Combination of Balete (Ficus Benjamina) Sap, Breadfruit

(Artocarpus altilis) Sap and Paper as Roof Sealant

Jhon Kirt F. Fajiculay

Kyra L. Fanoga
Ricky F. Fermo Jr.
Ryan Cristian F. Faala
Ashley Nicole F. Falceso
Sheenalyn F. Faeldo
Deniella Marie F. Fetalvero

Grade 10-SSC

Mabini National High School

Research IV

Geralyn F. Fajilan

December 2023

1
 Introduction
This study reviews the state of scientific knowledge about the consistency, durability, and
cost of commercial roof sealant, including the impact to the community as eco-friendly sealant.
This chapter contains the general and particular statement, significance, scope, and limitations
were all included in this chapter.
In the global perspective of our research study, of economy & world that holes in the roof
was problem is the fixing holes in their economies. It explores dangers for emerging market
countries, the return of foreign-currency corporate debt, pro-cyclical fiscal policy, and trade
barriers (Frankel, 2018).
In the article of CAPE Analytics (n.d.) it emphasizes the importance of geospatial
analytics in understanding the risks and opportunities associated with roofs. It highlights how
geospatial analytics can provide valuable insights for industries such as real estate, construction,
insurance, and solar energy.
And additionally, that this research article explores the concept of structural holes in
networks and their impact on absorptive capacity and innovation performance. It provides a
global perspective on how the presence or absence of structural holes can influence
organizational capabilities (Zhu, 2022).
These sources offer different perspectives on the problem of holes in roofs, ranging from
economic considerations to the use of advanced analytics and network theories. They provide
valuable insights into the global implications of addressing and understanding this issue.
The national perspective of our study is the weather condition here in the Philippines
because our country is prone to such weather conditions, prolonged exposure to heat and high
humidity can also result in roofing issues and can deteriorate your roof after a few years. And at
the other side, almost almost every Filipino has experienced roof leaking, which cause stress to
some homeowners. Roof leaks are one the most common roofing issue in the Philippines,
especially during rainy weather. Depending on the severity of the roof leak is also how you can
address and fix it. Minor roof leaks can be easily fixed with roof patches. But once your roof
starts to leak heavily, it’s best recommended to call your local roof maintenance immediately
before the roof leak can cause further damage your home (Camella, 2023).

2
Rationale
Climate change affect us humans and other living creatures but for human climate change
can trigger different types of diseases therefore people nowadays usually stay at their homes
instead of going out in the sunlight. but because of the rapid changes in our climate many
problems arise.
One of the common problems faced by many communities because of climate change is
the issue of roofs. Roofs are a fundamental component of any structure, providing shelter and
protection from various elements such as rain, sunlight, wind, and extreme temperatures.
However, several challenges arise that create problems and pose risks to the community.
One of the significant problem communities faces with roofs are leaks. These leaks can
come from various factors such as improper installation, severe weather events, or lack of
maintenance. Water intrusion through leaks can cause significant damage to the structure,
structural weakening, and even electrical hazards. Moreover, leaks can compromise the comfort
and safety of residents by causing dampness, water stains, and potential health risks from mold
and mildew. Furthermore, many communities are faced with the challenge of deteriorated roofs.
Roofs that have not been properly maintained may have weakened structures, missing or
damaged shingles, and other issues. These conditions increase the risk of roofs collapsing or
being unable to withstand severe weather conditions like strong winds, or intense rainstorms.
This poses a danger not only to the structure but also to the safety of residents and passersby.
Roofs that cannot be used because of holes can be a very big part of waste especially in
our country and can be cause of large accidents especially for animals that live in composts or
other sites where trash and garbages are kept.
There are certain types of sealants which are manufactured commercially by certain
companies which aid in the common problem that every household experience. However,
commercial sealants these days are usually expensive. Balete trees are known as strangler figs
because they begin to grow on other trees and eventually suffocate and kill the tree they are host
to. They begin their lives as epiphytes, also known as air plants, and eventually develop several
hanging roots that reach the ground. They then proceed to encircle the host tree in order to
suffocate it.
Too bad for the host tree. These plants are also sometimes referred to by the term
hemiepiphytes. Balete has also a sap that has a lot of characteristics that are helpful in many and
different ways such as making it as rubber and other things like furniture. On the other hand.
According to the National Parks Development Committee, Ficus benjamina or more commonly
known in the Philippines as balete is a shade plant which can reach a height of 15 meters. It is
low maintenance, drought-tolerant and requires full to partial sun exposure and moderate
watering. Its sap, if contacted, may cause itching and minor skin irritation.
Balete (Ficus benjamina.) are very useful wherein, the leaves, skin and fruits have
cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin and stigmasterol. They say that the Balete tree is a

