Earoimer NO: 1

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inpue
CHEMICALS: oiu H.Sa.dirliud way ouds lam
coppe pitu nd contenYota sulph
Qud(34do)
Bea

Wire
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paper
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Fgute 93(b) Fitanion
Soutum
Soutiom
Cuino ai conwneon
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Sand Bath
-uta uso, 54,0.
Tsachers Signaur
 Page No.
Dale: 120

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Teacher's Signalure
 Pagr
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fites papes
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Teachers Signatue
 eAn and rie pipette ith eul vd
RESULT kand add -2 dep phenlyhhen at L m wdut d
prrparrd (F oule aid inte a conal
2 m oftandard sokutin of osalad a

PRECAUTIONS
Chemcal hala aut
paratus ould be clean Tpiagams
en mlligram to be
dsawn
4Le the ame right bs thughout the rspesmrn
on s ]
5, Weghs shoukt be added or temed rom he pan hen halance n in he are ot

6 The pnter snld not me me than S6ds ether le of ero

7 Moe the ates be gesth
8 Uwdatslled water fot the prparatn of samlard
elard wu*
wlutn
9 Obrne kiwer menn of the osalk acd solutnn n th meaurine Lask Fg 7 Fng of uyt fg 1Bng ftte wh s

EXPERIMENT 02 Note dowh the initial tcading of burette

krep shakang conk al flan hebar m Sn aklmg Nal vlutan dropie.
º AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT [LHS + RHSI in the lask aftet eah atdtien

M
To determine the strengrh of supplicd sodium hydrexide solutian by titrating it against standard
solution of oxalic acid.

MATERIALS REQUIRED ILHS+RH sJ )Weshg d peete

bpette, Mandad elutn f osale xid, sokumetrx mearing t,k, consal Las, hunn, bete, wad

phenolphihalein
aFg ppe (Agpete iRamovrg
Fe 19fang of burvte heli
Chemical Equation
coOH COONa
TJo be wlen Coninue adding Naot wkutkn deope untl a permanen bghu punk our dekps in the wlutkn
cooM) NaDHa) CoOo) 2H,O) Note wn he final rrading ol the butete

Indicater to be used
Kepeat he experen ll thrre concsdant eadng are duned
Phenolohchaleie
End point: Cks so bts pk colou Slatt
OBSERVATION
Type of titration: Acid-bae itration Obsenation Talle
, PROCEDURE tRHSJ sNo Initial Volume ol FiaalVolune of Velume of NaOH Velume of pipene
NOH in mL coasumed in mL
IWash the buretie with atrt, then rinse i iuh - mL d
NaOH is mL
Miluton and elamp t in bureltr uppld Na0H rg 96-0-96
2 he buete wah waum hdruk ske dne de
96
e KNe he hnelad pea lrakes tekow the nrle oburrtie (be 198 I9-840 =9.8
20
20-8. 20-95
he ait lalry Brng he krt the teaker tMtrnne Crcuiar
3
208
Ue antarallas rad odunute the 9.7-09
xruNdOH - 9.4

CALCULATIONS
Formula: M,V,_M,V,
Strength of NaOH soluuon Molarity x Molecular weight
RESULT
The strength of supplied sodium hydroxide is
A PRECAUTIONS [RHs]
use.
1. All the glass apparatuses like burette, conical flask, beaker, etc. should be washed before
2 Rinse the burette with appropriate solution.
3 Rinse the pipette with the solution to be taken in the titration flask.
or
4 Titration lask should not be rinsed with any solution. It should be only washed with distilled water
steam Out process.
5. Observe and read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solution.
6. Add one or tWo drops of indicator in each titration. Do not change the number of drops of indicator.
7. Use antiparallax card.
8. Remove the funnel immediately after filling the burette with the solution.
 Cambridge International School (Co-Ed), Jalandhar
Grade - XII
Subject : Chemistry
SALT ANALYSIS

