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Lesson Plan: Understanding Normalization in Database Design

Objective:

Students will understand the concept of normalization in database design, its importance,
and the various normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF).

Duration:

1 hour

Materials Needed:

 Whiteboard and markers

 Projector and computer for PowerPoint presentation
 Sample database schema examples
 Handouts summarizing normal forms

Lesson Outline:

1. Introduction to Databases (10 minutes)

o Define what a database is.
o Brief overview of relational databases and their components (tables, rows,
columns).
o Explain the need for organization in databases.
2. What is Normalization? (10 minutes)
o Define normalization as the process of organizing data to minimize
redundancy and improve data integrity.
o Discuss the problems caused by unnormalized databases (duplicated data,
update anomalies, etc.).
3. Benefits of Normalization (5 minutes)
o Improved data consistency and integrity.
o Reduced data duplication.
o Easier maintenance and updates.
4. Normal Forms Overview (25 minutes)
o First Normal Form (1NF):
 Define 1NF: Each column must contain only atomic values, and
each record needs to be unique.
 Example: Show a table that is not in 1NF and convert it to 1NF.
o Second Normal Form (2NF):
 Define 2NF: Meet all the requirements of 1NF and all non-key
attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.
 Example: Illustrate how to convert a 1NF table into 2NF by
removing partial dependencies.
 oThird Normal Form (3NF):
 Define 3NF: Meet all the requirements of 2NF and all the
attributes are functionally dependent only on the primary key.
 Example: Show the conversion from 2NF to 3NF by eliminating
transitive dependencies.
5. Group Activity (10 minutes)
o Divide students into small groups.
o Provide each group with an unnormalized table.
o Ask them to identify anomalies and transform the table into at least 3NF.
6. Wrap-Up and Q&A (5 minutes)
o Summarize the key points of normalization and its importance.
o Open the floor for any questions or clarifications.

Assessment:

 Evaluate group activity results and understanding of how to apply normalization

principles.
 Optional: Assign a homework task where students must normalize a provided
dataset and explain their reasoning.

This lesson plan provides a structured approach to teaching normalization in database

design, ensuring stud
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Lesson Content: Understanding Normalization in Database Design
1. Introduction to Databases

 Definition of a Database: A database is an organized collection of data that is

stored and accessed electronically. It can be thought of as a digital filing system.
 Components of Relational Databases:
o Tables: The primary structure for storing data; they consist of rows and
columns.
o Rows: Each row, also known as a record, represents a single entry in the
database.
o Columns: Each column represents a data attribute; different attributes
together describe the aspects of the entity represented by the table.

2. What is Normalization?

 Definition: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to

reduce redundancy and ensure data integrity. It involves decomposing tables and
establishing relationships between them.
 Problems of Unnormalized Databases:
 o Data Redundancy: Storing the same data in multiple places leads to
inconsistencies.
o Update Anomalies: Changes to data may not propagate correctly,
resulting in outdated information being retained.
o Insertion and Deletion Anomalies: Difficulty in adding or deleting data
without affecting related information.

3. Benefits of Normalization

 Improved Data Consistency: Ensures that each piece of data is stored in one
place, reducing the chance of discrepancies.
 Reduced Data Duplication: Minimizes wasted space and resources by avoiding
the same data stored multiple times.
 Easier Maintenance: Simplifies updates, deletions, and insertions, as changes
made in one place will automatically reflect throughout related tables.

4. Normal Forms Overview

 First Normal Form (1NF):

o Definition: A table is in 1NF if:
 All columns contain atomic (indivisible) values.
 Each record (row) is unique.
o Example:

text

Unnormalized Table:
ID | Name | Phone Numbers
1 | John Doe | 123-4567, 234-5678
2 | Jane Smith| 345-6789

1NF Conversion:
ID | Name | Phone Number
1 | John Doe | 123-4567
1 | John Doe | 234-5678
2 | Jane Smith| 345-6789

 Second Normal Form (2NF):

o Definition: A table is in 2NF if:
 It is in 1NF.
 All non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the
entire primary key (no partial dependencies).
o Example:

text

1NF Table:
OrderID | ProductID | ProductName | CustomerID
 1 | 101 | Widget |1
1 | 102 | Gadget |1
2 | 101 | Widget |2

