MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURE OF FAITH LIVED 3.

Morality as Personal Growth

IN DAILY CIRCUMSTANCES OF LIFE  What is happening to the person as a result of the action?
Are you becoming virtuous or vicious?
INTRODUCTION OF IMPORTANT TERMS IN CHRISTIAN MORALITY Ex. Telling of lies
 Theology - is the study of our contemporary human experience in the light of  The real tragedy in deceit lies not in the violation of the law but in the person
Christian faith and our Judeo-Christian tradition. becoming dishonest or a relationship becoming false.
 Christian – is a person who believes that Jesus Christ is Lord, and who tries to  “It is very hard for people in the state of grace to commit sin because their
model his or her life on him. whole inclination goes against it.” - St. Thomas Aquinas
 Morality – is the practice or effort to become ever more truly and fully human  Own Role: Value, Conversion
by living peacefully with others or by co-existence with others. According to  Outcome: Wholeness versus Fragmentation
Fr. Marc Oraison, “it is the science of what man ought to be by reason of what
he is.” 4. Morality as Love
 Christian Morality – is the lived response to God’s revelation with the Bible  In this way, the other is as important as the I. The primary moral experience is
as the primary source. an experience of the I with the other. It is an invitation and response type of
morality.
 Catholic Morality – is living a Christian way of life based on Catholic teaching.
 It focuses on a loving relationship, becoming alive to that fact, and being
 Ethics - is the reflective investigation into what is morally proper to do.
responsive to the demands that it entails.
What do you already know about “Christian Morality”?
 “It’s about going beyond ourselves, transcending our own egoism and egoistic
What do you expect to learn in this course? horizons, and in the process realizing our existence as love.”
Moral issues always confront us as a human being. There are many ways of  Own Role: Faithfulness, Response
making sense of moral issues in our day to day lives.  Outcome: Communion versus Isolation
In this course, you will learn about the wisdom of the Catholic Christian religion in
5. Morality as Social Transformation
making sense of moral issues in life and more importantly in your day to day life.
 To be moral, in this perspective, means that we allow ourselves to be
MODULE 2: FIVE WAYS OF LOOKING AT MORALITY personally affected by suffering and injustice and being motivated to do what
one can in response.
1. Morality as Law
 We respond, not just by providing immediate aid, but also by asking why the
“Morality not only comes outside us but also outside authority figures. It is wrongs are happening and why things are structured the way they are in
founded on the nature of things.” society.
 There is a moral order of the universe.  Own Role: Justice, Solidarity
 Authority figures just interpret it.  Outcome: Social Peace versus Division
 Own Role: Duty, Obedience
 Outcome: Reward versus Punishment MODULE 3: INTEGRATING THE FIVE APPROACHES TO MORALITY
2. Morality as Inner Conviction In a sense, we can say that all the 5 perspectives are right but failure to integrate
one with the rest leaves us with an impoverished and possibly distorted
This way is not something that we just make for ourselves but rather perspective.
morality has been internalized.
 If we will look at morality in terms of law neglecting the other four, we will
The Vatican 2 document the Church in the Modern World teaches that:
have the problem of legalism.
“Deep within our conscience we discover a law that we have not laid upon
ourselves, but which we must obey.”  In this distortion, the law will become just a law, absorbed in itself, missing
 Own Role: Conscience, Integrity the wood for the trees – so that people are burdened with demands that
 Outcome: Inner Peace versus Inner Disquiet makes no sense because there is no meaningful reference frame.
If we will look at morality in terms of inner conviction ignoring the rest, we will  There is the paradox that to love simply in obedience to a commandment is
encounter the problem of subjectivism not really to love.
 Subjectivism in its pejorative sense means an emphasis on ‘following my
conscience’ that is oblivious to the truth that conscience itself is nothing The language of the second and third ways of looking at morality is incomplete
more than the capacity to appreciate the underlying meaning of moral law, also.
of the dynamics of moral growth, and of the complex demands of love and  For one thing, they are too much focused on the individual, whereas the
justice. Bible is more properly focused on the salvation of a people.

If we will look at morality in terms of personal growth only, it may be reduced to  They also concentrate on what the person is doing, whereas the Bible
a search for personal fulfilment that has little reference to others. concentrates on the action of God as primary.

