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AS 2812—2005

Glossary of terms
Australian Standard™

Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—

AS 2812—2005
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee WD-001, Welding Definitions
and Symbols. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
8 November 2005.
This Standard was published on 21 January 2005.

The following are represented on Committee WD-001:

Australian Industry Group

Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
Welding Technology Institute of Australia
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04404.

 AS 2812—2005

Australian Standard™

Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—

Glossary of terms
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Originated as AS Z5, Part 1—1958.

Revised and redesignated AS 2812—1985.
Second edition 2005.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 6449 5
 AS 2812—2005 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee WD–001, Welding Definitions and Symbols, to supersede AS 2812—1985.
The objective of this Standard is to provide definitions of terms used in connection with
welding, brazing, and cutting of metals to serve as a basis for securing uniformity in
terminology in the welding industry, standard, and welding education throughout Australia.
Process abbreviations that are commonly used in industry, e.g., MMAW, are included.
This edition includes the addition of some new terms. The additional terms are identified by
an alphabetical letter after the number of the definition, e.g., 1.025(a).
Terms and definitions relating to processes have been grouped in a separate section. These
terms are repeated in other section, as appropriate
The layout of the previous edition has been retained so that terms relating to various
processes are listed and defined in individual sections. In addition, the terms in each section
are arranged in a purely alphabetical sequence.
Figures illustrating more than one term or repeated terms are grouped in an appendix.
Figures showing derivation of various processes are included.
In some cases, more than one term is listed. The first term (printed in bold type) should be
regarded as the preferred term.
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An alphabetical index of all defined terms is also included.

 3 AS 2812—2005

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 DEFINITIONS OF PROCESSES ........................................................................ 4

SECTION 2 GENERAL TERMS RELATINGTO WELDING .............................................. 16

SECTION 3 TERMS RELATING TO FUSION WELDING (WELDING WITHOUT

PRESSURE)
3.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO FUSION WELDING ...................................... 23
3.2 TERMS RELATING TO ARC WELDING ............................................................... 34
3.3 TERMS RELATING TO GAS WELDING ............................................................... 45
3.4 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTRON-BEAM AND LASER-BEAM WELDING ... 47
3.5 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTROSLAG AND ELECTROGAS WELDING ........ 50
3.6 TERMS RELATING TO ALUMINOTHERMIC WELDING ................................... 51

SECTION 4 TERMS RELATING TO WELDING WITH PRESSURE

4.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO WELDING WITH PRESSURE...................... 52
4.2 TERMS RELATING TO RESISTANCE WELDING................................................ 53
4.3 TERMS RELATING TO FORGE WELDING .......................................................... 68
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4.4 TERMS RELATING TO PRESSURE WELDING.................................................... 69

4.5 TERMS RELATING TO STUD WELDING ............................................................. 70
4.6 TERMS RELATING TO ULTRASONIC WELDING .............................................. 70
4.7 TERMS RELATING TO FRICTION WELDING ..................................................... 70
4.8 TERMS RELATING TO DIFFUSION WELDING................................................... 71
4.9 TERMS RELATING TO EXPLOSIVE WELDING .................................................. 71

SECTION 5 WELDING, BRAZING AND SOLDERING

5.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO BRAZE WELDING, BRAZING AND
SOLDERING............................................................................................................. 73
5.2 TERMS RELATING TO BRAZE WELDING AND BRAZING............................... 74
5.3 TERMS RELATING TO SOLDERING .................................................................... 74

SECTION 6 TERMS RELATING TO THERMAL SPRAYING ......................................... 76

SECTION 7 TERMS RELATING TO THERMAL CUTTING

7.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO THERMAL CUTTING .................................. 77
7.2 TERMS RELATING TO OXYGEN-CUTTING ....................................................... 78
7.3 TERMS RELATING TO PLASMA CUTTING ........................................................ 80
7.4 TERMS RELATING TO ARC CUTTING ................................................................ 81
7.5 TERMS RELATING TO SPARK-EROSION CUTTING ......................................... 81
7.6 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTRON-BEAM AND LASER-BEAM CUTTING .... 82

SECTION 8 IMPERFECTIONS ............................................................................................ 83

SECTION 9 TERMS RELATING TO DESTRUCTIVE TESTING....................................... 95

SECTION 10 TERMS RELATING TO HEALTH AND SAFETY........................................ 101

APPENDIX A GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS................................................................... 104

INDEX......................................................................................................................... 122
 AS 2812—2005 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms

SECT I O N 1 D E F I N I T I O N S O F PRO CE SSE S

No. Term Definition

1.001 air-arc cutting Thermal cutting using an arc for melting the metal and a
stream of air to remove the molten metal to enable a cut
to be made.
1.002 air-arc gouging The formation of a groove by means of air-arc cutting.
1.003 aluminothermic welding A welding process in which an aluminothermic reaction
takes place within a crucible and the resultant molten
metal and aluminium oxide slag flows into a weld joint
contained by a mould (see Figure 1.1).
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FIGURE 1.1 ALUMINOTHERMIC WELDING

1.004 arc braze welding A braze welding process in which the heat required is
obtained from an electric arc.

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 5 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.005 arc cutting Thermal cutting using heat of an arc between an
electrode, which may or may not be metallic, and the
base metal.
1.006 arc-image welding Radiation welding where an optical system is used for
focusing the emitted radiation from a high temperature
source, such as a high pressure plasma arc, on to the
work.
1.007 arc spot-welding Arc welding in which overlapping parts are joined by
fusing through one component into the other and so
producing a fusion spot weld at the faying surfaces.
1.008 arc spraying Thermal spraying using, as a heat source, an electric arc
between two consumable electrodes of a coating
material, and a compressed gas, which is used to
atomize and propel the material to the substrate.
1.009 arc stud welding Stud welding wherein the heat for the process is
obtained from an arc between the stud base and the
work piece. The weld may be protected either by a
ferrule, flux or gas shielding. The process is usually
controlled automatically.
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1.010 arc welding Fusion welding in which heat for welding is obtained
from an electric arc or arcs.
1.011 atomic-hydrogen Arc welding in which molecular hydrogen, passing
welding through an arc between two tungsten or other suitable
electrodes, is changed to its atomic form and then
recombines to supply the heat for welding or brazing.
1.012 auto-contact welding Arc welding wherein heating is provided by an arc
between the work and a covered electrode which is fed
into the weld pool by a spring-loaded mechanism
without assistance from the welder. (See also gravity
welding.)
1.013 bare metal arc welding Arc welding in which a bare electrode is used without
gas or flux shielding.
1.014 braze welding The joining of metals using a technique similar to
fusion welding and a bronze welding filler metal with a
lower melting point than the parent metal, but neither
using capillary action as in brazing nor melting the
parent metal.
1.015 brazing A joining process in which, during or after heating,
molten filler metal is drawn by capillary attraction into,
or retained in, the space between closely adjacent
surfaces of the parts to be joined. In general, the
melting point of the filler metal is above 450°C, but
always below the melting temperature of the parent
metal.

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 AS 2812—2005 6

No. Term Definition

1.016 butt resistance-seam welding A modification of seam welding in which heat is
produced progressively and continuously by means of
wheels, rolls, or dies carrying the welding current and
the upset weld is completed by pressure applied by
other wheels, rolls, or dies not carrying current.
1.017 capacitor discharge Resistance spot-welding in which welding current is
spot-welding caused to flow through the secondary winding of a
transformer and the welding electrodes by the
discharging of a capacitor through the primary winding
of the transformer.
1.018 capacitor discharge Stud welding where a low-voltage electrostatic storage
stud welding system is used as a heating source. The welding energy,
stored at low-voltage in capacitors of high capacitance,
is discharged through the stud across a small air gap to
the work, in several milliseconds. A flux or protective
atmosphere is not normally required.
1.019 carbon-arc cutting Arc cutting using a carbon electrode.
1.020 carbon-arc welding Arc welding with a carbon electrode, with or without
the use of filler metal.
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1.021 CO2 welding Gas metal-arc welding using carbon dioxide as a

shielding gas.
1.022 coated wire metal-arc Arc welding in which a continuous consumable covered
welding electrode is used. Shielding is obtained by the
decomposition of the electrode covering and may be
supplemented by externally supplied shielding gas.
Filler metal is obtained from both the core wire and the
straight or spirally wound surface wires through which
the welding current is conducted.
1.023 cold pressure welding Solid state welding in which pressure alone is used to
cause plastic deformation of the welding surfaces.
1.024 consumable guide Electroslag welding in which the consumable electrode
electroslag welding is fed through a fixed guide tube located between the
fusion faces. As the welding proceeds, the guide tube is
progressively melted into the welding pool. Guides may
be either bare or flux-coated and more than one wire
may be fed through different tubes in the same guide.
1.025 continuous resistance- Resistance welding in which force and electric current
seam welding are applied continuously to produce a linear lap weld,
the work piece being between two electrode wheels or
between an electrode wheel and electrode bar. The
wheels apply the force and current and rotate
continuously during the making of the linear weld.
1.025(a) controlled dip welding A form of pulsed arc welding (see 1.102) specifically
applied to the short-circuiting arc transfer process
(see 3.2, 11).

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 7 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.026 deseaming The removal of surface defects from hot or cold ingots,
blooms, billets or slabs by means of manual or
mechanized oxygen-fuel gas cutting process.
1.027 diffusion brazing Brazing wherein the filler metal is diffused with the
base metal to the extent that the joint properties have
been changed to approach those of the base metal.
1.028 diffusion welding Solid state welding in which the work pieces being
joined are held together at a pressure insufficient to
cause macroscopic deformation to take place and the
weld is formed by diffusion at the interface. Relative
motion of the work pieces does not take place. Heat and
solid filler metal may or may not be used.
1.029 dip brazing Brazing in which the required heat is furnished by a
molten chemical or metal bath. When a molten chemical
bath is used, the bath may act as a flux. When a molten
metal bath is used, the bath provides the filler metal.
1.030 dip soldering Soldering in which the required heat is furnished by a
molten metal or chemical bath that provides the solder
filler metal.
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1.031 electrogas welding Arc welding in the vertical or near vertical position
(EGW) using a gas-shielded consumable electrode to deposit
metal into a molten pool, retained in the joint by cooled
shoes, which move progressively upwards as the joint is
made.
1.032 electron-beam cutting A cutting process that uses the heat obtained from a
concentrated beam composed primarily of high velocity
electrons that impinge upon the work pieces to be cut; it
may or may not use an externally supplied gas.
1.033 electron-beam welding Radiation welding in which the heat for welding is
obtained from the high-energy density of a focused
beam of accelerated electrons. Welding may be done in
vacuum or part vacuum, or in air.
1.034 eleclroslag welding Fusion welding utilizing the heat generated by the
(ESW) passage of electric current through a conducting bath of
molten slag. The current is supplied through a
consumable wire electrode (or electrodes), which is fed
continuously into the slag where it melts and joins the
weld pool under the slag. Both the weld pool and the
slag are contained in a vertical, or near-vertical joint
preparation by cooling shoes, which move progressively
upward with the progress of the weld (see Figure 1.2).

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 AS 2812—2005 8

No. Term Definition

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FIGURE 1.2 ELECTROSLAG WELDING (ESW)

1.035 explosion welding Solid state lap joining or cladding in which the
overlapping work pieces are welded when impacted
together by the detonation of an explosive charge.
1.036 firecracker welding Metal-arc welding in which a covered electrode or
electrodes are laid on the parent metal. The arc is
started between one end of the electrode and the work
and travels along the work as the electrode melts.
1.037 flame braze welding Braze welding in which the required heat is furnished
by an oxygen-fuel gas flame.
1.038 flame brazing Brazing in which heat required is supplied by the flame
from an air-fuel gas or oxygen-fuel gas blowpipe.
1.039 flame cutting Oxygen cutting in which the appropriate part of the
material to be cut is raised to ignition temperature by an
oxygen-fuel gas flame.
1.040 flame gouging The forming of a groove by flame cutting using a
special low velocity nozzle.
1.041 flame pressure welding Hot pressure welding using heat from an oxygen-fuel
gas pressure welding gas flame.
1.042 flame soldering Soldering in which the heat required is supplied by the
flame from an air-fuel gas or oxygen-fuel gas blowpipe.

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 9 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.043 flame spraying Thermal spraying in which an oxygen-fuel gas flame is
the source of heat for melting the coating material.
Compressed gas may or may not be used for atomizing
and propelling the material to the substrate.
1.044 flame washing A method of surface shaping and dressing of metal by
flame cutting using a nozzle-shaped cutting oxygen
stream.
1.045 Flash butt welding Resistance butt welding in which the components are
resistance flash butt progressively advanced towards each other while the
welding current, confined to localized points of contact, causes
expulsion of molten metal. When welding temperature
is reached, upset force is applied.
1.046 flux cored arc welding Arc welding using a consumable continuous flux cored
(FCAW) electrode that provides the filler metal. Shielding is
provided by the flux contained within the electrode.
Additional shielding may be obtained from an
externally supplied gas or gas mixture.
1.047 foil butt seam welding Seam welding of two close square-butted components
tape butt seam welding with metal tape or wire placed or fed centrally to bridge
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one or both sides of the joint.

1.048 forge welding Solid state welding in which the welding temperature is
obtained by heating in a forge or other furnace and the
weld achieved by applying impulsive pressure or blows.
1.049 friction brazing Brazing where heat is obtained from mechanically
induced sliding motion between the abutting surfaces.
1.050 friction welding Solid state butt welding where one component is rotated
relative to and in contact with the mating part to
produce heat at the rubbing surfaces, the weld being
completed by an upset force maintained after relative
rotation has ceased.
1.051 furnace brazing Brazing in which the parts to be joined complete with
pre-placed filler metal are raised to brazing temperature
in a furnace that may contain a protective atmosphere.
1.052 furnace soldering Soldering in which the parts to be joined are placed in a
furnace heated to a suitable temperature.
1.053 fusion welding Welding in which the weld is made between metals in a
molten state without the application of pressure (see
Figure A3 of Appendix A).
1.054 gas flux brazing A brazing method in which flux is entrained by the fuel
gas and passes through the flame to the joint.
1.055 gas metal-arc cutting Arc cutting using an arc between a continuous metal
(consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is
obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas
mixture.

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 AS 2812—2005 10

No. Term Definition

1.056 gas metal-arc welding Arc welding using a consumable continuous solid
(GMAW) electrode that provides the filler metal. Shielding is
obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas
mixture.
1.057 gas tungsten-arc welding Arc welding using a non-consumable electrode of pure
(GTAW) or activated tungsten with or without the use of filler
TIG welding metal. Shielding is obtained from an externally supplied
gas or gas mixture.
1.058 gas welding Welding in which the heat for welding is produced by
the combustion of acetylene with an admixture of
oxygen. Filler metal(s) may or may not be used.
1.059 gravity welding Arc welding wherein heating is provided by an arc
between the work and a covered electrode, which is fed
into the weld pool by gravitational forces through a
mechanism that also provides translatory motion.
1.060 HF pressure welding Pressure welding in which heat derived from a high
frequency alternating electric current of at least 10 kHz,
induced or conducted into the work piece, is used to
plasticize the surfaces to be united.
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1.061 HF resistance welding Resistance welding in which an alternating electric

current of at least 10 kHz is fed through contacts of the
work to provide the heat for welding. The high
frequency current concentrates along adjacent surfaces
to produce highly localized heat prior to the application
of welding force.
1.062 high energy rate Solid state welding where the heat for welding is
welding obtained by rapid internal frictional heating at
extremely high deformation rates at the weld interface
as a result of the discharge of stored energy. The energy
source may be pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, or
chemical.
1.063 hot cropping Oxygen cutting of hot ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs
to required lengths.
1.064 hot pressure welding Solid state welding where both heat and pressure are
used to produce plastic flow of the surfaces to be
joined.
1.065 induction brazing Brazing in which heat required is obtained from the
resistance of the parts to be joined to induced electric
current. Filler metal is pre-placed and a protective
atmosphere may be used.
1.066 induction soldering Soldering in which the heat required is obtained from
the resistance of the work to induced electric current.
Filler metal is pre-placed and a protective atmosphere
may be used.
1.067 induction welding Welding in which the heat for welding is produced by
induction heating (usually high frequency) with or
without the application of pressure.

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 11 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.068 inertia friction welding Friction welding, where the energy provided by the
inertia of parts moving relatively produces the heat for
welding.
1.069 infrared brazing A furnace brazing process wherein the heat required is
furnished by infrared radiation.
1.070 infrared soldering Soldering in which the required heat is furnished by
infrared radiation.
1.071 interrupted seam Resistance welding in which force is applied
welding continuously and current intermittently to produce a
linear weld, the work piece being between two electrode
wheels or between an electrode wheel and an electrode
bar. The wheels apply the force and current and rotate
continuously during the making of the linear weld.
1.072 ion beam welding Radiation welding carried out in vacuum, wherein the
heat for welding is obtained by concentrating a beam of
accelerated ions on the work piece.
1.073 iron soldering Soldering in which the required heat is obtained from a
soldering bit.
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1.074 laser-beam cutting A cutting process that severs materials with the heat
obtained from the application of a concentrated
coherent light beam impinging upon the work piece to
be cut. The process can be used with or without
externally supplied gas.
1.075 laser-beam welding Radiation welding wherein the heat for welding is
obtained by concentrating a beam of coherent light on
the work piece.
1.076 MAG welding Gas metal-arc welding where a reactive gas, a mixture
of reactive gases, or a mixture of reactive and inert
gases, is used for shielding.
1.077 magnetic rotating arc See magnetically impelled arc butt welding.
welding
1.078 magnetically impelled A solid state welding process for tubular components
arc butt welding wherein, prior to the application of forging pressure, the
rotating arc welding heat for welding is obtained by rotating an electric arc
between the abutting surfaces by means of
electromagnetic forces.
1.079 manual metal-arc Arc welding with a covered electrode manually applied
welding (MMAW) by the welder, without automatic or semi-automatic
replacement of the electrode. Shielding is provided only
by decomposition of the electrode covering.
1.080 metal-arc cutting Arc cutting using an arc between a manual metal arc
electrode and the work.
1.081 metal-arc welding Arc welding with bare or covered electrodes, the
melting of which provides the filler metal.
1.082 micro-plasma welding Plasma-arc welding at welding currents below 10 A.

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 AS 2812—2005 12

No. Term Definition

1.083 MIG braze welding Arc braze welding wherein the gas metal arc process is
used. Filler material is a continuous wire and gas
shielding protects the molten pool.
1.084 MIG welding Gas metal-arc welding where an inert gas or gas
mixture, non-reactive to the metal(s) being welded, is
used for shielding.
1.085 orbital friction welding Friction welding where an orbital motion of the surfaces
is used to generate the heat for welding.
1.086 oxy-acetylene welding Gas welding in which the fuel gas is acetylene.
1.087 oxygen-arc cutting Oxygen cutting in which ignition temperature is
produced by an electric arc and oxygen is conveyed
through a central passage of a covered electrode, the
latter being consumed in the process.
1.088 oxygen cutting Thermal cutting using the heat of chemical reaction
(gas cutting deprecated) between oxygen and the material to be cut, which has
been raised to ignition temperature.
1.089 oxygen-fuel gas cutting See flame cutting.
oxy-fuel gas cutting
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1.090 oxygen lancing Thermal cutting or boring in which an oxygen lance is

used.
1.091 parallel spot-welding Spot-welding in which the secondary current of the
welding transformer is fed to two or more pairs of
welding electrodes connected in parallel.
1.092 percussion welding Resistance welding wherein joining is produced,
simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces,
by the heat obtained from an arc produced by a rapid
discharge of stored electrical energy, with pressure
percussively applied during or immediately following
the electrical discharge.
1.093 plasma arc cutting Arc cutting using a constricted plasma arc. The high
velocity jet of hot ionized gas issuing from the orifice is
used to remove the molten metal and may be
supplemented by the kinetic energy of an additional gas
stream.
1.094 plasma arc welding Arc welding with or without the use of filler metal, in
(PAW) which heat is provided by a plasma arc, which may be
transferred, non-transferred, or partially transferred.
Shielding is obtained from the hot, ionized gas issuing
from the orifice and may be supplemented by an
auxiliary source of shielding gas, which may be an inert
gas or a mixture of gases.
1.095 plasma MIG welding Hybrid arc welding wherein a consumable electrode and
the arc between it and the work are surrounded by a
thermally ionized gas, being the arc plasma established
by the arc from a non-consumable electrode. Shielding
is obtained from an externally supplied gas and filler
metal is obtained from the consumable electrode.

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 13 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.096 plasma spraying Thermal spraying in which a non-transferred constricted
arc is utilized as the heat source to melt and propel the
powder coating material to the substrate.
1.097 powder cutting Thermal cutting using the heat of chemical reaction
between the cutting oxygen stream and a suitable
powder injected into it.
1.098 powder flame spraying Flame spraying in which the material to be sprayed is in
powder form.
1.099 powder lancing The use of an oxygen lance in which powder is mixed
with the oxygen stream.
1.100 pressure welding Solid state welding in which a weld is made by
solid phase welding sufficient pressure to cause plastic flow of the surfaces,
which may or may not be heated.
1.101 projection welding Resistance welding in which the localizing of force and
electric current to make the weld or welds is obtained
by the use of a projection or projections raised on one
or more of the faying surfaces. The projections collapse
during welding.
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1.102 pulsed arc welding Arc welding in which pulses of current are
superimposed on a constant background electric current.
In continuous electrode processes, the pulses control
metal transfer.
1.103 radiation welding Fusion welding in which the heat for welding is
obtained by concentrating electromagnetic or particle
radiation on to the work piece.
1.104 resistance brazing Brazing in which the filler metal is pre-placed and the
required heat is obtained from the resistance to electric
current in a circuit of which the work is a part.
1.105 resistance butt welding Resistance welding in which the components are butted
together under pressure, and electric current is allowed
to flow until the temperature is reached at which upset
metal is produced and the weld is completed.
1.106 resistance seam welding Resistance welding in which force and electric current
are applied to the work piece by two electrode wheels
or by an electrode wheel and an electrode bar to
produce a linear lap weld.
1.107 resistance soldering Soldering in which the heat required is obtained from
the resistance to electric current in a circuit of which
the work is a part.
1.108 resistance spot-welding Resistance welding in which a weld is produced at a
spot in the work piece between electrodes, the weld
being of approximately the same area as the electrode
tips, or as the smaller of tips of differing size. Force is
applied to the spot, usually through the electrodes,
continuously throughout the process.

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 AS 2812—2005 14

No. Term Definition

1.109 resistance welding Welding in which, at some stage in the process, force is
applied to surfaces in contact and in which the heat for
welding is produced by the passage of electric current
through the electrical resistance at, and adjacent to,
these surfaces.
1.110 roll welding Forge welding in which pressure is progressively
applied by mechanically operated rolls.
1.111 salt bath dip brazing Brazing in which heat is obtained by immersing the
flux dip brazing work piece complete with pre-placed brazing filler
metal in a bath of molten salt of suitable melting point.
The salt used may act as a flux.
1.112 salt bath dip soldering Soldering in which the required heat is obtained by
immersing the work piece complete with pre-placed
soldering filler metal in a bath of molten salt of suitable
melting point.
1.113 shielded carbon arc Arc welding using a carbon electrode, with or without
welding the use of a filler metal, with shielding obtained from
the combustion of a solid material fed into the arc or
from a blanket of flux on the work, or both.
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—— scarfing See 1.026.

—— shielded metal arc See 1.079.
welding (SMAW)
1.114 silver brazing Brazing in which a silver alloy is used as the filler
metal.
1.115 soldering Process in which metallic pieces are joined by means of
soft soldering a molten filler metal having a melting temperature
lower than that of the pieces to be joined and lower than
450°C, and wetting the parent metal(s). The parent
metal(s) does (do) not participate by fusion in the
formation of the joint.
1.116 solid state welding Welding carried out essentially at a temperature below
the melting point(s) of the work pieces being joined
usually without the addition of filler metal.
1.117 spark-erosion cutting Cutting by means of the eroding action of a recurring
series of sparks between an electrode and the work
piece.
1.118 stack cutting The thermal cutting of a stack of plates usually held in
place by clamping or welding.
1.119 step-by-step seam Resistance seam welding in which the wheels apply the
welding force continuously, but are stationary during the normal
flow of current and rotate when reduced current, or no
current, is flowing.
1.120 stitch welding The use of overlapping resistance spot welds to join two
or more parts.

