of antibacterial wound dressings. reactive treatment for wound healing and are able to
Antibacterial and probiotic therapies can be used for carry out dynamic treatment soon enough to
preparing anti-infective dressings may have side- successfully help wound healing. Some dressings
effects and biotoxicity. Zhang et al. in 2023 reported can monitor and observe wound status and afford
a method for fabricating wound dressings to combat
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

tailored treatment, for example temperature, pressure, research is needed for wound dressing and effective
pH and glucose sensitive dressings [25]. Developing materials for wound healing.
smart dressing integration can help prevent
amputations and ulcers and speed up the healing CONCLUSION
process. Recently, for smart wound dressings, Newer wound dressings create an ideal atmosphere
researchers suggested bio-sensing technique for in which cells can move freely. Because oxygen
chronic wound environment condition. Some circulates efficiently throughout the wound in a moist
biomarkers recognized as probable indicators for atmosphere, bacterial growth is low and tissue
treatment of non-healing chronic wounds. renewal is faster. Large series of wound dressings
Biochemical and physical biomarkers are the two have been developed because no single dressing is
main categories. Biochemical marker classified as suitable for the treatment of different wounds. Wound
cytokine, enzyme, metabolic byproduct and pH and healing procedures have different phases that require
some physical markers classified as temperature, different dressings for each phase. In moist wound
pressure, moisture content that can be converted into controlling, textile dressings can be used as
calculable electrical signals. Ginanini et al. reported advanced fibers like chitosan or alginate fibers, or the
that the chronic wound environment can be sensed in textile dressing can be coated and modified with
real time and the creation of a feedback system can several ingredients such as hydrogels or honey for
measure the healing process [89]. Magnetization of achieving distinctive properties such as drug release
cellulose fiber using CoFe2O4 as smart wound or better hydrophilicity. Generally, different types of
dressing was studied by Williams et al. in 2019 for textiles such as nanofibers, filaments, yarns, woven,
healing monitoring ability. They concluded that nonwoven and composite textiles can be used in
prepared magnetic dressing can be used as a smart wound-dressing products. In summary, textile
wound dressing concerning wireless magnetic materials and composite structures will continue to be
announcement for tele-monitoring wound healing one of the physical solutions for the care of people
procedures [90]. Ghaderi and Afshar in 2004 [91] with wounds.
reported about honey application for skin wound
treatment. Honey can accelerate the wound healing Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge
process and improve the formation of granulation the help and support of Department of Textile, Arak Branch,
tissue, keratinization of the wound surface, and the Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran for performing the study
thickness of the basement membrane and epidermis. and development work. Authors gratefully acknowledge the
help of Rajamangala University of Technology Phra
Honey can decrease inflammation, infection, edema,
Nakhon (RMUTP), Thailand, for supporting this research.
and improved resilience, ultimate tensile strength and
toughness of wound. Nazeri et al. in 2015 reported REFERENCES
about a honey-based alginate hydrogel for wound
1. Kubera S.K.S., Prakash C., Subramanian S.: Study on
dressing [92]. Silver and silver derivatives have been performance of different wound dressings on surgical non
used as an antimicrobial agent for many years, and infected wounds, Journal of Natural Fibers 18(2), 2021, pp.
the medicinal use of silver is not a new tactic. Metallic 161-174.
silver or silver nitrate was used for skin infection http://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1612812
2. Tavakoli S., Klar A.S.: Advanced hydrogels as wound
treatments and chronic wounds. Silver in ionized form dressings, Biomolecules 10(8), 2020, pp. 1-20.
and nanosilver shows excellent antimicrobial and http://doi:10.3390/biom10081169
antifungal properties and can be used to coat medical 3. Andrews K.L., Derby K.M., Jacobson T.M., et al.: Prevention
devices. Silver can be used in wound dressing's and management of chronic wounds. In: Cifu D.X., editor.
Braddom's physical medicine and rehabilitation,
compound for healing the contaminated wounds [93]. Pennsylvania: Elsevier, 2021, pp. 469-484.