 What the moral law reveals is that personal growth is a matter of love and The 4th and 5th perspectives, with their language of invitation-response and of
justice, and without this understanding we may be left with much social transformation are the most promising approaches to the Bible.
impoverished idea of growth as a pursuit of fulfilment in a very self-
centered sense.  The covenant that lies at the heart of both testaments is presented as God’s
invitation calling on our response.
If we will look at morality in terms of love only, we might refer to the term  And responding as a people to God’s invitation is seen as the way towards
‘situation ethics.’ right relationships throughout society.
 This stands for the theory which holds that morality has only one absolute,
namely, to do the loving thing. Here love comes to mean nothing because it MODULE 4: MORAL THEOLOGY ACCORDING TO THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
can mean anything. AND THE VATICAN II COUNCIL

If we will look at morality in terms of social transformation only, we will have the In the early Middle Ages, some manuals for confessions were already
following problem, that is, commitment to justice is distorted if seen in isolation. written. However, it was not until the Council of Trent (1545-65) that the
development of full-blown theological treaties on morality appeared. It was only at
 It must be subject to the demands of love and integrity if it is not to justify that time that morality, as a separate theological discipline, could be spoken about.
the use of any means in achieving its end. Roman Catholics called the discipline Moral Theology.
 One thinks of the utilitarian theory of the ‘greatest good of the greatest
number’ whereby the individual might be sacrificed for the greater good.

THE FIVE APPROACHES AND CHRISTIAN MORALITY

All five approaches can be found represented in the Bible.
 Many would think immediately of the 10 Commandments.
 If morality is approached in terms of inner conviction, we might think of the
theme of the biblical theme of the heart as the source of moral decisions, or of Roman Catholic authors started to write textbooks of moral theology, which
Jesus’ emphasis on the significance of intention behind the action. remained within the perspective of the sacrament of reconciliation. The approach of
 When it comes to the language of personal growth, Paul’s three great virtues the textbooks was act-oriented, working with a fixed natural law, within an
of faith, hope, and love come to mind. ahistorical or classicist worldview, and following a deductive method.
 Morality as love is familiar through the pages of the gospels. In a morality that was act-oriented, the only important thing in a moral
 When one thinks of morality as social transformation, the concern of the judgment was the nature of the act. Textbooks described moral decision-making in
prophets for right relationships in society, as well as Jesus’ love for the poor, terms of the acts of an individual that were sinful. They also made an attempt at
come to mind. describing the degree of sinfulness: mortal or serious, or venial sin.
Example: a person involved in the act of stealing
Even though the language of law figures prominently throughout the Bible, it can be
argued that it is not the crucial perspective in the Bible and that, as a key, it is limited The act-centered approach was abandoned at the time of the Second
in what it can unlock of the riches of biblical and Christian morality. Vatican Council and was replaced by a person-centered approach. The question that is
asked in this approach directs us to the person who tries to live a Christian life. In
discerning about whether the act is good or evil, moral theologians look at the
motivation of the person and also take into account the circumstances within The renewal of Christian morality can also be understood in the perspective of the 5
which the act was done. approaches of Christian morality which can be distilled to 3 groups, representing what might be
*Taking again the example of stealing called an ‘objective’, a ‘subjective’ and a ‘social’ style of moral reflection, and that these three
appear as successive emphases in the recent history.
Using an ahistorical or classicist worldview, a law-oriented morality
The style of moral theology up to the middle of the 20th century was very objective,
understood the law as fixed and unchangeable. Until the late Middle Ages, scientists very much a morality in terms of law. By objective is meant an approach to morality that
considered the world as a finished product. They believed that the world was created concentrates on the action that is done or omitted. It works out whether a given line of action is
with a number of natural and unchanging principles that were forever valid. Moral right or wrong and it does this by considering, not so much the consequences of the act, but the
theology was then based on these external principles, which were contained in what principles and values that should guide moral behavior, and the conformity, or lack of it, of the
was called “the natural law.” particular action to such principles or values.
Example: the Church’s moral judgments in sexual ethics In the years leading up to Vatican II, there emerged a new emphasis on morality
The classicist worldview was abandoned by modern science, which adopted from a subjective or personalist perspective, that is, with the focus on the person acting and
not just on the act being done. Originally, this was inspired by the renewed scriptural
an evolutionary view of reality. Stability was replaced by historical consciousness.
scholarship of the previous decades.
Scientists made us realize that our world is in constant evolution. Making a moral
judgment within such a worldview becomes a different task. We are now aware that The word personalist describes the enrichment to moral theology. Without any
our knowledge is conditioned by time and place. We also have a limited self- depreciation of objectivity in morals, it brings the person to center stage. It considers morality
awareness and a limited grasp of reality. We agree that change, development, and as a personal calling; it reflects on what that calling is and on what it entails. We can readily
see how the perspectives on morality as inner conviction and as personal growth correspond to
revision are not signs of imperfection, but are ways of arriving at the truth.
this. Seeing morality as love also belongs here, in that the personal calling that is at the heart of
*Taking again the example of contraceptives Christian morality is fundamentally a call to love.