3
medicine for skin diseases, heals wounds, removes warts and smooths the skin. Also, Balete
contains 2% tannin in the skin or bark and Latex with 30% caoutchouc, along with 59% in resin.
There is also wax with cerotic acid.
Moreover, according to the study of Irvine (2019) there are many fact about roof
sealant. "If standing water remains 48 hours after a rain shower, problems such as material
degradation, loss of adhesion, and flaking can result," he said. He also mentioned the typical
prices of roof sealants as well as the different types of coating roof sealants have. In his piece. He
had specified 12 different roof Sealant components, as well as what each component can
contribute to the roof Sealant.
Certain types of sealants are manufactured commercially by certain companies to help
with the common problem that every household faces. However, commercial sealant these days
are usually expensive. Furthermore, recent studies show that some commercial sealants are
potential hazard since they contain toxic chemical.
The problem related to roof faced by communities can have significant consequences on
the safety, well-being, and financial stability of residents. Regular maintenance, and financial
assistance initiative are crucial to addressing these issues effectively. By tackling these
challenges that communities can insure their roof provides the necessary protection.
This study will help in finding more uses of natural ingredients and its results could
contribute to society, particularly to the carpenters and repairmen by giving them a new aid for
preventing leaks from worsening. The main benefit of this study is to give a person a new variety
of sealant for blocking leaks. This study is found to be beneficial to future researchers as they
might come up with a study from simple things that may have great effects.
The environment should benefit from this study since the ingredients of the mixture are
eco-friendly and nontoxic compared to commercial sealants. This study can also help plumbers,
carpenters, or repairmen since the main purpose of the mixture is to seal metal roof breakages,
which is in line with their job.
Household members may also benefit in this study because they can use the mixture to
seal some small leakages in the house. The mixture can also help them in terms of their financial
aspect since the constituents of the mixture are recycled and are harvested from natural
resources. The local farmers also have a stake in the research due to the study’s utilization of
local materials instead of foreign petroleum.
In economic terms, this study is very much cheaper when compared to commercial
sealants where prices range from 100 pesos and higher. This product meanwhile could cost 50
pesos for the same volume as commercial sealants. The packaging of the product could be in bars
pre mixed then simply melted and applied on the actual construction sites.

Objectives

4
 In general, this research will make a roof sealant made of balete sap, breadfruit sap and
paper in order to address the problem about roof.
This research has the following objectives:
1. Describe the features of the balete sap, breadfruit sap and paper in terms of conceptual
design, detailed design, and preliminary design;
2. Determine the process and experimental trials that involves in developing the roof
sealant.
3. Find out the acceptability of balete sap, breadfruit sap and paper as roof sealant in
terms:
3.1. durability
3.2. cost
3.3. coagulation
3.4. effectiveness
4. Determine the benefits of balete sap, breadfruit sap and paper as roof sealant.

Hypothesis: There is a significant effect between the roof sealant made out of balete sap,
breadfruit sap, paper, and commercial roof sealant.

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant effect between the roof sealant made out of balete sap,
breadfruit sap, paper, and commercial roof sealant.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant effect between the roof sealant made out of balete
sap, breadfruit sap, paper, and commercial roof sealant.