2NF Conversion:
Orders Table:
OrderID | CustomerID
1 |1
2 |2

OrderDetails Table:
OrderID | ProductID | ProductName
1 | 101 | Widget
1 | 102 | Gadget
2 | 101 | Widget

 Third Normal Form (3NF):

o Definition: A table is in 3NF if:
 It is in 2NF.
 There are no transitive dependencies (no non-key attribute depends
on another non-key attribute).
o Example:

text

2NF Table:
CustomerID | CustomerName | CustomerAddress
1 | John Doe | 123 Elm St
2 | Jane Smith | 456 Oak St

3NF Conversion:
Customers Table:
CustomerID | CustomerName
1 | John Doe
2 | Jane Smith

Addresses Table:
CustomerID | CustomerAddress
1 | 123 Elm St
2 | 456 Oak St

5. Group Activity

 Instructions for Group Activity:

o Groups will receive an unnormalized table that includes redundancy and
anomalies.
o They need to analyze the table for issues, discuss as a group, and
transform it into at least 3NF.

Sample Unnormalized Table for Groups:

 text

ClassID | StudentID | StudentName | Course

1 | 101 | Alice | Math
1 | 102 | Bob | Physics
1 | 101 | Alice | Chemistry
2 | 201 | Carol | Math

6. Wrap-Up and Q&A

 Summarize the key concepts presented about normalization and its natural
progression through normal forms.
 Encourage students to think about how normalization applies to real-world
applications, such as e-commerce systems, school management systems, and
others.
 Open the floor for questions, encouraging students to clarify any doubts they may
have regarding the normalization process.

Assessment:

 Evaluate the outcome of the group activity based on how well they recognized
and addressed normalization issues.
 Assign homework that asks each student to normalize a dataset and provide
reasoning for each step they took to reach 3NF.

Flipped Classroom Lesson Plan: Functional Dependency

Lesson Title: Understanding Functional Dependency in Database
Design

Objectives:
1. Students will define functional dependency and its significance in database
normalization.
2. Students will identify and differentiate between various types of functional
dependencies.
3. Students will apply functional dependencies to analyze and improve database
schemas.
Pre-Class Preparation (Asynchronous Activities):
1. Video Lectures:

 Introduction to Functional Dependency (10 mins): Explain the concept using

simple examples, such as how a student ID determines a student's name.
 Types of Functional Dependencies (15 mins): Cover various types like trivial,
non-trivial, and transitive dependencies with visual aids.
 Normalization Process (15 mins): Brief overview of 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF,
emphasizing how functional dependencies are used in normalization.

2. Reading Materials:

 Article/Chapter on Functional Dependency: A detailed text explaining

functional dependency, its importance, and examples of real-world applications.
 Case Study: A brief case study on a poorly designed database and the role of
functional dependency in identifying issues.

3. Interactive Quiz:

 A quiz covering key concepts from video lectures and readings to ensure
comprehension.

In-Class Activities (Synchronous Sessions):

1. Group Discussions (20 mins):

 Divide students into small groups to discuss the pre-class materials. Each group
will summarize a type of functional dependency and present it to the class.

2. Hands-On Activity (30 mins):

 Database Schema Analysis: Provide students with a sample database schema. In

groups, students will identify functional dependencies present in the schema and
discuss whether the schema is in 1NF, 2NF, or 3NF based on their findings.
 Example Schema: A student registration system with tables for Students,
Courses, and Enrollments.

3. Real-World Application Discussion (15 mins):

 Discuss how companies like Amazon or Netflix utilize functional dependencies in

their database designs to ensure data integrity and reduce redundancy.

4. Wrap-Up and Q&A (15 mins):

  Open the floor for questions, clarifying any misunderstandings and reinforcing
key concepts.

Post-Class Assignments (Asynchronous Activities):

1. Homework Assignment:

 Schema Redesign: Given a flawed database schema, students will identify

functional dependencies and redesign the schema to meet at least 3NF
requirements. Students should include justifications for their changes.

2. Reflection Journal:

 Students write a brief reflection on their understanding of functional dependency

and how it applies to real-world scenarios they encounter.