In relation to the method of reflection, the approach of the textbooks was In more recent years, there has been taking place a further development in moral
deductive. They started from the presupposition that we have a clear and thorough theology, which might be described as a move from the personal to the social.
grasp of reality, of human nature and human good. By pointing to the prescriptions of The shift to the social in moral theology has to do with its experiencing the fruits of
the law, we could arrive, by deduction, at a conclusion about the good or evil of a the ‘liberation theology’ that swept western thinking from Latin America in the 1970s. Here
particular act. theology starts with reflecting on the inequalities and injustices in society.
Ex: You shall not steal, You shall not intervene in the process of procreation, and
You shall not kill or harm the integrity of the human body. MODULE 5: PERSPECTIVE ON THE HUMAN PERSON
The historically conscious worldview of contemporary Christian ethics uses Philosophy #1: I cannot live locked up inside myself. I must be open to the world
a method that is empirical and inductive. An act belongs to a human person who and those around me. I must be meditative so that other people and the forces found
has to live within the complexities of human existence. We need an inductive method in the universe can flow through me so that I can overcome all illusion about myself
that gives attention to the concrete, the personal, and the historical. The norms that and the world and thus discover an ultimate reality.
we formulate will not be unambiguous, clear-cut laws, but rather guidelines for
Christian living.  Philosophy #1 describes an Oriental view of man. Some Buddhists, for
example, try to live a life of gentle submissiveness to the cosmic powers
By adopting such a relative and historical view, we are in fact closer to the flowing in the universe, powers which they try to let control their destiny.
Biblical view that understood the “Ten Commandments” not as laws, but as
guidelines for their covenant relationship with God, which had to be realized on their Philosophy # 2: I’m here for one purpose: to get as much ‘gusto’ out of life as I can.
historical Exodus experience towards the Promised Land. Commandments are Pain and suffering are evils that must be avoided at all costs. The main thing is to
patnubay, rather than batas. They show direction rather than coerce thinking and always feel good.
action.
 Philosophy # 2: corresponds to the Playboy theory of life. This is
THE RENEWAL OF CHRISTIAN MORALITY AND THE 5 APPOACHES TO sometimes called as hedonism where pleasure, especially of the physical,
CHRISTIAN MORALITY sensual type, is almost made into a god. You will find this philosophy
pushed in many advertisements in popular magazines today.

Philosophy #3: My purpose in life is to work for the glorification of the group. The
individual has no worth as such. I’m like a cog in a big machine as I submit my efforts
to the larger efforts of the state.
 Philosophy #3: delineates a communistic view of man. An individual has
worth only to the degree that the over half the world’s population is
 dominated by this view of humanity.  These unethical practices are seen as o.k. as long as the businessman or the
politician can get away with them. And even if one should get caught, we
Philosophy # 4: I must do whatever I can to increase my own ‘freedom.’ Freedom often hear the excuse that ‘everyone else is doing it.’
means doing what I want to do. ‘Hell is other people.’ What is good is that which
 This view of humanity is not much different from the view of advertising
furthers my interests.
that sees a person as just a body to be beautified.
 Philosophy # 4: depicts an individualistic way of looking at man. It is
sometimes called atheistic existentialism. This holds that each person is DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES AND HOW ONE SHOULD ACT
radically alone and separated from all others.
 What we think a person is greatly affects the way we act towards others.
Philosophy #5: I have worth. I must strive to live a life of loving service for my  The Playboy theory of life will tend to frown upon any total commitment
fellowmen, all of whom in the last analysis are my brothers and sisters. Life has a to the other which might involve sacrifice or pain because sacrifice and pain
final meaning which resides outside of me, that is, in God, and in my relationship to will lessen his pleasure.
Jesus Christ. Ex. Marriage
 Philosophy #5: describes a Christian way of life.  The Marxian-communist view of man has strong appeal in the world
today. In this view, the right to worship, to work where one pleases, to
Philosophy # 6: In the light of death, life has no real meaning. It is a joke – the tale of speak out freely against injustices will all be curtailed if the larger group,
an idiot signifying nothing. the state, wants them limited.
 Philosophy # 6: corresponds to a nihilistic world view which maintains
that man and his life have no ultimate meaning.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF MAN

 It is impossible to escape a particular concept of man.
 We are brought up in an environment which works on certain assumptions
about man. We naturally, and very often unconsciously, absorb these
assumptions and theories without ever really examining them critically to
see how valid they are.
 Environmental factors like advertising, sports, movies, television, business
ethics and numerous other social pressures greatly affect the way we view a
person and consequently how we should act.