Literature Review
This chapter contains reviews of related literature and studies that support and strengthen
the feasibility of the study on Artocarpus atilis and Ficus benjamina sap extract and acceptability
as a roof sealer substitute. The particular works gave the researchers background and
information, and the related studies brought up problems that are relevant to the current study.
This section also includes a synthesis of the related literature and studies that have been gathered.
Breadfruit. From the Moraceae family (which also includes jackfruit, mulberry and figs),
breadfruit trees are officially classified as Artocarpus altilis, although they’re known by several
other names. For example, breadfruit plants are referred to as “ulu” in Hawaii, Artocarpus

5
communis in various types of research and “panapen” in other areas of the world (Edwards,
2023).
The breadfruit tree attains a height of about 85 feet (26 m.) and has large, thick, deeply
notched leaves. The entire tree yields a milky juice called latex when cut, which is useful for a
number of things, most notably, boat caulking. The trees have both male and female flowers
growing on the same tree (monoecious). Male blooms emerge first, followed by female blooms
that are pollinated a few days later (Grant, 2022).
In an article by WebMD (n.d.) breadfruit is a tree. The seeds and fruit of breadfruit are
eaten as foods. The roots, leaves, and latex are used to make medicine. It is used for arthritis,
asthma, back pain, wound healing, ear infections, and other conditions, but there is no good
scientific evidence to support these uses.
According to the Growables (2020) the breadfruit sticky latex is present in all parts of the
tree and has many uses. It is used as a chewing gum in the Caribbean and elsewhere. The sap is
widely used throughout the Pacific and other areas as birdlime to catch birds for food and their
feathers. In Kosrae, the latex is mixed with coconut oil for trapping houseflies.
Siti-Balqis and Rosma (2014) Breadfruit, a high-starch plant, has potential as an
alternative staple food and a solution to hunger. It produces abundant fruits and thrives in poor
countries. However, it produces latex, which is often perceived as low-quality. The latex, a waste
from agricultural operations, contains a protease that serves as a defense mechanism against
pathogens. A study on breadfruit latex protease identified its stability and potential as an
alternative commercial protease, despite its potential as a nuisance.
Breadfruit produces sap in leaves, tree, timber, bar, every part of the tree. It latex sap is
sticky and represent are present in all parts of the tree and they used as glue caulk and even
chewing gum. so it is proven and tested that the stickiness of breadfruit can be used in our study
(Garden, 2019).
Balete/Ficus Benjamina. The plant is well known due to its medicinal potential. Its latex
and some fruit extracts are used by indigenous communities to treat skin disorders,
inflammation, piles, vomiting, leprosy, malaria, nose-diseases and cancer besides the use as a
general tonic. The plant is also used as antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antipyretic, hypotensive
and anti-dysentery remedy. The leaves and twigs are used as insect repelant (PubMed Central,
2014).
According to the Alchetron (2022) Ficus Benjamina/Weeping figs commonly known as
balete (also known as balite or baliti) are several species of the trees in the Philippines from the
genus Ficus that are broadly referred to as balete in the local language. A number of these are
known as strangler figs wherein they start upon other trees, later entrapping them entirely and
finally killing the host tree. It is estimated to be about 600+ years old and 60 meters (200 ft) tall
with its roots about 10 meters (33 ft) to 15 meters (49 ft) in diameter. It is possible for adult
people to squeeze into the center of its root network. Also called hemiepiphytes, initially, they
start as epiphytes or air plants and grow several hanging roots that eventually touch the ground

