MAKALAH

POINT OF VIEW & MODAL VALUE

CREATED BY :

SELSA LEVINDA 21040021

MARWAH ALFIANI 21040018

COURSE :

LITERATURE

LECTURER :

DIAN NOVIANI SYAFAR,S.S, M.A

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMNT

2022/2023
 INTRODUCTION

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful. First of all the
writer’s deepest thank to Allah SWT, the lord of the universe an to our prophet
Muhammad SAW, may peace and blessing be upon him, his family and his followers.
I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved lecturer, Ms. Dian Nofiani Syafar,
S.S, M.A and our support.

It is one of the assignments in English subject it is composed of the explanation

of the prose. This is not a perfect model, so the writer expects the critic and
suggestion in order to make it better.

Hopefully this paper can be used as a reference to learn about prose.

Padang, October 26th 2022

Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF PAPER

General Definition of Point of ViewUnderstanding Point of View is a method used by the
author of the story in placing himself or from where the author views the story in the essay he
has written. The author's point of view is made by the author as one of the many storytelling
strategies, therefore the point of view can affect the course of the presentation of a story or
essay written by the author.

In general, the notion of moral values are values related to good and bad deeds that guide
human life in general. Another opinion states that moral values are values that can encourage
humans to act or do something, and are a source of motivation. In other words, moral values
tend to regulate and limit our actions in everyday life.

1.2 FORMULATE OF THE PROBLEM

1. What’s the definition of point of view?

2. What’s type of the point of view?

3. What’s the definition of moral value ?

1.3 WRITING PURPOSE

1. Explain about point of view
2. Describe about types of the point of view
3. Explain about moral value
4. Identifying what characteristics of moral value
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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 DEFINITION OF POINT OF VIEW

Point of view is the perspective from which an author tells a story. It’s one of the
most important decisions authors make in shaping a story. The narrator can be
unnamed or a specific character. Authors also choose whether to write in first,
second, or third person. Readers can determine this partly by which pronouns refer to
each character.

The term point of view, or narrative perspective, characterizes the way in which
a text presents persons, events, and settings. The subtleties of narrative perspectives
developed parallel to the emergence of the novel and can be reduced to three basic
positions: the action of a text is either mediated through an exterior, unspecified
narrator (omniscient point of view), through a person involved in the action (first-
person narration), or presented without additional commentary (figural narrative
situation). This tripartite structure can only summarize the most extreme
manifestations which hardly ever occur in their pure form; individual literary works
are usually hybrids combining elements of various types of narrative situations.

The Four Types of Point of View

Here are the four primary types of narration in fiction:

 First person point of view. First person perspective is when “I” am telling
the story. The character is in the story, relating his or her experiences directly.
 Second person point of view. The story is told to “you.” This POV is not
common in fiction, but it's still good to know (it is common in nonfiction).
  Third person point of view, limited. The story is about “he” or “she.” This is
the most common point of view in commercial fiction. The narrator is outside
of the story and relating the experiences of a character.
 Third person point of view, omniscient. The story is still about “he” or
“she,” but the narrator has full access to the thoughts and experiences of all
characters in the story.

1. First Person Protagonist

In the first person point of view, the narrator is the protagonist or main character
in the story. The Protagonist - This is the main character. He or she is who the entire
story is about. The reader is either inside of the protagonist’s head and privy to his
thoughts, or the protagonist relays the story in letters, journal or through
conversational devices. Simply put, this point of view places the narrator as the
character of the story. In English, the first person point of view is indicated by the use
of first person pronouns. First person pronouns are first person pronouns, including:

1. I = I as subject

2. Me = I as object

3. My = Mine

4. We = We or we as subject

5. Us = We or us as object

6. Our = Ours or ours

In this point of view, the narrator is the protagonist or main character in the story.
However, in some texts or narrative stories, the narrator can also be a character close
to the main character.

First-person narration renders the action as seen through a participating figure, who
refers to her- or himself in the first person. First-person narrations can adopt the point

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of view either of the protagonist or of a minor figure. The majority of novels in first-
person narration use, of course, the protagonist (main character) as narrator, as for
example, Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759–67) or Charles Dickens’ David
Copperfield (1849–50). The opening lines of J.D. Salinger’s (1919–) The Catcher in
the Rye (1951) also refer to this tradition of first-person narration by the protagonist:
“If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you’ll probably want to know is
where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were
occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but
I don’t feel like going into it.”7 These first-person narrations by protagonists aim at a
supposedly authentic representation of the subjective experiences and feelings of the
narrator.

This proximity to the protagonist can be avoided by introducing a minor character as

first-person narrator. By depicting events as seen through the eyes of another person,
the character of the protagonist remains less transparent.

2. First Person Observer

The narrator is a minor character not directly involved in the action who relates what
he or she observes about the characters and action. The Observer - This narrator
witnesses the story but does not necessarily experience the story himself. This type of
narrator is closely related to third person omniscient (more below) because he can
provide somewhat objective commentary. However, the first person observer does
not have the ability to know everything about every situation. The observer is limited
to his own perspective.

Example :

As I sat at the table and waited for cake. I saw Jeff put out his foot just as the hostess
passed him. She tripped and smashed the cake into Amanda's head. I couldn't believe
it when her hair caught on fire. looked at Jeff, but he acted like nothing had happened.

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 3. Third person narrator

In third-person narration, the narrator exists outside the events of the story, and
relates the actions of the characters by referring to their names or by the third-person
pronouns he, she, or they.

Third-person narration can be further classified into several types: omniscient,

limited, and objective.