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 15 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

1.121 stud welding Welding in which a metal stud is joined to a work piece
by the production of a weld over the whole of the stud
base. This weld is achieved by the use of heat and
pressure, the heat being produced by arc, resistance,
friction, or other suitable heating process.
1.122 submerged arc welding Arc welding in which a consumable electrode is used
(SAW) and the arc is submerged in a granulated flux, some of
which fuses to form a removable covering of slag on the
weld. The electrode may be single or multiple.
1.123 surfacing The deposition of filler metal over an area of a metal
surface for building up, wear or corrosion resistance.
1.124 thermal cutting Parting or shaping of materials by the application of
heat with or without a gas stream.
1.125 thermal spraying A deposition of finely divided metallic or non-metallic
materials in a molten or semi-molten condition to form
a coating. The coating material may be in the form of
powder, ceramic rod, wire or molten materials. (See
also flame spraying, plasma spraying, and electric arc
spraying.)
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1.126 thermic lancing Cutting or boring using a thermic lance.

1.127 thermit welding See aluminothermic welding.
—— TIG welding See 1.057.
1.128 ultrasonic brazing Brazing in which mechanical vibrations of low
amplitude and high frequency are used to generate the
heat for brazing.
1.129 ultrasonic soldering Soldering in which high frequency vibratory energy is
transmitted through molten solder to remove
undesirable surface films and thereby promote wetting
of the base metal. This operation is usually
accomplished without a flux.
1.130 ultrasonic welding Solid state welding by the local application of high
frequency vibratory energy as the work pieces are held
together under pressure.
1.131 vacuum brazing Brazing in which the parts to be joined, complete with
pre-placed filler metal, are raised to brazing
temperature in a vacuum chamber.
1.132 vapour deposition Surface coating, using physical or chemical techniques
for the vapour deposition in vacuum of thin films of
metals and refractory materials on a work piece.
1.133 wave soldering Soldering where work parts are automatically passed
through a wave of molten solder. (See also dip
soldering).

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 AS 2812—2005 16

SE C T I ON 2 GE NERA L T E RM S RE L A T I N G T O
WE LD I N G

No. Term Definition

2.001 arc oscillation welding Welding wherein the arc between a consumable or non-
consumable electrode and the work is caused to move in
an oscillatory pattern by either an electromagnetic force
or a mechanical movement of the electrode.
2.002 autogenous welding Fusion welding that is carried out without the addition
of filler metal.
2.003 automatic welding Mechanized welding with robotic equipment or
equipment that has the capacity to perform a welding
operation, monitored by a welding operator who is
qualified to use the applicable welding procedure. Minor
adjustments may be made during the welding process to
ensure compliance the welding procedure parameters
and weld bead placement. The equipment may or may
not perform the loading or unloading of the work.
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2.004 back gouging The removal of weld metal and base metal from the
other side of a partially welded joint to assure complete
penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.
2.005 backhand welding A welding technique in which the welding blow pipe,
torch or gun is directed opposite to the progress of
welding (see Figure A7 of Appendix A).
2.006 balanced welding A welding procedure by which deformation due to
shrinkage on cooling is controlled by the placing and
sequence of welds.
2.007 base metal See parent metal.
2.008 bead See weld bead.
2.009 burnt weld A weld in which the weld metal has been grossly
overheated causing excessive oxidation thereby
reducing the strength of the joint.
2.010 butt weld A weld in which the weld lies substantially within the
extension of the planes of the surfaces of one or more of
the parts joined. (See also complete penetration and
incomplete penetration.)
2.011 buttering A surfacing variation in which one or more layers of
weld metal are deposited on the weld face of one
member (for example, a high alloy weld deposit on steel
base metal that is to be welded to a dissimilar base
metal). The buttering provides a suitable transition weld
deposit for subsequent completion of the butt joint.
2.012 consumables Materials directly consumed in the making of a weld
including electrodes, flux, heating and shielding gas,
and filler wire.

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No. Term Definition

2.013 deposited metal Filler metal after it becomes part of a joint or surface.
2.014 deposition rate The mass of filler metal deposited in a unit of time.
2.015 depth of fusion The depth of the weld from the fusion face.
2.016 drag angle The travel angle when the electrode is pointing
backward (see Figure A1 of Appendix A).
NOTE: This angle can be used to define the position of
welding guns and torches, high energy beams, welding
rods, and thermal cutting and thermal spraying guns.
2.017 duty cycle See power source duty cycle and operator duty cycle.
2.018 electrode A component of the welding circuit through which
current is immediately conducted to the arc, molten
slag, or base metal:
(a) Non-consumable electrode—an electrode that does
not provide filler metal.
(b) Consumable electrode—an electrode that provides
filler metal.
2.019 essential variables Variables in which a change outside specified limits
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requires requalification of welding procedure or welder

qualification.
2.020 filler metal The metal to be added in welding, brazing, soldering, or
surfacing.
2.021 filler rod Filler metal in rod form.
2.022 fillet weld A weld of approximately triangular cross-section
which—
(a) if formed in the corner between surfaces of two
components (see Figure A6(ae) and (ag) of
Appendix A); o
(b) is formed in the corner between the square edge of
one component and the surface of another
component (see Figure A6(ah) and (al) of
Appendix A); or
(c) is formed in the corner between the square edges of
two components (see Figure A6(af) of
Appendix A); or
(d) forms a reinforcement on a Tee butt weld (see
Figure A6(y) of Appendix A).
2.023 flux A substantially non-metallic material used during
welding, brazing, braze welding, or soldering, to clean
the surfaces of the joint chemically, to prevent
atmospheric oxidation, and to reduce impurities or float
them to the surface in the form of slag.
2.024 fuel gas A gas that provides heat when ignited with oxygen or
air.

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 AS 2812—2005 18

No. Term Definition

2.025 forehand welding A welding technique in which the welding blowpipe,
torch or gun is directed towards the progress of weld
(see Figure A8 of Appendix A).
2.026 hard surfacing Surfacing with a wear-resistant material.
hard facing
2.027 heat-affected zone (HAZ) The portion of parent metal that has not been fused but
has nevertheless been metallurgically affected by the
heat of welding, brazing or cutting (see Figure A2 of
Appendix A).
2.028 inter-pulse time The period of time between successive pulses during the
making of a weld.
2.029 lap joint A joint between two overlapping parts making an angle
to one another of 0 degrees to 5 degrees inclusive in the
region of the weld or welds (see Figure A6(ah) and (aj)
of Appendix A).
2.030 load-carrying weld A weld designed to withstand forces.
2.031 manual welding Welding performed and controlled completely by hand.
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2.032 mechanized welding Welding with equipment that performs the welding
operation under preset conditions and constant
observation and control of a welding operator.
2.033 micro-welding Welding wherein heating and melting can be sufficiently
concentrated and controlled to enable joining of
miniature components.
2.034 narrow gap welding A modification of conventional automatic arc welding
of thick sections where square preparations or ‘V’
preparations with small included angles and narrow gaps
are used to minimize the filler metal required.
2.035 non-essential variables Variables in which a change does not require
requalification of welding procedure or welder
qualification.
2.036 one side welding Welding performed from one side of the joint to produce
a full penetration weld.
2.037 operator duty cycle The ratio of welding or cutting time to the total work
time, expressed as a percentage.
2.038 orbital welding Mechanized welding of circumferential seams wherein
the welding torch moves relative to the work piece.
2.039 parent metal Metal to be joined or surfaced by welding, braze
base metal welding, or brazing (see Figure A2 of Appendix A).
2.040 pass See weld run.
2.041 peening The mechanical working of weld metal by means of
hammer blows or the like, or bombardment with shot or
similar pellets.
2.042 post-heating The application of heat to a weld or weldment
subsequent to welding or cutting.

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No. Term Definition

2.043 post-weld heat treatment Any heat treatment subsequent to welding.
(PWHT)
2.044 power source A welding machine that supplies electrical energy in a
form suitable for the welding process.
2.045 power source duty cycle The percentage of time, for an arbitrary test period,
during which power supply can be operated at its rated
output without overloading.
2.046 preheating The application of heat to the parent metal immediately
prior to welding or cutting.
2.046(a) procedure qualification A record of welding variables used to produce a test
record (PQR) weldment and the results of tests conducted on the
weldment to qualify a welding procedure specification.
2.047 pulse A unidirectional flow of current of either polarity or
brief duration.
2.048 pulse time The duration of pulse.
2.049 push angle The travel angle when the electrode is pointing forward
(see Figure A1 of Appendix A).
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NOTE: This angle can be used to define the position of

welding guns and torches, high energy beams, welding
rods, and thermal cutting and thermal spraying guns.
2.050 residual welding stress Stress remaining in a metal part or structure as a result
of welding.
2.051 robotic welding Automatic welding wherein robot equipment is
programmed to carry out a complete welding sequence.
2.052 run See weld run.
2.053 semi-automatic welding Welding in which some of the welding variables are
automatically controlled, but where manual guidance is
necessary.
2.055 site weld A weld made at the location where the assembly is to be
installed.
2.056 sleeve joint A joint where the ends of two pipes or round bars fit
into a short length of pipe, the inside diameter of which
approximates to the outside diameter of the other two
members.
2.057 spatter Globules of weld metal that are expelled during welding
and which do not form a part of the weld.
2.058 stored energy welding A method of welding in which the welding energy is
stored in an inductor, a capacitor, an electric
accumulator, or a flywheel during a period of time
relatively long compared with the welding time.
2.059 stree-relief A process to reduce residual welding stresses by
mechanical or thermal means.

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 AS 2812—2005 20

No. Term Definition

2.060 stress-relief heat Heating to and, if necessary, holding at, some
treatment temperature generally below the transformation range,
usually followed by slow cooling, for the purpose of
reducing internal stresses.
—— surfacing See 1.123.
2.061 tack weld A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in alignment
until final welds are made.
2.062 thermal stress Stress produced by differences in temperature or in
coefficients of expansion, or both.
2.063 underwater welding Welding performed underwater either in a wet
atmosphere, whereby a local gas envelope is formed
around the area to be welded, or in a dry habitat.
2.064 weld A joint in material, produced by means of heat or
pressure, or both, in such a way that there is continuity
in the nature of the metal between these parts. A filler
metal, the melting temperature of which is of the same
order as that of the parent metal, or may not be used.
2.065 weld bead A run of weld metal deposited on a surface but not
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forming part of a joint.

2.066 weld junction The boundary between the fusion zone and the heat-
affected zone (see Figure A2 of Appendix A).
2.067 weld metal All metal melted during the making of a weld and
retained in the weld (see Figure A2 of Appendix A).
2.068 weld run The weld metal resulting from one passage of an
electrode, torch, or blowpipe.
2.069 weld timer A device that controls only the weld time.
2.070 weld zone The zone containing the weld metal and heat-affected
zone (see Figure A2 of Appendix A).
2.071 weld-metal area The area of the weld metal as measured on the cross-
section of a weld.
2.072 weldability The ability of a metal to be welded under given
fabrication conditions in a specific weldment, and to
perform satisfactorily in the intended service.
2.073 weldability test A test intended to show that the parent metal can be
welded to give an acceptable joint under the conditions
prevailing.
2.074 welder The person who performs the welding operation.
NOTE: The term ‘welder’ is often used incorrectly to refer
to a welding machine.
2.075 welder certification Certification that a welder has complied with prescribed
prerequisites, training, and examination requirements
for a specific welding skill.

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 21 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

2.076 welder qualification Assessment of a welder by test or other evidence to
establish that the welder has the ability to perform to the
level required by regulatory authorities, standards,
contractual specifications, or others.
2.077 welding The making of a weld.
2.078 welding consumables See consumables.
2.078(a) welding coordinator The person who has responsibilities in the
manufacturing operation for welding and welding-
related activities and whose competence and knowledge
has been demonstrated, for example, by training,
education and/or relevant manufacturing experience.
2.079 welding cycle time The period required to complete a welding cycle.
2.079 (a) welding engineer A professional engineer with full and comprehensive
technical knowledge for planning, executing,
supervising and testing of all tasks and responsibilities
in welding fabrication.
2.080 welding machine That part of the welding plant used to supply power.
2.081 welding plant The entire apparatus for providing and controlling
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energy, and if necessary movement, for making a weld.

2.082 welding procedure The detailed methods and practices involved in the
making of a weld or in the production of a welded
component or assembly.
2.083 welding procedure Qualification of a welding procedure by tests or
qualification evidence of previous testing permitting the procedure to
be used on the work, which is the subject of certain
requirements by regulatory authorities, Standards, or
contractual specification.
2.083(a) welding procedure A document given to a welder, which specifies the
specification (WPS) required range of welding variables within which a
welder may weld for a specific application so as to
assure its repeatability by properly trained welders and
welding operators. The variables specified on the
welding procedure specification are those recorded on
the weld procedure qualification record (PQR) to which
a range of essential variables (see 2.019) are applied.
2.084 welding process A particular method of welding involving the
application of certain metallurgical, electrical, physical,
chemical, or mechanical principles.
2.085 welding sequence The order and/or direction in which welds are made
—— welding specialist See 2.085(a).
2.085(a) welding supervisor A person engaged in the planning, executing and
supervision of welding and allied processes, including
gouging and flame cutting.
2.086 welding technique The manner in which the welder manipulates an
electrode, a blowpipe, or a similar appliance.

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 AS 2812—2005 22

No. Term Definition

2.087 weldment An assembly, the component parts of which are joined
by welding.
2.088 wire feeder That part of a welding plant that feeds the electrode or
filler metal at a controlled rate to the weld.
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 23 AS 2812—2005

SECT ION 3 TERMS REL AT I NG TO FUS I ON

WE LD I N G (WE L D I NG W I T HOUT PRESSURE)

(See Figure A3 of Appendix A)

3.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO FUSION WELDING

No. Term Definition
3.001 actual throat thickness The perpendicular distance between two lines each
(throat thickness parallel to a line joining the outer toes, one being a
deprecated) tangent at the weld face and the other being through the
furthermost point of fusion penetration (see Figure A4
of Appendix A).
NOTE: Diagram (f) of Figure A4 of Appendix A illustrates
the deep penetration process.
3.002 angle of bevel The angle at which the edge of a component is prepared
for making a weld (see Figure A5 of Appendix A).
3.003 back-step welding Welding in which short lengths of run are deposited in a
direction opposite to the general progress of welding the
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joint. The short lengths eventually produce a continuous

or intermittent weld (see Figure 3.1).

FIGURE 3.1 EXAMPLE OF BACK-STEP SEQUENCE

—— backhand welding See 2.005.

3.004 backing bar A piece of metal or other material placed at a root and
used to control the penetration and profile of a weld but
without becoming part of the weld (see Figure A6(c)
and A6(g) of Appendix A).
3.005 backing run The final run deposited on the root side of a single butt
back weld weld.
3.006 backing strip A piece of metal placed at a root and penetrated by weld
metal (see Figure A6(c) and A6(g) of Appendix A). It
may remain as part of the joint or be removed by
machining or other means.
3.007 backing weld A weld in a root to form a backing to control the
penetration.

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 AS 2812—2005 24

No. Term Definition

3.008 block welding Welding in which short lengths of the weld are each
made by superimposing a number of runs up to the full
or partial size of the weld to form a block before
proceeding with the next block. These blocks may be
adjacent or spaced (see Figure 3.2).

FIGURE 3.2 EXAMPLES OF BLOCK SEQUENCES

3.009 butt joint A joint between the ends or edges of two parts making
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an angle to one another of 135° to 180° inclusive in the

region of the joint (see Figure A6(a) to A6(d) and (an)
of Appendix A).
—— butt weld See 2.010.
3.010 capping run The final run or runs deposited to complete a weld
profile of a multi-run weld.
3.011 chain intermittent fillet Two lines of intermittent fillet welds on a joint wherein
welds the welds in one line are approximately opposite to
those in the other line.
3.012 chipping hammer A device for the removal of slag from weld deposits.
3.013 close joint A preparation in which the components to be joined are
substantially in contact before welding.
3.014 complete penetration A butt weld where fusion exists between weld metal and
the parent metal throughout the entire depth of the joint.
3.015 concave fillet weld A fillet weld in which the face of the weld is concave
(see Figure 3.3).

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 25 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 3.3 EXAMPLE OF CONCAVE FILLET WELD

3.016 continuous weld A weld extending along the entire length of a joint.
3.017 convex fillet weld A fillet weld in which the face of the weld is convex
(see Figure 3.4).
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FIGURE 3.4 EXAMPLE OF CONVEX FILLET WELD

3.018 corner joint A joint between the ends or edges of two parts making
an angle to one another of more than 30° but less than
135° in the region of the joint (see Figure A6(t), A6(u),
and A6(af) of Appendix A).
3.019 cruciform joint A joint in which two flat plates or two bars are welded
to another flat plate at right angles and on the same axis
(see Figure A6(ag) of Appendix A).
3.020 design throat thickness The minimum dimension of throat thickness used for
purposes of design (see Figure A4 of Appendix A).
3.021 dilution The alteration of composition of the metal deposited
from a filler wire or electrode due to mixing with the
melted parent material. It is expressed as the percentage
of melted parent metal in the weld metal.
3.022 double bevel butt weld A butt weld in which the edge of only one component is
double bevelled (see Figure A6(r), A6(s), A6(x), and
A6(y) of Appendix A).
3.023 double-J butt weld A butt weld in which the edge of one component is
prepared so that in cross-section the fusion face assumes
the form of two opposing Js (see Figure A6(ac) of
Appendix A).

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 AS 2812—2005 26

No. Term Definition

3.024 double-U butt weld A butt weld in which the edges of both components are
prepared so that in cross-section the fusion faces form
two opposing Us (see Figure A6(n) and A6(o) of
Appendix A).
3.025 double-V butt weld A butt weld in which the edges of both components are
double bevelled so that in cross-section the fusion faces
form two opposing Vs (see Figure A6(h), A6(j), and
Aj(k) of Appendix A).
3.026 downhand position See flat position.
3.027 edge joint A joint between the edges of two parts making an angle
to one another of 0° to 30° inclusive in the region of the
joint (see Figure A6(am) of Appendix A).
3.028 edge preparation 1 Squaring, grooving, chamfering, or bevelling an
edge in preparation for welding.
2 The geometry or contour of the prepared edge.
3.029 edge weld A weld in an edge joint, used for joining two or more
parts and in which the weld metal covers part or the
whole of the edge widths (see Figure A6(am) of
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Appendix A).
3.030 effective length The length of continuous weld of specified size.
3.031 face (of weld) See weld face.
3.032 feather edge The edge formed at the root due to bevelling being
carried through from one surface to the other.
—— fillet weld See 2.022.
3.033 fill run The run or runs in a multi-run weld deposited after the
root run and before the capping run or runs.
3.034 flat position The position of welding wherein welding is performed
from the upper side of the joint and the weld face is
approximately horizontal (see Figure 3.5).

FIGURE 3.5 EXAMPLES OF FLAT POSITION

3.035 flush weld A weld in which the weld face follows approximately
the contour of the parent material.
—— forehand welding See 2.025.

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 27 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

3.036 fusible insert A pre-placed filler material that is fused to aid the
consumable insert formation of a weld made from one side only (see
Figure 3.6).

FIGURE 3.6 WELD PREPARATION USING A FUSIBLE INSERT

3.037 fusion face The portion of a surface, or of an edge, which is to be

fused in making a fusion weld.
3.038 fusion spot weld A weld, other than a plug weld, produced by fusion
welding at a spot in the work piece through one or more
thicknesses of overlapping parts (see Figure A6(aj) of
Appendix A).
—— fusion welding See 1.053.
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3.039 fusion zone The area of parent metal melted as determined on the
cross-section of a weld.
3.040 horizontal position The position of welding wherein the line of the weld
root is approximately horizontal (see Figure 3.7).

FIGURE 3.7 EXAMPLES OF HORIZONTAL POSITION

3.041 hot pass The second run of a weld in the circumferential joints in
pipelines using cellulose type manual metal-arc
electrodes and made within a limited time after the root
run, while it is still hot.
3.042 hydrogen controlled A process or electrode depositing weld metal containing
not more than a specified quantity of diffusible
hydrogen in the deposited weld metal when assessed in
accordance with the appropriate Standard.
3.043 included angle The angle between the planes of the fusion faces of
angle of preparation parts to be welded (see Figure A5 of Appendix A).
3.044 incomplete penetration See partial penetration.
3.045 intermittent weld A series of welds at specified intervals along a joint.

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 AS 2812—2005 28

No. Term Definition

3.046 interpass temperature See interrun temperature.
3.047 interrun temperature In a multi-run weld, the temperature of the weld and
adjacent parent metal immediately prior to the
application of the next weld run.
3.048 joint The junction of members or edges of members that have
been joined or which are to be joined.
3.049 joint penetration The minimum depth of fusion into the joint excluding
reinforcement (see Figure 3.8).

FIGURE 3.8 EXAMPLES OF JOINT PENETRATION

3.050 joint preparation Details of the edge preparations and set up of work
pieces for welding (see Figure A5 of Appendix A).
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3.051 land The straight portion of a fusion face between the edge
of the root face and—
(a) the sloping face in a bevel preparation; or
(b) the curved part of a J edge preparation (see
Figure 3.9).

FIGURE 3.9 EXAMPLES OF LAND

—— lap joint See 2.029.

3.052 leg The fusion face of a fillet weld (see Figure A9 of
Appendix A).
3.053 leg length In a fillet weld, the distance from the intersection of the
planes of the original surfaces of the parent metal to the
toe of the weld (see Figure A9 of Appendix A).
3.054 mitre-fillet weld A fillet weld of equal leg length in which the face of the
weld is essentially flat (see Figure 3.10).

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 29 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 3.10 MITRE-FILLET WELD

3.055 open joint A preparation in which the components to be joined are

separated by a specified gap before welding.
3.056 overhead position The position of welding wherein welding is performed
from the underside of the joint (see Figure 3.11).
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FIGURE 3.11 EXAMPLES OF OVERHEAD POSITION

3.057 partial penetration A butt weld where, by design, fusion does not extend
the full depth of the joint.
3.058 penetration See joint penetration.
3.059 penetration bead Weld metal protruding through the root of a fusion weld
made from one side only (see Figure 3.12).

FIGURE 3.12 EXAMPLES OF PENETRATION BEAD

3.060 penetration run A run that produces a penetration bead.

3.061 pick-up (fusion welding) Contribution of alloys to the deposited metal from the
parent metal and flux.

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 AS 2812—2005 30

No. Term Definition

3.062 plug weld A weld made by completely or partially filling a circular
hole in one component with filler metal, with the filler
metal fusing to the entire surface of the contiguous
component exposed through the hole (see Figure A6(ak)
Appendix A).
3.063 positioner A mechanical device manually or power operated to
manipulator hold and tilt or rotate the work to the desired position
for welding.
3.064 reinforcement Weld metal lying outside the plane joining the toes (see
Figure 3.13).
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FIGURE 3.13 EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT

3.065 root face The portion of a fusion face at the root, which is not
bevelled or grooved (see Figure A5 of Appendix A).
3.066 root gap The minimum distance at any cross-section between
edges, ends, or surfaces to be joined (see Figure A5 of
Appendix A).
3.067 root of preparation 1 In the preparation of V, U, J and bevel butt welds,
the zone in the neighbourhood of, and including,
the root gap.
2 In a square butt weld with backing bar or strip, the
zone between the prepared edges adjacent to a
backing bar or strip.
3 In parts assembled for fillet welding, the zone in
the neighbourhood of the actual or projected
intersection of the fusion faces (see Figure 3.14).

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No. Term Definition

FIGURE 3.14 ROOTS OF TYPICAL JOINT PREPARATION

3.068 root of weld The points, as shown in cross-section, at which the back
of the weld intersects the base metal surfaces (see
Figure A2 of Appendix A).
3.069 root penetration The depth a weld extends into the root of a joint (see
Figure 3.15).
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FIGURE 3.15 EXAMPLES OF ROOT PENETRATION

3.070 root radius The radius of the curved portion of the fusion face in a
component (see Figure A5 of Appendix A).
3.071 root run The first run deposited in the root of a multi-run weld.
3.072 run-on or run-off plates Pieces of metal placed so as to extend the joint in the
same plane to enable a full section of weld metal to be
maintained at the extremities of the joint.
3.073 seal weld A weld used to make a fluid-tight joint.
3.074 single-bevel butt weld A butt weld in which the edge of only one component is
bevelled (see Figure A6(p), (q), (u), and (v) of
Appendix A).
3.075 single-J butt weld A butt weld in which the edge of one component is
prepared so that in cross-section the fusion face assumes
the form of a J (see Figure A6(aa) and (ab) of
Appendix A).
3.076 single-U butt weld A butt weld in which the edges of both components are
prepared so that in cross-section the fusion faces form a
U (see Figure A6(l) of Appendix A).
3.077 single-V butt weld A butt weld in which the edges of both components are
bevelled so that in cross-section the fusion faces form a
V (see Figure A6(e), A6(f), and A6(g) of Appendix A).