6
and from then on, encircling and suffocating the host tree. Some of the baletes produce an
inferior quality of rubber. Some of the species like tangisang-bayawak or Ficus variegata are
large and could probably be utilized for match woods. The woods of species of Ficus are soft,
light, and of inferior quality, and the trees usually have ill-formed, short boles.
The plants thrive indoors, but need a frost-free habitat to survive outdoors, where they can
grow to become very large trees, sometimes as a parasite strangling the host. Though rubber has
been produced from its latex secretions, it is not the same tree that is used for commercial
production of rubber. In the Philippines it is known as the Balete (Baliti) tree. Preparations made
from some varieties are used in traditional medicine: as dressings for wounds, cure for
headaches. It is also believed to be of benefit in treating liver disease.The Balete tree has a
significant place in the folklore of the Philippines (Suriya,2014).
In this study we quantified the contribution of the coagulation of Ficus benjamina
(weeping fig) latex to a restoration of the mechanical properties of the bark after external lesions.
Plant latex, known for its sticky properties, has been studied for its self-repairing function within
plants. The significant increase in tensile strength after injury suggests a significant contribution
to the self-healing process of F. benjamina bark and stems. This could include functions such as a
plant defense system, nutrition or waste storage, transport system, or water reservoir. The rapid
latex coagulation of F. benjamina is advantageous for efficient self-healing, as the full healing
effect only develops after 30 minutes. The abundance of laticifers in the bark supports the latex's
role as a plant defense system (Bauer, 2012).
Ficus benjamina, also known as weeping fig, is a multipurpose tree native to India, China,
Southeast Asia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Northern Australia, and the South Pacific. Its milky
sap contains heart poisons, furocoumarins, psoralens, and ficin, which can cause eye and skin
irritation. This makes the sap extract an effective ingredient in creating non-chemical rodent
traps (Billote etc. al, 2020).
Sealant. According to the Enterprise (2021) every seal and have ability to extending the
life expectancy of your roof, creates protective layer that minimizes damages from various
whether such a rain heat and etc. It can save our financial savings when we buy sealant than
buying new roof, the environment will also benefits because it will minimize the throwing of
roofs. Sealants protect your roof from severe weather such as rain, snow, and heat. Over time,
storms and extreme sun can cause damage, leading to leaks and other issues. Ensuring your roof
is properly protected can also increase energy efficiency and prolong roof life. Learn more about
the benefits of getting your roof sealed.
According to Gerace et al. (2019), the commercial roof sealant that we use is composed or
contains of recycled paint sludge. it is composed of various types of commercial and industrial
material because the roof industry is concerned about the building roots that will withstand verity
of with condition and at the same time it provided long-lasting protection.
Selecting the right roof sealant is crucial to ensuring your protection in the event of harsh
weather conditions, as one can never predict when they will occur. Depending on the part of the
country you live in, the right roof sealant is required to shield your home and roof from

7
inclement weather. In reality, a sealant is a viscous substance that, when applied to a surface,
solidifies. As it solidifies, it successfully shields the roof from potential harm that could be
brought about by gases, water, smoke, dust, or air. It is simple to understand how crucially vital
your choice of sealant is, given that your roof structure essentially protects the entire property
(Kaz, 2015).
This paper enhances roof waterproof construction in agricultural construction projects by
utilizing big data technology for construction management and decision-making. It improves
traditional big data technology and develops an intelligent algorithm for data recognition and
analysis. The paper simulates construction processes and conducts experimental research to
validate the proposed method’s effectiveness in agricultural construction engineering (Du, 2022).
Building sealing materials, also known as building sealants, are used to seal joints
between building components and materials, protect buildings and materials, and perform
various functions such as waterproofing, anti-corrosion, sound insulation, heat preservation, and
structural bonding. They can be divided into single-component and multi-component forms, and
react to different types of materials, such as silicone, polyurethane, polysulfide, polyacrylate,
butyl, polybutene, modified asphalt sealant, polyvinyl chloride, and putty (Miller et al., 2018).
Due to the high price of commercial roof sealant in the market and also to conserve the
lives of the animals that were slaughtered to make a roof sealant, many researcher sought for
alternative material to produce glue.
According to the book of Bostik: Sealing & Bonding Technical Handbook (2016).
Concrete must have sufficient mechanical properties and soundness to meet performance
requirements, and preliminary tests are necessary to confirm its strength if needed. Glass
substrates are subject to structural moments in horizontal and vertical directions, requiring
careful design of building glass elements like curtain walls, galls wall, and facades. Factors like
dead load, wind load, and thermal variations should be consider compatibility, movement
accommodation, UV resistance, weather resistance, and water/air tightness and metal sealants,
including polyurethane, hybrid, and neutrally curing silicone, are a blend of rubber, resins, and
polymers. They are air-drying, highly viscous, and have excellent vapor barrier, water/oil, and a
airtight properties.
In additionally, sealant can last for years, but early repairs can occur due to factors like
detachment, fungus growth, construction damage, chemical degradation, and animal damage.
Flagging and re\pairing joints promptly is crucial to prevent further damage, and regular
inspections are recommended to detect leaks.
Okra (Abelmos chus esculentus) as alternative glue
In the University of Sto. Tomas in 2013, a study was made about having okra (Abelmos
chus esculentus) as an alternative glue. The study made use of the okra pods because it contains
mucilage which gives its slimy characteristic and is a good potential as an alternative glue. The
researcher conducted its experimentation by extracting the mucilage of the okra. After extracting,