Elsaboni et al. in 2022 focused on the design and http://doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-62539-5.00024-2
4. Ramazan E.: Advances in fabric structures for wound care.
fabrication of flexible textile-based protein sensors to
In: Rajendran S., editor. Advanced textiles for wound care,
be embedded in wound dressings. Chronic wounds Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 509 – 540.
need continuous monitoring for preventing additional http://doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102192-7.00018-7
difficulties and determining the best treatment in the 5. Vachhrajani V., Khakhkhar P.: Science of wound healing and
dressing materials, Springer Nature Singapore, Gateway
case of infection. For the progression of wound
East, 2020.
healing, proteins are necessary and can be used as http://doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9236-9_7
an indicator of wound status. By measuring protein 6. Voncina B., Fras L.Z., Ristic T.: Active textile dressings for
concentrations, the sensor can monitor the wound wound healing. In: Langenhove L.V., editor. Advances in
smart medical textiles: Treatments and health monitoring,
condition continuously as a function of time. The
Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2016, pp. 73-92.
protein sensor has electrodes printed on polyester http://doi:10.1016/B978-1-78242-379-9.00004-9
fabric by silver and carbon composite inks. Currently, 7. Cutting K.F., White R.J., Legerstee R.: Evidence and
this is a collective backing fabric used for wound practical wound care–an all-inclusive approach, Wound
Medicine 16, 2017, pp. 40-45.
dressings. They concluded that, the best sensor
http://doi:10.1016/j.wndm.2017.01.005
design is comprised of silver conductive tracks but a 8. Milne K.E., Penn-Barwell J.G.: Classification and
carbon layer as the working and counter electrodes management of acute wounds and open fractures, Surgery
at the interface zone [94]. At least, much more (Oxford) 38(3), 2020, pp.143- 149.
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

http://doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2020.01.010 25. Jin S., Newton M.A.A., Cheng H., et al.: Progress of hydrogel
9. Sen C.K.: Human wounds and its burden: an updated dressings with wound monitoring and treatment functions,
compendium of estimates, Advances in wound care 8, 2019, Gels 9(9), 2023, pp. 1-26.
pp. 39-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090694
http://doi:10.1089/wound.2019.0946 26. Asdasd Weller C., Team V.: Interactive dressings and their
10. Guest J.F., Fuller G.W., Vowden P.: Cohort study evaluating role in moist wound management. In Rajendran R., editor.
the burden of wounds to the UK’s National Health Service in Advanced textiles for wound care Cambridge: Woodhead
2017/2018, update from 2012/2013, BMJ Open 10(12), 2020, Publishing, 2019, pp. 105-134.
pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102192-7.09001-9
http://doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045253 27. Lu H., Yuan L., Yu X.,et al.: Recent advances of on-demand
11. Tottoli E.M., Dorati R., Genta I., et al.: Skin wound healing dissolution of hydrogel dressings, Burns & Trauma 6, 2018,
process and new emerging technologies for skin wound care pp.1-13.
and regeneration, Pharmaceutics 12(8), 2020, pp. 1-30. http://doi:10.11846/s1038-018-0138-8
http://doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12080735 28. El-Sherbiny I.M., Yacoub M.H.: Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue
12. Rizani N.: Modern wound dressing for wound infection: An engineering: Progress and challenges, Global Cardiology
overview, Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Science and Practice 2013(3), pp. 1-27.
Disease 3(1), 2012, pp. 39-59. https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2013.38
http://doi:10.20473/ijtid.v3i1.201 29. Guo B., Qu J., Zhao X., et al.: Degradable conductive self-
13. Kuo F.C., Hsu C.W., Tan T.L., et al.: Effectiveness of healing hydrogels based on dextran-graft-tetraaniline and N-
different wound dressings in the reduction of blisters and carboxyethyl chitosan as injectable carriers for myoblast cell
periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty: therapy and muscle regeneration, Acta Biomaterialia 84,
A systematic review and network meta-analysis, The Journal 2019, pp. 180-193.
of Arthroplasty 36(7), 2021, pp. 2612- 2629. http://doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.008
https://doi:10.1016/j.arth.2021.02.047 30. Nielsen J., Fogh K.: Clinical utility of foam dressings in wound
14. Kumar K.S., Prakash C., Ramesh P., et al.: Study of wound management: A review, Chronic Wound Care Management
dressing material coated with natural extracts of Calotropis and Research 2, 2015, pp. 31-38.
Gigantean, Eucalyptus Globulus and buds of Syzygium 31. Bullough L., Johnson S., Forder R.: Evaluation of a foam
Aromaticum solution enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-DTM dressing for acute and chronic wound exudate management,
60), Journal of Natural Fibers 18(12), 2021, pp. 2270-2283. British Journal of Community Nursing 20 (Sup9), 2015, pp.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1726239 S17-S24.