Assessment:
 Participation in group discussions and activities: 20%
 Completion and quality of the homework assignment: 50%
 Reflection journal submission: 30%

Resources:
 Video Lecture Platform: YouTube or institution’s LMS
 Reading Materials: Provided as PDF or links
 Quizzes: Google Forms or Kahoot

This flipped classroom approach allows students to engage with functional dependency
concepts actively and collaboratively, applying their knowledge in practical scenarios.
Functional Dependency Lesson Plan Using Flipped Classroom Approach

Overview

The flipped classroom approach involves students learning new content at home and
applying that knowledge during class time. For a lesson on functional dependencies, this
approach ensures that students grasp the theoretical aspects beforehand and engage in
problem-solving and discussions in class.

Objectives

 Understand the concept of functional dependencies in databases.

 Identify functional dependencies in relational schemas.
 Apply the concept to normalize relational databases.

Pre-Class Preparation (Homework)

Video Lecture (15-20 minutes)

 Create or find a video that covers:

o Definition of functional dependency.
o Examples of functional dependencies.
o Importance of functional dependencies in database design.
o How to identify and use functional dependencies in normalization.

Reading Material

 Provide students with a textbook chapter or article on functional dependencies.

 Include real-world examples and case studies.

Quiz (10 questions)

 A short online quiz to assess understanding of the video and reading materials.
 Questions should cover definitions, identification, and examples of functional
dependencies.

In-Class Activities (60-90 minutes)

1. Review and Q&A (15 minutes)

 Begin with a quick review of the key concepts from the video and reading.
 Address any questions or confusion from the homework.

2. Group Activity: Identify Functional Dependencies (20 minutes)

 Divide students into small groups.

  Provide each group with a different relational schema.
 Task them with identifying all functional dependencies within their schema.
 Each group presents their findings to the class.

3. Class Discussion: Real-World Applications (15 minutes)

 Discuss how functional dependencies are used in real-world database design.

 Encourage students to share examples from their own experiences or readings.

4. Hands-On Activity: Normalization (30 minutes)

 Provide a set of unnormalized tables.

 In groups, students use identified functional dependencies to normalize the tables to at
least 3NF.
 Each group presents their normalized tables and explains their process.

5. Individual Exercise: Case Study Analysis (10 minutes)

 Give students a case study involving a database design problem.

 Ask them to identify functional dependencies and propose normalization steps.
 Discuss solutions as a class.

Post-Class Activities

Homework Assignment

 Provide a more complex set of tables to normalize as homework.

 Include questions that require explanation of the thought process behind identifying
functional dependencies and normalization steps.

Discussion Forum

 Set up an online discussion forum for students to post questions and discuss the
homework assignment.
 Encourage peer-to-peer interaction and support.

Follow-Up Quiz

 Conduct an online quiz a week later to reinforce learning and assess retention.

Assessment

Formative Assessment

 In-class activities and discussions.

 Group presentations and participation.
 Online quizzes before and after the class.
Summative Assessment

 Homework assignment on normalization.

 A final exam question on functional dependencies and normalization.

Resources

 Video lecture (created using tools like Screencast-O-Matic or YouTube).

 Textbook chapters or scholarly articles.
 Online quiz platform (e.g., Google Forms, Kahoot).
 Case studies and relational schemas for in-class activities.

Flipped Classroom Content on Functional Dependency

Video Lecture Script

Introduction: "Welcome to our lesson on functional dependencies. In this video, we will

explore what functional dependencies are, why they are important in database design, and
how to identify them in relational schemas."

Definition: "A functional dependency occurs when one attribute uniquely determines
another attribute within a relational database. For example, if we have a table of student
records, the student ID uniquely determines the student's name, date of birth, and
address."

Example: "Consider a table with columns for student ID, student name, and student
address. The student ID is a primary key, meaning it uniquely identifies each student.
Therefore, we can say that the student name and address are functionally dependent on
the student ID."

Importance: "Functional dependencies are crucial for ensuring data integrity and
avoiding redundancy in databases. They help us normalize databases, which means
organizing the tables to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency."

Identification: "To identify functional dependencies, look for relationships where one
attribute or a combination of attributes determines another attribute. For example, in a
sales database, an order ID might determine the customer ID, product ID, and order
date."

Normalization: "Using functional dependencies, we can normalize a database by

dividing tables into smaller, related tables. This process helps eliminate redundancy and
ensures data integrity. For instance, if we have a table with order details, we might
normalize it by creating separate tables for customers, products, and orders."