EXAMPLES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE IN OU CONCEPT OF MAN

 Commercials for deodorants, mouthwashes, skin blemish removers and
other cosmetics have a basic assumption that man is a creature who must
be physically attractive to have much worth in the eyes of his fellowmen.
“How many of us judge the value of others on external
such as how they look rather than on what they are
internally?”
 Advertising has another subtle effect on us in that it creates needs
promoting the philosophy of consumerism. Consumerism works on the
principle of “buy, buy, buy” even if you cannot afford the product or even if
you do not need it.
 A silent assumption on which some politicians and businessmen work is
“the public be damned.” The man who can ‘get away with something’
without getting caught is often presented as an ideal.
 MODULE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT – COMPUTER ALGORITHMS,  Decision Structure is a set of instructions performing a logical operation and
COMPUTER NETWORKS, AND THE INTERNET the corresponding instruction being performed if the logical operation is
TRUE.
COMPUTER ALGORITHMS o Depending on whether a condition is true or false, the decision
control structure may skip the execution of an entire block of
The algorithm is a fundamental concept in computing. A statements instead of another.
formal discussion of it entails highly mathematical concepts. An
algorithm uses a defined set of inputs and performs a sequence of  Loop Structure is a set of instructions that is repeatedly executed while its
instructions to solve a problem or attain a goal. specific condition is TRUE. This is a control structure that allows the execution
of a block of statements multiple times until a specified condition is met.
An algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous
instructions that can be executed by a computer to provide a FLOWCHART
solution to a problem in a finite time.
 A flowchart is a graphical method of presenting an algorithm. It is the visual
Ada Byron, countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron, is credited representation of the algorithm’s flow of execution. A flowchart cannot be
as the first computer programmer. In 1842, she wrote an algorithm meant to be entered directly into a computer as is, it must be converted into a
implemented on the so called Analytical Engine, the general-purpose computer programming language.
invented by Charles Babbage.  A flowchart is simply a graphical representation of steps. It shows steps in
sequential order and is widely used in presenting the flow of algorithms,
PSEUDOCODE workflow or processes. Typically, a flowchart shows the steps as boxes of
 A compact and high level description of a program. various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.
 An informal high-level representation of the actual code that shows how an  A flowchart is a graphical representations of steps. It was originated from
algorithm or a computer program works in plain English. computer science as a tool for representing algorithms and programming logic
 It is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop but had extended to use in all other kinds of processes.
algorithms. Pseudocode is a "text-based" detail (algorithmic) design tool.
Flowchart Symbols
* The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably straightforward. All statements showing
"dependency" are to be indented. These include while, do, for, if, switch. Different flowchart shapes have different conventional meanings. The
meanings of some of the more common shapes are as follows:
Common Pseudocode verbs
Several keywords are often used to indicate common input, output, and 1. Terminator
processing operations. The terminator symbol represents the starting or ending point of the
system.
 Input: READ, OBTAIN, GET
 Output: PRINT, DISPLAY, SHOW 2. Process
 Compute: COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE A box indicates some particular operation.
 Initialize: SET, INIT
3. Document
 Add one: INCREMENT, BUMP
This represents a printout, such as a document or a report.
Why is this so important? 4. Decision
 Pseudocode helps you by forcing you to think logically rather than about A diamond represents a decision or branching point. Lines coming
syntax. out from the diamond indicates different possible situations, leading to
different sub-processes.
CONTROL STRUCTURE
5. Data
 Sequential Structure is a set of instructions performing arithmetic and I/O It represents information entering or leaving the system. An input
operations. This refers to the line-by-line execution, in which statements are might be an order from a customer. Output can be a product to be
executed sequentially, in the same order in which they appear in the script. delivered.
o Example: carry out series of read and write operations, arithmetic
6. On-Page Reference
operations, or assignment to a variable
This symbol would contain a letter inside. It indicates that the flow
continues on a matching symbol containing the same letter somewhere
else on the same page.
7. Off-Page Reference
This symbol would contain a letter inside. It indicates that the flow b. Local area network (LAN) – is a connection in which a group of
continues on a matching symbol containing the same letter somewhere computers and other devices, such as network printers, share a
else on a different page. common communications line within a certain area such as a
building, or a small campus. This is done through a computer server
8. Delay or Bottleneck
in which the user's access may be restricted to avoid unwanted
Identifies a delay or a bottleneck.
users.
9. Flow
Lines represent the flow of the sequence and direction of a process. c. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - WLANs make use of
wireless network technology, such as Wi-Fi. Typically seen in the
Flowchart Example – Simple Algorithms same types of applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t
require that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the
A flowchart can also be used in visualizing algorithms, regardless of its network.
complexity. Here is an example that shows how flowchart can be used in showing a
simple summation process. d. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A network spanning a
physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a
city. A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such
as a government body or large corporation.