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 AS 2812—2005 32

No. Term Definition

3.078 size of weld 1 Equal leg fillet weld—the length of the equal sides
of the largest isosceles triangle that can be
inscribed within the fillet cross-section (see
Figure 3.16(a)).
2 Unequal leg fillet weld—the lengths of the sides
containing the angle of the largest triangle which
can be inscribed within the fillet cross-section (see
dimensions X and Y in Figure 3.16(b)
3 Butt weld—the minimum depth to which a butt
weld extends into a joint exclusive of
reinforcement (see dimension X in Figure 3.16(c)).
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FIGURE 3.16 SIZE OF WELD

3.079 skip welding Welding in which short lengths of run are spaced in
predetermined order eventually to produce a continuous
or intermittent weld, the lengths being laid in either
longitudinal direction (see Figure 3.17).
NOTE: This may be applied to a sequence of runs of more
than one line of welds.

FIGURE 3.17 EXAMPLE OF SKIP WELDING

3.080 slag A fused, non-metallic material produced from some

welding and cutting processes.
3.081 slot weld A weld made by depositing a fillet weld around the
periphery of an elongated hole in one component so as
to join it to the surface of a contiguous component
exposed through the hole (see Figure A6(al) of
Appendix A).

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No. Term Definition

3.082 square butt weld A butt weld in which the fusion faces lie approximately
at right angles to the plane of the components to be
joined and are substantially parallel to one another (see
Figure A6(a), A6(b), A6(c) and A6(d) of Appendix A).
3.083 staggered intermittent fillet Two lines of intermittent fillet welds on each side of a
welds joint wherein the welds in one line are staggered with
respect to those in the other line.
3.084 stringer bead-run A bead or run made without intentional weaving
motion.
3.085 stub The waste of an electrode or filler rod.
—— tack weld See 2.061.
3.086 T-joint A joint between the end or edge of one part and the face
of the other part, the parts making an angle to one
another of more than 5° up to and including 90° in the
region of the joint (see Figure A6(v) to A6(ae) of
Appendix A).
3.087 T-junction The junction where two welds meet in a T
configuration.
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3.088 toe The junction between a weld face and the parent metal
or between weld faces (see Figure A9 of Appendix A).
3.089 throat thickness See actual throat thickness and design throat thickness.
3.090 transfer efficiency The degree to which alloying elements in a filler metal
or electrode are transferred to the weld metal. It is
usually expressed as the ratio of the percentage of the
element in an undiluted weld metal pad to the
percentage originally present in the filler wire or
electrode. The variation in the alloying elements is that
due to volatilization, oxidation, or reaction with the flux
or shielding gas, and not that due to dilution.
3.091 vertical position The position of welding wherein the line of the weld
root is approximately vertical (see Figure 3.18), i.e.,
vertical up or vertical down.

FIGURE 3.18 EXAMPLES OF VERTICAL POSITION

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 AS 2812—2005 34

No. Term Definition

3.092 weaving Transverse oscillation of the end of an electrode, filler
metal, or a blowpipe tip during the deposition of weld
metal.
3.093 weave run A weld run made with weaving.
3.094 weld axis A line through the length of the weld, which is
perpendicular to and at the geometric centre of its cross-
section.
—— weld bead See 2.065.
3.095 weld face The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which
welding was performed (see Figure A9 of Appendix A).
3.096 weld pool The pool of liquid metal formed during fusion welding.
3.097 weld position The orientation of a weld expressed in terms of weld
slope and weld rotation.
3.098 weld preparation See joint preparation.
3.099 weld rotation The angle between the upper portion of the vertical
reference plane passing through the line of a weld root
and a line, drawn from the same root, bisecting the
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angle between the fusion faces.

3.100 weld slope The angle between the line of the root of a weld and the
horizontal.
3.101 weld-through primer A paint or film forming a protective coating on the
parent metal, which does not interfere with the welding
process.

3.2 TERMS RELATING TO ARC WELDING

—— active gas See 3.203.
3.102 arc blow An uncontrolled deflection of a welding arc caused by
an asymmetric distribution of magnetic flux around the
arc.
3.103 arc length The length of the welding arc.
—— arc oscillation welding See 2.001.
—— arc spot-welding See 1.007.
—— arc stud welding See 1.009.
3.104 arc time The time during which the welding arc is maintained.
3.105 arc time factor The ratio of arc time to the total time the supply is
available for the arc, usually expressed as a percentage.
3.106 arc voltage The voltage between electrodes or between an electrode
and the work, measured at a point as near as practicable
to the arc.
—— arc welding See 1.010.

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No. Term Definition

3.107 arc welding gun A device used in semi-automatic, machine, and
automatic arc welding to transfer current, guide the
consumable electrode, and direct shielding gas when
used.
3.108 arc welding plant Complete equipment for providing and controlling an
arc welding process.
3.109 arc welding power source Apparatus for providing and controlling electrical
energy for arc welding processes.
3.110 arc welding torch A device used in the gas tungsten and plasma arc
welding processes to control the position of the
electrode, to transfer current to the arc, and to direct the
flow of shielding and plasma gas.
3.111 arc welding transformer A transformer designed to provide a.c. electrical energy
for one or more welding arcs.
3.112 atomic-hydrogen torch A holder carrying the electrodes and incorporating a
means of supplying hydrogen to the arc in atomic-
hydrogen welding.
—— atomic-hydrogen welding See 1.011.
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—— auto-contact welding See 1.012.

3.113 balanced wave An alternating current wave in which the positive and
negative half cycles are symmetrical.
3.114 bare electrode A filler metal electrode consisting of a single metal or
alloy that has been produced into a wire, strip, or bar
form, and, other than that which was incidental to its
manufacture or preservation, has had no coating or
covering applied to it.
—— bare metal arc welding See 1.013.
3.115 basic electrode A covered electrode in which the covering contains a
high proportion of basic material such as limestone and
fluorspar.
3.116 braided electrode A covered electrode with the covering reinforced by a
process of braiding.
3.117 burn back Fusing of the consumable electrode to the current
contact tube by lengthening the arc in any form of
automatic or semi-automatic metal-arc welding using a
consumable electrode.
3.118 burn-off rate The linear rate of consumption of a consumable
electrode.
—— carbon-arc welding See 1.020.
3.119 carbon electrode A non-filler material electrode used in arc welding or
cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which
may be coated with copper or other coatings.
3.120 cellulose electrode A covered electrode in which the covering contains at
least 15% cellulose and up to 30% of titania as rutile or
titanium white.

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 AS 2812—2005 36

No. Term Definition

3.121 CO2 spot-welding Arc spot-welding using a consumable electrode in
which the arc and molten pool are shielded from the
atmosphere by carbon dioxide gas.
—— CO2 welding See 1.021.
3.122 coil A type of filler metal package consisting of a defined
length of electrode in coil form with or without internal
support.
3.123 collet Device for retaining a non-consumable electrode in an
arc welding torch.
3.124 complete penetration A butt weld in which fusion exists between the weld and
butt weld parent metal throughout the entire depth of the joint.
3.125 complete rectification In gas tungsten-arc welding, the complete loss of
current during each half-cycle when the electrode is
positive, due to failure of the arc to re-ignite (see
Figure 3.19).
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FIGURE 3.19 COMPLETE RECTIFICATION

3.126 composite electrode Any of a number of multi-component filler metal

electrodes in various physical forms such as stranded
wires, tubes, and covered wire.
3.127 constant-voltage welding An arc welding power source whose terminal voltage
power source remains substantially constant between full load and no
load.
3.128 consumable electrode An electrode that provides filler metal.
3.129 contact shoe A grooved component of the welding head, which is
forced against the electrode to transfer current to, and
guide a continuous consumable electrode.
3.130 contact tip A short contact tube.
3.131 contact tube A tubular component of the welding head, which
transfers current to, and guides a continuous
consumable electrode.
3.132 cored electrode A consumable electrode having a core of flux, alloying
ingredients, or other material.

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No. Term Definition

3.133 covered electrode A consumable electrode consisting of a wire, rod, or
tube to which a flux covering has been applied by
dipping, extruding, wrapping, or braiding. The covering
may contain materials providing such functions as
shielding from the atmosphere, deoxidation, and arc
stabilization, and can serve as a source of metallic
additions to the weld.
3.134 crater fill A procedure used in automatic and semi-automatic arc
welding, or arc spot-welding, whereby the welding
current gradually reduces at the end of a weld run or
just before the arc is extinguished, thereby preventing
the formation of a crater.
3.135 cyclic re-ignition voltage The voltage between the electrode and work required to
re-ignite an a.c. arc at the start of each half-cycle. This
term is commonly applied to gas tungsten-arc welding.
3.136 d.c. welding generator A direct current generator designed for providing
electrical energy to one or more welding arcs.
3.137 dense slag A slag of limited porosity, which tends to produce a
smooth weld face.
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3.138 deposition efficiency 1 For manual metal-arc electrodes, the ratio of the
mass of deposited metal to the mass of the core
wire consumed, exclusive of stubs, expressed as a
percentage.
2 For continuous electrodes, the ratio of the mass of
deposited weld metal to the mass of electrode
consumed expressed as a percentage.
3.139 dip transfer See short-circuiting arc transfer.
3.140 dipped electrode A covered electrode produced by single or multiple
dipping of the core wire into a paste of flux.
3.141 drooping characteristic An arc welding power source whose terminal voltage
welding power source drops to a value appreciably below the open-circuit
voltage after the arc has been struck.
3.142 drum A type of package consisting of a continuous length of
electrode or filler metal wound or coiled within an
enclosed cylindrical container.
3.143 dynamic characteristic The change with time of voltage and current in response
to alterations in load, as when initiating a weld.
3.144 electrode (arc welding) A component of the welding circuit through which
current is conducted between the electrode holder and
the arc (see arc welding). It may take the form of a rod,
tube, wire, strip of metal, or a length of carbon.
NOTE: This term should not be confused with the term
‘electrode (resistance welding)’.
3.145 electrode angle The angle the electrode makes with the axis of the weld
in their common plane.

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 AS 2812—2005 38

No. Term Definitions

3.146 electrode cable Welding cable conducting current from the power
source to the electrode.
3.147 electrode current range The range of current within which an electrode can be
used satisfactorily.
3.148 electrode efficiency For any given electrode, the ratio of the mass of
deposited metal to the total mass of the consumed
electrode and any wastage.
3.149 electrode feed rate The linear rate of feeding an electrode wire in automatic
wire feed rate or semi-automatic welding
3.150 electrode holder A device to hold an electrode and to convey current to
it.
3.151 electrode negative Arc welding using direct current in which the electrode
is connected to the negative pole of the welding power
source.
NOTE: This has sometimes been known in practice as
‘reversed polarity’ and in American practice as ‘straight
polarity’. For this reason, both these terms are deprecated.
3.152 electrode polarity The connection of the electrode cable to the different
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power terminals on the welding machine to determine

the direction of flow of d.c. current.
3.153 electrode positive Arc welding using direct current in which the electrode
is connected to the positive pole of the welding power
source.
NOTE: This has sometimes been known in practice as
‘straight polarity’ and in American practice as ‘reversed
polarity’. For this reason, both these terms are deprecated.
3.154 electrode stick-out The length of electrode projecting beyond the region of
the current pick-up during welding.
3.155 emissive electrode A consumable electrode to which has been applied a
very light coating for the purpose of producing a stable
arc.
3.156 engine-driven welding A welding power source consisting of a generator
power source driven by an engine, for supplying electrical energy for
welding.
3.157 extruded electrode A covered electrode produced by extruding the flux
onto the core wire.
—— firecracker welding See 1.036.
3.158 fluid slag A slag that flows freely during deposition of an
electrode.
—— flux cored arc welding See 1.046.
(FCAW)

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No. Term Definition

3.159 flux cored electrode A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal
tube or other hollow configuration containing
ingredients to provide such functions as shielding
atmosphere, deoxidation, arc stabilization, and slag
formation. Alloying materials may be included in the
core. External shielding may or may not be used.
3.160 friable slag A slag that crumbles easily to aid removal.
3.161 gas metal-arc spot-welding See arc spot-welding.
—— gas metal-arc welding (GMAW) See 1.056.
3.162 gas nozzle The generally detachable part of a GMAW gun or a
GTAW torch from which gas or gases emerge.
3.163 gas shield A layer of gas surrounding the weld zone to facilitate
the making of a weld. (See also inert gas and reactive
gas.)
3.164 gas tungsten-arc spot-welding See arc spot-welding.
––– gas tungsten-arc welding See 1.057.
(GTAW)
TIG welding
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3.165 globular transfer Metal transfer that takes place as globules of diameter
substantially larger than that of the consumable
electrode from which they are transferred.
—— gravity welding See 1.059.
3.166 gravity welding electrode An electrode similar to a manual metal-arc welding
electrode but generally longer and specially formulated
to suit gravity welding.
3.167 guide tube A rigid tube that guides a filler wire or electrode but
does not convey current.
3.168 HF ignition Ignition of an arc by a high-voltage high-frequency
spark starting spark applied across the arc gap.
3.169 HF ignition unit A high-voltage high-frequency electrical oscillator used
to enable an arc to be initiated without contact between
the electrode and the work piece.
3.170 HF re-ignition Re-ignition of an a.c. arc, after extinction at zero
spark re-ignition current, by a high-voltage high-frequency spark applied
across the arc gap.
3.171 hydrogen-controlled electrode An electrode depositing weld metal containing not more
than a specified quantity of diffusible hydrogen in the
deposited weld metal when assessed in accordance with
the appropriate Standard. The category of such electrode
may be subdivided into classifications of medium
hydrogen, low hydrogen and very low hydrogen, each
having successively low allowable levels of hydrogen.
3.172 inert gas Shielding gas consisting principally of argon, helium, or
a mixture of the two.
3.173 inert gas arc welding See gas metal-arc welding.

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 AS 2812—2005 40

No. Term Definition

3.174 inherent rectification In gas tungsten-arc welding, the asymmetry between the
positive and the negative half-cycles of current, which
normally exists even when there is no partial or
complete rectification (see Figure 3.20).

FIGURE 3.20 INHERENT RECTIFICATION

3.175 iron oxide electrode A covered electrode in which the covering contains a
high proportion of iron oxide.
3.176 iron powder electrode A covered electrode in which the covering contains a
high proportion of iron in the form of a powder, which
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acts as additional filler metal.

3.177 lightly coated electrode A filler metal electrode consisting of a metal wire with a
light coating applied subsequent to the drawing
operation, primarily for stabilizing the arc.
3.178 load test current Any current flowing for test purposes between the
output terminals of an arc welding plant (i.e., those to
which the electrode and return leads are connected)
through a resistance load.
3.179 low hydrogen electrode See hydrogen-controlled electrode.
—— MAG welding See 1.076.
3.180 main arc An arc which supplies heat for arc welding.
(power arc deprecated)
—— manual metal-arc welding See 1.079.
(MMAW)
3.181 maximum continuous The maximum current that a single welding output point
hand-welding current is capable of supplying, without the plant exceeding the
specified rise in temperature, when supplying an arc for
an operator engaged continuously on manual metal-arc
welding.
3.182 melt back Arcing for a controlled time after cessation of
continuous electrode feed to prevent fusion of electrode
to the weld.
3.183 metal-arc spot-welding See arc spot-welding.
—— metal-arc welding See 1.081.

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No. Term Definition

3.184 metal cored electrode A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal
tube or other hollow configuration containing alloying
ingredients. Minor amounts of ingredients providing
such functions as arc stabilization and fluxing of oxides
may be included. External shielding gas may or may not
be used.
3.185 metal electrode A filler or non-filler metal electrode, used in arc
welding or cutting, consisting of a metal wire or rod that
has been manufactured by any method and that is either
bare or covered with a suitable covering or coating.
3.186 metal transfer The transfer of metal across the arc from a consumable
electrode to the molten pool.
—— micro-plasma welding See 1.082.
3.187 MIG gun See arc welding gun.
—— MIG welding See 1.084.
3.188 motor generator welding An arc welding power source consisting of a generator
power source driven by an electric motor, which is direct-coupled,
generally for supplying direct current for welding.
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3.189 multiple arc welding Welding wherein a single process runs with more than
one electrode from a single power source and single
nozzle, e.g., twin arc, or a single process operates with
more than one electrode from separate power sources
and separate nozzles, e.g., tandem arc, or two or more
processes are compounded. Essentially a single molten
pool is maintained. Filler metal is obtained from the
electrodes or can be fed separately to the molten pool.
—— narrow gap welding See 2.034.
3.190 non-consumable electrode An electrode that does not provide filler metal.
3.191 non-transferred arc A plasma arc between the tungsten electrode and the
torch nozzle.
3.192 open arc welding Arc welding in which the arc is visible.
3.193 open-circuit voltage The voltage between the live welding terminals of a
welding set when no current is flowing.
—— operator duty cycle See 2.037.
3.194 parallel arc welding Arc welding using two electrodes connected electrically
in parallel to one power source and feeding the same run
or bead.
3.195 partial rectification In gas tungsten-arc welding, the loss of current during
part of each half-cycle when the electrode is positive.
The arc, extinguished as in complete rectification, is
ignited later in the same half-cycle (see Figure 3.21).

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 AS 2812—2005 42

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 3.21 PARTIAL RECTIFICATION

3.196 particle transfer frequency The frequency with which metal globules or droplets are
transferred across the arc from the end of a consumable
electrode.
3.197 pilot arc A low intensity arc to facilitate the striking of the main
arc.
3.198 plasma The region of ionized gas which generally forms the
major portion of an arc column and provides a
conducting path for the current.
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3.199 plasma arc An arc in which a constriction (mechanical or magnetic)

is used to produce a thin pencil-like configuration of
plasma and electrons to give a high heat concentration
over a small area.
—— plasma arc cutting See 1.093.
—— plasma arc welding (PAW) See 1.094.
—— plasma MIG welding See 1.095.
3.200 plasma torch A combined electrode holder and constricting gas
nozzle designed to produce a plasma arc or a plasma jet
from the arc.
3.201 polarity See electrode polarity.
3.202 porous slag A slag that has a honeycomb structure.
inflated slag
—— power source See 2.044.
—— power source duty cycle See 2.045.
—— pulsed arc welding See 1.102.
3.203 reactive gas Shielding gas containing substantial proportions of
reactive gases such as CO2 and O 2.
3.203 (a) reconditioned flux Virgin or recycled flux that has been processed for use
or re-use. The processing may include screening for
particle sizing, removal of magnetic particles and
baking to remove moisture.
3.203 (b) recrushed slag A non-standard term when used for recycled slag.
3.203 (c) recycled flux Unfused granular flux, remaining after welding, that has
been recovered for re-use. See also virgin flux.

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No. Term Definition

3.203 (d) recycled slag Fused slag, remaining after welding, that has been
recovered and processed for re-use.
3.204 rectifier welding power An arc welding power source consisting of a static
source converter for supplying direct current for welding from
an a.c. supply.
3.205 reel Any spool whose flange ends exceed 400 mm diameter.
3.206 restriking voltage A transient voltage that develops between the electrode
and the work piece immediately following arc
extinction, causing the arc to restrike.
3.207 rising characteristic An arc welding power source whose terminal voltage
welding power source rises to a value slightly above the open-circuit voltage
after the arc has been struck.
3.208 rutile electrode A covered electrode in which the covering contains a
high proportion of titania as rutile, titanium white, or
ilmenite. Basic materials may be added to increase the
fluidity of the slag.
3.209 self-adjusting welding arc An arc maintained substantially constant by the inherent
electrical characteristics of the welding power source.
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3.210 series arc welding Arc welding using two electrodes connected in series to
one power source and feeding the same run or bead.
3.211 short-circuiting arc Metal transfer in which fused particles of a continuous
transfer consumable electrode are detached in rapid succession
during the repeated short-circuiting contacts with the
molten pool.
3.212 slope controlled power source An arc welding power source, the volt-ampere
characteristic of which can be selected from
substantially flat to drooping to obtain the desired arc
condition.
NOTE: This should not be confused with the term ‘slope
control’ (see 4.153).
3.213 spatter loss Metal loss in the form of spatter.
3.214 spool A type of filler metal package consisting of a
continuous length of electrode wound on a cylinder,
flanged at both ends, with a maximum diameter of
400 mm at the flange ends.
3.215 spray transfer Metal transfer that takes place as a rapidly projected
droplet transfer stream of droplets of diameter not larger than that of the
consumable electrode from which they are transferred.
3.216 static characteristic The steady state relationship between the output current
of a welding power source and the voltage across a
practically non-inductive load connected to the output
terminals.
3.217 stranded electrode A composite filler metal electrode consisting of
stranded wires which may mechanically enclose
materials to improve properties, stabilize the arc, or
provide shielding.

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 AS 2812—2005 44

No. Term Definition

3.218 stray-arc strike The imperfection on the work resulting from the
improper creation of an arc.
3.219 streaming transfer Spray transfer in which the molten tip of the electrode
becomes an elongated cone and metal issues in very fine
droplets from its point.
3.220 striking plate A piece of material, kept close to the work piece, on
which the arc is struck before the electrode is
transferred to the work.
3.221 striking voltage The minimum voltage at which a specified arc may be
initiated.
—— submerged arc welding See 1.122.
(SAW)
Re-ignition of the arc, after extinction at zero current,
3.222 surge re-ignition
by a voltage pulse applied across the arc gap generally
when the electrode is positive, to produce a
superimposed restriking voltage (see Figure 3.22).
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FIGURE 3.22 SURGE RE-IGNITION

3.223 surge re-ignition unit A device for maintaining an a.c. arc by surge re-ignition
3.224 tandem arc welding See multiple arc welding.
3.225 TIG torch See arc welding torch.
—— TIG welding See 1.057.
3.226 touch welding Metal-arc welding using a covered electrode, where, as
contact welding the result of a characteristic of the covering of the
electrode, the covering can be kept in contact with the
parent metal during welding to facilitate control of arc
length.
3.227 transferred arc A plasma arc that is struck between a tungsten electrode
within a torch and the work piece.
3.228 transverse angle The angle the electrode makes with a work surface as
projected onto a plane normal to the weld axis.
3.229 travel angle See electrode angle.
3.230 tungsten electrode A non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding or
cutting, made principally of tungsten.
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 45 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

3.231 twin arc welding See multiple arc welding.
3.232 typical electrode current The current at which an electrode may generally be used
satisfactorily in a given weld position.
3.233 urami bead A root run with electrodes designed to give a good
reverse side profile.
3.234 uranami bead See urami bead.
3.234 (a) virgin flux Unused flux that has been produced using new raw
materials.
3.235 viscous slag A slag with flow characteristics that restrict slag
flowing into the molten pool. It has a narrow
solidification range.
3.236 welding alternator An alternating current generator designed for providing
electric energy to one or more welding arcs
3.237 welding cable Flexible electrical conductor carrying current for
welding.
g3.238 welding head Part of a welding machine or automatic welding
equipment comprising an electrode feed mechanism and
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a means of conveying current to the electrode.

3.239 welding load voltage The voltage between the output terminals of an arc
welding plant when the load current is flowing.
—— wire feeder See 2.088.
3.240 work The material or object on which welding, brazing,
soldering and cutting are carried out.
3.241 wrapped electrode A covered electrode with all or part of the covering of
flux wound onto the core wire.
3.242 zero current pause The period of time in a half-cycle between arc
extinction and re-ignition, during which no current
flows.

3.3 TERMS RELATING TO GAS WELDING

3.243 backfire The return of the flame into the blowpipe with a
popping sound, the flame being either extinguished or
re-ignited at the welding tip or cutting nozzle.
—— backhand welding See 2.005.
3.244 blowpipe A device for the correct mixing and burning of gases to
produce a flame for welding, brazing, braze welding,
surfacing, cutting, heating, and similar operations.
3.245 blowpipe handle That part of a blowpipe that is normally held or gripped
and incorporates the valves and hose connections.
3.246 carburizing flame A flame in which there is an excess of a carbonaceous
fuel gas, resulting in a carbon-rich zone extending
around and beyond the cone (see Figure A11 of
Appendix A).

