Reasons for Product and Service Design or Redesign:

1. Economic
2. Social and demographic
3. Political, liability, or legal
4. Competitive
5. Cost or availability
6. Technological

IDEA GENERATION
Generating ideas for new or improved products or services can come from various places like
customers, suppliers, competitors (Reverse engineering), employees, and research.
Research and development (R&D):
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Development

LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Government agencies regulate most organizations, and these regulations cover various
aspects like food and drug safety, workplace safety, environmental protection, and more.
• Product liability: if a product is faulty and causes harm, the manufacturer is responsible.
• ethical concerns: Designers often face pressure to speed up the design process or cut
costs, which can lead to ethical dilemmas. Vaporware

HUMAN FACTORS
• Safety and liability
• New features

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: SUSTAINABILITY

• Cradle-to-Grave Assessment
• End-of-Life Programs
• The Three Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Strategies for Product or Service Life Stages

Most products and services go through a series of stages known as the life cycle: introduction,
growth, maturity, and decline. Each stage requires different strategies.

1. Introduction Stage
2. Growth Stage
3. Maturity Stage
4. Decline Stage

Variation in Life Cycles

• Short Life Cycles

• Long Life Cycles

Understanding Product Life Cycle Management (PLM)

Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) is about handling everything a product goes through
from start to finish. This includes the initial idea, design, production, any updates, and
eventually, disposal. The main goal is to make these processes more efficient and reduce waste.

Key Points of PLM

1. All-Inclusive Management
2. PLM Software

Stages of PLM

1. Beginning of Life:
o Design and Development
2. Middle of Life:
o Supplier Management
o Product Information and Warranties
3. End of Life:
o Discontinuation and Disposal

Applications Beyond Manufacturing

• Software Development
• Services
Understanding Standardization in Product and Service Design

Standardization means creating products, services, or processes that have little to no variety.
Here’s a simple breakdown:

What is Standardization?

• Products: Made in large quantities with identical items (e.g., calculators, computers, 2%
milk).
• Services: Each customer gets the same service (e.g., automatic car wash).
• Processes: Deliver uniform goods or services.

Benefits of Standardization

1. Availability
2. Cost Savings
3. Efficiency.
4. Simplified Training
5. Routine Operations
6. Consistent Quality

Disadvantages of Standardization

1. Limited Variety
2. Design Freeze
3. Competition

Designing for Mass Customization

Mass customization is about making mostly standardized products but adding some
customization to meet individual preferences. Here's how companies do it:

1. Delayed Differentiation: Postponement Tactic

2. Modular Design: Break products into modular parts

Advantages of Mass Customization

1. Variety
2. Efficiency.
3. Speed
Disadvantages

1. Limited Variety
2. Complexity
3. Cost

Reliability

Reliability is about how well something does what it's supposed to do, like a product, a part, or
even a service.

• Why it Matters:
o Customers use reliability to compare products.
o Sellers use it to set prices.
o It affects repeat sales and the product's reputation.
o Low reliability can lead to legal issues.

Failures: This is when something doesn't work as it should. It could be not working at all,
working poorly, or even working in a way it shouldn't.

Improving Reliability:

• Better Design
• Backup Parts
• User Education
• Simplification

How Much Reliability Do We Need? It depends on what we're talking about. A light bulb at
home doesn't need to be as reliable as an airplane. Finding the right balance between reliability
and cost is key.

Robust Design

Robust design means something works well even if conditions change. Think about heavy rubber
boots that work in mud or snow compared to fancy leather boots that can't handle those
conditions.

How to Achieve Robust Design:

• Improve Component Design

• Better Production Techniques
• Testing
 • Backup Plans
• Preventive Maintenance
• User Education
• Better System Design

Taguchi’s approach with an easy example:

1. Parameter Design: figuring out the best settings

2. Reduced Testing
3. Expertise

So, instead of wasting time and ingredients on thousands of test batches, Taguchi’s approach
helps you find the best recipe with fewer experiments. It's like baking smarter, not harder!

Degree of Newness

1. Modification
2. Expansion
3. Clone product
4. New product

the level of newness:

• Low
• High

Quality function deployment (QFD)

An approach that integrates the “voice of the customer” into both product and service
development.
The Kano Model, developed by Dr. Noriaki Kano, offers a fresh perspective on how customers
perceive quality in products and services. Instead of the traditional view that "more is better," the
Kano Model categorizes quality into three types:

1. Basic Quality
2. Performance Quality
3. Excitement Quality

phases in product design and development:

1. Feasibility Analysis
2. Product Specifications
3. Process Specifications
4. Prototype Development
5. Design Review
6. Market Test
7. Product Introduction
8. Follow-up Evaluation
Concurrent engineering is about getting design and manufacturing teams to work together from
the start.

Here's why it's helpful:

1. Understanding Manufacturing Needs

2. Faster Tooling and Development
3. Early Problem Spotting
4. Focus on Problem-Solving

However, there are challenges:

1. Overcoming Boundaries
2. Communication and Flexibility

Managers need to pay special attention to ensure that concurrent engineering is successful.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is like having a super-smart assistant for designing stuff.
Instead of drawing by hand, designers use special tools on a computer to create or tweak their
designs. They can use things like a light pen, keyboard, or joystick to make changes right on the
screen.

Here's why CAD is awesome:

1. Boosts Designer Productivity

2. Creates a Handy Database
3. Helps Make Better Designs

Production requirements are all about making sure that what's designed can actually be made.
Here's what you need to know:

• Understanding Production Capabilities

• Forecasting Demand.
• Manufacturability and Design for Manufacturing (DFM):
1. Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
2. Design for Assembly (DFA)
Component commonality is about using the same parts across different products or services.
Here's how it works:

1. Similarity Across Products

2. Benefits of Using Common Parts
3. Cost Savings and Efficiency
4. Examples of Component Commonality
5. Versatile Design

service design:

1. Choosing a Service Strategy

2. Understanding Customer Needs
3. Dealing with Variation and Customer Contact
o Variation in Service Requirements
o Customer Contact and Involvement

differences between service design and product design:

1. Tangibility
2. Simultaneous Creation and Delivery
3. Inability to be Inventoried
4. Visibility to Consumers
5. Low Barriers to Entry and Exit
6. Importance of Location
7. Degree of Customer Contact
8. Demand Variability

Phases in the Service Design Process

Service Blueprinting

a tool used to visualize and analyze how a service is delivered

1. Parts of a Service Blueprint:

o Customer Actions
o Frontstage (Direct Contact) Actions
o Backstage (Behind the Scenes) Actions
o Support Processes
2. Steps in Creating a Service Blueprint:
1. Establish Boundaries:
2. Identify Actions and Interactions:
3. Develop Time Estimates:
4. Identify Potential Failure Points:

Guidelines for Successful Service Design

1. Detailed Service Package

2. Customer Focus
3. Service Image
4. Customer Perspective
5. Manager Involvement
6. Define Quality
7. Consistent Policies
8. Handle Events
9. Continuous Improvement

Operations strategy in product and service design helps companies gain a competitive edge and
improve customer satisfaction. Here’s how they do it:

1. Bundling Products and Services

2. Multiple-Use Platforms
3. Mass Customization
4. Continuous Small Improvements
5. Speed to Market

To reduce time to market, companies might:

• Use standardized parts for new products.

• Employ technology like Computer-Aided Design (CAD) for rapid product development.
• Use concurrent engineering to speed up the design process.

These strategies help companies stay ahead of competitors and better meet customer demands.