e. Wide area network (WAN) – a less restricted connection than

LAN as rules and policies may differ within its coverage. A WAN
may be made of several LANs and PANs. A WAN can also be made
up of several more WANs.

f. Storage-Area Network (SAN) - it moves storage resources away

from the network and places them into their high-performance
network. SANs can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive
attached to a server. Types of storage-area networks include
converged, virtual, and unified SANs.

g. Enterprise Private Network (EPN) – networks that are built

and owned by businesses that want to securely connect its various
locations to share computer resources.
COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are h. Virtual Private Network (VPN) - by extending a private
connected to share information and resources. network across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send and receive
data as if their devices were connected to the private network –
Characteristics of a Computer Network even if they’re not. Through a virtual point-to-point connection,
users can access a private network remotely.
 Share resources from one computer to another.
 Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other
computer(s) connected over the network. Methods of Communication
 Connect a printer, scanner, or fax machine to one computer within the
network and let other computers of the network use the machines available  Wired communication - refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based
over the network. communication technology - is used to describe any type of communication
process that relies on the direct use of cables and wiring to transmit audio and
Types of networks visual data Examples: telephone networks, cable television or internet access,
and fiber-optic communication
a. Personal area network (PAN) – is a type of connection that is
often limited to a person and his or her devices. These devices must
be within 10 meters with each other.
Types of cables Older computer units have connections that include the following:
a. Coaxial cables e. Video Graphics Array (VGA)
 It has a single copper conductor in the middle. A plastic  The 15-pin connector has been provided on many video
layer provides insulation between the braided metal shield cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors.
and the center conductor. The metal shield blocks outer
f. Serial
interference from motors, fluorescent lights, and other
computers.  An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature
of a personal computer used for connections to a modem,
 Coaxial cabling is extremely resistant to signal obstruction
printer, mouse, and other peripheral devices.
though it is complex to install. It can handle great cable lengths
between network devices than the twisted pair cable. g. Parallel
b. Fiber-optic cables  Similar to the serial connection, parallel connections were
used before to connect other computer peripherals such as
 Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded
printers. It has also been replaced since then by the USB
by many layers of protective materials. It removes the problem
connections.
of electrical obstruction by transmitting light rather than
electronic signals. This makes them perfect for certain h. PS/2
atmospheres which contain a huge amount of electrical  The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse
interference. It has become the standard for connecting and keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to identify
networks between buildings because of its resistance to which peripheral will be connected to which port. Purple is
lighting and moisture. for keyboard and green is for the mouse.
c. Ethernet cables i. Audio jacks
 An Ethernet cable is one of the most common types of  The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used for
network cables used for wired networks. Ethernet cables microphones (as input), and speakers (as output). It uses
connect devices within a local area network, like PCs, color codes as well as to indicate the type of input and
routers, and switches. These physical cables are limited by output lines.
their length and by their durability.
d. Traditional telephone lines Wireless communication
 A traditional landline telephone system, also known as  Involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of
plain old telephone service (POTS), commonly carries wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
both control and audio signals on the same twisted pair (C in
diagram) of insulated wires, the telephone line.  Is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting
and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal
Popular wired connections through wireless communication technologies and devices.
o Example: microwave transmission, satellite communication,
a. Universal Serial Bus (USB) - is a connection or interface that cellular transmission, radio transmission
allows the computer to communicate with system peripherals such as
keyboard, mouse, printer as well as other devices like digital cameras Most popular types of wireless communications
and portable fans.
a. Wi-Fi
b. Firewire - is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from Wi-Fi uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information across a
devices that have typical high data rates, such as external hard drives. network. Wi-Fi signals are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5
The transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB. and 5 gigahertz (GHz), which are higher than radio and TV signals to
c. Ethernet cable - transmits signals between a computer and avoid interference. The majority of Wi-Fi users use mobile devices,
network devices such as a router, switch, or other computers. such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones to connect via an access
point or Wi-Fi hotspot.
d. High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - is a connector for
transmitting audio/video data that are compatible with computers, b. Bluetooth
projectors, and digital televisions. Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other devices. The connection
via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once paired, devices can send and
receive information provided they are within a given range which is  Globally, more than 5.19 billion people now use mobile phones, with user numbers
typically 10 meters. up by 124 million (2.4 percent) over the past year.