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No. Term Definition

3.247 closed injector An injector that is closed to the atmosphere, the
entrained gas being drawn up through a tube connected
to the unit.
3.248 combination blowpipe A blowpipe that can be used for welding, cutting,
heating, or flame cleaning when fitted with the
appropriate attachments.
3.249 cone The more luminous part of a flame, which is located at
the end of a welding tip, heating tip, or cutting nozzle
(see Figures A10 to A12 of Appendix A).
3.250 covered filler rod A filler rod having a covering of flux.
coated filler rod
3.251 cylinder A portable container used for the transport and storage
of a liquefied or compressed gas.
3.252 cylinder manifold A device for connecting the gas flow from a number of
cylinders to a common supply line.
3.253 feather The carbon-rich zone, visible in a flame extending
around and beyond the cone when there is an excess of
carbonaceous gas (see Figure A11 of Appendix A).
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—— filler rod See 2.021.

3.254 flame snapout Unintentional extinction of the flame outside the tip or
nozzle orifice.
3.255 flame surfacing Oxy-acetylene surfacing in which a carburizing flame is
used to heat the surface in the parent metal, which then
unites with molten metal from a suitable filler.
3.256 flashback The return of the flame through the blowpipe into the
supply system.
3.257 flashback arrester A safety device fitted in an oxygen-fuel gas system to
prevent any flashback reaching the regulators, pipeline
or cylinders.
—— flux See 2.023.
—— forehand welding See 2.025.
3.258 gas economizer An auxiliary device designed for temporarily cutting off
the supply of gas to the welding equipment, except he
supply to a pilot jet where fitted.
—— gas welding See 1.058.
3.259 handle mixing The mixing of preheat gases with a mixer or injector
located in or adjacent to the handle.
3.260 head mixing The mixing of preheat gases in the cutting blowpipe
head.
3.261 heating tip A single-hole or multi-hole tip used with a blowpipe
specifically for oxygen-fuel gas heating or air-fuel gas
heating.
3.262 hose A reinforced flexible tube used for conveying gas from
a source to welding or cutting equipment.

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No. Term Definition

3.263 hose check valve A non-return valve fitted to the blowpipe end of a hose
for the purpose of preventing the reverse flow of gases.
3.264 injector A device in which gas leaving a constricted orifice
entrains and mixes with another gas that is at a lower
pressure.
3.265 low pressure blowpipe A blowpipe that incorporates an injector for use with
low pressure acetylene or other fuel gases with oxygen.
3.266 mixer A device, located within a welding or cutting blowpipe,
used for the correct mixing of gases. The gases are
normally at equal pressure.
3.267 neutral flame A flame in which the primary combustion is complete,
being neither oxidizing nor carburizing. It is
characterized by a sharply defined inner cone without
feather (see Figure A10 of Appendix A).
3.268 open injector An injector where the additional gas is air-induced from
the atmosphere.
3.269 outer envelope The envelope of burning gas surrounding the cone of an
oxygen-fuel gas flame.
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3.270 oxidizing flame A flame in which there is an excess of oxygen, resulting

in an oxygen-rich zone just beyond the cone.
—— oxy-acetylene welding See 1.086.
3.271 pick-up (gas welding and That property of a flux which causes some of it to
brazing) adhere to the heated end of a filler rod for addition to
the molten pool.
3.272 reducing flame See carburizing flame.
3.273 regulator A device used for reducing cylinder or pipeline pressure
to a substantially constant outlet pressure.
3.274 sustained backfire The return of the flame into the blowpipe with
continued burning at the point of mixing accompanied
by a hissing sound.
3.275 tip See welding tip.
3.276 welding blowpipe See blowpipe.
3.277 welding tip The detachable part of a welding blowpipe from which
the gases emerge.

3.4 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTRON-BEAM AND LASER-BEAM WELDING

3.278 accelerating voltage The voltage, between the cathode and the anode, that
accelerates the electrons.
3.279 anode The electrode used to accelerate the electron beam.
—— arc-image welding See 1.006.
3.280 beam current The current flowing between the cathode and the anode
of an electron gun, expressed in milliamperes.
3.281 beam current control A means of adjusting the beam current either by
controlling the bias voltage or by provenance changes.
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No. Term Definition

3.282 beam deflector An electromagnetic means of deflecting the electron
deflection coils beam.
3.283 beam power The product of accelerating voltage and beam current,
expressed in kilowatts.
beam power density
3.284 The value expressed in kilowatts per unit area, obtained
specific beam power
by dividing the beam power by the cross-sectional area
of the electron beam at a specified position.
3.285 beam pulsing The production of a non-continuous electron beam.
3.286 beam spinning The use of magnetic deflection of the beam to cause it
to describe a circular path in order to re-distribute the
energy profile, usually the frequency of rotation being
in the range 50 Hz to 5000 Hz.
3.287 bias voltage A voltage applied between the cathode and the grid
electrode to control the magnitude of beam current
independently of accelerating voltage and provenance
changes.
3.288 cathode The source from which electrons are emitted.
filament
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3.289 cathode shield The electrode which surrounds the cathode and is at the
field electrode same potential.
3.290 diode gun An electron gun with two electrodes wherein the beam
current is adjusted by varying the cathode temperature,
accelerating voltage, or electrode spacing, or any
combination of these variables (see Figure 3.23).

FIGURE 3.23 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A DIODE GUN

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No. Term Definition

3.291 electron gun A device for producing electrons and the means by
which they are accelerated and focused onto the work
piece.
—— electron-beam welding See 1.033.
3.292 filament current The current that heats the cathode to a temperature to
produce the required electron emission
3.293 focal length The distance between the centre of the focusing lens and
the focal spot of the electron beam.
3.294 focal spot The part of the beam beyond the lens system where the
beam comes to a minimum cross-sectional area.
3.295 focus control A device to control the magnitude of the current or
voltage in the focusing lens.
3.296 focusing lens Electromagnetic coils or electrostatic devices that
provide the field for focusing the electron beam.
3.297 full vacuum system An electron-beam welding machine, the work chamber
hard vacuum system and electron gun of which operate at a vacuum of better
than 5 × 10−2 mm Hg.
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3.298 grid electrode The electrode that controls the magnitude of the beam
current, which is negative with respect to the cathode of
the electron gun.
3.299 high-voltage electron gun An electron gun with an accelerating voltage greater
than 60 kV.
—— laser-beam welding See 1.075.
3.300 low-voltage electron gun An electron gun with an accelerating voltage up to and
including 40 kV.
3.301 medium voltage electron An electron gun with an accelerating voltage greater
gun than 40 kV up to and including 60 kV.
3.302 optical viewing system A means for viewing the point of beam impingement by
looking down the path of the electron beam.
3.303 out of vacuum system An electron-beam welding machine with a separately
non-vacuum system pumped electron gun in which the electron beam is
transmitted via a specially designed orifice to the work
piece in an environment at atmospheric pressure.
3.304 partial vacuum system An electron-beam welding machine with a separately
soft vacuum system pumped electron gun, the work chamber of which
operates at a vacuum in the range of 10−2 mm Hg to
5 × 10−1 mm Hg.

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No. Term Definition

3.305 perveance A geometric characteristic of an electron gun, which
relates the current and accelerating voltage according to
the following formula:
I
G=
V 3/ 2
where
I = beam current
V = accelerating voltage
G = perveance
3.306 separately pumped electron An electron gun pumped to a vacuum level better than
gun 10−4 mm Hg, irrespective of the pressure surrounding
the work piece.
3.307 triode gun An electron gun with three electrodes wherein the beam
current is usually controlled by a grid electrode but is
dependent on the cathode temperature, the accelerating
voltage, and perveance (see Figure 3.24).
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FIGURE 3.24 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A TRIODE GUN

3.308 work distance The distance between a reference point, usually the
lower member of the electron gun and the point at
which the beam impinges on the work piece.

3.5 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTROSLAG AND ELECTROGAS WELDING

3.309 consumable guide tube A special type of wire guide used in consumable guide
electroslag welding, which is melted into the weld pool
as welding proceeds.

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No. Term Definition

3.310 consumable-guide welding Electroslag welding in which the consumable electrode
is fed through a fixed guide tube located between the
fusion faces. As the welding proceeds, the guide tube is
progressively melted into the welding pool. Guides may
be either bare or flux coated, and more than one wire
may be fed through different tubes in the same guide
3.311 cooling shoe A block, usually of copper and water cooled, used to
retain the molten pool within the weld joint. The face of
the cooling shoe is recessed to provide the weld profile
3.312 cross-bar That member in an electroslag or electrogas welding
machine that passes through the gap above the weld pool
in order to support the far-side shoe.
—— electrogas welding (EGW) See 1.031.
No. Term Definition
3.313 electroslag welding electrode A filler metal component of the welding circuit through
which current is conducted between the electrode guide
and the molten slag.
NOTE: Bare electrodes and composite electrodes as
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defined under ‘arc welding electrode’ are used for

electroslag welding. A consumable guide may also be used
as part of the electroslag welding electrode system.
—— electroslag welding (ESW) See 1.034.
3.314 shoe See cooling shoe.
3.315 wire guide That part of an electroslag or electrogas welding
machine that guides the electrode wire to the point of
welding and also carries the electrical current to the
wire.

3.6 TERMS RELATING TO ALUMINOTHERMIC WELDING

3.316 aluminothermic reaction The exothermic chemical reaction between a metal
oxide and finely divided aluminium, which produces a
superheated liquid metal and aluminium oxide slag.
—— aluminothermic welding See 1.003.
3.317 crucible A tapered vessel lined with a refractory type material in
which the aluminothermic reaction takes place.
3.318 mould A pre-manufactured shell used to contain the molten
metal of an aluminothermic reaction within the area
required for welding. It may be of the refractory sand
type for single use or graphite for permanent use.
3.319 portion A prepared package of basic aluminothermic mixture
comprising a metal oxide, finely divided aluminium,
and other additions in the correct quantity for the type
of weld to be made.
—— thermit welding See 1.127.

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 AS 2812—2005 52

SE C T I O N 4 T E R M S REL AT I N G T O W E L D I N G
W ITH PRE SSU RE

(See Figure A13 of Appendix A)

4.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO WELDING WITH PRESSURE

No. Term Definition
4.001 analogue timer Apparatus for controlling intervals of time, which relies
upon any physical change that is time-dependent.
4.002 burn-off The loss of material associated with the heating stage of
welding processes, such as flash butt and friction
welding, where foreshortening of the work pieces is
inherent in heat generation.
4.003 digital timer Apparatus for controlling intervals of time by means of
counting, to a preset number, pulses that have a
constant rate of repetition.
4.004 faying surface That surface of a member that is in contact with another
member to which it is to be joined.
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4.005 forward force The force applied to the movable head of a welding
machine in the direction necessary to make a weld.
4.006 forward pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
forward force.
—— induction welding See 1.067.
4.007 initial force The first steady or peak force applied normal to the
faying surfaces, during the welding cycle.
4.008 initial pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
initial force.
4.009 overhang The distance a component projects from the die or
clamp in the direction of the mating component for
resistance butt, flash butt, friction, and pressure
welding.
4.010 post-heating force The force applied by the electrodes to the work during
the time post-heating current is flowing.
4.011 post-heating pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
post-heating force.
4.012 post-weld upset force The force required to reduce the work piece to its
correct length after welding.
4.013 post-weld upset pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
post-weld upset force.
4.014 pressure contact area The initial surface contact area of the components
through which force is transmitted.
4.015 sequence control Apparatus containing timers and other controls used to
predetermine the values of the welding parameters and
to order the sequence of their application.

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No. Term Definition

—— solid state welding See 1.116.
4.016 total allowance In pressure, resistance butt, flash butt, or friction
welding, the length allowed, in preparation for welding,
for the total shortening of both components due to all
the operations that are actually used in the making of a
weld.
4.017 total material lost In pressure, resistance butt, flash butt, or friction
welding, the total amount of shortening of both
components due to all the operations that are actually
used in the making of a weld.
4.018 upset allowance The amount allowed for the total shortening of both
components due to upsetting.
4.019 upset force The force used to make a weld by the generation of
upset metal.
4.020 upset length The total actual shortening of both components due to
the forging action in the making of a weld.
4.021 upset metal Parent metal proud of the normal surfaces of the work
as a result of forging or pressing.
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4.022 upset pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
upset force.
4.023 upset speed The rate of movement of the moving work piece during
upsetting.
4.024 upsetting The operation of locally increasing the cross-sectional
area of a work piece by the application of a longitudinal
force.
4.025 welding cycle The succession of operations effected by the machine
for the making of a weld and the return to the initial
position.
4.026 welding force The force at the abutting surfaces of the work piece,
used to hold them together while they are brought to a
suitable condition for welding to take place.
4.027 welding pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
welding force.

4.2 TERMS RELATING TO RESISTANCE WELDING

4.028 alternate polarity operation Resistance welding in which succeeding welds are made
alternate polarity welding with pulses of opposite polarity.
4.029 angle centre electrode An angle electrode in which the electrode tip is
concentric with the electrode shank (see Figure 4.1).

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No. Term Definition

FIGURE 4.1 ANGLE CENTRE ELECTRODE

4.030 angle electrode An electrode for spot or stitch welding in which the
inclined electrode electrode tip is not normal to the axis of the electrode
shank.
4.031 angle offset electrode An angle electrode in which the electrode tip is not
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concentric with the axis of the electrode shank (see

Figure 4.2).

FIGURE 4.2 ANGLE OFFSET ELECTRODE

4.032 arm A member projecting from a resistance welding

machine, which carries current, or supports a conductor
carrying current, to an electrode holder, and which is
required to transmit or support the welding force.
4.033 averaging time A time that is the sum of the maximum allowable
conducting (on) time at maximum current and the
minimum safe off-time in a duty cycle for equipment
that may be damaged by any thermal overload.
4.034 back plate A plate to which two or more bolsters can be bolted to
hold them in their correct relative positions.
4.035 back-up die A die into which may be inserted a number of
removable inserts or electrodes.

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No. Term Definition

4.036 backing electrode A plate or strip of current-carrying material used in
place of electrodes on the reverse side of the work when
making series of multiple spot welds.
4.037 backward force The force tending to separate the electrodes
4.038 backward pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
backward force.
4.039 bolster An electrode holder for mounting on a platen.
—— butt resistance-seam See 1.016.
welding
—— capacitor discharge See 1.017.
spot-welding
4.040 cascade firing In multiweld applications, a system of switching in
which each transformer or group of transformers is
switched in succession, with or without current-off time
during switching.
This system may be used to limit the supply load.
4.041 chill time* The period of time between the end of welding current
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quench time and the start of post-heating current.

4.042 clamp holding time The time measured from the end of the post-heating
time (or end of upsetting time when no post-heat is
used) to the time at which the clamping force is released
from the work pieces.
4.043 clamp opening The distance between the jaws of a clamp in the open
position, through which the work piece would be
inserted or withdrawn.
4.044 clamping force The force exerted on the dies by the clamping system.
4.045 constant current control Electronic control of the value of welding current, to
make its preset value constant and independent of
variations in either mains voltage or the amount of
magnetic material introduced into the throat of the
welding machine.
—— continuous resistance-seam See 1.025.
welding
4.046 cool time* In pulsation and seam welding, the period of time
off-time between two successive heat times in the same welding
cycle.
4.047 cranked offset electrode An offset electrode in which the centre-line of the
electrode is not straight (see Figure 4.3).
4.048 cross-wire weld A resistance weld at the point of contact between
crossed wires or rods made with pressure applied
continuously.

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 AS 2812—2005 56

No. Term Definition

4.049 current decay A current that decreases from an initial preset value to a
final preset value at a rate depending upon the time
constant of the circuit.
4.050 current-off time∗ The period of time between the cessation of current in
one welding cycle and the beginning of current in the
next.
4.051 cycle counter An electronic or electromechanical device for counting
the number of cycles during a period of flow of an
alternating current.
4.052 cycle recorder An electronic or electromechanical device for recording,
in a permanent manner, the number of cycles during a
period of flow of an alternating current.
4.053 decay current That current, applied to the primary of a three-phase
frequency conversion welding machine transformer at a
level below the welding current, which determines the
decay time and rate of decay.
4.054 decay time The time during which decaying of a current takes
place.
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4.055 delayed firing The delayed initiation of the welding current in the first
half-cycle in order to minimize the initial transient of
magnetizing current of the welding transformer.
4.056 delayed non-beat A type of system that permits the interruption of the
welding cycle only up to the end of squeeze time.
4.057 die opening In a flash butt or resistance butt welding machine, the
die gap distance between the opposing faces of the two pairs of
dies when the machine is set up for welding, as follows:
(a) Initial die opening—the initial distance between the
dies when the work pieces first contact.
(b) Final die opening—the distance between the dies at
the completion of the weld.
4.058 down slope The controlled gradual decrease of the current in slope
control.
4.059 dual gun control A method of control in which the welding cycle from
one controller can be switched to either of two gun
welding heads supplied from one transformer.
4.060 dual pressure cycle A cyclic alteration during a welding cycle of two
different predetermined electrode forces.
4.061 dual program control A method of control allowing only weld time or heat
control to be duplicated and selected independently.

∗ Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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No. Term Definition

4.062 dual schedule control A method of control allowing the full weld cycle, i.e.,
squeeze, weld, hold, and off timer controls and/or heat
controls, to be duplicated and selected independently.
4.063 dual-gun dual-schedule A method of control in which the welding cycle to each
control of the gun welding heads supplied from one transformer
can be controlled independently, the initiation circuit
being interlocked to allow the operation of only one gun
at a time.
4.064 dual-schedule dual A method of control allowing the full weld cycle to be
program duplicated with the addition of duplication of weld
and/or heat controls, all controls being selected
independently.
4.065 edge distance The distance between the centre of a weld and the
nearest edge of the work piece.
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FIGURE 4.3 CRANKED OFFSET ELECTRODE

4.066 electrode (resistance A replaceable portion of a resistance welding machine,

welding) which transmits current, and usually applies force to the
work piece.
NOTE: This term should not be confused with the term
‘electrode (arc welding)’.
4.067 electrode contact area The area through which current passes from an electrode
die contact area or a clamping die to the work piece.
4.068 electrode face That surface of an electrode that makes contact with the
work piece.
4.069 electrode force The force transmitted by the electrodes to the work
piece.
4.070 electrode gap The distance between two corresponding electrode faces
electrode clearance when the machine is ready for operation.

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 AS 2812—2005 58

No. Term Definition

4.071 electrode pick-up Contamination of the resistance welding electrode by
metal or scale from the surface of the work piece.
4.072 electrode pressure The pressure (force per unit of electrode contact area)
resulting from the electrode force.
4.073 electrode shank The portion of an electrode for spot or stitch welding
intended to be held by, and to make electrical contact
with, an electrode holder.
4.074 electrode tip The surface of an electrode for spot or for stitch welding
intended to make contact with the work piece.
4.075 electrode wheel A rotatable electrode of disc form.
4.076 electrode wheel head The part of a seam welding machine that carries the
electrode wheel that is lowered and raised to and from
the work piece.
4.077 electronic frequency converter An electronic device that converts the welding power
from the frequency of the power supply to a different
value.
4.078 expansion gun welding machine A portable or semi-portable spot-welding machine
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having a single electrode through which force is applied

mechanically directly to one component of the work
piece. The electrical circuit is completed through a
conductor attached to the other component of the work
piece.
4.079 expansion gun A gun welding head that can be used between a work
reaction gun piece and a fixed member and which derives the welding
force by longitudinal expansion.
4.080 fin An extrusion of metal extending outward beyond the
upset metal in the form of a thin sliver.
4.081 final current The final steady value of current at the end of the down
slope period of a welding cycle.
4.082 flash The metal expelled as molten particles during flash butt
welding.
4.083 flash butt welding with A flash butt welding technique in which preheating
preheating current is applied to the work pieces to facilitate the
onset of flashing. Preheating is achieved by the work
pieces being brought into and out of contact with one
another to generate pulses of resistive heating in the
body of the work pieces.
—— flash butt welding See 1.045.
resistance flash butt
welding

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No. Term Definition

4.084 flashing 1 That part of the flash butt welding operation when
the two components are slowly moved into contact
with one another and the contacts as formed are
ruptured by the passage of electric current
2 The display afforded by the expulsion of molten
particles during the making of a flash butt weld.
4.085 flashing allowance The length allowed for the total shortening of both
components due to flashing, in preparation for flash butt
welding.
4.086 flashing current The current flowing during flashing time.
4.087 flashing loss In flash butt welding, the total actual shortening of both
components during the flashing time.
4.088 flashing speed The rate of travel of the platen during the flashing cycle
in flash butt welding.
4.089 flashing time* In flash butt welding, the period of time between the
start of continuous flashing and the time when upset
force is applied.
4.090 flashing travel The distance travelled by the platen during flashing in
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flash butt welding.

—— foil butt seam welding See 1.047.
tape butt seam welding
4.091 follow-up That movement of an electrode assembly that keeps the
electrode force applied while surface indentation or
collapse is occurring on the work piece.
4.092 foot-operated welding machine A welding machine in which mechanical force is applied
pedal-operated welding by means of a pedal.
machine
4.093 forge delay time The period of time between the start of weld time and
the instant of application of an increased welding force
intended to consolidate the weld.
4.094 forging force The force applied during a welding cycle by the
electrodes to the work after welding current has ceased
to flow and until pressure is released.
NOTE: In some circumstances this may also be the upset
force (see definition) in which case the term ‘upset force’
is preferred.
4.095 forging pressure The pressure (force per unit area) resulting from the
forging force.
4.096 forging time The period of time between the cessation of welding
current and the cessation of the forging force.

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 AS 2812—2005 60

No. Term Definition

4.097 gun welding head The force-producing and electrode-carrying assembly of
gun a gun welding machine.
4.098 half-cycle welding Spot, projection, or percussion welding in which the
welding operation is completed in a whole or part of any
one half-cycle of the a.c. supply.
4.099 hand-operated welding machine A welding machine in which the mechanical force is
applied by hand.
4.100 head lowering time The period from the instant the electrode leaves the ‘at
rest’ position between successive welds to the instant of
touching the work piece.
4.101 heat control A means of controlling the value of the current flowing
through a resistance welding machine.
4.102 heat diffusion time Any one period when the two parts to be welded are
separated and no current is flowing between them during
reciprocating preheating for flash butt welding.
4.103 heat time In pulsation and seam welding, the duration of each
on time successive welding current impulse.
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—— HF resistance welding See 1.061.

4.104 hold time∗ The period of time for which the electrode force is
dwell time maintained after all phases of the welding cycle
involving the passage of current have been completed.
4.105 indirect spot-welding Spot-welding in which only one electrode tip is used per
weld. A backing electrode or the work piece itself
completes the electrical circuit and resists the force of
the electrode tip.
4.106 initial current Any steady value of current applied before the
commencement of up slope in slope-controlled welding.
4.107 insert A small piece of metal, usually hard wearing, used as an
electrode tip, or attached to a welding die and projecting
sufficiently beyond it to make contact with the work
piece.
—— interrupted seam welding See 1.071.
4.108 low-frequency resistance Resistance welding (spot or seam) in which an
welding* alternating current of a lower frequency than 25 Hz is
fed through electrodes to the work to provide heat for
welding.
4.109 machine stroke The maximum operational stroke obtainable.
4.110 mash weld A seam or stitch weld, between two components of
similar thickness, where the amount of overlap
determines the width of weld, so made that the ultimate
thickness of the work piece at the weld approximates to
that of one component (see Figure 4.4).

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 61 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 4.4 MASH WELD

4.111 motor-operated welding A welding machine in which the travel of the electrode
machine is provided and the mechanical force is applied by
means of a motor-driven mechanism.
4.112 multi-pressure cycle Welding in which more than one steady value of
electrode force is used during any one welding cycle.
4.113 multiple spot-welding Spot-welding in which a number of welds are made
simultaneously, or in an automatically controlled
sequence.
4.114 non-beat A type of system that prevents any interruption of the
welding cycle once the initiation switch has been
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operated.
4.115 non-repeat operation A method in which each operation of the initiation
single operation switch provides one welding cycle only.
4.116 non-synchronous control A control system that does not ensure that the instant of
closing the circuit to a resistance welding transformer is
repetitively at the same instantaneous voltage of the a.c.
supply.
4.117 offset electrode An electrode for spot-welding or stitch welding in which
the electrode tip is not concentric with the axis of the
electrode shank.
4.118 operational stroke The distance through which the electrode or electrodes
may travel from rest to the final position during
welding.
4.119 pad electrode An electrode having an area of contact with the work,
flat electrode which is much larger than the weld required.
—— parallel spot-welding See 1.091.
—— percussion welding See 1.092.
4.120 phase angle The electrical angle between the instantaneous zero
firing angle voltage applied to the anode of an ignition or thyristor
and the point at which it conducts in each half-cycle.
4.121 phase displacement An alteration of the phase relationship of two alternating
electrical functions so that they do not pass through zero
at the same time.
4.122 phase shift The alteration of the phase relationship between two a.c.
voltages. Generally this is used to control the period of
conduction in each half-cycle of ignition or thyristor
contactors.