8
the researcher mixed its mucilage with water and flour. After the experiment, the product came
out as effective though it did not actually outdo the commercial glue.
Milk as an alternative glue
Tecson (2014) conducted an experimental study on the feasibility of milk as an alternative
glue. She put the skimmed milk, vinegar, and water in a heated pan and let it boil. As a result, the
glue made out of milk was deemed effective.
Star apple (Chrysophyllum caimito) sap as alternative glue
In 2016 (N.A.), a study about star apple sap as an alternative glue was conducted. The
researcher extracted the sap from the fruit and put it in a closed container. After a day, the
researcher tested the product in different kinds of paper and it was proven that the star apple
(Chrysophyllum caimito) sap is a feasible alternative component for glue.
The feasibility of Banana (Musa acuminata) and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) as
alternative glue
Fulgencio et. al. (2014) tested the feasibility of banana and jackfruit as alternative glue.
The researcher pounded and blended together the minced banana and jackfruit. To test its
efficacy, they bonded different kind of paper. The result had omitted a positive result.

Methodology

This chapter present a research design, research setting, sampling technique, materials,
research instruments, and the gathering of data as well as the product’s blueprint. This plan will
keep the researchers to their plan and guide all throughout the research

Research Design
This study on Roof Sealer out of Feasibility of Breadfruit sap (Artocarpus Atilis) and
Balete sap (Ficus Balete Linn) utilized the experiment method of research.
Experimental research design is concerned with examination of the effect of independent
variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through
treatment or intervention (s), and the effect of those interventions are observed on the dependent
variables (Patidar,2018). The strategy may be a profoundly controlled method in which
manipulated treatment or activity from a figure or condition, called the test variable (breadfruit
sap and balete sap) we connected upon another figure or condition. This study also centered on

9
how the breadfruit and balete sap is competent of being utilized as ingredient for the roof sealer.
Moreover, the breadfruit and balete sap was tested to determine its variability and through
experiments, observations were accumulated and utilized as a collective in making conclusion.
Variables of the study
This research comprises three variables; the independent, dependent, and controlled
variable. as claimed by Wright and his colleagues (1999), independent variable is the variable
that is being manipulated by the researchers and measures variable. The dependent variable on
other hand, is the variable which is influenced by the manipulation of the independent variable.
Thus, controlled variables pertain to a variable that is fixed in order to determine the relationship
of independent and dependent variable.