5. Third Person Omniscient

Omniscient means "all-knowing," and likewise an omniscient narrator knows every

character’s thoughts, feelings, and motivations even if that character doesn’t reveal
any of those things to the other characters.

6. Third Person Limited

In third-person limited narration, the narrator still exists outside the events of the
story, but does not know the motivations or thoughts of all the characters. Rather, one
character is the driver of the story, and the reader is given a closer peek into that
character’s psyche than the others.

7. Third-Person Objective

In third-person objective narration, the narrator reports the events that take place
without knowing the motivations or thoughts of any of the characters. We know little
about what drives them until we hear them speak or observe their actions. The
resulting tone is often matter-of-fact, not colored by any opinions or commentary, nor
of knowledge of what takes place outside the scene.

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2.2 DEFINITION OF MORAL VALUE
Moral is something that the author wants to convey to the reader, which is the
meaning contained in a literary work and the meaning suggested by the story. Moral
value is value that must be separated with other values. Every value will get quality if
it has relation with other values. For example, honesty is example of moral values,
this value has no meaning if it does not be applied with other values.

1. Characteristics of moral values

Based on Bertens theory, there are four characteristics of moral values, thus are:
1. Relating to the person’s responsibility
Moral values concerns with the human’s personality which has responsibility. It
causes that person is guilty or not because he is responsible. It is created within the
actions which become his duty. Human being himself is as a source of his moral
values.

2. Concerning to one’s inner self

This values produces “voice” from the one’s inner self. It will accuse us if we against
it and praise if we bring this values to the reality

3. Making obligation
Moral values has absolute obligation which cannot be bargained. Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804) as a German philosopher argues that moral values contains imperative
category. It means that we are obliged to do something without requirements. It is
applied to human being as a root of humanity. Human is hoped to perform the moral
values. It is impossible that someone chooses some moral values and refuses the
others, for example, someone receives honesty and loyalty as the values in his life but
rejects justice. Therefore, all the people should accept all of the standards of
behaviour.

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4. Having formal quality
A moral value does not have the separate substance of values. It runs with the other
values (Bertens, 1997: 147).

2. Kind of moral values

Based on Hornby (2010) theory, there are eleven kind of moral values, such as:
1. Bravery
Bravery is willing to things which are difficult. It is the ability to stand up for what is
right in difficult situations. The example of bravery according to Hornby theory like
brave in defending honesty and truth, like report actions of cheating friends.

2. Humbleness
Humbleness means showing that we do not think if we are as important as other
people. The example of humbleness according to Hornby theory like not arrogant for
the advantages possessed and being polite.

3. Honesty

Honesty is the quality of being honest. It always tells the truth and does not hide the
rightness. The example of honesty according to Hornby theory like when given trust
by parents to buy something, he or she buy the item according to the price and I there
is a change , return it to the parent.

4. Steadfastness
Steadfastness means that our attitudes and aims are not changed. The example of
steadfastness according to Hornby theory like always pray if God decreases the test
and no revenge.

5. Sympathetic to others

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Sympathetic is the feeling of being sorry for somebody. It shows that we understand
and care about the problems of the other people. The example of sympathetic to
others according to Hornby theory like giving words of sadness and condolence to the
friend who was struck by the disaster or congratulate and take delight in others who
receive happiness.

6. Cooperativeness
Cooperativeness involves the fact of doing something together or working together
toward a shared aim. The example of cooperativeness according to Hornby theory
like cooperation at school, likes: cleaning classrooms and school environment or
learning together, so that all members in the group understand all the material learned
then the group assignments given by the teacher can also be easily completed and
light to work on.

7. Thankfulness
Thankfulness is word or action that shows that we are grateful to somebody for
something. The example of thankfulness according to Hornby theory like thank God
for the material blessings that he gives you, thank God for the people in your life,
thank God for his continued presence and power in your life.

8. Kind-hearted

The kind-hearted is the quality of being kind. The example of kind-hearted according
to Hornby theory like receiving insults with an open heart and never reply to it
because it will cause a dispute which is endless.

9. Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness is that the action that we can rely on to be good, honest, sincere, etc.
The example of trustworthiness according to Hornby theory like show loyalty, there

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are many ways to show loyalty, among others by giving awards and not bad-
mouthing someone when he is not there.

10. Sincerity
Sincerity shows the feeling, belief, or behavior that we really think or feel. The
example of sincerity according to Hornby theory like giving people compliments that
reflect your true inner feelings, performing acts of kindness without expecting
anything in return and maintaining the same personality when alone or in the
presence of others.

11. Love and Affection

Love is a strong feeling or deep affection for somebody or something, especially a

member of family or friend. Affection is the emotional state of liking or loving
somebody or something very much and caring about them. The example of love and
Affection according to Hornby theory like love and affection for parents and family
likes listen to their advice and listen to the words and direction of parents and
manners to parents and family.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 CONCLUSION
Point of view is the perpective from which an author tells a story. It’s one of the
most important decisions authors make in shaping a story. The narrator can be annamed or a
specific character. Author also choose whether write in first, second, or third person. Readers
can determined this partly by which pronoun refer to each character.

Moral is something that the author wants to convey to the reader, which is the
meaning contained in a literary work and the meaning suggested by the story. Moral value is
value that must be separated with other values. Every value will get quality if it has relation
with other values.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Klarer Mario, 2004 {four revised and expendedadition) An introduction to literary studies.
London : Routledge

Lombardi, Esther (2009). Definition of Literature, Article (online)

Helendra, (2017). The moral values on English textbook. Thesis

Sam atkinson, (2010). The Literature Book. Dk London

Skripsi (S1), Thesis, Sastra Inggris