15. Prakash C., Sukumar N., Ramesh P., et al.: Development http://doi:10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.Sup9.S17
and characterization of wound dressing material coated with 32. Kowalczuk D., Miazga-Karska M., Gładysz A., et al.:
natural extracts of curcumin, aloe vera and chitosan solution Characterization of ciprofloxacin-bismuth-loaded
enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-DTM), Journal of Natural antibacterial wound dressing, Molecules, 25(21), 2020, pp.
Fibers 18(12), 2021, pp. 2019-2032. 1-13.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1710738 http://doi:10.3390/molecules25215096
16. Shi C., Wang C., Liu H., et al.: Selection of appropriate 33. Wang Y.C., Lee H.C., Chen C.L., et al.: The effects of silver-
wound dressing for various wounds, Frontiers in releasing foam dressings on diabetic foot ulcer healing,
Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8, 2020, pp. 1-17. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10(7), 2021, pp. 1-9.
http://doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00182 http://doi:10.3390/jcm10071495
17. Vivcharenko V., Przekora A.: Modifications of wound 34. Pramod S.: A soft silicone foam dressing that aids healing
dressings with bioactive agents to achieve improved pro- and comfort in oncology care, British Journal of Nursing
healing properties, Applied Sciences 11(9), 2021, pp.1-16. 30(1), 2021, pp. 40-46.
http://doi:10.3390/app11094114 http://doi:10.12968/bjon.2021.30.1.40
18. Thomas S.: Hydrocolloid dressings in the management of 35. Wille J.C., Alblas A.B.V.O., Thewessen E.A.P.M.: A
acute wounds: a review of the literature, International Wound comparison of two transparent film-type dressings in central
Journal 5(5), 2008, pp. 602-613. venous therapy, Journal of Hospital Infection 23(2), 1993,
http://doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00541.x pp.113-121.
19. CLH Healthcare, 7 Types of Wound Dressings & When to http://doi:10.1016/0195-6701(93)90015-R
Use Each. 36. Silveira R.C.D.C.P., Braga F.T.M.M., Garbin L.M., et al.: The
https://clhgroup.co.uk/learning-centre/guides/7-types-of- use of polyurethane transparent film in indwelling central
wound-dressings-when-to-use-each venous catheter, Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
20. Thomas S.: Hydrocolloid dressings in the management of 18, 2010, pp.1212-1220.
acute wounds: a review of the literature, International wound 37. Gallieni M.: Transparen film dressings for intravascular
journal 5(5), 2008, pp. 602-613. catheter exit-site, The Journal of Vascular Access 5(2), 2004,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00541.x pp. 69-75.
21. Kamińska M.S., Cybulska A.M., Skonieczna-Żydecka K., http://doi:10.1177/112972980400500205
Augustyniuk K., Grochans E., Karakiewicz B.: Effectiveness 38. Atay S., Kurt F.Y.: Effectiveness of transparent film dressing
of hydrocolloid dressings for treating pressure ulcers in adult for peripheral intravenous catheter, The Journal of Vascular
patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Access 22(1), 2021, pp.135-140.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public http://doi:10.1177/1129729820927238
Health 17(21), 2020, pp. 1-19. 39. Sharma S.K., Thakur K., Mudgal S.K., et al.: Efficacy of
http://doi:10.3390/ijerph17217881 transparent vs. pressure pressing in prevention of post-
22. Nguyen H.M., Le T.T.N., Nguyen A.T., et al.: Biomedical cardiac catheterization pain, discomfort and hematoma: A
materials for wound dressing: Recent advances and systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs, Journal of
applications, RSC advances 13(8), 2023, pp. 5509-5528. Caring Sciences 10(2), 2021, pp. 103-110.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07673J http://doi:10.34172/jcs.2021.019
23. Ahmad N.: In vitro and in vivo characterization methods for 40. Edwards J.V., Yager D.R., Cohen I.K., Diegelmann R.F.,
evaluation of modern wound dressings, Pharmaceutics Montante S., Bertoniere N., Bopp A.F.: Modified cotton
15(1), 2022, pp. 1-47. gauze dressings that selectively absorb neutrophil elastase
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010042 activity in solution, Wound Repair and Regeneration 9(1),