A. Independent Variables: The independent variables in this study are the things that will be
added to make a roof sealer such as breadfruit sap, balete sap, and paper.
B. Dependent Variables: The object that will act as dependent variable in this study are, to
seal cracks, gaps and damage areas from the environment, keeping the elements from
penetrating the home. This variable will be observed and recorded.
C. Controlled Variables: The controlled variable in this study is the number of breadfruit sap
and balete sap applied. Also the number of paper that can used.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The instrument that will be employed in this study is the survey questionnaire for the
student respondents. The questionnaire will comprise that would seek to know the difference of
the commercial glue and the glue made out of breadfruit sap, balete sap and paper. The survey
questionnaire would be divided into two part: the first part would seek to know if the commercial
roof sealant is better than the roof sealant out of balete sap, breadfruit sap, and paper. The second
part is to know if the roof sealant out od balete sap, breadfruit sap and paper is better than the
commercial roof sealant. Each part would be compost of 4 times the answers to which follow a
four-point Likert-type Scale. 4 would be interpreted as “strongly agree”, 3 as “agree”, 2 as
“disagree” and 1 as ”strongly disagree”.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

10
 This study was experimental in nature wherein the balete, breadfruit sap, and paper was
tested and compared to the commercial sealant to know which is more effective roof. The study
utilized a control setup, which is the commercial sealant bought in a hardware store. The study
was conducted at Fajiculay’s residence Sitio Sumama, Mahaba, Corcuera, Romblon, Philippines.
The researcher asked permission to use the apparatuses needed in conducting the study such as
knife, machete, tripod, and alcohol lamp. The researchers harvested and brought the components
of the alternative sealant, breadfruit sap and balete sap. The researcher then placed the alternative
sealant on piece of roof with hole and patch a small piece of roof the similar diameters then test
its durability by stretching the piece of roof to a pressure tolerance test. The samples until the
seal of the sealant broke apart and released and soak it in the water.
Materials
The researcher will use the following materials in making the alternative roof sealant.

Name Quantity
Balete sap 10 ml
Breadfruit sap 20 ml
Paper 2 pcs
Equipment
The following equipment will be used by the researcher in producing the roof sealant.

Name Quantity
Machete 1 piece
Knife 1 piece
Spoon 2 pcs.
Alternative strainer 4 pcs.
Stainless bowl 1 piece
Bottle or cup 4 pcs.
Measuring cup 1 piece
Blender 1 piece

11
 Each component of the alternative sealant plays a viral role for the over-all
function in making the alternative sealant. Below are the materials needed in making the roof
sealant.

Table 1. Material and its Function

To become sticky the roof

sealant.
Balete Sap

To add texture and

stickiness of the roof
Breadfruit Sap sealant.

To add durability and

protection to the roof
Paper sealant.

12
Experimental Procedure

This study follows a procedure to come up with the product that is based from the planned
have made.

The breadfruit sap used in the study was of the local variety from
Mahaba,Corcuera,Romblon. To get the sap we make a small cut to the body of the tree or get an
unripe breadfruit to get the sap, to the help of the alternative strainer the sap was easily get. The
sap was placed in an airtight glass bottle to avoid contamination in the sap. The balete sap in the
study was get in the backyard of the researcher. To get the sap we make a small cut to the body
of the tree. After getting the sap, the next step is pulverizing the paper. Put the paper in the
blender to pulverize it.
To make the sealant, blend the breadfruit sap and balete sap in a stainless bowl. After that,
put the stainless bowl with breadfruit sap and balete sap in the stove to melt it. Next, put the
pulverize paper in the stainless bowl using the spoon stir the mixture until it already done. Then
put the mixture in a damaged roof.

Product Blueprint

13
Data Analysis
To answer the statement of the problem and analyze the data gathered, statistical methods
will be employed. The following statistical methods will be used comparing the performance of
the alternative sealant under different condition, looking for pattern or trends and using statistical
methods. Soaking the roof sealnt to the water if it is water resistance. Putting it in a high
temperature to test its durability.