Simple salt analysis -I

PRELIMINARY TESTS
S EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No
a)Colour Colourless Absence of copper and iron salt
Colour of the salt is noted
b)Appearance
Appearance of the salt is noted crystaline May be Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride
Solubility Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with water. Chloride orAmmonium
Carbonate.
Action Of Heat: Decripitation occurs with May be Nitrate.
Asmall amount ofthe salt is heated gently evolution of reddish brown
in a dry test tube. gas.
Flame Test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Calcium and Barium.
A small amount ofthe salt is made into a
paste withconc. HCI in a watch glass and
introduced
into the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
Ash Test: No characteristic coloured ash. Absence of Zinc, Aluminium
A filter paper is soaked into a paste of the and Magnesium.
salt witheonc. HCI/ HNO3
And Cobalt Nitrate solution ina watch
glass and burnt.
TDENTIFTCATIONOF ACIDRADICAS
6 Action OFDH Hc No characteristic change. Absence of Sulphide and
To a small amount of dilute HCl the salt is Carbonate.
added.
Copper Turnings Test: Reddish brown gas is evolved. Presence ofNitrate.
Asmall amount ofthe salt is heated
with Copper Turnings / Filter paper
balland afewdrops of conc. Sulphuric
acid.
Action OT NaOH: No pungent smelling gas. Absence of Ammonium.
A small amount of the salt is
heated with Sodium Hydroxide.
Chromyl Chloride Test: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
To a small amount of the salt a pinch
of Potassium Dichromate is added and
heated with few drops ofconc. Sulphuric
acid.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:

A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled for
|10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called "SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT".
Barium Chloride Test: No white precipitate LAbsence of Sulphate
To a few drops of the extract,dilute
Hydrochloric Acid is added until
the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of
Barium
chloride solution is added.
Silver Nitrate Test: No precipitate. Absence of chloride/ sulphide
To a few drops of the extract dilute Nitric
Acid is added until the effervescence
ceases and 2 ml of Silver Nitratesolution
is added.
3 Lead Acetate Test No precipitate. Absence of sulphate and sulphide
To a few drops ofthe extract dilute acetic
acid
is added until the effervesences ceases and
2 ml of Lead acetate solution is added
Brown Ring Test: Brown ring is formed at Nitrate is confirmed.
To a few drops ofextract dilute the junction of the two layers.
Sulphuric acid is added until the
effervescence ceases, then freshly
prepared FeSO4 is addedand
then conctrated Sulphuric acid is added
drop by drop along the sides of the test
tube.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC
RADICALS PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The orginal solution prepared by dissolving asmall amound of salt in water
ZEROGROUP
To a few drops ofthe original solution No Reddish brownprecipitate Absence of Ammonium
Sodium

THydroxide and Nessler's reagent are added!

GROUP SEPARATION
To a few drops of the original solution 2 ml white precipitate soluble when Presence of First Group. (Lead).
ofdilute HCl is added boiled with water is obtained
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
To a few drops of the original Yellow precipitatesoluble in hot Lead is confirmed.
solution Potassium lodide is water which reappears as golden
added. yellow spangles on cooling.
RESULT
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Lead
2. Acid Radical : Nitrate

The given simple salt is : Lead Nitrate

 PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
a)Colour Colourless Absence of copper and iron salt
Colour of the salt is noted