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No. Term Definition

4.123 pick-up (resistance welding) The particles of the surface of the work piece, which
adhere to the surface of the electrodes and vice versa,
(see also electrode pick-up and surface pick-up).
4.124 platen The part of a resistance welding machine on which
welding dies or bolsters can be mounted and which
conveys force and welding current to them.
4.125 platen force The force available at the movable platen to cause
upsetting. This force may be dynamic, theoretical, or
static.
4.126 plier spot-welding machine A portable spot-welding machine in which force is
applied to electrodes by means of a lever system similar
to that of pliers.
4.127 poke welding machine A portable or semi-portable spot-welding machine
having a single electrode through which force is applied
manually directly to one component of the work piece.
The electrical circuit is completed through a conductor
attached to the other component of the work piece.
4.128 portable spot-welding machine A spot-welding machine that can be carried about
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complete.
4.129 post-heat time* The duration of flow of post-heating current.
4.130 post-heating current The current that is passed through a completed weld to
heat it, usually for metallurgical reasons.
4.131 post-heating pressure time The duration of electrode pressure associated with any
post-heat treating cycle.
4.132 power-operated welding A welding machine in which mechanical force is applied
machine other than manually.
4.133 preheat time* The duration of preheating current. In flash butt
welding, it is the time between the first passage of
current and the start of continuous flashing.
4.134 preheating allowance In flash butt welding, the length allowed for the total
shortening of both components due to a preheating
operation.
4.135 preheating current The current used to raise the temperature of a work
piece from ambient temperature to a predetermined
value below welding temperature just before the
application of welding current or flashing current.
4.136 preheating force The force exerted on the welding surfaces during
preheating.
4.137 preheating loss The total loss of length of both components during
preheating a flash butt weld.

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 63 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

4.138 pressure application time The total time, in any one welding cycle, of the
application of force by the electrodes to the work piece.
4.139 pressure decrease time The time taken for the force applied by the electrodes to
the work, to change from one steady value to a lower
steady value or to zero.
4.140 pressure-off time* In spot, seam, and projection welding, the period of time
between two successive welding cycles when no
electrode force is being applied to the work piece.
—— projection welding See 1.101.
4.141 pulsating welding Spot or projection welding in which the welding current
is interrupted one or more times without release of
pressure or change of location of the electrodes.
4.142 push gun A gun welding head with which the welder applies the
poke gun welding force by direct manual pushing.
4.143 push-pull series-spot- Series-spot-welding using two pairs of electrodes and
welding two transformers so that one transformer is connected to
the top electrodes and the other transformer connected
to the bottom electrodes, thereby putting all in electrical
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series.
4.144 rate of slope The rate of change of current when using slope control.
4.145 repeat operation A method of operation in which once the weld cycle has
been initiated it is repeated until the initiation
switch is opened.
—— resistance butt welding See 1.105.
—— resistance seam welding See 1.106.
—— resistance spot-welding See 1.108.
—— resistance welding See 1.109.
4.146 retract system An arrangement whereby the maximum electrode
clearance for insertion and withdrawal of the work piece
is much greater than the operational stroke.
4.147 rocker arm A movable arm of a welding machine that is pivoted
approximately centrally and is pushed upward at one
end to bring down the end that carries the moving
electrode into contact with the fixed electrode.
4.148 roller spot-welding Spot-welding in which force is applied continuously and
current is applied intermittently to produce a line of
separate spot welds, the work pieces being between two
electrode wheels or between an electrode wheel and an
electrode bar. The wheels apply the force and current
and rotate continuously while the line of welds is being
made.
4.149 rotary welding A transformer for a butt-seam welding machine, which
transformer is connected solidly to the wheel electrodes and rotates
with them, while the primary current at mains voltage is
led in through slip rings.

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 AS 2812—2005 64

No. Term Definition

4.150 secondary voltage The open-circuit voltage of the welding transformer
measured on the secondary side.
4.151 series spot-welding Spot-welding in which simultaneous welds are made in
electrical series (see Figure 4.5).
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FIGURE 4.5 EXAMPLES OF SERIES SPOT-WELDING

4.152 slope control The control of the rate of rise or decay of current and
the time during which either takes place in the power
circuit of a resistance welding machine.
NOTE: This term should not be confused with the term
‘slope-controlled power source’.
4.153 slope time The duration of up slope or down slope.
4.154 splash Molten metal being expelled from the joint or from
under the electrode during spot, seam, or projection
welding.
4.155 squeeze time* The period between the initiation of the welding cycle
and the first passage of current through the work piece.
4.156 step-by-step roller Spot-welding in which force is applied continuously and
spot-welding current is applied intermittently to produce a line of
separate spot welds, the work pieces being between two
electrode wheels or between an electrode wheel and an
electrode bar. The wheels apply the force and current
and are stationary during the normal flow of current and
rotate when reduced or no current is flowing.
—— step-by-step seam welding See 1.119.
4.157 step-by-step welding Seam or roller-spot-welding in which the electrode
wheel is stationary during the passage of weld current
and rotates when reduced or no current is flowing.

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No. Term Definition

4.158 step time* In roller spot-welding and in step-by-step roller spot-
welding, the period of time between successive weld
times.
—— stitch welding See 1.120.
4.159 surface pick-up Contamination of the surface of a resistance weld by
particles of the electrode.
4.160 suspension spot-welding A spot-welding machine in which the electrodes, the
machine moving arms and the force application device have
flexible connections to a fixed transformer and control
equipment, thus providing a limited amount of
portability.
4.161 swan-necked electrode A cranked offset electrode with a second bend (see
double-cranked electrode Figure 4.6).
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FIGURE 4.6 SWAN-NECKED ELECTRODE

4.162 synchronous control An electronic control system that ensures that the instant
of closing the circuit to a resistance welding transformer
is always at a preset electrical angle to the instant of
zero voltage of the a.c. supply.
4.163 throat depth The unobstructed distance in a welding machine from
throat the centre-line of the electrodes to the nearest point of
obstruction to flat work pieces or sheets.
4.164 throat gap The minimum unobstructed distance between the arms
of a welding machine.

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 AS 2812—2005 66

No. Term Definition

4.165 touch time Any one period when the two parts to be welded are in
contact during reciprocating preheating for flash butt
welding.
4.166 tread The peripheral surface of an electrode wheel.
4.167 two-stage initiation A method of operation in which closure of the first stage
of the initiation switch initiates the electrode force and
closure of the second stage initiates the remainder of the
welding cycle.
NOTE: The closure of the second stage may, or may not,
follow immediately the closure of the first stage. The first
stage is non-beat after closing the second stage. The
second stage is not capable of being initiated if the first
stage is open.
4.168 unipolarity operation Resistance welding in which succeeding welds are made
unipolarity welding with pulses of the same polarity.
4.169 upset current The current that flows during the upsetting period in the
making of a flash butt or resistance butt weld.
4.170 upset current time* The duration of current from the commencement of
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upset travel.
4.171 upset time* The duration of upset travel.
4.172 upset travel The distance travelled by the moving platen of a
resistance butt or flash butt welding machine in forging
a weld, as follows:
(a) In resistance butt welding—the travel from the point
where the components are first brought together to
the position where the weld is completed.
(b) In flash butt welding—the travel from the point
where the components have been brought together
at the end of flashing to the position where the weld
is completed.
4.173 upsetting current The current that flows through the work pieces during
upsetting.
4.174 up slope The controlled gradual increase of the current in slope
control.
4.175 vertical centre electrode A vertical electrode where the electrode tip is concentric
straight electrode with the axis of the electrode shank (see Figure 4.7).

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 67 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 4.7 VERTICAL CENTRE ELECTRODE

4.176 vertical electrode An electrode for spot-welding or stitch welding in which

the electrode tip is normal to the axis of the electrode
shank.
4.177 vertical offset electrode A vertical electrode where the electrode tip is not
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concentric with the axis of the electrode shank (see

Figure 4.8).

FIGURE 4.8 VERTICAL OFFSET ELECTRODE

4.178 wearing depth The length or thickness of material that may be worn or
dressed off the working surface of an electrode or die
before it becomes unserviceable.
4.179 weld contact area The area through which welding current passes from one
interface component to another during resistance welding.
4.180 weld delay time The time by which the beginning of welding current
flow is delayed with respect to the initiation of the forge
delay timer in order to synchronize the welding force
with the welding current flow.
4.181 weld heat time In slope-control welding, the period of time between the
beginning of up slope and the cessation of steady
current or the start of down slope.

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 AS 2812—2005 68

No. Term Definition

4.182 weld interval heat time Weld heat time as applied to pulsation welding.
4.183 weld line The plane between two components, joined together,
along which welding has taken place.
4.184 weld nugget The fusion zone of a spot, projection, or seam weld (see
Figure 4.9).

FIGURE 4.9 WELD NUGGET

4.185 weld time* The total time between the start and finish of welding
current during the making of one weld.
NOTE: A seam weld is considered to be one weld.
4.186 welding current The current (excluding preheating current) used to bring
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the work piece to, and maintain it at, welding

temperature.
4.187 welding die A device for locating the components of a work piece in
die a resistance welding machine and for transmitting force
and welding current to them.
4.188 welding period The time that elapses from the start of the preheating
time to the end of the clamp-holding time.
4.189 welding pressure head The assembly of those parts of a welding machine that
pressure head produces the force required for welding.
4.190 welding pressure time The period during which the welding force is maintained
in the making of a weld.
4.191 weld-through sealer A mastic gap-filling material that is applied prior to
resistance welding to an unpainted metal surface for
non-pressure sealing purposes and does not prevent the
making of a satisfactory weld.

4.3 TERMS RELATING TO FORGE WELDING

4.192 blacksmith welding Forge welding in which pressure is applied by manual
hammering after heating.
—— forge welding See 1.048.
4.193 hammer welding Forge welding in which pressure is applied by
mechanical hammering after heating.
4.194 plain butt joint A butt joint in which the ends to be welded are usually
jumped joint upset before welding, that is, their area is increased by
hammering (see Figure 4.10).

* Attention is directed to Figure A14(a) to (k) of Appendix A, for diagrammatic representations of this term.

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 69 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 4.10 PLAIN BUTT JOINT (BEFORE FORGING)

—— roll welding See 1.110.

4.195 scarf joint A joint, peculiar to blacksmith welding, in which the
weld lies at an angle (generally about 45°) to the axis of
the parts joined (see Figure 4.11).

FIGURE 4.11 SCARF JOINT (AFTER FORGING)

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4.4 TERMS RELATING TO PRESSURE WELDING

—— cold pressure welding See 1.023.
4.196 constant-pressure pressure Pressure welding in which the weld is made during the
welding period of increasing temperature at a substantially
constant pressure.
4.197 Deformation The local percentage reduction in the total thickness of
sheets or plates at a pressure-welded lap joint.
—— flame pressure welding See 1.041.
gas pressure welding
4.198 heating time The time, if any, in pressure welding, during which the
parts to be joined are held together under reduced
pressure until welding temperature is reached.
—— HF pressure welding See 1.060.
—— hot pressure welding See 1.064.
—— pressure welding See 1.100.
solid-phase welding
4.199 upsetting time In constant-temperature pressure welding, the time
during which the parts to be joined are maintained at the
welding temperature and under the upsetting force.
4.200 welding time The time in pressure welding during which the parts to
be joined are maintained at welding temperature under
full welding pressure.

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 AS 2812—2005 70

No. Term Definition

4.5 TERMS RELATING TO STUD WELDING

4.201 arc damper A device in an arc stud welding tool for controlling the
arc blow compensator arc blow in the welding arc.
—— arc stud welding See 1.009.
4.202 automatic stud welding Stud welding equipment in which the complete sequence
equipment of operations is automatically controlled after
being initiated.
—— capacitor discharge stud See 1.018.
welding
4.203 ferrule A sleeve or bush or refractory material surrounding the
base of a stud during arc stud welding to protect and
contain the molten metal and, where required, to shape
the weld fillet.
4.204 fillet The ring of metal formed round the base of a welded
stud.
4.205 fluxed ferrule A sleeve, bush, or cap containing material for fluxing
purposes for attachment to the end of a stud.
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4.206 granular flux filled stud A stud, hollow at the welding end, containing granular
flux held in place by a metal cap.
4.207 lift The distance by which the stud is retracted from the
parent metal in order to initiate the arc in stud welding.
4.208 metallized flux stud A stud that is fluxed on the welding end by a
metallization process.
4.209 slug-loaded stud A stud to the welding end of which is attached a solid
slug or pellet of flux.
4.210 spatter shield A device on a stud welding tool to restrict the spread of
weld spatter.
—— stud welding See 1.121.
4.211 stud welding controller That part of stud welding equipment used to control the
sequence of operations in the making of a stud weld.
4.212 stud welding gun A stud welding tool intended to be held in the hand.
4.213 stud welding tool An appliance for holding, positioning, and controlling
the movement of the stud during stud welding.

4.6 TERMS RELATING TO ULTRASONIC WELDING

4.214 sonotrode The device used to transmit the ultrasonic energy to the
work piece.
—— ultrasonic welding See 1.130.

4.7 TERMS RELATING TO FRICTION WELDING

4.215 continuous drive friction Friction welding where the burn-off stage of the welding
welding process takes place with the work pieces maintaining a
nominally constant rate of relative surface motion.

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 71 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

4.216 flywheel friction welding Friction welding where the stored energy in a flywheel is
used to generate the heat for welding.
4.217 friction force The force applied normal to the faying surface during the
time that there is relative movement between the
components. This force may be varied during the friction
time.
4.218 friction speed The rate of relative rotational movement of the
components.
4.219 friction time The time period during which the components are held
together under frictional force while there is relative
movement of the work pieces.
—— friction welding See 1.050.
—— inertia friction welding See 1.068.
—— orbital friction welding See 1.085.
4.220 stopping time The time taken for the rotational speed to drop to zero
from friction speed on a continuous drive friction
welder.
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4.8 TERMS RELATING TO DIFFUSION WELDING

—— diffusion welding See 1.028.
4.221 liquid phase diffusion welding Diffusion welding in which solid phase interdiffusion
between dissimilar metals leads to the formation of a
liquid phase.
4.222 solid phase diffusion welding Diffusion welding in which all the reaction occurs in the
solid phase.

4.9 TERMS RELATING TO EXPLOSIVE WELDING

4.223 anvil The support on which the parent plate rests.
4.224 blending taper The conically prepared end of a tube usually for tube-to-
tube plate welding.
4.225 buffer The solid material placed between the explosive and the
flyer plate to transmit the explosive force and to protect
the flyer plate.
4.226 collision angle Angle of inclination between the flyer plate and the
parent plate during welding.
4.227 distortion plug Plugs inserted into vacant holes, as in a tubeplate
assembly, to prevent distortion of the ligament by welds
carried out in adjacent holes.
—— explosion welding See 1.035.
4.228 flyer plate The moving plate in a lap joint or the cladding to be
applied to the parent plate.
4.229 initial plate angle Angle of inclination between the flyer plate and the
parent plate before welding.

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 AS 2812—2005 72

No. Term Definition

4.230 jet The air, expelled from between the plates during
welding, which cleans the two surfaces to be joined.
4.231 parent plate The stationary plate in a lap joint or plate to be clad.
static plate
4.232 shocked metal zone The parts of the plates which are metallurgically
affected by the impact.
4.233 stand-off distance The distance between the plates in a parallel assembly.
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 73 AS 2812—2005

SECT ION 5 WE LD I N G, BRA Z I NG A ND

S O L D E R I N G

(See Figure A15 and A16 of Appendix A)

5.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO BRAZE WELDING, BRAZING AND SOLDERING

No. Term Definition
5.001 air-fuel gas blowpipe A blowpipe incorporating an open injector either in the
attachment or in the tip. The fuel gas entrains
atmospheric air.
5.002 bell joint A joint between two tubes of the same diameter, one
tube end being swaged out to receive the end of the
other tube.
5.003 branch T saddle joint A joint between a branch pipe and a main pipe set at
90° to each other, the end of the branch pipe being
shaped to fit snugly against the main pipe.
5.004 bronze filler metal Filler metal used for braze welding and brazing,
braze welding rod consisting basically of copper and zinc. It may also
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contain nickel, manganese, or other metals.

5.005 diminishing bell joint A joint between two pipes of different diameters, in
which the end of the smaller pipe is swaged out to fit
the bore of the larger pipe (see Figure 5.1).

FIGURE 5.1 DIMINISHING BELL JOINT

—— flux See 2.023.

5.006 short bell branch joint A branch joint in which the metal round a hole in a
main pipe is swaged out to receive the swaged end of a
branch pipe (see Figure 5.2).

FIGURE 5.2 SHORT BELL BRANCH JOINT

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 AS 2812—2005 74

No. Term Definition

5.2 TERMS RELATING TO BRAZE WELDING AND BRAZING

—— arc braze welding See 1.004.
—— braze welding See 1.014.
bronze welding
—— brazing See 1.015.
5.007 brazing alloy Filler metal used in brazing. Can be wire strip,
preformed, powder, or powder in paste form.
5.008 capillary attraction The phenomenon by which the molten filler metal
flows between the properly fitted surfaces of the joint.
—— diffusion brazing See 1.027.
—— dip brazing See 1.029.
—— flame brazing See 1.038.
—— friction brazing See 1.049.
—— furnace brazing See 1.051.
—— gas flux brazing See 1.054.
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—— induction brazing See 1.065.

—— infrared brazing See 1.069.
—— MIG braze welding See 1.083.
—— resistance brazing See 1.104.
—— salt bath dip brazing See 1.111.
flux dip brazing
—— silver brazing See 1.114.
5.009 step brazing The brazing of successive sections of a given part with
filler metal of successively lower brazing temperatures
so as to accomplish the joining without disturbing the
joints previously brazed.
—— ultrasonic brazing See 1.128.
—— vacuum brazing See 1.131.

5.3 TERMS RELATING TO SOLDERING

—— dip soldering See 1.030.
—— flame soldering See 1.042.
—— furnace soldering See 1.052.
—— induction soldering See 1.066.
—— infrared soldering See 1.070.
—— iron soldering See 1.073.
—— resistance soldering See 1.107.
5.010 solder A filler metal used in soldering, which has a liquidus
not exceeding 450°C.

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 75 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

—— soldering See 1.115.
soft soldering
5.011 step soldering The soldering of successive joints on a given part with
solders of successively lower soldering temperatures so
as to accomplish the joining without disturbing the
joints previously soldered.
5.012 sweat soldering Soldering in which two or more parts which have been
pre-coated with solder are reheated and assembled into
a joint without the use of additional solder.
—— ultrasonic soldering See 1.129.
—— wave soldering See 1.133.
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 AS 2812—2005 76

SE C T I O N 6 T E R MS REL AT I N G T O T H E RM A L
SPRAY ING

(See Figure A17 of Appendix A)

No. Term Definition

—— arc spraying See 1.008.
6.001 bond coat Primary coat of material, which improves adherence of
the subsequent thermal spray deposit.
6.002 bond line Line between thermal spray deposit and the substrate in
a mechanical bond.
6.003 ceramic rod flame spraying Flame spraying process variation in which the material
to be sprayed is in ceramic rod form.
6.004 detonation flame spraying Flame spraying process variation in which the
controlled explosion of a mixture of fuel gas, oxygen,
and a powdered coating material is utilized to melt and
propel the material to the substrate.
—— flame spraying See 1.043.
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6.005 fused spraying Technique of flame spraying wherein a self-fluxing

powder is sprayed onto the substrate and subsequently
fused to it creating a metallurgical bond.
6.006 mask Device for protecting those areas of a work piece from
the adherence of coating materials during thermal
spraying.
6.007 mechanical bond Adherence of a thermal sprayed deposit onto a prepared
surface by the mechanism of particle interlocking.
6.008 metallurgical bond Bond between atoms of neighbouring thermal spray and
substrate materials, which is produced by the attraction
between the nucleus of one atom and the valence
electrons of another.
—— plasma spraying See 1.096.
—— powder flame spraying See 1.098.
6.009 seal coat Material applied to fill the surface pores of thermal
spray deposit.
6.010 substrate Any base material to which a thermal sprayed coating is
applied.
6.011 surface preparation The roughening of a surface by abrasive blasting or
machining to provide a suitable surface for thermal
spray deposits.
—— thermal spraying See 1.125.
6.012 wire flame spraying Flame spraying process variation in which the material
to be sprayed is in a continuous wire form.

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 77 AS 2812—2005

SECT I ON 7 T E R M S REL AT I N G T O T H E RM A L
CUTT I NG

(Observe Figure A18 of Appendix A)

7.1 GENERAL TERMS RELATING TO THERMAL CUTTING

No. Term Definition
7.001 cutting machine Thermal cutting equipment together with holding and
moving devices for cutting metals.
7.002 cutting oxygen High purity oxygen suitable for metal cutting.
7.003 drag The projected distance between the two ends of a drag
line as shown in Figure 7.1.
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FIGURE 7.1 DRAG AND KERF

7.004 drag lines Serrations left on the face of a cut made by thermal
cutting (see Figure 7.1).
7.005 dross Adhering slag left on the bottom of a completed cut.
7.006 gouging The forming of a groove by means of thermal cutting
(see Figure 7.1).
—— hose See 3.262.
7.007 ignition temperature The temperature to which a spot on the surface of the
metal has to be raised to allow combustion in the
presence of the cutting oxygen stream.
7.008 kerf The void left after metal has been removed in thermal
cutting (see Figure 7.1).
7.009 nesting The design and cutting of parts employing as many
common cut edges as possible to enable the maximum
number of parts to be cut from a given area of plate.
—— oxygen-cutting See 1.088.
(gas cutting deprecated)
—— slag See 3.080.
—— stack cutting See 1.118.
—— thermal cutting See 1.124.

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No. Term Definition

7.010 water table An installation for supporting plates above, at or below
the cutting surface of the water in order to improve
cutting quality, reduce noise and fume generation, and
effect slag granulation.

7.2 TERMS RELATING TO OXYGEN-CUTTING

7.011 annular preheat cutting nozzle An oxygen-cutting nozzle with an annular slot orifice
annulus flame cutting nozzle for the preheat gases.
—— backfire See 3.243.
—— carburizing flame See 3.246.
7.012 circle-cutting attachment A cutting guide to allow circular cuts to be made.
7.013 cutting attachment An attachment to a welding blowpipe handle to convert
it to a cutting blowpipe.
7.014 cutting blowpipe A device used in oxygen-cutting for controlling the
gases used to produce ignition temperature and for
controlling and directing the stream of cutting oxygen.
7.015 cutting guide A device, attached to a manual cutting blowpipe, for
maintaining the nozzle at a constant distance from the
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surface of the metal to be cut and assisting the operator

in cutting.
7.016 cutting nozzle The removable part of a cutting blowpipe from which
cutting tip emerge gases for preheating and cutting.
7.017 cutting oxygen bore The portion of the cutting nozzle which controls the
shape of the cutting oxygen stream leaving the orifice.
—— deseaming See 1.026.
scarfing
7.018 deseaming blowpipe A blowpipe fitted with a nozzle suitable for deseaming.
scarfing blowpipe
—— flame cutting See 1.039.
—— flame gouging See 1.040.
7.019 flame planing machine An oxygen-cutting machine capable of cutting a
number of edges of a plate or plates simultaneously.
—— flame snapout See 3.254.
—— flame washing See 1.044.
—— flashback See 3.256
—— flashback arrester See 3.257.
7.020 floating head A blowpipe holder on a flame cutting machine which,
through a suitable mechanism, is designed to follow the
contour of the surface of the plate, thereby enabling the
correct nozzle-to-work piece distance to be maintained.
—— handle mixing See 3.259.