24. Long C., Qing Y., Li S., et al.: Asymmetric composite wound 2001, pp. 50-58.
nanodressing with superhydrophilic/ superhydrophobic http://doi:10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00050.x
alternate pattern for reducing blood loss and adhesion, 41. Balasubramanian E., Balasubramanian V., Babu G., et al.:
Composites Part B: Engineering 223, 2021, pp. 1-10. Moist wound dressing fabrications: Carboxymethylation of
http://doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109134
 Fibres and Textiles 31(1), 2024, 13-25

antibacterial cotton gauze, Journal of Engineered Fibers and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2022.05.022

Fabrics 8(4), 2013, 78-87. 58. Froelich A., Jakubowska E., Wojtyłko M., et al.: Alginate-
http://doi:10.1177/155892501300800402 based materials loaded with nanoparticles in wound healing,
42. Soares H.P.L., Brandão E.D.S., Tonole R.: Primary Pharmaceutics 15(4), 2023, pp. 1142-1181.
bandages for people with pemphigus vulgaris lesions: An https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041142
integrative literature review, Revista Gaúcha de 59. Stoica A.E., Chircov C., Grumezescu A.M.: Nanomaterials
Enfermagem 41, 2020, pp. 1-8. for wound dressings: an up-to-date overview, Molecules
http://doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190259 25(11), 2020, pp. 1-25.
43. Edwards H., Finlayson K., Parker C., et al.: Wound dressing http://doi:10.3390/molecules25112699
guide. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology. 60. Ip, M.: Antimicrobial dressings. In: Farrar, D., editor.
2019. Advanced wound repair Therapies. Cambridge: Woodhead
44. Fang H., Li D., Xu L., et al.: A reusable ionic liquid-grafted Publishing; 2011, pp. 416-449.
antibacterial cotton gauze wound dressing, Journal of http://doi:10.1533/9780857093301.3.416
Materials Science, 56, 2021, pp.7598-7612. 61. Comotto M., Saghazadeh S., Bagherifard S., et al.:
http://doi:10.1007/s10853-020-05751-8 Breathable hydrogel dressings containing natural
45. Qin Y.: Antimicrobial textile dressings in managing wound antioxidants for management of skin disorders, Journal of
infection. Rajendran S., editor. Advanced textiles for wound Biomaterials Applications 33(9), 2019, pp. 1265 – 1276.
care, Oxford: Woodhead Publishing, 2009, pp. 179-197. http://doi:10.1177/0885328218816526
http://doi:10.1533/9781845696306.1.179 62. Walker M., Parsons D.: Hydrofiber® technology: Its role in
46. Atay H.Y.: Antibacterial activity of chitosan-based systems, exudate management, Wounds UK. 6(2), 2010, pp. 31- 88.
Functional chitosan: drug delivery and biomedical 63. Walker M., Lam S., Pritchard D., et al.: Biophysical properties
applications 2019, pp. 457-489. of a Hydrofiber® cover dressing, Wounds UK. 6(9) 2010, pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0263-7_15 16-29.
47. Yang M., Wang H., Li K., et al.: A new soft tissue constructed 64. Qin Y.: Advanced wound dressings, The Journal of The
with chitosan for wound dressings-incorporating Textile Institute 92(2), 2001, pp. 127-138.
nanoparticles for medical and nursing therapeutic efficacy, http://doi:10.1080/00405000108659563
Regenerative Therapy 24, 2023, pp. 103-111. 65. Barnea Y., Weiss J., Gur E.: A review of the applications of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2023.06.005 the Hydrofiber dressing with silver (Aquacel Ag®) in wound
48. Abbasipour M., Mirjalili M., Khajavi R., et al.: Coated cotton care, Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 6, 2010,
gauze with Ag/ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite as a modern pp. 21- 27.
wound dressing, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 66. Rangaraj A., Harding K., Leaper D.: Role of collagen in
9(1), 2014, pp. 124-130. wound management, Wounds UK. 7(2), 2011, pp. 54-63.