Research Ethics Protocols

A research ethics protocol is a set of guidelines that researchers follow to ensure that
their study is conducted ethically and integrity. When conducting research on balete sap,
breadfruit sap, and paper as roof sealant, the following protocol should be followed:
1. Informed Consent: Participants should be informed about the purpose of the study, the
procedures involved, and any potential risks or benefits. They should be given the
opportunity to ask questions and provide informed consent before participating in the
study.
2. Confidentially: Participants’ personal information should be kept confidential and only
used for research purposes. Data should be stored securely and only accessible to
authorized personnel.
3. Respect for Participants: Researchers should treat participants with respect and dignity,
and ensure that their rights are protected. Participants should be free to withdraw from
the study at any time without penalty.

14
 4. Data Collection: Data should be collected in a manner that is accurate, reliable, and
unbiased. Researchers should use appropriate methods to collect data and ensure that
the data is properly recorded and stored.
5. Data Analysis: Data should be analyzed in a manner that is transparent and unbiased.
Researchers should use appropriate statistical methods and report their findings
accurately.
6. Conflict of Interest: Researchers should disclose any potential conflicts of interest that
may influence the study’s result or interpretation.
7. Ethical Review: The study should be reviewed by an independent ethics committee to
ensure that it meets ethical standards and does not pose any harm to participants.

References

A. Books

Bostik: Sealing & Bonding Technical Handbook (2016).

https://www.bostik.com/files/live/sites/shared_bostik/files/documents-brochures/Australia/
bostik-academy/bostik-academy-au-technical-handbook.pdf

B. Journals

Bauer, G., & Speck, T. (2014) Restoration of tensile strength in bark samples of Ficus benjamina
due to coagulation of latex during fast self-healing of fissures. Annals of Botany, Volume 109,
Issue 4, Pages 807–811.
https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/109/4/807/128616

Suriya, T., (2014) Rubber snakes.

https://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/library/2014/03/04/rubber-snakes/#:~:text=In%20the%20Philippines
%20it%20is,the%20folklore%20of%20the%20Philippines.
Balqis, S. Z., & Rosma, A. (2014) Serine protease from Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) latex. IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 411, Second International
Conference on Food and Agriculture 2019 2–3 November 2019, Bali Nusa Dua Convention
Center, Bali, Indonesia.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/411/1/012014

15
Chen Z, Düser M, Flagge A, Maryska S, Sander I, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Baur X. Identification and
characterization of cross-reactive natural rubber latex and Ficus benjamina allergens. Int Arch
Allergy Immunol. 2000 Dec;123(4):291-8. doi: 10.1159/000053641. PMID: 11146386.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11146386/
Axelsson IG, Johansson SG, Larsson PH, Zetterström O. Characterization of allergenic
components in sap extract from the weeping fig (Ficus benjamina). Int Arch Allergy Appl
Immunol. 1990;91(2):130-5. doi: 10.1159/000235103. PMID: 2341192.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2341192/
Imran, M., Rasool, N., Rizwan, K., Zubair, M., Riaz, M., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ali Rana, U., Nafady,
A., and Jaafar, Z. H., (2014). Chemical composition and Biological studies of Ficus benjamina.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015825/#:~:text=HPLC%20analysis
%20indicated%20four%20phenolic,benjamina%20exhibited%20substantial%20hemolytic
%20activity.

Marisa, H., & Salni, S., (2014). Red Wood (Pterocarpus Indicus Wild) and Bread Fruit
(Artocarpus Communis ) Bark Sap as Attractant of Stingless Bee (Trigona Spp).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267204418

Xingliang Du (2022) Research on roof waterproof construction of agricultural construction

engineering based on big data technology, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil &
Plant Science, 72:1, 43-53, DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2021.1990387.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09064710.2021.1990387
Zhou, X., (2022) Moderating Effect of Structural Holes on Absorptive Capacity and Knowledge-
Innovation Performance: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Firms
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105821

C. Webpages

Breadfruit - Artocarpus altilis (2014, August 23). Growable.