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No. Term Definition

7.021 high-speed nozzle An oxygen-cutting nozzle designed to provide a high
venturi nozzle velocity cutting oxygen stream of approximately
constant cross-section.
7.022 hose protector A non-return valve fitted to the blowpipe end of a hose
for the purpose of preventing the reverse flow of gases.
—— hot cropping See 1.063.
7.023 multi-port preheat cutting An oxygen-cutting nozzle with more than one orifice
nozzle for the preheat gases.
multi-flame-cutting nozzle
—— neutral flame See 3.267.
7.024 nozzle mixing The mixing of the preheat gases in the cutting nozzle.
7.025 nozzle skirt An extension of the outer walls of an oxygen-cutting
nozzle beyond the preheat and oxygen-cutting orifices.
NOTE: A skirt is generally used for LP gas nozzles.
—— oxidizing flame See 3.270.
—— oxygen-cutting See 1.088.
(gas cutting deprecated)
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7.026 oxygen lance A steel tube, consumed during cutting, through which
oxygen passes for cutting or boring of holes.
—— oxygen lancing See 1.090.
7.027 parallel bore nozzle An oxygen-cutting nozzle with a cylindrical final
cutting oxygen bore.
7.028 post mixing The mixing of preheat gases after leaving the heating
tip or cutting nozzle.
—— powder cutting See 1.097.
—— powder lancing See 1.099.
7.029 powder washing Flame washing with the introduction of suitable
powder into the cutting oxygen stream.
7.030 preheating oxygen Oxygen used at a suitable pressure in conjunction with
fuel gas for raising to ignition temperature the metal to
be cut.
—— reducing flame See 3.272.
7.031 rip-trim cutter An additional blowpipe used to make an initial plate
edge trimming cut in front of the cutting nozzle.
7.032 step-type nozzle An oxygen-cutting nozzle with a single leading preheat
sheet metal nozzle orifice situated on a step at the end of the nozzle and a
trailing cutting oxygen bore. The nozzle is held in
contact with the work piece surface..
—— sustained backfire See 3.274
7.033 thermic lance An oxygen lance packed with steel rods or wires.
—— thermic lancing See 1.126.

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 AS 2812—2005 80

No. Term Definition

7.034 wheel guide A cutting guide fitted with one or two wheels that are
roller guide in contact with the work piece during cutting.

7.3 TERMS RELATING TO PLASMA CUTTING

7.035 constricted arc A plasma arc column that is shaped by a constricting
nozzle orifice.
7.036 constricting nozzle A water-cooled copper nozzle surrounding the
electrode and containing the constricting orifice.
7.037 constricting orifice The hole in the constricting nozzle through which the
arc passes.
7.038 dual flow plasma cutting Plasma arc cutting in which a secondary gas blanket
surrounds the plasma arc to exclude the atmosphere
(see Figure 7.2).
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FIGURE 7.2 DUAL FLOW PLASMA CUTTING

7.039 electrode setback The distance the electrode is recessed behind the
constricting orifice measured from the outer face of the
constricting nozzle.
7.040 multi-port nozzle A constricting nozzle containing two or more orifices
located in a configuration to achieve a degree of
control over the arc shape.
—— non-transferred arc See 3.191.
7.041 nozzle-constricted arc An arc that is constricted or shaped by nozzle walls.
7.042 orifice gas The gas that is directed into the torch to surround the
electrode. It becomes ionized in the arc to form the
plasma, and issues from the orifice in the torch nozzle
as the plasma jet.
7.043 orifice throat length The length of the constricting orifice.

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No. Term Definition

7.044 partially transferred arc A plasma arc formed when the work piece is connected
to one terminal of the power supply and the other
terminal is connected to an electrode within the torch.
The torch also forms part of the electrical circuit and
has intermediate potential.
—— pilot arc See 3.197.
—— plasma See 3.198.
—— plasma arc See 3.199.
—— plasma arc cutting See 1.093.
7.045 plasma jet A jet of plasma formed by a non-transferred arc and
expelled through an orifice at high velocity by gas
pressure.
7.046 plenum The space between the inside wall of the constricting
nozzle and the electrode.
7.047 secondary gas shield A flow of gas outside the orifice gas.
(auxiliary gas shield)
7.048 torch stand-off distance The distance between the outer face of the constricting
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nozzle and the work.

—— transferred arc See 3.227.
7.049 water injection plasma cutting Plasma cutting using a symmetrical impinging water jet
near the constricting nozzle orifice to further constrict
the plasma flame.
7.050 water shield plasma A technique similar to dual flow plasma cutting with
water used in place cutting of the auxiliary shielding
gas.
7.051 water shroud attachment A device to control a flow of water, which constricts
the arc and cools the work piece.

7.4 TERMS RELATING TO ARC CUTTING

—— air-arc cutting See 1.001.
—— air-arc gouging See 1.002.
—— arc cutting See 1.005.
—— carbon-arc cutting See 1.019.
—— carbon electrode See 3.119.
7.052 cutting electrode An electrode with a covering that aids the production
of such an arc that molten metal is blown away to
produce a groove or cut in the work.
—— gas metal-arc cutting See 1.055.
—— metal-arc cutting See 1.080.
—— oxygen-arc cutting See 1.087.

7.5 TERMS RELATING TO SPARK-EROSION CUTTING

—— spark-erosion cutting See 1.117.
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 AS 2812—2005 82

No. Term Definition

7.6 TERMS RELATING TO ELECTRON-BEAM AND LASER-BEAM CUTTING

—— electron-beam cutting See 1.032.
—— laser-beam cutting See 1.074.
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 83 AS 2812—2005

S E C T I O N 8 I M PE RFE C T I O N S

No. Term Definition

8.001 angular misalignment Misalignment between two welded pieces such that
their surface planes are not parallel or not at the
intended angles (see Figure 8.1).

FIGURE 8.1 ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT

8.002 blowhole A gas cavity, generally over 1.5 mm in diameter.

8.003 branching cracks A group of connected cracks originating from a
common crack and distinguishable from radiating
cracks in that they do not meet at a common point (see
Figure 8.2).
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FIGURE 8.2 EXAMPLES OF BRANCHING CRACKS

8.004 break-up An imperfection in flash butt welding, which takes the

form of cracking in the heat-affected zone on either side
of the weld line.
8.005 burn-through A localized collapse of the molten weld pool due to
melt through excessive penetration, resulting in a hole through the
weld.
8.006 chipping mark Local damage due to the use of a chisel or other
chipping tool.
8.007 cold crack A crack that is initiated at or near ambient temperature.
8.008 crack A generally planar imperfection produced by
incomplete fracture.
8.009 crater A depression left in a fusion weld at the point where
weld energy input was discontinued (see Figure 8.3).

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No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.3 CRATER

8.010 crater crack A crack in the end crater of a weld. It may be—
(a) longitudinal;
(b) transverse; or
(c) radiating, also referred to as ‘star crack’.
(See Figure 8.4.)
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FIGURE 8.4 CRATER CRACKS

8.011 crater pipe A surface-connected pipe created by metal shrinkage in

the crater (see Figure 8.5).

FIGURE 8.5 CRATER PIPE

8.012 defect An imperfection, or group of imperfections, that is

outside the limits stated in the appropriate application
standard.
8.013 disconnected cracks A group of disconnected cracks which may be
situated—
(a) in the weld metal;
(b) in the heat-affected zone; or
(c) in the parent metal.
(See Figure 8.6.)

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No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.6 DISCONNECTED CRACKS

8.014 discontinuity An imperfection detected using non-destructive testing

techniques.
8.015 distortion A change of shape from that originally intended.
8.016 elongated cavity A non-spherical gas cavity with its major dimension
approximately parallel to the axis of the weld (see
Figure 8.7).
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FIGURE 8.7 ELONGATED CAVITY

8.017 excessive concavity Related to a fillet weld where the concavity reduces the
throat thickness below design limits while retaining an
acceptable leg length (see Figure 8.8).

FIGURE 8.8 EXCESSIVE CONCAVITY

8.018 excessive convexity An excess of weld metal at the face of a fillet weld (see
Figure 8.9).

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 AS 2812—2005 86

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.9 EXCESSIVE CONVEXITY

8.019 excessive dressing A reduction in metal thickness caused by the removal of

underflushing the surface of a weld and adjacent areas to below the
surface of the parent metal.
8.020 excessive penetration Excess weld metal protruding through the root of a
weld made from one side or through weld metal
previously deposited from either side of a multi-run
joint (see Figure 8.10).
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FIGURE 8.10 EXCESSIVE PENETRATION

8.021 excessive reinforcement Reinforcement greater than that specified.

8.022 fish eye A small bright area of cleavage visible on the fractured
surface of weld metal.
8.023 flat spot An area in a flash butt weld, revealed by breakage of
the joint, that has a shiny or relatively very smooth
appearance.
8.024 gas cavity A cavity formed by gas entrapped during solidification
of molten metal.
8.025 gas pore A gas cavity of essentially spherical form (see
Figure 8.11).

FIGURE 8.11 GAS PORE

8.026 grinding mark Local damage due to grinding.

8.027 hilo (high low) See linear misalignment.
8.028 hot crack A crack produced at an elevated temperature.

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No. Term Definition

8.029 imperfect shape Failure of the external geometry of the weld to conform
to the specified shape.
8.030 imperfection Flaws present in the weld metal or in the adjacent
parent metal. They may or may not cause rejection of
the weldment.
8.031 inclusion Solid foreign matter entrapped during welding.
8.032 incorrect toe angle Too small an angle (α) between the plane of parent
metal surface and a plane tangential to the weld at the
toe (see Figure 8.12).

FIGURE 8.12 INCORRECT TOE ANGLE

8.033 incorrect size weld A weld size outside the limits specified.
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8.034 interdendritic shrinkage An elongated shrinkage cavity formed between

dendrites during cooling, which may contain entrapped
gas (see Figure 8.13).

FIGURE 8.13 INTERDENDRITIC SHRINKAGE

8.035 intrusion A projection of fused metal extending into the heat-

affected zone of a resistance weld.
8.036 irregular surface Excessive surface roughness.
8.037 irregular width Excessive variation in width.
8.038 lack of fusion Lack of union in a weld between—
(a) weld metal and parent metal;
(b) weld metal and weld metal; or
(c) in flash butt welding, between parent metal and
parent metal.
It can be further differentiated according to location
(see Figure 8.14).

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 AS 2812—2005 88

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.14 SOME EXAMPLES OF LACK OF FUSION

8.039 lack of interrun fusion Lack of fusion between adjacent runs of weld metal in a
multi-run weld (see Figure 8.15).
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FIGURE 8.15 LACK OF INTERRUN FUSION

8.040 lack of penetration A joint penetration that is less than that specified.
8.041 lack of root fusion Lack of fusion between weld metal and parent metal, at
the root of the weld when complete penetration is
required (see Figure 8.16).

FIGURE 8.16 LACK OF ROOT FUSION

8.042 lack of sidewall fusion Lack of fusion between weld metal and parent metal at
a side of weld outside the root of the weld (see
Figure 8.17).

FIGURE 8.17 LACK OF SIDE WALL FUSION

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 89 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

8.043 lamellar tearing Cracking in the parent metal adjacent to the weld and
arising from weld stresses in the through thickness
direction of the plate. The cracking occurs in a stepped
configuration, associated with lamellar non-metallic
inclusions in the plate, parallel to the fusion boundary.
8.044 linear misalignment Misalignment between two welded pieces such that
while their surface planes are parallel they are not at the
same plane (also called ‘Hilo’) (see Figure 8.18).

FIGURE 8.18 LINEAR MISALIGNMENT

8.045 linear porosity A line of gas pores substantially parallel to the axis of
the weld (see Figure 8.19).
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FIGURE 8.19 LINEAR POROSITY

8.046 localized porosity An isolated group of gas pores (see Figure 8.20).

FIGURE 8.20 LOCALIZED POROSITY

8.047 longitudinal crack A crack substantially parallel to the axis of the weld
(see Figure 8.21).

FIGURE 8.21 EXAMPLES OF LONGITUDINAL CRACKS

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 AS 2812—2005 90

No. Term Definition

8.048 loss of cross-sectional area Effective loss of weld cross-sectional area due to
imperfections.
8.049 metal runout Molten metal inadvertently lost from a weld by
gravitational flow, which may lead to sagging, burn-
through, or other profile-related defects.
8.050 metallic inclusions A particle of foreign metal trapped in the weld metal. It
may be of tungsten, copper, or other metal.
8.051 microcrack A crack visible only under the microscope.
8.052 microshrinkage Shrinkage cavity visible only under the microscope.
8.053 misalignment Parent metal surfaces without the desired alignment one
to the other. It may be angular, linear, or longitudinal.
8.054 overlap Weld metal at the toe of a weld, which covers the
parent metal surface but is not fused to it (see
Figure 8.22).
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FIGURE 8.22 OVERLAP

8.055 over roll See overlap.

8.056 oxide inclusions Metallic oxide trapped in the weld metal during
solidification.
8.057 piping porosity See worm-hole.
8.058 porosity A number of gas pores in the weld metal.
8.059 puckering The formation of an oxide-covered weld bead with
irregular surfaces and with deeply entrained oxide
films.
8.060 radiating crack Cracks radiating from a common point (see
star crack Figure 8.23).
NOTE: Small cracks of this type are known as star cracks.

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 91 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.23 EXAMPLES OF RADIATING CRACKS

8.061 root concavity A shallow groove that may occur in the root of a butt
root groove weld (see Figure 8.24).

FIGURE 8.24 ROOT CONCAVITY

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8.062 sagging Poor weld profile arising from flow of molten weld
metal due to gravity. It may take the forms illustrated in
the following situations:
(a) In horizontal-vertical.
(b) In flat or overhead.
(c) In a fillet weld.
(d) Melting of an edge.
(See Figure 8.25.)

FIGURE 8.25 SAGGING

8.063 shrinkage cavity A cavity due to the shrinkage of metal during

solidification.
8.064 shrinkage groove Shallow grooves in the root caused by contraction in the
weld metal along each side of the penetration bead (see
Figure 8.26).

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 AS 2812—2005 92

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.26 SHRINKAGE GROOVE

8.065 slag inclusion Slag entrapped in the weld. According to the

circumstances of their formulation, such inclusions may
be—
(a) linear;
(b) isolated; or
(c) other.
(See Figure 8.27.)
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FIGURE 8.27 SLAG INCLUSION

8.066 slag-trap A configuration in a joint or joint preparation, which

may lead to slag inclusions.
8.067 spatter (adhering) Spatter that adheres to the surface of the weld or parent
metal.
—— stray-arc strike See 3.218.
8.067(a) stress-corrosion cracking Failure of metals by cracking under combined action of
corrosion and stress, residual or applied. In brazing, the
term applies to the cracking of stressed base metal due
to the presence of a liquid filler metal.
8.068 surface mark An indentation in the surface of the parent metal or
weld resulting from damage during preparation,
welding, dressing, or handling.
8.069 surface pore A gas pore that breaks the surface of a weld (see
Figure 8.28).

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No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.28 SURFACE PORE

8.070 toe crack A cold crack originating at the toe of the weld.
8.071 torn surface A surface irregularity due to the breaking off of
temporary attachments.
8.072 transverse crack A crack substantially transverse to the axis of the weld
(see Figure 8.29).
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FIGURE 8.29 EXAMPLES OF TRANSVERSE CRACKS

8.073 underbead crack A cold crack that runs through the heat-effected zone of
a weld approximately parallel and adjacent to the weld
junction. It does not normally come to the surface.
8.074 undercut A sharp groove at the toe of a run between the weld and
the parent metal or in previously deposited weld metal,
due to welding. It may be continuous or intermittent
(see Figure 8.30).

FIGURE 8.30 EXAMPLES OF UNDERCUT

8.075 underfill A longitudinal continuous or intermittent channel in the

surface of a weld due to insufficient deposition of weld
metal (see Figure 8.31).

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 AS 2812—2005 94

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 8.31 UNDERFILL

8.076 uniformly distributed porosity A number of gas pores distributed in a substantially

random but uniform manner throughout the weld metal
(see Figure 8.32).

FIGURE 8.32 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED POROSITY

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8.077 voids In flash but welding, cavities formed during welding,

usually with oxidized surfaces.
8.078 worm-hole An elongated or tubular gas cavity in the weld metal
(see Figure 8.33).

FIGURE 8.33 EXAMPLES OF WORM-HOLES

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 95 AS 2812—2005

SE C T ION 9 T E R MS REL AT I N G T O D E ST RU CT I V E
T E ST IN G
NOTE: For terms relating to non-destructive testing, reference should be made to AS 1929, Non-destructive
testing—Glossary of terms.
No. Term Definition
9.001 all-weld-metal tensile test A test on a specimen that is composed wholly of weld
metal over the portion to be tested.
9.002 bend test A test to determine the soundness and ductility of a
welded joint by subjecting its face, root, or side to
tension by bending.
9.003 Charpy V-notch impact test A particular test to determine fracture toughness. The
test uses a specimen with a V-notch across one face and
is fractured by impact loading. The toughness is
generally assessed by measurement of the energy
required for fracture and the extent of ductile fracture.
9.004 controlled bend test A guided bend test in which special means are
incorporated in the bending apparatus so that the
specimen follows the shape of the former during
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bending.
9.005 corrosion test A test to determine the susceptibility of welded joints to
corrosion under specified conditions.
9.006 crack opening displacement A toughness test in which the test specimen contains a
test sharp crack developed by fatigue from a machined
notch. The test specimen is subject to loading, and
measurements related to crack tip opening displacement
are made.
9.007 cracking test A test to determine the susceptibility of the weld metal
or parent metal to cracking during or after welding.
9.008 cross tension test A method of tensile testing spot welds in which two
pieces, welded with one weld, form a cross. These
pieces are pulled apart by applying a force normal to the
faying surface. The test is used to assist in assessing
weld ductility (see Figure 9.1).

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 AS 2812—2005 96

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 9.1 CROSS TENSION TEST

9.009 cruciform test A test in which a welded cruciform joint is tested in

tension or fatigue (see Figure 9.2).
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FIGURE 9.2 FORMS OF CRUCIFORM TEST JOINTS

9.010 drop-weight test A fracture toughness test to determine the nil-ductility

transition temperature of a selected area of metal in the
weld zone.
9.011 face bend test A bend test in which the face surface of the weld is in
tension.
9.012 fillet break test A test in which a single fillet joint is broken by placing
the root in tension to reveal the extent of root fusion and
weld metal soundness (see Figure 9.3).

FIGURE 9.3 FILLET BREAK TEST

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 97 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

9.013 fillet shear test A test to determine the longitudinal or transverse shear
strength of a fillet weld.
9.014 flattening test A test in which a welded pipe joint is flattened until the
internal walls are a specified distance apart.
9.015 free bend test A bend test made without using a former.
9.016 guided bend test A bend test made by bending the specimen round a
specified former.
9.017 hardness test A test on the welded joint to determine hardness.
9.018 hot-cracking test A test conducted under special arrangements to
determine the susceptibility of weld metal to cracking
while at elevated temperature, during or just after
welding.
9.019 implant test A cold cracking test in which the test weld is deposited
on a plate in which has been pre-inserted a round
implant specimen containing a notch. This specimen is
loaded after the weld has cooled to a specified
temperature (see Figure 9.4).
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FIGURE 9.4 IMPLANT TEST

9.020 longitudinal bend test A bend test, in which the test specimen is longitudinally
bisected by the portion of the weld included in it.
9.021 macro test A metallographic test wherein a suitable cross-section
of the welded joint is polished and etched for visual
examination.
9.022 nick-break test A fracture test in which a specimen, containing small
notches cut to promote fracture in a predetermined
position, is broken for inspection of the interior of the
weld.
9.023 peel test A test of a spot, seam, or projection weld in which the
plates containing the weld are prised apart until the two
separate.

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 AS 2812—2005 98

No. Term Definition

9.024 pillow test A test, usually for seam welding, in which two plates of
similar dimensions are placed flat on top of one another
so that the edges approximately coincide. They are then
welded together and hydrostatic pressure is applied
between the sheets causing them to form a ‘pillow’.
9.025 restrained weld test A cracking test in which the parts to be welded are
secured to prevent all controllable movement during and
after welding.
9.026 reverse bend test A bend test in which the root surface of the weld is in
tension.
9.027 root bend test A reverse bend test in which the root of the weld is at
the tension surface.
9.028 side bend test A bend test in which a surface of a transverse section of
the weld is in tension.
9.029 Tekken test A cracking test in which a weld is laid in a constrained
Y-groove preparation (see Figure 9.5).
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FIGURE 9.5 TEKKEN TEST SPECIMEN

9.030 tensile shear test A mechanical test in which a joint between overlapping
members is tested by stressing parallel to the faying
surface (see Figure 9.6).

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 99 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

FIGURE 9.6 TENSILE SHEAR TEST

9.031 tensile test A test in which a specimen is subject to uniaxial

tension.
9.032 test piece The part of a test plate, production weld, or test
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assembly selected to provide test specimens.

9.033 test plate Plates welded together in accordance with a specified
procedure, or added to the end of a joint to give an
extension of the weld for test purposes.
9.034 test specimen A portion detached from a test piece and prepared as
required for testing.
9.035 tongue-bend test A bend test on pipe or tube cut in two straight lengths
and joined by a butt weld so as to produce a tongue
containing a portion of the weld. The cuts are made so
that the tongue is parallel to the axis of the pipes and the
weld is tested by bending the tongue round a former
(see Figure 9.7).

FIGURE 9.7 TONGUE-BEND TEST

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 AS 2812—2005 100

No. Term Definition

9.036 transverse bend test A bend test in which the test specimen is transversely
bisected by the portion of the weld included in it. It may
be guided or free.
9.037 transverse tensile test A tensile test wherein the tensile specimen is taken
transversely from a butt-welded joint containing weld
metal and parent metal affected by welding.
9.038 U-tensile test A method of tensile testing spot or projection welds.
After welding the test plates are bent as shown in
Figure 9.8 and the specimen is then pulled apart.
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FIGURE 9.8 U-TENSILE TEST

9.039 wide plate test A toughness test in which a full thickness wide plate
containing a notched butt weld is loaded under tension,
usually to fracture, at various test temperatures.
9.040 wraparound bend test A form of guided bend test.
9.041 Y-test See Tekken test.

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 101 AS 2812—2005

SECT ION 10 TERMS REL AT I NG TO HEA L TH AN D

SA FE T Y
No. Term Definition
10.001 air ejector A device in which extraction of fume from the welding
area is achieved by compressed air using the venturi
principle.
10.002 airline respirator Respirator supplied with breathing air through a hose.
10.003 arc eye Temporary inflammation of the cornea of the eye due
to brief exposure to ultraviolet radiation, e.g. from an
arc flash.
10.004 arc flash The dose of radiation received when an arc is struck in
front of unprotected eyes.
10.005 arc radiation Non-ionizing radiation emitted from an arc and
composed of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared rays.
10.006 bursting disc A safety device designed to rupture at a predetermined
pressure.
10.007 confined workspace A restricted space that requires ventilation and other
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protective measures during welding or cutting

operations.
10.008 daily noise dose An index of exposure of a person to noise, by which
the total acoustic energy experienced at all levels in a
day may be compared with the permitted dose.
10.009 dilution ventilation The mixing of sufficient clean fresh air with fume to
maintain contaminants below hazardous levels.
10.010 dispersion ventilation A method of removal of fume from the welding zone
by blowing air into the welding area.
10.011 down-draft ventilation table Table on which the working surface consists of a grille
through which air and fume is extracted, so that no
fume rises towards the welder.
10.012 dust fire Combustion of flammable dusts present in the area
where welding or cutting is carried out.
10.013 exhaust ventilation Extraction of fume from the work bench, booth, or
workshop.
10.014 face shield A device that includes a transparent visor or optical
filter supported in front of the face.
10.015 filter (air) A device that removes particulate matter from gases
that pass through it.
10.016 filter (optical) An optical material used to absorb and/or reflect
harmful radiations emitted during welding and other
allied industrial operations. It may be of plastics, solid
glass, laminated construction, or any other suitable
material.
10.017 filter cover A transparent cover used to protect the filter (optical)
in goggles, helmets, and shields from spatter.

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 AS 2812—2005 102

No. Term Definition

10.018 fixed shield An independently mounted fixed protector to provide
protection from injury during welding or cutting.
—— flashback See 3.256.
—— flashback arrester See 3.257.
10.019 fume Gases formed in the welding or allied process, which
may contain particulate matter.
10.020 fume extraction gun A gas metal-arc or flux cored arc welding gun
incorporating a device designed to extract the
generated fume.
10.021 fusible plug A safety device designed to melt at a predetermined
temperature.
10.022 goggles An eye protector fitting the contour of the face and
held in position by a headband.
10.023 goggles (welding) See welding goggles.
10.024 handshield (welding) See welding handshield.
10.025 heat filter A colourless, transparent, heat-absorbing material
placed between the filter covers to protect the eyes
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during high current arc welding or other very hot

operations.
10.026 heat stress Exposure of the human body to high temperature,
which may result in discomfort or dehydration.
10.027 helmet (welding) See welding helmet.
—— hose check valve See 3.263.
10.028 insulated electrode holder Electrode holder in which the live parts are fully or
partially covered by insulating material.
10.029 local exhaust ventilation Mechanical ventilation that removes the fume at
source.
10.030 open work space A work space where natural ventilation keeps fumes
below hazardous concentration during welding and
cutting operations.
10.031 pressure relief valve A spring-loaded safety device designed to vent at a
predetermined pressure.
10.032 protective clothing Clothing, usually of leather, to protect the body from
harmful radiation and spatter, e.g., apron, gloves,
leggings and spats.
10.033 respirator A device fitting closely over the mouth and nose,
sealing out atmospheric contaminants while providing
clean air for breathing.
10.034 safety spectacles Eye protectors normally issued to persons whose duties
require them to work in the vicinity of welding or
cutting operations.
10.035 self-contained breathing Respirator supplied with air from a cylinder worn by
apparatus the user.