Conclusion: "Understanding functional dependencies is key to designing efficient and

reliable databases. In our next class, we will practice identifying functional dependencies
and using them to normalize tables. Make sure to complete the quiz and reading materials
before the class."

Reading Material Summary

Functional Dependencies:

 Definition and examples.

 Role in database design.
 How to identify functional dependencies.

Normalization:

 Process and importance.

 Steps to normalize a database.
 Examples of normalization from unnormalized form to 3NF.

Case Studies:

 Real-world examples of databases with identified functional dependencies.

 Discussion on how normalization improved database efficiency and integrity.

Pre-Class Quiz Sample Questions

1. What is a functional dependency?

2. Give an example of a functional dependency in a relational schema.
3. Why are functional dependencies important in database design?
4. How can you identify a functional dependency in a table?
5. What is normalization, and why is it important?
6. Describe the relationship between functional dependencies and normalization.
7. What does 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF stand for?
8. Give an example of a table in 1NF and how you would normalize it to 2NF.
9. What problems can arise if functional dependencies are not properly identified?
10. How does normalization using functional dependencies improve database efficiency?
By using this flipped classroom approach, students actively engage with the content
before class and spend valuable class time applying their knowledge through
collaborative activities and discussions.

4o

Normalization examples?

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Normalization Examples

Normalization is the process of organizing a database to reduce redundancy and improve

data integrity. Below are examples of normalization from an unnormalized form to 3NF
(Third Normal Form).

Unnormalized Form (UNF)

Consider a table storing order details in an unnormalized form:

OrderID CustomerName CustomerAddress ProductID ProductName Quantity Price TotalPrice

001 John Doe 123 Elm St P001 Widget A 2 $10 $20

001 John Doe 123 Elm St P002 Widget B 1 $15 $15

002 Jane Smith 456 Oak St P001 Widget A 3 $10 $30

Problems:

 Redundant data (CustomerName and CustomerAddress repeated for each order).

 Potential anomalies during insert, update, and delete operations.

First Normal Form (1NF)

In 1NF, we ensure that each column contains atomic (indivisible) values, and each entry
in a column is of the same type. The unnormalized table is already in 1NF.

OrderID CustomerName CustomerAddress ProductID ProductName Quantity Price TotalPrice

001 John Doe 123 Elm St P001 Widget A 2 $10 $20

001 John Doe 123 Elm St P002 Widget B 1 $15 $15

002 Jane Smith 456 Oak St P001 Widget A 3 $10 $30

Second Normal Form (2NF)

In 2NF, we eliminate partial dependencies; that is, no non-prime attribute should be
dependent on any proper subset of any candidate key.

To achieve 2NF, we need to separate the data into multiple tables. Here, OrderID and
ProductID together form the composite primary key.

1. Orders Table:

OrderID CustomerName CustomerAddress

001 John Doe 123 Elm St

002 Jane Smith 456 Oak St

2. OrderDetails Table:

OrderID ProductID Quantity Price TotalPrice

001 P001 2 $10 $20

001 P002 1 $15 $15

002 P001 3 $10 $30

3. Products Table:

ProductID ProductName
P001 Widget A

P002 Widget B

Third Normal Form (3NF)

In 3NF, we remove transitive dependencies; that is, no non-prime attribute should depend
on another non-prime attribute.

To achieve 3NF, we need to further decompose the tables if there are transitive
dependencies.

1. Customers Table:

CustomerID CustomerName CustomerAddress

C001 John Doe 123 Elm St
CustomerID CustomerName CustomerAddress
C002 Jane Smith 456 Oak St

2. Orders Table:

OrderID CustomerID
001 C001

002 C002

3. OrderDetails Table:

OrderID ProductID Quantity Price TotalPrice

001 P001 2 $10 $20

001 P002 1 $15 $15

002 P001 3 $10 $30

4. Products Table:

ProductID ProductName
P001 Widget A

P002 Widget B

Summary of Normalization Steps

1. UNF to 1NF:
o Ensure atomic values and consistent data types.

2. 1NF to 2NF:
o Remove partial dependencies by creating separate tables for entities (e.g.,
Orders, OrderDetails, Products).

3. 2NF to 3NF:
o Remove transitive dependencies by further decomposing tables to ensure all
non-prime attributes depend only on the primary key.

By following these steps, we achieve a normalized database that reduces redundancy,

improves data integrity, and enhances query performance.
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