THE INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATION History of the Internet

Internet is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a million computers
 The first practical schematics for the Internet would not arrive until the early
via dedicated routers and serves (Caoili-Tayuan, 2019).
1960s when MIT's J.C.R. Licklider popularized the idea of an "Intergalactic
 End users could start sending and receiving different types of information Network" of computers.
o Example: emails, text/video chat and or conferencing
 The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn
 Most telephone companies all over the world also function as internet
and Vinton Cerf developed Transmission Control Protocol and Internet
service providers (ISP)
Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards for how
Telephone companies in the Philippines that also serves as an Internet data could be transmitted between multiple networks.
Service Provider. o Robert Elliot Kahn is an American electrical engineer, who, along
 PLDT, Inc. – largest network company, also known as Philippine Long with Vint Cerf, invented the Transmission Control Protocol and the
Distance Telephone Company) Internet Protocol, the fundamental communication protocols at the
 SMART Communications, Inc. heart of the Internet.
 Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc. – commercially known as SUN Cellular o Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS is an American Internet pioneer and is
 Globe Telecom – acquired BAYAN Telecommunications (BayanTel or recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title
Bayan) with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn.
Theses telecommunication companies use high-speed fiber-optic cables to  It started from Advanced Research Project Agency’s Network which is called
transmit data. ARPANET.
Today, according to the 2020 Global Digital suite of reports from We Are Social  Established by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s for military
and Hootsuite, there are more than 7 billion people anywhere in the world operations.
connecting to the internet for various reasons.
 Military research with collaboration or partner with business and government
The essential headlines from Digital Around the World in 2020: laboratories
 Then, other universities and U.S. institutions were connected that resulted in
the growth of ARPANET to INTERNET

Functions of the Internet

1. A source of Information
The Internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files and
documents on another computer. It carries together various information and
services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web
pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.
2. A means of Communicating
a. Social Networking Sites
Digital’s role in our lives has reached new heights, with more people b. Email
spending more time doing more things online than ever before: c. Online Forums
d. Online Games
 The number of people around the world using the internet has grown to 4.54 e. Internet telephony – audio and video calls
billion, an increase of 7 percent (298 million new users) compared to January 2019. f. Banking Applications g. Communicating with Search Engines
h. Blogs and Websites
 Worldwide, there are 3.80 billion social media users in January 2020, with this
number increasing by more than 9 percent (321 million new users) since this time 3. Marketing – a medium through which to conduct business
last year. a. Company’s website
b. Electronic commerce
c. Search Engine marketing
 d. Online advertising
e. Email marketing

Internet Services
The information services provided by the Internet are as follows:
 Internet E-mail
 Web pages and environment
 Chat and video conferencing
 Newsgroup
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Search Engine

How data travels on the Internet

Wired and wireless transmission media are ways of transmitting data and
information around the world. Data are transferred from one network to another
network until such data reach the intended destination.
One of the most common schemes is Circuits switching which is utilized to
build a communication network, such as the case of ordinary telephone calls. It
allows communications equipment and circuits to be shared among other users.
An example that uses circuit switching is the traditional dial-up connection to
the net, in which a computer dials a telephone number to reach the internet provider.
Example:
Friend A gives Friend B a telephone call (opens a direct connection also known
as the circuit).
The transfer of small pieces of data across various networks is called Packet
Switching. Here, data chunks or "packets" allow more efficient and faster data
transfer. It is also defined as a mode of transmission in which the message is broken
into smaller packets, which are sent individually, and then reassemble at the ultimate
destination.
Example:
a 3MB file will be divided into packets, each with a packet header that includes
the origin IP address, the destination IP address, the number of packets in the entire
data file, and the sequence number.

Types of Data Transmission

 Wired transmission media

o refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based communication
technology
o is used to describe any type of communication process that relies on the
direct use of cables and wiring to transmit audio and visual data

 Wireless transmission media

o is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting
and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal
through wireless communication technologies and devices.