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 103 AS 2812—2005

No. Term Definition

—— sustained backfire See 3.274.
10.036 threshold limit value (TLV) Concentration of an atmospheric contaminant,
continuous exposure to which will not cause any
adverse effect on health.
10.037 threshold limit value—ceiling Maximum value of TLV specified and which may not
(TLV-C) be exceeded even instantaneously for fast-acting
compounds.
10.038 threshold limit value—short A higher value of contaminant concentration to which a
term exposure limit worker may be exposed for short times. The
(TLV-STEL) permissible length and frequency of such exposure
depends on the contaminant.
10.039 threshold limit value—time- The time-weighted average concentration for a normal
weighted average (TLV-TWA) 8 hour work day and a 40 hour work week, to which
nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day
after day, without adverse effect.
—— water table See 7.010.
10.040 water wall A water flow down the back of a spraying installation
to remove sprayed particles from the air.
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—— water-shroud attachment See 7.051.

10.041 welding fume A mixture of particulate and gaseous substances arising
from welding processes, consumables, the metal being
welded, any contaminants or coatings on it.
10.042 welding goggles Goggles provided with a filter to absorb or reflect
harmful radiation and glare, and protect from spatter.
10.043 welding handshield A rigid protector provided with a filter, held in the
hand, through which the welding is viewed.
10.044 welding helmet A rigid protector provided with a filter, worn on the
head, through which the welding is viewed.

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 AS 2812—2005 104

APPENDIX A
GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS
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FIGURE A1 POSITION OF ELECTRODE OR TORCH

FIGURE A2 ROOT, DEPTH OF FUSION, WELD JUNCTION AND ZONES OF TYPICAL WELDS

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FIGURE A3 CHART OF FUSION WELDING PROCESSES

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FIGURE A4 ACTUAL THROAT THICKNESS AND DESIGN THROAT THICKNESS OF TYPICAL

WELDS

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107

FIGURE A5 TYPICAL JOINT PREPARATIONS

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Reference Sketch of joint Description

(a) Close square butt weld, welded from
one or both sides

(b) Open square butt weld, welded from

one or both sides

(c) Open square butt weld with backing

bar or strip

(d) Incomplete penetration square butt

weld
(e) Single-V butt weld welded from one
side only
(f) Single-V butt weld welded from both
sides

(g) Single-V butt weld welded with

backing bar or strip

(h) Double-V butt weld with complete

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penetration

(j) Double-V butt weld with spaced and

complete penetration

(k) Incomplete penetration double-V butt

weld

(l) Single-U butt weld welded from both

sides

(m) Narrow gap weld having a small or nil

included angle

(n) Double-U butt weld with complete

penetration

(o) Incomplete penetration double-U butt

weld

(p) Single bevel butt weld, welded from

one side

(q) Single bevel butt weld welded from

both sides

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 109 AS 2812—2005

(r) Double bevel butt weld with complete

penetration

(s) Incomplete penetration double bevel

butt weld

(t) Corner joint welded from one side

(u) Corner joint welded from both sides

(v) Single bevel T-butt weld welded from

one side

(w) Single bevel T-butt weld welded from

both sides

(x) Double bevel T-butt weld with

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complete penetration

(y) Double bevel T-butt weld with

complete penetration and fillet welds

(z) Incomplete penetration T-butt weld

(aa) Single-J T-butt weld welded from one

side

(ab) Single-J T-butt weld welded from both

sides

(ac) Double-J T-butt weld with complete

penetration

(ad) Open T-butt weld with full penetration

(ae) Fillet welded T-joint, welded from one

or both sides

(af) Fillet welded corner joints, welded

from one or both sides

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 AS 2812—2005 110

(ag) Cruciform joints with butt or fillet

welds

(ah) Fillet welded lap joints

(aj) Fusion spot welded lap joint

(ak) Plug weld

(al) Slot weld

(am) Edge weld

(an) Raised edge weld

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(ao) Combined or multi-profile butt weld

FIGURE A7 EXAMPLE OF BACKHAND WELDING

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 111 AS 2812—2005

FIGURE A8 EXAMPLE OF FOREHAND WELDING

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FIGURE A9 EXAMPLES OF TOES, LEGS, WELD FACES AND WELD WIDTHS

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 AS 2812—2005 112

FIGURE A10 NEUTRAL FLAME

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FIGURE A11 CARBURIZING FLAME

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113

FIGURE A12 OXIDIZING FLAME

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AS 2812—2005
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AS 2812—2005

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114

FIGURE A13 CHART OF WELDING WITH PRESSURE PROCESSES

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 115 AS 2812—2005
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FIGURE A14 (in part) TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR PRESSURE WELDING
PROCESSES

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 AS 2812—2005 116
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FIGURE A14 (in part) TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR PRESSURE WELDING
PROCESSES

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 117 AS 2812—2005
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FIGURE A14 (in part) TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR PRESSURE WELDING
PROCESSES

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AS 2812—2005

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118

FIGURE A15 CHART OF BRAZING PROCESSES

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119

FIGURE A16 CHART OF SOLDERING PROCESSES

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AS 2812—2005
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AS 2812—2005

 Standards Australia
120

FIGURE A17 CHART OF THERMAL SPRAYING PROCESSES

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121

FIGURE A18 CHART OF THERMAL CUTTING PROCESSES

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 AS 2812—2005 122

INDEX
Clause Clause
(A) back-step welding ................................................ 3.003
accelerating voltage ............................................. 3.278 back-up, die ......................................................... 4.035
active gas ............................................................ 3.203 backfire ............................................................... 3.243
actual throat thickness .......................................... 3.001 backhand welding ................................................ 2.005
air ejector .......................................................... 10.001 backing bar .......................................................... 3.004
air-arc cutting ...................................................... 1.001 backing electrode ................................................. 4.036
air-arc gouging .................................................... 1.002 backing run.......................................................... 3.005
air/fuel gas blowpipe ............................................ 5.001 backing strip ........................................................ 3.006
airline respirator ................................................ 10.002 backing weld ....................................................... 3.007
all-weld-metal tensile test ..................................... 9.001 backward force .................................................... 4.037
alternate polarity operation ................................... 4.028 backward pressure................................................ 4.038
alternate polarity welding ..................................... 4.028 balanced wave ..................................................... 3.113
aluminothermic reaction ....................................... 3.316 balanced welding ................................................. 2.006
aluminothermic welding ....................................... 1.003 bare electrode ...................................................... 3.114
analogue timer ..................................................... 4.001 bare metal arc welding ......................................... 1.013
angle centre electrode........................................... 4.029 base metal ........................................................... 2.007
angle electrode..................................................... 4.030 basic electrode ..................................................... 3.115
angle of bevel ...................................................... 3.002 bead .................................................................... 2.008
angle of preparation ............................................. 3.043 beam current ........................................................ 3.280
angle offset electrode ........................................... 4.031 beam current control ............................................ 3.281
angular misalignment ........................................... 8.001 beam deflector ..................................................... 3.282
annular preheat cutting nozzle............................... 7.011 beam power ......................................................... 3.283
annulus flame cutting nozzle................................. 7.011 beam power density.............................................. 3.284
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anode .................................................................. 3.279 beam pulsing ....................................................... 3.285

anvil.................................................................... 4.223 beam spinning...................................................... 3.286
arc blow .............................................................. 3.102 bell joint.............................................................. 5.002
arc blow compensator........................................... 4.201 bend test .............................................................. 9.002
arc braze welding ................................................. 1.004 bias voltage ......................................................... 3.287
arc cutting ........................................................... 1.005 blacksmith welding .............................................. 4.192
arc damper........................................................... 4.201 blending taper ...................................................... 4.224
arc eye............................................................... 10.003 block welding ...................................................... 3.008
arc flash ............................................................ 10.004 blowhole.............................................................. 8.002
arc length ............................................................ 3.103 blowpipe.............................................................. 3.244
arc oscillation welding ......................................... 2.001 blowpipe handle ................................................... 3.245
arc radiation....................................................... 10.005 bolster ................................................................. 4.039
arc spot welding................................................... 1.007 bond coat............................................................. 6.001
arc spraying ......................................................... 1.008 bond line ............................................................. 6.002
arc stud welding................................................... 1.009 braided electrode.................................................. 3.116
arc time ............................................................... 3.104 branch T saddle joint ............................................ 5.003
arc time factor...................................................... 3.105 branching cracks .................................................. 8.003
arc voltage ........................................................... 3.106 braze welding ...................................................... 1.014
arc welding .......................................................... 1.010 braze welding rod................................................. 5.004
arc welding gun ................................................... 3.107 brazing ................................................................ 1.015
arc welding plant................................................. .3.108 brazing alloy ........................................................ 5.007
arc welding power source ..................................... 3.109 break-up .............................................................. 8.004
arc welding torch ................................................. 3.110 bronze filler metal ................................................ 5.004
arc welding transformer........................................ 3.111 bronze welding .................................................... 1.014
arc-image welding................................................ 1.006 buffer .................................................................. 4.225
arm ..................................................................... 4.032 burn back............................................................. 3.117
atomic hydrogen torch .......................................... 3.112 burn-off ............................................................... 4.002
atomic-hydrogen welding ..................................... 1.011 burn-off rate ........................................................ 3.118
auto-contact welding ............................................ 1.012 burn-through........................................................ 8.005
autogenous welding.............................................. 2.002 burnt weld ........................................................... 2.009
automatic stud welding equipment ........................ 4.202 bursting disc ...................................................... 10.006
automatic welding ................................................ 2.003 butt joint.............................................................. 3.006
auxiliary gas shield .............................................. 7.047 butt resistance-seam welding ................................ 1.016
averaging time ..................................................... 4.033 butt weld ............................................................. 2.010
(B) buttering .............................................................. 2.011
back gouging ....................................................... 2.004 (C)
back plate ............................................................ 4.034 CO 2 spot welding ................................................. 3.121
back weld ............................................................ 3.005 CO 2 welding ........................................................ 1.021

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 123 AS 2812—2005

Clause Clause
capacitor discharge spot welding........................... 1.017 cored electrode .................................................... 3.132
capacitor discharge stud welding........................... 1.018 corner joint .......................................................... 3.018
capillary attraction ............................................... 5.008 corrosion test ....................................................... 9.005
capping run.......................................................... 3.010 covered electrode ................................................. 3.133
carbon electrode................................................... 3.119 covered filler rod ................................................. 3.250
carbon-arc cutting ................................................ 1.019 crack ................................................................... 8.008
carbon-arc welding............................................... 1.020 crack opening displacement test ............................ 9.006
carburizing flame ................................................. 3.246 cracking test ........................................................ 9.007
cascade firing ...................................................... 4.040 cranked offset electrode........................................ 4.047
cathode................................................................ 3.288 crater................................................................... 8.009
cathode shield ...................................................... 3.289 crater crack.......................................................... 8.010
cellulose electrode ............................................... 3.120 crater fill ............................................................. 3.134
ceramic rod flame spraying................................... 6.003 crater pipe ........................................................... 8.011
chain intermittent fillet welds ............................... 3.011 cross-bar.............................................................. 3.312
Charpy V-notch impact test .................................. 9.003 cross tension test .................................................. 9.008
chill time ............................................................. 4.041 cross-wire weld.................................................... 4.048
chipping hammer ................................................. 3.012 crucible ............................................................... 3.317
chipping mark ...................................................... 8.006 cruciform joint ..................................................... 3.019
circle-cutting attachment ...................................... 7.012 cruciform test ...................................................... 9.009
clamp holding time............................................... 4.042 current decay ....................................................... 4.049
clamp opening ..................................................... 4.043 current-off time.................................................... 4.050
clamping force ..................................................... 4.044 cutting attachment ................................................ 7.013
close joint............................................................ 3.013 cutting blowpipe .................................................. 7.014
closed injector ..................................................... 3.247 cutting electrode .................................................. 7.052
coated filler rod ................................................... 3.250 cutting guide........................................................ 7.015
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coated wire metal-arc welding .............................. 1.022 cutting machine.................................................... 7.001

coil...................................................................... 3.122 cutting nozzle ...................................................... 7.016
cold crack ............................................................ 8.007 cutting oxygen ..................................................... 7.002
cold pressure welding ........................................... 1.023 cutting oxygen bore.............................................. 7.017
collet ................................................................... 3.123 cutting tip ............................................................ 7.016
collision angle ..................................................... 4.226 cycle counter ....................................................... 4.051
combination blowpipe .......................................... 3.248 cycle recorder ...................................................... 4.052
complete penetration ............................................ 3.014 cyclic re-ignition voltage ...................................... 3.135
complete penetration butt weld ............................. 3.124 cylinder ............................................................... 3.251
complete rectification ........................................... 3.125 cylinder manifold ................................................. 3.252
composite electrode.............................................. 3.126 (D)
concave fillet weld ............................................... 3.015 d.c. welding generator .......................................... 3.136
cone .................................................................... 3.249 daily noise dose ................................................. 10.008
confined workspace............................................ 10.007 decay current ....................................................... 4.053
constant current control ........................................ 4.045 decay time ........................................................... 4.054
constant-pressure pressure welding ....................... 4.196 defect .................................................................. 8.012
constant-voltage welding power source ................. 3.127 deflection coils .................................................... 3.282
constricted arc ..................................................... 7.035 deformation ......................................................... 4.197
constricting nozzle ............................................... 7.036 delayed firing ...................................................... 4.055
constricting orifice ............................................... 7.037 delayed non-beat .................................................. 4.056
consumable electrode ........................................... 3.128 dense slag ............................................................ 3.137
consumable guide electroslag welding ................... 1.024 deposited metal .................................................... 2.013
consumable guide tube ......................................... 3.309 deposition efficiency ............................................ 3.138
consumable-guide welding.................................... 3.310 deposition rate ..................................................... 2.014
consumable insert ................................................ 3.036 depth of fusion..................................................... 2.015
consumables ........................................................ 2.012 deseaming............................................................ 1.026
contact shoe ......................................................... 3.129 deseaming blowpipe ............................................. 7.018
contact tip............................................................ 3.130 design throat thickness ......................................... 3.020
contact tube ......................................................... 3.131 detonation flame spraying..................................... 6.004
contact welding.................................................... 3.226 die....................................................................... 4.187
continuous drive friction welding .......................... 4.215 die contact area .................................................... 4.067
continuous resistance-seam welding ...................... 1.025 die gap ................................................................ 4.057
continuous weld ................................................... 3.016 die opening .......................................................... 4.057
controlled bend test .............................................. 9.004 diffusion brazing .................................................. 1.027
controlling dip welding .................................... 1.025(a) diffusion welding ................................................. 1.028
convex fillet weld ................................................ 3.017 digital timer ......................................................... 4.003
cool time ............................................................. 4.046 dilution................................................................ 3.021
cooling shoe ........................................................ 3.311 dilution ventilation ............................................. 10.009

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 AS 2812—2005 124

Clause Clause
diminishing bell joint ........................................... 5.005 electrode setback.................................................. 7.039
diode gun............................................................. 3.290 electrode shank .................................................... 4.073
dip brazing .......................................................... 1.029 electrode stick-out................................................ 3.154
dip soldering........................................................ 1.030 electrode tip......................................................... 4.074
dip transfer .......................................................... 3.139 electrode wheel .................................................... 4.075
dipped electrode................................................... 3.140 electrode wheel head ............................................ 4.076
disconnected cracks.............................................. 8.013 electrogas welding (EGW) .................................... 1.031
discontinuity ........................................................ 8.014 electron gun ......................................................... 3.291
dispersion ventilation ......................................... 10.010 electron-beam cutting ........................................... 1.032
distortion ............................................................. 8.015 electron-beam welding ......................................... 1.033
distortion plug ..................................................... 4.227 electronic frequency converter .............................. 4.077
double bevel butt weld ......................................... 3.022 electroslag welding (ESW) ................................... 1.034
double-J butt weld................................................ 3.023 electroslag welding electrode ................................ 3.313
double-U butt weld............................................... 3.024 elongated cavity ................................................... 8.016
double-V butt weld............................................... 3.025 emissive electrode ................................................ 3.155
double-cranked electrode ...................................... 4.161 engine-driven welding power source ..................... 3.156
down slope .......................................................... 4.058 essential variables ................................................ 2.019
down-draft ventilation table ................................ 10.011 excessive concavity .............................................. 8.017
downhand position ............................................... 3.026 excessive convexity.............................................. 8.018
drag..................................................................... 7.003 excessive dressing ................................................ 8.019
drag angle............................................................ 2.016 excessive penetration ........................................... 8.020
drag lines............................................................. 7.004 excessive reinforcement ....................................... 8.021
drooping characteristic welding power source ........ 3.141 exhaust ventilation ............................................. 10.013
drop-weight test ................................................... 9.010 expansion gun ...................................................... 4.079
droplet transfer .................................................... 3.215 expansion gun welding machine ............................ 4.078
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dross ................................................................... 7.005 explosion welding ................................................ 1.035

drum ................................................................... 3.142 extruded electrode ................................................ 3.157
dual flow plasma cutting....................................... 7.038 (F)
dual gun control ................................................... 4.059 face (of weld) ...................................................... 3.031
dual pressure cycle ............................................... 4.060 face bend test ....................................................... 9.011
dual program control ............................................ 4.061 face shield ......................................................... 10.014
dual schedule control............................................ 4.062 faying surface ...................................................... 4.004
dual-gun dual-schedule control ............................. 4.063 feather ................................................................. 3.253
dual-schedule dual-program .................................. 4.064 feather edge ......................................................... 3.032
dust fire ............................................................. 10.012 ferrule ................................................................. 4.203
duty cycle ............................................................ 2.017 field electrode ...................................................... 3.289
dwell time ........................................................... 4.104 filament ............................................................... 3.288
dynamic characteristic .......................................... 3.143 filament current ................................................... 3.292
(E) fill run ................................................................. 3.033
edge distance ....................................................... 4.065 filler metal........................................................... 2.020
edge joint ............................................................ 3.027 filler rod .............................................................. 2.021
edge preparation .................................................. 3.028 fillet .................................................................... 4.204
edge weld ............................................................ 3.029 fillet break test..................................................... 9.012
effective length .................................................... 3.030 fillet shear test ..................................................... 9.013
electrode.............................................................. 2.018 fillet weld ............................................................ 2.022
electrode (arc welding) ........................................ .3.144 filter (air) .......................................................... 10.015
electrode (resistance welding) ............................... 4.066 filter cover......................................................... 10.017
electrode angle..................................................... 3.145 filter (optical) .................................................... 10.016
electrode cable ..................................................... 3.146 fin ....................................................................... 4.080
electrode clearance............................................... 4.070 final current ......................................................... 4.081
electrode contact area ........................................... 4.067 firecracker welding .............................................. 1.036
electrode current range ......................................... 3.147 firing angle .......................................................... 4.120
electrode efficiency .............................................. 3.148 fish eye................................................................ 8.022
electrode face....................................................... 4.068 fixed shield........................................................ 10.018
electrode feed rate ................................................ 3.149 flame braze welding ............................................. 1.037
electrode force ..................................................... 4.069 flame brazing ....................................................... 1.038
electrode gap ....................................................... 4.070 flame cutting........................................................ 1.039
electrode holder ................................................... 3.150 flame gouging ...................................................... 1.040
electrode negative ................................................ 3.151 flame planning machine........................................ 7.019
electrode pick-up ................................................. 4.071 flame pressure welding ......................................... 1.041
electrode polarity ................................................. 3.152 flame snapout ...................................................... 3.254
electrode positive ................................................. 3.153 flame soldering .................................................... 1.042
electrode pressure ................................................ 4.072 flame spraying ..................................................... 1.043

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 125 AS 2812—2005

Clause Clause
flame surfacing .................................................... 3.255 (G)
flame washing...................................................... 1.044 gas cavity ............................................................ 8.204
flash .................................................................... 4.082 gas cutting ........................................................... 1.088
flash butt welding ................................................ 1.045 gas economizer .................................................... 3.258
flash butt welding with preheating ........................ 4.083 gas flux brazing ................................................... 1.054
flashback ............................................................. 3.256 gas metal-arc cutting ............................................ 1.055
flashback arrester ................................................. 3.257 gas metal-arc spot welding.................................... 3.161
flashing ............................................................... 4.084 gas metal-arc welding (GMAW)............................ 1.056
flashing allowance ............................................... 4.085 gas nozzle............................................................ 3.162
flashing current .................................................... 4.086 gas pore............................................................... 8.025
flashing loss ........................................................ 4.087 gas pressure welding ............................................ 1.041
flashing speed ...................................................... 4.088 gas shield ............................................................ 3.163
flashing time........................................................ 4.089 gas tungsten-arc spot welding ............................... 3.164
flashing travel ...................................................... 4.090 gas tungsten-arc welding (GTAW) ........................ 1.057
flat electrode........................................................ 4.119 gas welding ......................................................... 1.058
flat position ......................................................... 3.034 globular transfer................................................... 3.165
flat spot ............................................................... 8.023 goggles.............................................................. 10.022
flattening test....................................................... 9.014 goggles (welding) .............................................. 10.023
floating head........................................................ 7.020 gouging ............................................................... 7.006
fluid slag ............................................................. 3.158 granular flux filled stud ........................................ 4.206
flush weld............................................................ 3.035 gravity welding .................................................... 1.059
flux ..................................................................... 2.023 gravity welding electrode ..................................... 3.166
flux cored arc welding (FCAW) ............................ 1.046 grid electrode....................................................... 3.298
flux cored electrode.............................................. 3.159 grinding mark ...................................................... 8.026
flux dip brazing.................................................... 1.111 guide tube............................................................ 3.167
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fluxed ferrule ....................................................... 4.205 guided bend test ................................................... 9.016

flyer plate ............................................................ 4.228 gun...................................................................... 4.097
flywheel friction welding...................................... 4.216 gun welding head ................................................. 4.097
focal length.......................................................... 3.293 (H)
focal spot............................................................. 3.294 HF ignition .......................................................... 3.168
focus control........................................................ 3.295 HF ignition unit ................................................... 3.169
focusing lens........................................................ 3.296 HF pressure welding............................................. 1.060
foil butt seam welding .......................................... 1.047 HF re-ignition ...................................................... 3.170
follow-up............................................................. 4.091 HF resistance welding .......................................... 1.061
foot-operated welding machine ............................. 4.092 half-cycle welding................................................ 4.098
forehand welding ................................................. 2.025 hammer welding................................................... 4.193
forge delay time ................................................... 4.093 hand-operated welding machine ............................ 4.099
forge welding....................................................... 1.048 handle mixing ...................................................... 3.259
forging force........................................................ 4.094 handshield (welding) .......................................... 10.024
forging pressure ................................................... 4.095 hard facing .......................................................... 2.026
forging time ......................................................... 4.096 hard surfacing ...................................................... 2.026
forward force ....................................................... 4.005 hard vacuum system ............................................. 3.297
forward pressure .................................................. 4.006 hardness test ........................................................ 9.017
free bend test ....................................................... 9.015 head lowering time ............................................... 4.100
friable slag........................................................... 3.160 head mixing ......................................................... 3.260
friction brazing .................................................... 1.049 heat control.......................................................... 4.101
friction force........................................................ 4.217 heat diffusion time ............................................... 4.102
friction speed ....................................................... 4.218 heat filter........................................................... 10.025
friction time......................................................... 4.219 heat stress.......................................................... 10.026
friction welding ................................................... 1.050 heat time.............................................................. 4.103
fuel gas................................................................ 2.024 heat-affected zone ................................................ 2.027
full vacuum system .............................................. 3.297 heating time ......................................................... 4.198
fume.................................................................. 10.019 heating tip ........................................................... 3.261
fume extraction gun ........................................... 10.020 helmet (welding) ................................................ 10.027
furnace brazing .................................................... 1.051 high-energy rate welding ...................................... 1.062
furnace soldering ................................................. 1.052 high speed nozzle................................................. 7.021
fused spraying...................................................... 6.005 high-voltage electron gun ..................................... 3.299
fusible insert ........................................................ 3.036 hilo (high low) ..................................................... 8.027
fusible plug........................................................ 10.021 hold time ............................................................. 4.104
fusion face ........................................................... 3.037 horizontal position ............................................... 3.040
fusion spot weld................................................... 3.038 hose .................................................................... 3.262
fusion welding ..................................................... 1.053 hose check valve .................................................. 3.263
fusion zone .......................................................... 3.039 hose protector ...................................................... 7.022