http://doi:10.1177/155892501400900114 67. Mathew-Steiner S.S., Roy S., Sen C.K.: Collagen in wound
49. Anjum S., Arora A., Alam M.S., et al.: Development of healing, Bioengineering. 8(5), 2021, pp. 1-15.
antimicrobial and scar preventive chitosan hydrogel wound http://doi:10.3390/bioengineering8050063
dressings, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 508(1-2), 68. Santhanam R., Rameli M.A.P., Effri A.A., et al.: Bovine based
2016, pp. 92-101. collagen dressings in wound care management, Journal of
http://doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.013 Pharmaceutical Research International 32(33), 2020, pp. 48-
50. Ghomi E.R., Khalili S., Khorasani S.N., et al.: Wound 63.
dressings: Current advances and future directions, Journal http://doi:10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i3330949
of Applied Polymer Science 2019, 136(27), pp. 1-12. 69. Doillon C.J., Silver F.H.: Collagen-based wound dressing:
http://doi:10.1002/app.47738 Effects of hyaluronic acid and firponectin on wound healing,
51. Zhang M.X., Zhao W.Y., Fang Q.Q., et al.: Effects of Biomaterials 7(1), 1986, pp. 3-8.
chitosan-collagen dressing on wound healing in vitro and in http://doi:10.1016/0142-9612(86)90080-3
vivo assays, Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional 70. Amirrah I.N., Wee M.F.M.R., Tabata Y., et al.: Antibacterial-
Materials 19, 2021, pp.1-10. integrated collagen wound dressing for diabetes-related foot
http://doi:10.1177/2280800021989698 ulcers: an evidence-based review of clinical studies,
52. Bagher Z., Ehterami A., Safdel M.H., et al.: Wound healing Polymers 12(9) 2020, pp. 1-17.
with alginate/chitosan hydrogel containing hesperidin in rat http://doi:10.3390/polym12092168
model, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 55, 71. Guo W., Yang Z., Qin X., et al.: Fabrication and
2020, pp.1-34. Characterization of the Core-Shell Structure of Poly (3-
http://doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101379 Hydroxybutyrate-4-Hydroxybutyrate) Nanofiber Scaffolds,
53. Purwar R., Rajput P., Srivastava C.M.: Composite wound BioMed Research International 2021, 2021, pp. 1-11.
dressing for drug release. Fibers and Polymers 15, 2014, http://doi:10.1155/2021/8868431
pp.1422-1428. 72. Gao C., Zhang L., Wang J., et al.: Electrospun nanofibers
http://doi:10.1007/s12221-014-1422-2 promote wound healing: theories, techniques, and
54. Fang Q.Q., Wang X.F., Zhao W.Y., et al.: Development of a perspectives, Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9(14), 2021,
chitosan–vaseline gauze dressing with wound-healing pp. 3106-3130.
properties in murine models, The American Journal of http://doi:10.1039/D1TB00067E
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102(2), 2020, pp. 468-475. 73. Abrigo M., McArthur S.L., Kingshott P.: Electrospun
http://doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0387 nanofibers as dressings for chronic wound care: advances,
55. Pinho E., Calhelha R.C., Ferreira I.C.F.R., et al.: Cotton‐ challenges, and future prospects, Macromolecular
hydrogel composite for improved wound healing: Bioscience 14(6), 2014, pp. 772-792.
http://doi:10.1002/mabi.201300561
Antimicrobial activity and anti‐inflammatory evaluation—
74. Fatahian R., Mirjalili M., Khajavi R., et al.: Recent studies on
Part 2, Polymers for Advanced Technologies 30(4), 2019, nanofibers based wound-dressing materials: A review.
pp. 863-871. Proceedigns of 7 th International Conference on Engineering
http://doi:10.1002/pat.4519 & Applied Science, 2018, pp.1-12
56. Jiang S., Deng J., Jin Y., et al.: Breathable, antifreezing, 75. Iacob A.T., Drăgan M., Ionescu O.M., et al.: An overview of
mechanically skin-like hydrogel textile wound dressings with biopolymeric electrospun nanofibers based on
dual antibacterial mechanisms, Bioactive Materials 2, 2023, polysaccharides for wound healing management,
pp. 313-323. Pharmaceutics 12(10), 2020, pp. 1-49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.014 http://doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12100983
57. Lin X., Zhang H., Zhang H., et al.: Bio-printed hydrogel
textiles based on fish skin decellularized extracellular matrix
for wound healing, Engineering 25, 2023, pp. 120-127.
 SHAHIDI, S., ET AL.: WOUND DRESSING WITH TEXTILE DRESSING APPROACH: A REVIEW

76. Akhmetova A, Heinz A.: Electrospinning proteins for wound 86. Parham S., Kharazi A.Z.: Cellulosic textile/clove
healing purposes: opportunities and challenges. nanocomposite as an antimicrobial wound dressing: In vitro
Pharmaceutics 13(1), 2021, pp. 1-22. and in vivo study, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
http://doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13010004 217, 2022, pp. 1-9.