https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/breadfruit.htm

Balete tree (2022, December 05). Alchetron.

https://alchetron.com/Balete-tree

Edwards, R. (2023) Breadfruit Benefits: Antioxidant-Rich and Immune-Boosting Powerhouse

https://draxe.com/nutrition/breadfruit/

Breadfruit - Uses, Side Effects, and More (n.d.). WebMD

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1471/breadfruit

16
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as Alternative Glue. (2016, Nov 08). Retrieved from
http://studymoose.com/okra-abelmoschus-esculentus-as-alternative-glue-essay

Can Glue made from Milk compete against Commercial glue? (2014, March 02) Fatima
Abigail's I.P.
http://caseininvestigatoryproject.blogspot.com/2014/03/can-glue-made-from-milk-compete-
against.html?m=1

Star Apple Sap as a alternative Glue. (2016, Apr 21). Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/star-
apple-sap-as-a-alternative-glue-essay

What Is A Breadfruit Tree: Learn About Breadfruit Tree Facts ( 2022, Dec. 19). Gardening Know
How
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/breadfruit/breadfruit-tree-facts.htm

THE IMPORTANCE OF ROOF SEALANTS (2016, August 2021). Enterprise roofing

https://www.enterpriserfg.com/media-center/importance-roof-sealants

The Efficacy of Jackfruit Sap as an Alternative Ingredient for Glue

https://pdfcoffee.com/411799452-jackfruit-sap-as-glue-pdf-free.html

Common Roofing Problems in the Philippines and How to Fix Them (2023, Feb. 14). Camella
https://www.camella.com.ph/common-roofing-problems-in-the-philippines/

Roof Insights: Geospatial Analytics Reveal Risks, Opportunities at Scale (n.d.) CAPE Analytics
https://capeanalytics.com/blog/roof-insights-geospatial-analytics-reveal-risks-opportunities-at-
scale/
08 December 2023

Sir Lordiel F. Faderagao

Teacher-in-Charge
This School

Dear Sir:

Good day!

17
We are Grade 10 – SSC students and currently working on our research titled, “Combination of
Balete sap (Ficus Benjamina), Breadfruit sap (Atocarpus Altilis) and Paper as Roof Sealant
” as a requirement for the subject, Research Project.

In connection with this, may we ask for your permission to allow us to conduct an interview
(and/or focus group discussion) with our target respondents in selected barangays. During the
period of data gathering, rest assured that we will have secured a parent’s consent.

Attached is our research instrument for your perusal.

We are looking forward to your positive response.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours,

Fajiculay, John Kirt F.

Fanoga, Kyra L.
Faala, Ryan Cristian F.
Fermo Jr. Ricky F.
Falceso, Ashley Nicole F.
Faeldo, Sheenalyn F.
Fetalvero, Deniella Marie F.

Noted:

Mrs. Geralyn F. Fajilan

Research Adviser

08 December 2023

Hon. (Name of Barangay Captain)

Barangay Captain

18
(Barangay)

Dear Hon. (Surname):

Good day!
We are Grade 10 – SSC students from Mabini National High School – Junior High School and
currently working on our research titled, “Combination of Balete sap (Ficus Benjamina),
Breadfruit sap (Atocarpus Altilis) and Paper as Roof Sealant” as a requirement for the
subject, Research Project.

In connection with this, may we ask for your permission to allow us to conduct an interview
(and/or focus group discussion) with selected barangay officials to gather data and permission to
used trees as part of our research.

Thank you for your support to this activity.

Respectfully yours,

Fajiculay, John Kirt F.

Fanoga, Kyra L.
Faala, Ryan Cristian F.
Fermo Jr. Ricky F.
Falceso, Ashley Nicole F.
Faeldo, Sheenalyn F.
Fetalvero, Deniella Marie F.

Noted:

Mrs. Geralyn F. Fajilan Sir Lordiel F.

Faderagao
Research Adviser Principal I, Mabini National High
School

19