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 AS 2812—2005 126

Clause Clause
hot crack.............................................................. 8.028 lack of sidewall fusion.......................................... 8.042
hot cropping ........................................................ 1.063 lamellar tearing .................................................... 8.043
hot pass ............................................................... 3.041 land ..................................................................... 3.051
hot pressure welding ............................................ 1.064 lap joint ............................................................... 2.029
hot-cracking test .................................................. 9.018 laser-beam cutting ................................................ 1.074
hydrogen controlled ............................................. 3.042 laser-beam welding .............................................. 1.075
hydrogen-controlled electrode............................... 3.171 leg....................................................................... 3.052
(I) leg length ............................................................ 3.053
ignition temperature ............................................. 7.007 lift....................................................................... 4.207
imperfect shape.................................................... 8.029 lightly coated electrode ........................................ 3.177
imperfection ........................................................ 8.030 linear misalignment .............................................. 8.044
implant test.......................................................... 9.019 linear porosity...................................................... 8.045
inclined electrode................................................. 4.030 liquid phase diffusion welding .............................. 4.221
included angle...................................................... 3.043 load test current ................................................... 3.178
inclusion.............................................................. 8.031 load-carrying weld ............................................... 2.030
incomplete penetration ......................................... 3.044 local exhaust ventilation ..................................... 10.029
incorrect size weld ............................................... 8.033 localized porosity ................................................. 8.046
incorrect toe angle................................................ 8.032 longitudinal bend test ........................................... 9.020
indirect spot welding ............................................ 4.105 longitudinal crack ................................................ 8.047
induction brazing ................................................. 1.065 loss of cross-sectional area ................................... 8.048
induction soldering............................................... 1.066 low of hydrogen electrode .................................... 3.179
induction welding ................................................ 1.067 low pressure blowpipe .......................................... 3.265
inert gas .............................................................. 3.172 low-voltage electron gun ...................................... 3.300
inert gas arc welding ............................................ 3.173 low-frequency resistance welding ......................... 4.108
inertia friction welding ......................................... 1.068 (M)
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inflated slag ......................................................... 3.202 machine stroke ..................................................... 4.109

infrared brazing ................................................... 1.069 macro test ............................................................ 9.021
infrared soldering................................................. 1.070 MAG welding ...................................................... 1.076
inherent rectification ............................................ 3.174 magnetic rotating arc welding ............................... 1.077
initial current ....................................................... 4.106 magnetically impelled arc butt welding ................. 1.078
initial force .......................................................... 4.007 main arc .............................................................. 3.180
initial plate angle ................................................. 4.229 manipulator ......................................................... 3.063
initial pressure ..................................................... 4.008 manual metal-arc welding ..................................... 1.079
injector ................................................................ 3.264 manual welding.................................................... 2.031
insert ................................................................... 4.107 mash weld ........................................................... 4.110
insulated electrode holder ................................... 10.028 mask ................................................................... 6.006
inter-pulse time .................................................... 2.028 maximum continuous hand-welding current ........... 3.181
interdendritic shrinkage ........................................ 8.034 mechanical bond .................................................. 6.007
interface .............................................................. 4.179 mechanized welding ............................................. 2.032
intermittent weld .................................................. 3.045 medium voltage electron gun ................................ 3.301
interpass temperature ........................................... 3.046 melt back............................................................. 3.182
interrun temperature ............................................. 3.047 melt through ........................................................ 8.005
interrupted seam welding...................................... 1.071 metal cored electrode ........................................... 3.184
intrusion .............................................................. 8.035 metal electrode .................................................... 3.185
ion beam welding ................................................. 1.072 metal runout ........................................................ 8.049
iron oxide electrode.............................................. 3.175 metal transfer....................................................... 3.186
iron powder electrode ........................................... 3.176 metal-arc cutting .................................................. 1.080
iron soldering ...................................................... 1.073 metal-arc spot welding ......................................... 3.183
irregular surface................................................... 8.036 metal-arc welding ................................................ 1.081
irregular width ..................................................... 8.037 metallic inclusions ............................................... 8.050
(J) metallized flux stud.............................................. 4.208
jet ....................................................................... 4.230 metallurgical bond ............................................... 6.008
joint .................................................................... 3.048 micro-plasma welding .......................................... 1.082
joint penetration................................................... 3.049 micro-welding...................................................... 2.033
joint preparation................................................... 3.050 microcrack........................................................... 8.051
jumped joint ........................................................ 4.194 microshrinkage .................................................... 8.052
(K) MIG braze welding .............................................. 1.083
kerf ..................................................................... 7.008 MIG gun.............................................................. 3.187
(L) MIG welding ....................................................... 1.084
lack of fusion ....................................................... 8.038 misalignment ....................................................... 8.053
lack of interrun fusion .......................................... 8.039 mitre-fillet weld ................................................... 3.054
lack of penetration ............................................... 8.040 mixer................................................................... 3.266
lack of root fusion ................................................ 8.041 motor generator welding power source .................. 3.188

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

 127 AS 2812—2005

Clause Clause
motor-operated welding machine .......................... 4.111 partial rectification............................................... 3.195
mould .................................................................. 3.318 partial vacuum system .......................................... 3.304
multi-flame cutting nozzle .................................... 7.023 partially transferred arc ........................................ 7.044
multiple arc welding............................................. 3.189 particle transfer frequency .................................... 3.196
multiple spot welding ........................................... 4.113 pass ..................................................................... 2.040
multi-port nozzle.................................................. 7.040 pedal-operated welding machine ........................... 4.092
multi-port preheat cutting nozzle........................... 7.023 peel test ............................................................... 9.023
multi-pressure cycle ............................................. 4.112 peening................................................................ 2.041
(N) penetration........................................................... 3.058
narrow gap welding .............................................. 2.034 penetration bead................................................... 3.059
nesting ................................................................ 7.009 penetration run..................................................... 3.060
neutral flame........................................................ 3.267 percussion welding............................................... 1.092
nick-break test ..................................................... 9.022 perveance ............................................................ 3.305
non-beat .............................................................. 4.114 phase angle .......................................................... 4.120
non-consumable electrode..................................... 3.190 phase displacement .............................................. 4.121
non-essential variables ......................................... 2.035 phase shift ........................................................... 4.122
non-repeat operation............................................. 4.115 pick-up (fusion welding) ...................................... 3.061
non-synchronous control....................................... 4.116 pick-up (gas welding and brazing)......................... 3.271
non-transferred arc ............................................... 3.191 pick-up (resistance welding) ................................. 4.123
non-vacuum system .............................................. 3.303 pillow test............................................................ 9.024
nozzle mixing ...................................................... 7.024 pilot arc ............................................................... 3.197
nozzle skirt .......................................................... 7.025 piping porosity..................................................... 8.057
nozzle-constricted arc........................................... 7.041 plain butt joint ..................................................... 4.194
(O) plasma ................................................................. 3.198
off-time ............................................................... 4.046 plasma MIG welding ............................................ 1.095
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offset electrode .................................................... 4.117 plasma arc ........................................................... 3.199

on-time................................................................ 4.103 plasma arc cutting ................................................ 1.093
one side welding .................................................. 2.036 plasma arc welding (PAW) ................................... 1.094
open arc welding .................................................. 3.192 plasma jet ............................................................ 7.045
open injector........................................................ 3.268 plasma spraying ................................................... 1.096
open joint ............................................................ 3.055 plasma torch ........................................................ 3.200
open work space ................................................ 10.030 platen .................................................................. 4.124
open-circuit voltage ............................................. 3.193 platen force.......................................................... 4.125
operational stroke................................................. 4.118 plenum ................................................................ 7.046
operator duty cycle............................................... 2.037 plier spot-welding machine ................................... 4.126
optical viewing system ......................................... 3.302 plug weld............................................................. 3.062
orbital friction welding......................................... 1.085 poke gun.............................................................. 4.142
orbital welding..................................................... 2.038 poke welding machine .......................................... 4.127
orifice gas............................................................ 7.042 polarity................................................................ 3.201
orifice throat length.............................................. 7.043 porosity ............................................................... 8.058
out of vacuum system ........................................... 3.303 porous slag .......................................................... 3.202
outer envelope ..................................................... 3.269 portable spot-welding machine.............................. 4.128
over roll .............................................................. 8.055 portion ................................................................ 3.319
overhang.............................................................. 4.009 positioner ............................................................ 3.063
overhead position ................................................. 3.056 post mixing.......................................................... 7.028
overlap ................................................................ 8.054 post-heat time ...................................................... 4.129
oxide inclusions ................................................... 8.056 post-heating ......................................................... 2.042
oxidizing flame .................................................... 3.270 post-heating current ............................................. 4.130
oxy-acetylene welding.......................................... 1.086 post-heating force ................................................ 4.010
oxy-fuel gas cutting.............................................. 1.089 post-heating pressure............................................ 4.011
oxygen cutting ..................................................... 1.088 post-heating pressure time .................................... 4.131
oxygen lance........................................................ 7.026 post-weld upset force ........................................... 4.012
oxygen lancing..................................................... 1.090 post-weld upset pressure....................................... 4.013
oxygen-arc cutting ............................................... 1.087 post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) ......................... 2.043
oxygen-fuel gas cutting ........................................ 1.089 powder cutting ..................................................... 1.097
(P) powder flame spraying ......................................... 1.098
pad electrode ....................................................... 4.119 powder lancing .................................................... 1.099
parallel arc welding.............................................. 3.194 powder washing ................................................... 7.029
parallel bore nozzle .............................................. 7.027 power arc............................................................. 3.180
parallel spot welding ............................................ 1.091 power source ....................................................... 2.044
parent metal ......................................................... 2.039 power source duty cycle ....................................... 2.045
parent plate.......................................................... 4.231 power-operated welding machine .......................... 4.132
partial penetration ................................................ 3.057 preheat time ......................................................... 4.133

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 AS 2812—2005 128

Clause Clause
preheating............................................................ 2.046 root concavity ...................................................... 8.061
preheating allowance ............................................ 4.134 root face .............................................................. 3.065
preheating current ................................................ 4.135 root gap ............................................................... 3.066
preheating force ................................................... 4.136 root groove .......................................................... 8.061
preheating loss ..................................................... 4.137 root of preparation ............................................... 3.067
preheating oxygen ................................................ 7.030 root of weld ......................................................... 3.068
pressure application time ...................................... 4.138 root penetration.................................................... 3.069
pressure contact area ............................................ 4.014 root radius ........................................................... 3.070
pressure decrease time .......................................... 4.139 root run ............................................................... 3.071
pressure head ....................................................... 4.189 rotary welding transformer ................................... 4.149
pressure relief valve ........................................... 10.031 rotating arc welding ............................................. 1.078
pressure welding .................................................. 1.100 run ...................................................................... 2.052
pressure-off time .................................................. 4.140 run-off plates ....................................................... 3.072
projection welding ............................................... 1.101 run-on plates........................................................ 3.072
procedure qualification record (PQR) ................ 2.046(a) rutile electrode..................................................... 3.208
protective clothing ............................................. 10.032 (S)
puckering ............................................................ 8.059 safety spectacles ................................................ 10.034
pulsating welding ................................................. 4.141 sagging................................................................ 8.062
pulse ................................................................... 2.047 salt bath dip brazing ............................................. 1.111
pulse time ............................................................ 2.048 salt bath dip soldering .......................................... 1.112
pulsed arc welding ............................................... 1.102 scarf joint ............................................................ 4.195
push angle ........................................................... 2.049 scarfing ............................................................... 1.026
push gun .............................................................. 4.142 scarfing blowpipe................................................. 7.018
push-pull series-spot welding................................ 4.143 seal coat .............................................................. 6.009
(Q) seal weld ............................................................. 3.073
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quench time ......................................................... 4.041 secondary gas shield............................................. 7.047

(R) secondary voltage ................................................ 4.150
radiating crack ..................................................... 8.060 self-adjusting welding arc..................................... 3.209
radiation welding ................................................. 1.103 self-contained breathing apparatus ...................... 10.035
rate of slope ......................................................... 4.144 semi-automatic welding........................................ 2.053
reaction gun ......................................................... 4.079 separately pumped electron gun ............................ 3.306
reactive gas.......................................................... 3.203 sequence control .................................................. 4.015
reconditioned flux ............................................ 3.203(a) series arc welding ................................................ 3.210
recrushed slag .................................................. 3.203(b) series spot-welding............................................... 4.151
recycled flux.................................................... 3.203(c) sheet metal nozzle ................................................ 7.032
recycled slag.................................................... 3.203(d) shielded carbon arc welding.................................. 1.113
rectifier welding power source .............................. 3.204 shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) ..................... 1.079
reducing flame ..................................................... 3.272 shocked metal zone .............................................. 4.232
reel...................................................................... 3.205 shoe .................................................................... 3.314
regulator .............................................................. 3.273 shop weld ............................................................ 2.054
reinforcement....................................................... 3.064 short bell branch joint .......................................... 5.006
repeat operation ................................................... 4.145 short-circuiting arc transfer................................... 3.211
residual welding stress ......................................... 2.050 shrinkage cavity ................................................... 8.063
resistance brazing................................................. 1.104 shrinkage groove.................................................. 8.064
resistance butt welding ......................................... 1.105 side bend test ....................................................... 9.028
resistance flash butt welding ................................. 1.045 silver brazing ....................................................... 1.114
resistance seam welding ....................................... 1.106 single-bevel butt weld .......................................... 3.074
resistance soldering .............................................. 1.107 single operation ................................................... 4.115
resistance spot-welding ........................................ 1.108 single-J butt weld ................................................. 3.075
resistance welding ................................................ 1.109 single-U butt weld................................................ 3.076
respirator ........................................................... 10.033 single-V butt weld................................................ 3.077
restrained weld test .............................................. 9.025 site weld .............................................................. 2.055
restriking voltage ................................................. 3.206 size of weld ......................................................... 3.078
retract system ...................................................... 4.146 skip welding ........................................................ 3.079
reverse bend test .................................................. 9.026 slag ..................................................................... 3.080
rip-trim cutter ...................................................... 7.031 slag inclusion....................................................... 8.065
rising characteristic welding power source............. 3.207 slag-trap .............................................................. 8.066
robotic welding .................................................... 2.051 sleeve joint .......................................................... 2.056
rocker arm ........................................................... 4.147 slope control ........................................................ 4.152
roll welding ......................................................... 1.110 slope controlled power source ............................... 3.212
roller guide .......................................................... 7.034 slope time ............................................................ 4.153
roller spot-welding ............................................... 4.148 slot weld.............................................................. 3.081
root bend test ....................................................... 9.027 slug-loaded stud ................................................... 4.209

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 129 AS 2812—2005

Clause Clause
soft soldering ....................................................... 1.115 sustained backfire ................................................ 3.274
soft vacuum system .............................................. 3.304 swan-necked electrode.......................................... 4.161
solder .................................................................. 5.010 sweat soldering .................................................... 5.012
soldering ............................................................. 1.115 synchronous control ............................................. 4.162
solid phase diffusion welding................................ 4.222 (T)
solid state welding ............................................... 1.116 T-joint ................................................................. 3.086
solid-phase welding.............................................. 1.100 T-junction............................................................ 3.087
sonotrode............................................................. 4.214 tack weld ............................................................. 2.061
spark re-ignition................................................... 3.170 tandem arc welding .............................................. 3.224
spark starting ....................................................... 3.168 tape butt seam welding ......................................... 1.047
spark-erosion cutting ............................................ 1.117 Tekken test .......................................................... 9.029
spatter ................................................................. 2.057 tensile shear test................................................... 9.030
spatter (adhering) ................................................. 8.067 tensile test ........................................................... 9.031
spatter loss........................................................... 3.213 test piece ............................................................. 9.032
spatter shield ....................................................... 4.210 test plate.............................................................. 9.033
specific beam power............................................. 3.284 test specimen ....................................................... 9.034
splash .................................................................. 4.154 thermal cutting..................................................... 1.124
spool ................................................................... 3.214 thermal spraying .................................................. 1.125
spot welding, CO 2 ................................................ 3.121 thermal stress....................................................... 2.062
spray transfer ....................................................... 3.215 thermic lance ....................................................... 7.033
square butt weld................................................... 3.082 thermic lancing .................................................... 1.126
squeeze time ........................................................ 4.155 thermit welding.................................................... 1.127
stack cutting ........................................................ 1.118 threshold limit value (TLV) ................................ 10.036
staggered intermittent fillet welds ......................... 3.083 threshold limit value—ceiling (TLV-C) ............... 10.037
stand-off distance................................................. 4.233 threshold limit value—time-weighted
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star crack ............................................................. 8.060 average (TLV-TWA) ........................................ 10.039

static characteristic............................................... 3.216 threshold limit value—short term exposure
static plate ........................................................... 4.231 limit (TLV-STEL) ............................................ 10.038
step brazing ......................................................... 5.009 throat .................................................................. 4.163
step soldering ...................................................... 5.011 throat depth ......................................................... 4.163
step time.............................................................. 4.158 throat gap ............................................................ 4.164
step-type nozzle ................................................... 7.032 throat thickness .................................................... 3.089
step-by-step roller spot welding ............................ 4.156 TIG torch............................................................. 3.225
step-by-step seam welding .................................... 1.119 TIG welding ........................................................ 1.057
step-by-step welding ............................................ 4.157 tip ....................................................................... 3.275
stitch welding ...................................................... 1.120 toe....................................................................... 3.088
stopping time ....................................................... 4.220 toe crack.............................................................. 8.070
stored energy welding .......................................... 2.058 tongue-bend test................................................... 9.035
straight electrode ................................................. 4.175 torch stand-off distance ........................................ 7.048
stranded electrode ................................................ 3.217 torn surface.......................................................... 8.071
stray-arc strike ..................................................... 3.218 total allowance..................................................... 4.016
streaming transfer ................................................ 3.219 total material lost ................................................. 4.017
stress corrosion cracking .................................. 8.067(a) touch time ........................................................... 4.165
stress-relief.......................................................... 2.059 touch welding ...................................................... 3.226
stress-relief heat treatment.................................... 2.060 transfer efficiency ................................................ 3.090
striking plate........................................................ 3.220 transferred arc...................................................... 3.227
striking voltage .................................................... 3.221 transverse angle ................................................... 3.228
stringer bead-run .................................................. 3.084 transverse bend test .............................................. 9.036
stub ..................................................................... 3.085 transverse crack ................................................... 8.072
stud welding ........................................................ 1.121 transverse tensile test ........................................... 9.037
stud welding controller ......................................... 4.211 travel angle.......................................................... 3.229
stud welding gun .................................................. 4.212 tread.................................................................... 4.166
stud welding tool.................................................. 4.213 triode gun ............................................................ 3.307
submerged arc welding ......................................... 1.122 tungsten electrode ................................................ 3.230
substrate .............................................................. 6.010 twin arc welding .................................................. 3.231
surface mark ........................................................ 8.068 two-stage initiation .............................................. 4.167
surface pick-up .................................................... 4.159 typical electrode current ....................................... 3.232
surface pore ......................................................... 8.069 (U)
surface preparation............................................... 6.011 U-tensile test ....................................................... 9.038
surfacing ............................................................. 1.123 ultrasonic brazing................................................. 1.128
surge re-ignition................................................... 3.222 ultrasonic soldering .............................................. 1.129
surge re-ignition unit ............................................ 3.223 ultrasonic welding ................................................ 1.130
suspension spot-welding machine.......................... 4.160 underbead crack ................................................... 8.073

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 AS 2812—2005 130

Clause Clause
undercut .............................................................. 8.074 weld time............................................................. 4.185
underfill .............................................................. 8.075 weld timer ........................................................... 2.069
underflushing....................................................... 8.019 weld zone ............................................................ 2.070
underwater welding .............................................. 2.063 weld-metal area.................................................... 2.071
uniformly distributed porosity............................... 8.076 weld-through primer............................................. 3.101
unipolarity operation ............................................ 4.168 weld-through sealer .............................................. 4.191
unipolarity welding .............................................. 4.168 weldability........................................................... 2.072
up slope............................................................... 4.174 weldability test .................................................... 2.073
upset allowance.................................................... 4.018 welder ................................................................. 2.074
upset current ........................................................ 4.169 welder certification .............................................. 2.075
upset current time ................................................ 4.170 welder qualification ............................................. 2.076
upset force ........................................................... 4.019 welding ............................................................... 2.077
upset length ......................................................... 4.020 welding, CO2 ....................................................... 1.021
upset metal .......................................................... 4.021 welding alternator ................................................ 3.236
upset pressure ...................................................... 4.022 welding blowpipe................................................. 3.276
upset speed .......................................................... 4.023 welding cable....................................................... 3.237
upset time ............................................................ 4.171 welding consumables............................................ 2.078
upset travel .......................................................... 4.172 welding coordinator ......................................... 2.078(a)
upsetting.............................................................. 4.024 welding current .................................................... 4.186
upsetting current .................................................. 4.173 welding cycle....................................................... 4.025
upsetting time ...................................................... 4.199 welding cycle time ............................................... 2.079
urami bead........................................................... 3.233 welding die .......................................................... 4.187
uranami bead ....................................................... 3.234 welding engineer.............................................. 2.079(a)
(V) welding force ....................................................... 4.026
vacuum brazing.................................................... 1.131 welding fume ..................................................... 10.041
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vapour deposition................................................. 1.132 welding goggles ................................................. 10.042

venturi nozzle ...................................................... 7.021 welding handshield ............................................ 10.043
vertical centre electrode........................................ 4.175 welding head ....................................................... 3.238
vertical electrode.................................................. 4.176 welding helmet .................................................. 10.044
vertical offset electrode ........................................ 4.177 welding load voltage ............................................ 3.239
vertical position ................................................... 3.091 welding machine .................................................. 2.080
virgin flux ....................................................... 3.234(a) welding period ..................................................... 4.188
viscous slag ......................................................... 3.235 welding plant ....................................................... 2.081
voids ................................................................... 8.077 welding pressure .................................................. 4.027
(W) welding pressure head .......................................... 4.189
water injection plasma cutting............................... 7.049 welding pressure time........................................... 4.190
water shield plasma cutting................................... 7.050 welding procedure................................................ 2.082
water shroud attachment ....................................... 7.051 welding procedure qualification ............................ 2.083
water table ........................................................... 7.010 welding procedures specification (WPS)............ 2.083(a)
water wall.......................................................... 10.040 welding process ................................................... 2.084
wave soldering ..................................................... 1.133 welding sequence ................................................. 2.085
wearing depth ...................................................... 4.178 welding specialist............................................. 2.085(a)
weave run ............................................................ 3.093 welding supervisor ........................................... 2.085(a)
weaving............................................................... 3.092 welding technique ................................................ 2.086
weld .................................................................... 2.064 welding time ........................................................ 4.200
weld axis ............................................................. 3.094 welding tip .......................................................... 3.277
weld bead ............................................................ 2.065 weldment............................................................. 2.087
weld contact area ................................................. 4.179 wheel guide ......................................................... 7.034
weld delay time.................................................... 4.180 wide plate test...................................................... 9.039
weld face ............................................................. 3.095 wire feed rate ....................................................... 3.149
weld heat time ..................................................... 4.181 wire feeder .......................................................... 2.088
weld interval heat time ......................................... 4.182 wire flame spraying.............................................. 6.012
weld junction ....................................................... 2.066 wire guide ........................................................... 3.315
weld line ............................................................. 4.183 work.................................................................... 3.240
weld metal ........................................................... 2.067 work distance....................................................... 3.308
weld nugget ......................................................... 4.184 worm-hole ........................................................... 8.078
weld pool............................................................. 3.096 wraparound bend test ........................................... 9.040
weld position ....................................................... 3.097 wrapped electrode ................................................ 3.241
weld preparation .................................................. 3.098 (Y)
weld rotation........................................................ 3.099 Y-test .................................................................. 9.041
weld run .............................................................. 2.068 (Z)
weld slope ........................................................... 3.100 zero current pause ................................................ 3.242

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131

NOTES
AS 2812—2005
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AS 2812—2005
132

NOTES
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