77. Campa-Siqueiros P., Madera-Santana T.J., Ayala-Zavala https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112659
J.F., et al.: Nanofibers of gelatin and polivinyl-alcohol- 87. Aubert-Viard F., Mogrovejo-Valdivia A., Tabary N., et al.:
chitosan for wound dressing application: fabrication and Evaluation of antibacterial textile covered by layer-by-layer
characterization, Polímeros 30, 2020, pp.1-11. coating and loaded with chlorhexidine for wound dressing
http://doi:10.1590/0104-1428.07919 application, Materials Science and Engineering: C 100,
78. Azimi B., Maleki H., Zavagna L., et al.: Bio-based electrospun 2019, pp. 554-563.
fibers for wound healing, Journal of Functional Biomaterials https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.044
11(3), 2020, pp. 1-36. 88. Wang L., Li D., Shen Y., et al.: Preparation of Centella
http://doi:10.3390/jfb11030067 asiatica loaded gelatin/chitosan/nonwoven fabric composite
79. Almasian A., Najafi F., Eftekhari M., et al.: Preparation of hydrogel wound dressing with antibacterial property,
polyurethane/pluronic F127 nanofibers containing International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 192,
peppermint extract loaded gelatin nanoparticles for diabetic 2021, pp. 350-359.
wounds healing: Characterization, in vitro, and in vivo https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.145
studies, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative 89. Gianino E., Miller C., Gilmore J.: Smart wound dressings for
Medicine 2021, pp. 1-16. diabetic chronic wounds, Bioengineering 5(3), 2018, pp. 1-
http://doi:10.1155/2021/6646702 26.
80. Latiyan S., Kumar T.S., Doble M., et al.: Perspectives of http://doi:10.3390/bioengineering5030051
nanofibrous wound dressings based on glucans and 90. Williams S., Okolie C.L., Deshmukh J., et al.: Magnetizing
galactans-A review, International Journal of Biological cellulose fibers with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for smart wound
Macromolecules 244, 2023, pp. 1-20. dressing for healing monitoring capability, ACS Applied Bio
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125358 Materials 2(12), 2019, pp. 5653-5662.
81. Li Y., Xu Z., Tang L., et al.: Nanofibers fortified with http://doi:10.1021/acsabm.9b00731
synergistic defense route: A potent wound dressing against 91. Ghaderi R., Afshar M.: Topical application of honey for
drug-resistant bacterial infections, Chemical Engineering treatment of skin wound in mice, Iranian Journal of Medical
Journal 475 (1), 2023, pp. 146492. Sciences 29(4), 2015, pp. 185-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146492 92. Nazeri S., Ardakani E.M., Babavalian H., et al.: Evaluation of
82. Zhou L., Xu P., Dong P., et al.: A self-pumping dressing with effectiveness of honey-based alginate hydrogel on wound
in situ modification of non-woven fabric for promoting healing in rat model, Journal of Applied Biotechnology
diabetic wound healing, Chemical Engineering Journal 457, Reports 2(3), 2015, pp. 293-297.
2023, pp.141108. 93. Konop M., Damps T., Misicka A., et al.: Certain aspects of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141108 silver and silver nanoparticles in wound care: a minireview,
83. Homaeigohar S., Boccaccini A.R.: Antibacterial biohybrid Journal of Nanomaterials 2016, pp.1-10.
nanofibers for wound dressings, Acta Biomaterialia 107, http://doi:10.1155/2016/7614753
2020, pp. 25-49. 94. ElSaboni Y., Hunt J.A., Stanley J., et al.: Development of a
http://doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.022 textile based protein sensor for monitoring the healing
84. Li L., Chen D., Chen J., et al.: Gelatin and catechol-modified progress of a wound, Scientific Reports 12, 2022, pp. 1-12.
quaternary chitosan cotton dressings with rapid hemostasis https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11982-3
and high-efficiency antimicrobial capacity to manage severe
bleeding wounds, Materials & Design 229, 2023, pp. 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111927
85. Zhang H., Wan H., Hu X., et al.: Antimicrobial-free knitted
fabric as wound dressing and the mechanism of promoting
infected wound healing, Science China Technological
Sciences 66, 2023, pp. 2147–2154.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-022-2260-x