DAPnce
Ap ofthesalt is noted crystalline May be Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride
2 Solubility Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with water. Chloride or Ammonium
Carbonate.
3 Action OrHeat: Salt sublimes with May be Ammonium
A small amount of the salt is heated evolution of pungent
gently in a dry test tube. smelling
gas giving dense white
fumes with a glass rod
dipped
in conc HCL,
Flame Test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Calcium and Barium.
A small amount of the salt is made intoa
paste with conc. HCl in a watch glass
and introduced into the non-luminous
part ofthe
Bunsen flame.
Ash Test: No characteristic coloured ash. Absence of Zinc, Aluminium
A filter paper is soaked into a paste of and Magnesium.
the salt with conc. HCI/HNO3
And Cobalt Nitrate solution in a watch
glass and burnt.
TDENTIFTCATION OF ACIDRADICALS
6 Action OrDil Hc No characteristic change. Absence of Sulphide and
To a small amount of dilute HCIthe salt is Carbonate.
added
7 Copper Turnings Test: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated
with Copper Turnings and a few
drops
of conc. Sulphuric
acid.
8 Action O NaOH: Pungent smelling Presence ofAmmonium
A small amount of the salt is gasforming dense whitefumes
heated with Sodium Hydroxide. with a glass rod dipped in
conc.
HCl and also turns red
Litmus paper blue.
ChromylChloride Test: Red orange vapoursevolved are Chloride is confirmed.
To asmallamount of the salt a pinch passed through water to get
of Potassium Dichromate is added and a yellow solution, which
heated with few drops of conc. Sulphuric on adding Lead
acid. acetateforms
PREPARATION OF SODIUMCAPRONEyellowprecipitate
Asmall amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled
for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called "SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT".
Barium Chloride Test: No white precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
To a few drops of the extract, dilute
Hydrochloric Acid is added until the
effervescence ceases and 2 ml of Barium
chloride solution is added.
 Silver Nitrate Test: A curdy white precipitate, Presence of Chloride.
To a few drops of the extract dilute Nitric soluble inexcess of
Acid is added until the effervescence Ammonium hydroxide.
ceases and 2 ml of Silver Nitrate solution
is added.
Lead Acetate Test No precipitate Absence of sulphate
To a few drops of the extract dilute acetic
acid is added until the effervescence
ceases and 2 ml of Lead acetate solution
is added
Brown Ring Test: No brown ring. Absence of Nitrate.
To a few drops of extract dilute
Sulphuric acid is added until the
effervescence ceases, then freshly
prepared FeSO4 is added and then
conctrated Sulphuric acid is added drop
by drop along the sides of the test tube.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION : The original
solution prepared by dissolve in small amount of salt in water
ZERO GROUP
1 To a few drops of the original Reddish brownprecipitate. Ammonium is confirmed.
solution Sodium Hydroxide and Nessler's
reagent are added.
GROUP SEPARATION
2 To afew drops ofthe original solution 2 No characteristic precipitate. Absence of First Group (Lead).
ml
of dilute HCl is added
3 To afew drops ofthe original solution I No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Third
ml Group (Aluminium).
NH4Cl and 2 ml NH4OHsolutions are
added.
To afew drops of the original solution I No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Fourth Group (Zinc).
ml
NH4Cl and 2 ml NH40Hsolutions are
added andH2S gas is passed.
5 To a few drops of the original solution 1 No characteristic precipitate Absence ofFifth
ml Group (Calcium
NH4CI, 2 ml NH4OH and 2 ml
andBarium).
(NH4)2C03
solutions are added.
6 To a few drops of theoriginal solution 1 No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Sixth Group
ml NH4CI, 2 ml NH4OH and 2 ml Di (Magnesium).
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate a
NEIRNATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICÁLS
To a few drops of the original Reddish brown precipitate. Ammonium is confirmed.
solution Sodium Hydroxide and Nessler's
reagent are added.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Ammonium
2. Acid Radical :Chloride

The given simple salt is : Ammonium Chloride

 PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

a)Colour Colourless Absence of copper and iron salt

Colour of the salt is noted

b)Appearance
Appearance of the salt is noted crystaline May be Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride
2 Solubility Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with water. Chloride or Ammonium
Carbonate.
3 Action Of Heat: Salt sublimes with May be Ammonium
A small amount ofthe salt is heated evolution of pungent
gently in a dry test tube. smelling
gas giving dense white
fumes with a glass rod
dipped
in conc HCI.
4 Flame Test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Calcium and Barium.
A small amount of the salt is made into
a paste with conc. HCl in a watch glass
and
introduced into the non-luminous part of
the Bunsen flame.
Ash Test: No characteristic coloured ash. Absence of Zinc. Aluminium
A filter paper is soaked into a paste of and Magnesium.
the salt with cone. HCI/ HNO3
And Cobalt Nitrate solution in a watch
glass and burnt.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Action Of Dil Hc Brisk effervescence of Carbonate is confimed.
To a small amount of dilute HClthe salt is colourless, odourless gas
added. turning Lime
milky.
No roddish brown gas is evolved Absence ofNitrate.
Copper Turnings Test:
A small amount of the salt is heated
with Copper Turnings and a few
drops of conc. Sulphuric acid.
Action OfNaOH: Pungent smelling Presence ofÁmmonium
Asmall amount of thesalt is gasforming dense whitefumes
heated with Sodium Hydroxide. with a glass rod dipped in
conc.
HCl and also turns red
Litmus paper blue.
Chromy Chloride Test: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
To a small amount of the salt a pinch
of Potassium Dichromate is added
and heated with few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:

mall amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT".
 Barium Chloride Test: No white precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
To a few drops of the extract, dilute
Hydrochloric Acid is added until the
effervescence ceases and 2 ml of Barium
chloride solution is added.
Silver Nitrate Test: No curdy white precipitate, Absence of Chloride.
To a few drops of the extract dilute
Nitric Acid is added until the
effervescence ceases
and 2 ml of Silver Nitrate solution is
added.
Lead Acetate Test No precipitate Absence of sulphate
To a few drops ofthe extract dilute acetic
acid
is added until the effervescence ceases and
2 ml of Lead acetate solution is added
Brown Ring Test: No brown ring. Absence of Nitrate.
To a few drops of extract dilute
Sulphuric acid is added until the
effervescence ceases, then freshly
prepared FeS04 is added and then
conctrated Sulphuric acid is added
drop by drop alöng the sides of the test tube.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC
RADICALS PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The orginal solution
on prepared by dissolving a small amound ofsalt in water
ROUP
To afew drops of the original Reddish brownprecipitate. Ammonium is confimmed.
solution Sodium Hydroxide
reagent are added.
and Nessler's
GROUP SEPARATION
2 To a few drops of the original solution 2 No characteristic precipitate. Absence of First Group (Lead).
ml of dilute HCl is added
To a few drops ofthe original solution I No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Third Group
ml
NH4Cl and 2 ml NH4OHsolutions are (Aluminium).
added.
To afew drops of the original solution I No characteristic precipitate. Absence ofFourth Group (Zinc).
ml
NH4Cl and 2 ml NH4OHsolutions are
added andH2S gas is passed.
To afew drops ofthe original solution I No characteristic precipitate Absence of Fifth
ml
NH4CI, 2 ml NH4OH and 2 ml Group (Calcium
VH4)2C03 andBarium).
solutions are added.
6 To a few drops of the original solution I No characteristic precipitate. Absence ofSixth Group
ml NH4CI, 2 ml NH4OH and 2 ml Di (Magnesium).
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate are added.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASICRADICALS
|To a few drops of the original Reddish brown precipitate. Ammonium is confirmed.
solution Sodium Hydroxide and Nessler's
reagent are added.

RESULT: The given simple salt contains

1. Basic Radical :Ammonium
2. Acid Radical :Carbonate

The given simple salt is : Ammonium Carbonate

PRACTICAL RECORD DATED ...S........
ExtERMeNT No5
Sr NO. E XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

AIM: To Qeid aud batie adicals n th

Raltt outeen

PeELMINARY TESTi

abeut
No haeetia

abesnt

|DRy HeAING TEST

tdhe Qthe lat?niwamenia, whk

wwi and obeeave the
makaleoluke

&ousn uehen het p6t may

ba.freut
Sr NO. E XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

wET TEST foR ACID RADICALs :

di H,so, Tati
No qas evale a,so
tut tbe and add dil.
abent
Natietakes plae
Coue H,sDy tuti
Teee a itle salt n tut Colouslesa
heat ehie dene

NH,OH
CONPIRMATOA) TESt PoR AcU RADLLAs

koda extaet
Contiam
&olublem NH,OH
Aneve cO. cool and add

added
Pataim olichkenati ad
NO. E XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

LOe Hso,Haak the teettube Yellow ppt

and pacsed the gas Rralved soluble
Boluble w NaOH

Yellous olutio u00s abtained

addad acetie aeid and 2nl
lead aeetate solulro

PREPARA TION 0f DRIGIAJAH SDLnDN PoR BASIC RAICALS I

the O.s, the
balow
Aolieatagien balous wene
tried ene by one
kalt ina Leut
ith me
tabe anal
doest
In tale taealt

mest oluent

delit Hce(old o het)

isl (otda tet)
( Coue- H
PRACTICAL RECORD DATED .JR

Sr NO. E XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

ANALYSIS ep GROpuP ZERD (NH)

u To abaut a little kalt
add abaut 2l hating ne odoue lent
NaOH olutieu haat

Nesde's Reagaet taet:

lass the No chamge abent
Nesedeas Roagad oheewes

hite ppt
dul Hl preent
ppt dicslued

Keatis add lom ¢

weate heat

kalt contad

Baee
dead chloudd )